Journal articles: 'Low-cost testbed'

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Rainer, Benjamin, Daniel Posch, Andreas Leibetseder, Sebastian Theuermann, and Hermann Hellwagner. "A low-cost NDN testbed on banana pi routers." IEEE Communications Magazine 54, no. 9 (September 2016): 105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2016.7565256.

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Murillo, Yuri, Brecht Reynders, Alessandro Chiumento, and Sofie Pollin. "A Multiprotocol Low-Cost Automated Testbed for BLE Mesh." IEEE Communications Magazine 57, no. 3 (March 2019): 76–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mcom.2019.1800122.

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Shang, Gui-yang, Zheng-ping Feng, and Lian Lian. "A low-cost testbed of underwater mobile sensing network." Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science) 16, no. 4 (January 7, 2011): 502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12204-010-1084-1.

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Attaby, Abdelhamid, Nada Osman, Mustafa Elnainay, and Moustafa Youssef. "Wipi: A Low-Cost Large-Scale Remotely-Accessible Network Testbed." IEEE Access 7 (2019): 167795–814. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/access.2019.2953356.

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Vedder, Benjamin, Jonny Vinter, and Magnus Jonsson. "A Low-Cost Model Vehicle Testbed with Accurate Positioning for Autonomous Driving." Journal of Robotics 2018 (November 18, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4907536.

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Accurate positioning is a requirement for many applications, including safety-critical autonomous vehicles. To reduce cost and at the same time improving accuracy for positioning of autonomous vehicles, new methods, tools, and research platforms are needed. We have created a low-cost testbed consisting of electronics and software that can be fitted on model vehicles allowing them to follow trajectories autonomously with a position accuracy of around 3 cm outdoors. The position of the vehicles is derived from sensor fusion between Real-Time Kinematic Satellite Navigation (RTK-SN), odometry, and inertial measurement and performs well within a 10 km radius from a base station. Trajectories to be followed can be edited with a custom GUI, where also several model vehicles can be controlled and visualized in real time. All software and Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) for our testbed are available as open source to make customization and development possible. Our testbed can be used for research within autonomous driving, for carrying test equipment, and other applications where low cost and accurate positioning and navigation are required.

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Guo, Cheng, R. Venkatesha Prasad, Jiang Jie He, Martin Jacobsson, and Ignas G. M. M. Niemegeers. "Designing a flexible and low-cost testbed for Wireless Sensor Networks." International Journal of Ad Hoc and Ubiquitous Computing 9, no. 2 (2012): 111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijahuc.2012.045554.

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Papakonstantinou, Charalampos, Georgios Moraitis, Vaios Lappas, and Vassilis Kostopoulos. "Design of a Low-Cost Air Bearing Testbed for Nano CMG Maneuvers." Aerospace 9, no. 2 (February 12, 2022): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9020095.

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In this paper, a low-cost, miniature spacecraft attitude control simulator is presented for testing miniature actuators such as Nano Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) for simple maneuvers. The experimental setup is composed by an attitude control system (ACS) that mainly consists of a four-CMG cluster in a pyramid configuration and a custom-made air bearing. The one-degree-of-freedom (DoF) air bearing is fabricated to reproduce the frictionless conditions of a nano-satellite in orbit. The ACS is made exclusively using low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components, whilst the air bearing is made using 3D-printed parts. Both hardware and software implementations are described in detail and the performance of the developed simulator is evaluated by two maneuver experiments. Despite the manufacturing imperfections, the ACS is capable of providing higher angular velocities than previously presented in the literature while following the theoretical or simulation data. The results indicate that it is possible to manufacture a low-cost, miniature actuator such as a CMG, using COTS components to demonstrate the operation of an agile nano-satellite. Any deviations from the theoretical values are addressed and several improvements are discussed to further enhance the performance of the air bearing testing platform.

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Said, Ibrahim A., Naomi Fuentes, Ze He, Ruikun Xin, Kuichang Zuo, and Qilin Li. "Low-cost desalination of seawater and hypersaline brine using nanophotonics enhanced solar energy membrane distillation." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 8 (2020): 2180–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ew00254b.

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Calero, D., E. Fernandez, and M. E. Parés. "AUTONOMOUS WHEELED ROBOT PLATFORM TESTBED FOR NAVIGATION AND MAPPING USING LOW-COST SENSORS." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W8 (November 13, 2017): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w8-67-2017.

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This paper presents the concept of an architecture for a wheeled robot system that helps researchers in the field of geomatics to speed up their daily research on kinematic geodesy, indoor navigation and indoor positioning fields. The presented ideas corresponds to an extensible and modular hardware and software system aimed at the development of new low-cost mapping algorithms as well as at the evaluation of the performance of sensors. The concept, already implemented in the CTTC's system ARAS (Autonomous Rover for Automatic Surveying) is generic and extensible. This means that it is possible to incorporate new navigation algorithms or sensors at no maintenance cost. Only the effort related to the development tasks required to either create such algorithms needs to be taken into account. As a consequence, change poses a much small problem for research activities in this specific area. This system includes several standalone sensors that may be combined in different ways to accomplish several goals; that is, this system may be used to perform a variety of tasks, as, for instance evaluates positioning algorithms performance or mapping algorithms performance.

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Adetona, S., L. Ahemba, and A. L. Imoize. "Design and implementation of a low cost experimental testbed for wireless sensor networks." Nigerian Journal of Technology 37, no. 1 (January 17, 2018): 226. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v37i1.30.

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Xian, Bin, Bo Zhao, Yao Zhang, and Xu Zhang. "A low-cost hardware-in-the-loop-simulation testbed of quadrotor UAV and implementation of nonlinear control schemes." Robotica 35, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 588–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263574715000727.

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SUMMARYDesigning and testing flight control algorithms for quadrotor UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) is not an easy task due to the risk of possible danger and damage during the practical flight. In order to improve the safety and efficiency of the flight control implementation, a low-cost real-time HILS (hardware-in-the-loop simulation) testbed for quadrotor UAVs is developed in this paper. To realize the HILS testbed, a miniature quadrotor is used as the main body, equipped with a micro AHRS (attitude heading reference system) unit and a self-build DSP (digital signal processor) board. The HILS is implemented by using xPC target. A compact PC/104 computer is utilized as the target computer, and a laptop PC is employed as the host computer. A desktop PC is used as flight visualization computer which runs FlightGear and Google Earth to show visual data, such as orientation and flight path of the quadrotor UAV. This testbed can be utilized for simulating various flight control algorithms, without losing safeness and reliableness. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed testbed, a new nonlinear adaptive sliding mode based stabilization control algorithm is developed and verified on the HILS testbed.

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Perera, Sudantha, Yu Pan, Yan Zhang, Xining Yu, Dusan Zrnic, and Richard Doviak. "A Fully Reconfigurable Polarimetric Phased Array Antenna Testbed." International Journal of Antennas and Propagation 2014 (2014): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/439606.

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The configurable phased array demonstrator (CPAD) is a low-cost, reconfigurable, small-scale testbed for the dual-polarized array antenna and radar prototype. It is based on the concept that individual transmit and receive (TR) modules and radiating elements can be configured in different ways to study the impact of various array manifolds on radiation pattern performance. For example, CPAD is configured as (a) a 4 × 4 planar array, (b) a planar array with mirror configuration, and (c) a circular array to support the multifunctional phased array radar (MPAR) system risk reduction studies. System descriptions are given in detail, and measurements are made and results are analyzed.

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Ye, Zhijing, Fei Hu, Lin Zhang, Zhe Chu, and Zheng O'Neill. "A Low-Cost Experimental Testbed for Energy-Saving HVAC Control Based on Human Behavior Monitoring." International Journal of Cyber-Physical Systems 2, no. 1 (January 2020): 33–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcps.2020010103.

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Heating, ventilation, and cooling (HVAC) is the largest source of residential energy consumption. Occupancy sensors' data can be used for HVAC control since they indicate the number of people in the building. HVAC/sensor interactions show the essential features of a typical cyber-physical system (CPS). However, there are communication protocol incompatibility issues in the CPS interface between the sensors and the building HVAC server. Through either wired or wireless communication links, the server always needs to understand the communication schedule to receive occupant values from sensors. This paper proposes two hardware-based emulators to investigate the use of wired/wireless communication interfaces for occupancy sensor-based building CPS control. The interaction scheme between sensors and HVAC server will be discussed. The authors have built two hardware/software emulation platforms to investigate the sensor/HVAC integration strategies. The first emulator demonstrates the residential building's energy control by using sensors and Raspberry pi boards to emulate the functions/responses of a static thermostat. In this case, room HVAC temperature settings could be changed in real-time with a high resolution based on the collected sensor data. The second emulator is built to show the energy control in commercial building by transmitting the sensor data and control signals via BACnet in HVAC system. Both emulators discussed above are portable (i.e., all hardware units can be easily taken to a new place) and have extremely low cost. This research tests the whole system with YABE (Yet Another BACnet Explorer) and WebCTRL.

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Lavezzi, Giovanni, Nathan J. Stang, and Marco Ciarcià. "START: A Satellite Three Axis Rotation Testbed." Micromachines 13, no. 2 (January 22, 2022): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13020165.

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The main goal of this paper is to illustrate the development of a satellite attitude simulator testbed for on-ground experimentation of attitude, determination, and control methodologies. This setup aims to be a low-cost alternative to testbeds based on air-bearing couplings. Our system is mainly composed of a suspended base, a single-board processor, a set of reaction wheels, and a battery. The suspension system entails a set of thin high-tensile strength wires converging on a single wire, which is in turn connected to the base. This configuration allows a three degrees-of-freedom rotation range and minimal resistive torque in all the rotations axis. The adjustability of the hanging point at the base, and a set of sliding masses, allow us to achieve a quite accurate superposition of rotation point and center of mass for a quasi-neutral equilibrium. The testbed is completed by a PC workstation, to generate and stream the desired angular rates of the wheels, and a motion capture system for attitude determination.

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Christiansen, Jonas Myhre, and Graeme E. Smith. "Development and Calibration of a Low-Cost Radar Testbed Based on the Universal Software Radio Peripheral." IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine 34, no. 12 (December 1, 2019): 50–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/maes.2019.2953803.

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Annor-Asante, Michael, and Bernardi Pranggono. "Development of Smart Grid Testbed with Low-Cost Hardware and Software for Cybersecurity Research and Education." Wireless Personal Communications 101, no. 3 (April 23, 2018): 1357–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11277-018-5766-6.

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Dietz, Henry, and Paul Eberhart. "An Ultra-Low-Cost Large-Format Wireless IoT Camera." Electronic Imaging 2021, no. 7 (January 18, 2021): 70–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2352/issn.2470-1173.2021.7.iss-070.

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This paper documents the design, construction, and experimental evaluation of an ultra-low-cost large-format digital camera. Used lenses that cover formats up to 4x5 can be surprisingly inexpensive, but large-format image sensors are not. By combining 3D printing with cheap components developed for use in IoT (Internet of Things) devices, especially the sub-$10 ESP32-CAM, a digital scanning large-format camera capable of over 2GP resolution can be constructed at very low cost. Despite the large image area, Lafodis160 is literally a wireless IoT device, fully remote controllable via Bluetooth and WiFi. This camera was originally intended to serve as a testbed for novel ways to improve capture quality for scenes that are not completely static during the scan interval, and a brief overview is given of methods employing unusual scan orderings that will be evaluated using it.

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Alsukayti, Ibrahim S. "A Multidimensional Internet of Things Testbed System: Development and Evaluation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2020 (October 13, 2020): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8849433.

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The technological breakthrough of the Internet of Things (IoT) drives the emergence of a wide scope of smart IoT solutions in different domains. Advancing the different technological aspects of these solutions requires effective IoT implementations and experimentations. This is widely addressed following low-cost and scalable methods such as analytical modeling and simulation. However, such methods are limited in capturing physical characteristics and network conditions in a realistic manner. Therefore, this paper presents an innovative IoT testbed system which facilitates practical experimentation of different IoT solutions in an effective environment. The testbed design was developed towards a general-purpose multidimensional support of different IoT properties including sensing, communication, gateway, energy management, data processing, and security. The implementation of the testbed was realized based on integrating a set of robust hardware components and developing a number of software modules. To illustrate its effectiveness, the testbed was utilized to experiment with energy efficiency of selected IoT communication technologies. This resulted in lower energy consumption using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) technology compared to the Zigbee and 6LoWPAN technologies. A further evaluation study of the system was carried out following the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). As the study results indicated, the system provides a simple yet efficient platform for conducting practical IoT experiments. It also had positive impact on users’ behavior and attitude toward IoT experimentation.

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Modenini, Dario, Anton Bahu, Giacomo Curzi, and Andrea Togni. "A Dynamic Testbed for Nanosatellites Attitude Verification." Aerospace 7, no. 3 (March 18, 2020): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/aerospace7030031.

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To enable a reliable verification of attitude determination and control systems for nanosatellites, the environment of low Earth orbits with almost disturbance-free rotational dynamics must be simulated. This work describes the design solutions adopted for developing a dynamic nanosatellite attitude simulator testbed at the University of Bologna. The facility integrates several subsystems, including: (i) an air-bearing three degree of freedom platform, with automatic balancing system, (ii) a Helmholtz cage for geomagnetic field simulation, (iii) a Sun simulator, and (iv) a metrology vision system for ground-truth attitude generation. Apart from the commercial off-the-shelf Helmholtz cage, the other subsystems required substantial development efforts. The main purpose of this manuscript is to offer some cost-effective solutions for their in-house development, and to show through experimental verification that adequate performances can be achieved. The proposed approach may thus be preferred to the procurement of turn-key solutions, when required by budget constraints. The main outcome of the commissioning phase of the facility are: a residual disturbance torque affecting the air bearing platform of less than 5 × 10−5 Nm, an attitude determination rms accuracy of the vision system of 10 arcmin, and divergence of the Sun simulator light beam of less than 0.5° in a 35 cm diameter area.

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Abusleme, Angel, and Aldo Cipriano. "Real-Time Longitudinal Control System for the Kadet Senior Radio-Controlled Airplane: A Low-Cost Educational Testbed." IFAC Proceedings Volumes 35, no. 2 (December 2002): 111–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1474-6670(17)33927-7.

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Ioannou, Konstantinos, Dimitris Karampatzakis, Petros Amanatidis, Vasileios Aggelopoulos, and Ilias Karmiris. "Low-Cost Automatic Weather Stations in the Internet of Things." Information 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2021): 146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info12040146.

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Automatic Weather Stations (AWS) are extensively used for gathering meteorological and climatic data. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) provides publications with guidelines for the implementation, installation, and usages of these stations. Nowadays, in the new era of the Internet of Things, there is an ever-increasing necessity for the implementation of automatic observing systems that will provide scientists with the real-time data needed to design and apply proper environmental policy. In this paper, an extended review is performed regarding the technologies currently used for the implementation of Automatic Weather Stations. Furthermore, we also present the usage of new emerging technologies such as the Internet of Things, Edge Computing, Deep Learning, LPWAN, etc. in the implementation of future AWS-based observation systems. Finally, we present a case study and results from a testbed AWS (project AgroComp) developed by our research team. The results include test measurements from low-cost sensors installed on the unit and predictions provided by Deep Learning algorithms running locally.

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Annaz, Fawaz. "UAV Testbed Training Platform development using Panda3d." Industrial Robot: An International Journal 42, no. 5 (August 17, 2015): 450–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ir-01-2015-0017.

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Purpose – The paper aims to report the development of an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Testbed Training Platform (TTP). The development is to enable users to safely fly and control the UAV in real time within a limited (yet unconstrained) virtually created environment. Thus, the paper introduces a hardware–virtual environment coupling concept, the Panda3D gaming engine utilization to develop the graphical user interface (GUI) and the 3D-flying environment, as well as the interfacing electronics that enables tracking, monitoring and mapping of real-time movement onto the virtual domain and vice verse. Design/methodology/approach – The platform comprises a spring-shuttle assembly fixed to a heavy aluminium base. The spring supports a rotating platform (RP), which is intended to support UAVs. The RP yaw, pitch and roll are measured by an inertial measurement unit, its climb/descend is measured by a low cost infrared proximity sensor and its rotation is measured by a rotary optical encoder. The hardware is coupled to a virtual environment (VE), which was developed using the Panda3D gaming engine. The VE includes a GUI to generate, edit, load and save real-life environments. Hardware manoeuvres are reflected into the VE. Findings – The prototype was proven effective in dynamically mapping and tracking the rotating platform movements in the virtual environment. This should not be confused with the hardware in loop approach, which requires the inclusion of a mathematical model of the hardware in a loop. The finding will provide future means of testing navigation and tracking algorithms. Research limitations/implications – The work is still new, and there is great room for improvement in many aspects. Here, this paper reports the concept and its technical implementation only. Practical implications – In the literature, various testbeds were reported, and it is felt that there is still room to come up with a better design that enables UAV flying in safer and unlimited environments. This has many practical implications, particularly in testing control and navigation algorithms in hazardous fields. Social implications – The main social impact is to utilise the concept to develop systems that are capable of autonomous rescue mission navigation in disaster zones. Originality/value – The authors are aware that various researchers have developed various testbeds, at different degrees of freedom. Similarly, the authors are also aware that researchers have used game engines to simulate mobile robots or sophisticated equipment (like the VICON Motion Capture System) to measure to perform complex manoeuvres. However, the cost of this kind of equipment is very high, autonomous movements are planned in restricted environments and tested systems are only autonomous in certain setups. However, the idea of mapping the dynamics of an avatar flying object onto a 3D-VE is novel. To improve productivity and rapid prototyping, this paper proposes the use of commercially available game engines, such as the Panda3D, to create virtual environments.

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Maenhaut, Pieter‐Jan, Bruno Volckaert, Veerle Ongenae, and Filip De Turck. "Efficient resource management in the cloud: From simulation to experimental validation using a low‐cost Raspberry Pi testbed." Software: Practice and Experience 49, no. 3 (November 29, 2018): 449–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/spe.2669.

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Srinivasan, Manoj, Syed T. Mubarrat, Quentin Humphrey, Thomas Chen, Kieran Binkley, and Suman K. Chowdhury. "The Biomechanical Evaluation of a Human-Robot Collaborative Task in a Physically Interactive Virtual Reality Simulation Testbed." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 65, no. 1 (September 2021): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181321651267.

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In this study, we developed a low-cost simulated testbed of a physically interactive virtual reality (VR) system and evaluated its efficacy as an occupational virtual trainer for human-robot collaborative (HRC) tasks. The VR system could be implemented in industrial training applications for sensorimotor skill acquisitions and identifying potential task-, robot-, and human-induced hazards in the industrial environments. One of the challenges in designing and implementing such simulation testbed is the effective integration of virtual and real objects and environment, including human movement biomechanics. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the movement kinematics (joint angles) and kinetics (center of pressure) of the human participants while performing pick-and-place lifting tasks with and without using a physically interactive VR testbed. Results showed marginal differences in human movement kinematics and kinetics between real and virtual environment tasks, suggesting the effective transfer of training benefits from VR to real-life situations.

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Tao, Qingguang, Min Jiang, Xiaofeng Wang, and Bo Deng. "A cloud-based experimental platform for networked industrial control systems." International Journal of Modeling, Simulation, and Scientific Computing 09, no. 04 (August 2018): 1850024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793962318500241.

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Today, a large number of information and communication technologies (ICT) and networking technologies are being used in industrial control systems. Thus, networked industrial control systems (NICS) are exposed to many security threats. Moreover, new technologies for NICS also need to be tested. This paper presents a cloud-based experimental platform for NICS to test new technologies and security threats. A cloud platform is used to emulate network devices and Simulink is used to simulate the physical layer. To build this testbed, we modify the cloud platform and add three modules to the testbed. One module is used so that the cloud platform can connect to real devices. By using this module, real devices can be added to the networks in the cloud platform. The second module is used for network connection configurations in the testbed. By using this module, the bandwidth, delay and packet loss rate for networks in the testbed can all be set. The third module is used to connect the Simulink to the testbed. The main features of the proposed platform are high flexibility, high authenticity, and low cost. Advanced persistent threat (APT) attacks are a common threat for NICS nowadays. In order to prove the feasibility of the proposed testbed, a common NICS is established and an APT attack is executed on it.

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Murray, Anne M., Roberta L. Klatzky, and Pradeep K. Khosla. "Psychophysical Characterization and Testbed Validation of a Wearable Vibrotactile Glove for Telemanipulation." Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments 12, no. 2 (April 2003): 156–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/105474603321640923.

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This paper describes and evaluates a high-fidelity, low-cost haptic interface for tele-operation. The interface is a wearable vibrotactile glove containing miniature voice coils that provides continuous, proportional force information to the user's finger-tips. In psychophysical experiments, correlated variations in the frequency and amplitude of the stimulators extended the user's perceptual response range compared to varying amplitude or frequency alone. In an adaptive, force-limited, pick-and-place manipulation task, the interface allowed users to control the grip forces more effectively than no feedback or binary feedback, which produced equivalent performance. A sorting experiment established that proportional tactile feedback enhances the user's ability to discriminate the relative properties of objects, such as weight. We conclude that correlated amplitude and frequency signals, simulating force in a remote environment, substantially improve teleoperation.

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Pospisil, Ondrej, Radek Fujdiak, Konstantin Mikhaylov, Henri Ruotsalainen, and Jiri Misurec. "Testbed for LoRaWAN Security: Design and Validation through Man-in-the-Middle Attacks Study." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 20, 2021): 7642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167642.

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The low-power wide-area (LPWA) technologies, which enable cost and energy-efficient wireless connectivity for massive deployments of autonomous machines, have enabled and boosted the development of many new Internet of things (IoT) applications; however, the security of LPWA technologies in general, and specifically those operating in the license-free frequency bands, have received somewhat limited attention so far. This paper focuses specifically on the security and privacy aspects of one of the most popular license-free-band LPWA technologies, which is named LoRaWAN. The paper’s key contributions are the details of the design and experimental validation of a security-focused testbed, based on the combination of software-defined radio (SDR) and GNU Radio software with a standalone LoRaWAN transceiver. By implementing the two practical man-in-the-middle attacks (i.e., the replay and bit-flipping attacks through intercepting the over-the-air activation procedure by an external to the network attacker device), we demonstrate that the developed testbed enables practical experiments for on-air security in real-life conditions. This makes the designed testbed perspective for validating the novel security solutions and approaches and draws attention to some of the relevant security challenges extant in LoRaWAN.

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Baker, Anthony L., Joseph R. Keebler, and Elizabeth L. Blickensderfer. "Faster Than Light." Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 60, no. 1 (September 2016): 1828–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541931213601417.

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Commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) products allow researchers to conduct studies using readily accessible systems in order to save time, effort, and/or money that would otherwise be spent designing a custom product. In this article, we discuss the potential of a low-cost and commercially available video game, FTL: Faster Than Light, to be used as a testbed for research into complex or high-workload situations. In this preliminary review, we prototype a performance assessment tool for FTL, which we call FTL Score, and evaluate its ability to distinguish performances between a pilot sample of three participants. The results of this exploratory study showed that our measurement methods were able to distinguish between the performance of two novices and an expert. This suggests that a larger follow-up study is warranted, and lends some support to the hypothesis that FTL can be used as an easy-to-deploy and low-cost testbed for research into high-workload performance.

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Stylidou, Andreana, Alexandros Zervopoulos, Aikaterini Georgia Alvanou, George Koufoudakis, Georgios Tsoumanis, and Konstantinos Oikonomou. "Evaluation of Epidemic-Based Information Dissemination in a Wireless Network Testbed." Technologies 8, no. 3 (June 28, 2020): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies8030036.

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Information dissemination is an integral part of modern networking environments, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). Probabilistic flooding, a common epidemic-based approach, is used as an efficient alternative to traditional blind flooding as it minimizes redundant transmissions and energy consumption. It shares some similarities with the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model, in the sense that the dissemination process and the epidemic thresholds, which achieve maximum coverage with the minimum required transmissions, have been found to be common in certain cases. In this paper, some of these similarities between probabilistic flooding and the SIR epidemic model are identified, particularly with respect to the epidemic thresholds. Both of these epidemic algorithms are experimentally evaluated on a university campus testbed, where a low-cost WSN, consisting of 25 nodes, is deployed. Both algorithm implementations are shown to be efficient at covering a large portion of the network’s nodes, with probabilistic flooding behaving largely in accordance with the considered epidemic thresholds. On the other hand, the implementation of the SIR epidemic model behaves quite unexpectedly, as the epidemic thresholds underestimate sufficient network coverage, a fact that can be attributed to implementation limitations.

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Noureddine, Houache, and Kechar Bouabdellah. "Field Experiment Testbed for Forest Fire Detection using Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network." International Journal of Sensors, Wireless Communications and Control 10, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210327909666190219120432.

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Forest fire disasters have arisen each year due to a number of factors. The main interest of the authorities is to fight against these fires as early as possible with a minimum of damage, by exploiting recent technologies suitable for this field. In this paper, we present the design and the implementation of a forest fire detection system based on the Wireless Multimedia Sensor Networks (WMSN) technology applied to our region (M'sila forest, Oran city - Algeria) using a field experiment testbed with low cost hardware and software. In our previous study, the designed system detects the fire using a mono modal approach (the sensed data was scalar in nature such as the temperature and humidity). In this work, we enhanced this system by collecting, in addition, richer information sources using cameras as data sources (by capturing images) to eliminate the false alarms which present the main weakness of the first system. We call this new system as Multimedia Forest Fire System (M2FS). Field experiments that we have carried out using the testbed under different scenarios by evaluating the image compression, time constraint and energy consumption, allowed us to validate our chosen technology (Arduino mote) for any application (scalar or multimedia), and also revealed the supremacy of the multimodal approach to mitigate efficiently false alarms.

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Gan, Victor M., Yibin Liang, Lianjun Li, Lingjia Liu, and Yang Yi. "A Cost-Efficient Digital ESN Architecture on FPGA for OFDM Symbol Detection." ACM Journal on Emerging Technologies in Computing Systems 17, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3440017.

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The echo state network (ESN) is a recently developed machine-learning paradigm whose processing capabilities rely on the dynamical behavior of recurrent neural networks. Its performance outperforms traditional recurrent neural networks in nonlinear system identification and temporal information processing applications. We design and implement a cost-efficient ESN architecture on field-programmable gate array (FPGA) that explores the full capacity of digital signal processor blocks on low-cost and low-power FPGA hardware. Specifically, our scalable ESN architecture on FPGA exploits Xilinx DSP48E1 units to cut down the need of configurable logic blocks. The proposed architecture includes a linear combination processor with negligible deployment of configurable logic blocks and a high-accuracy nonlinear function approximator. Our work is verified with the prediction task on the classical NARMA dataset and a symbol detection task for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems using a wireless communication testbed built on a software-defined radio platform. Experiments and performance measurement show that the new ESN architecture is capable of processing real-world data efficiently for low-cost and low-power applications.

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Minetto, Alex, Fabio Dovis, Andrea Vesco, Miquel Garcia-Fernandez, Àlex López-Cruces, José Luis Trigo, Marc Molina, et al. "A Testbed for GNSS-Based Positioning and Navigation Technologies in Smart Cities: The HANSEL Project." Smart Cities 3, no. 4 (October 19, 2020): 1219–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/smartcities3040060.

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In urban contexts, the increasing density of electronic devices equipped with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers and complementary positioning technologies is attracting research and development efforts devoted to an improvement of the quality of life towards the smart city paradigm. Vehicular and pedestrian positioning and navigation capabilities are among the major drivers for innovation in this process. Ultra-low-cost electronics such as smartphones and Internet of Things (IoT) sensors aim at providing accurate and reliable positioning solutions through a set of promising solutions. Among these, snapshot positioning allows to remotely perform the post-processing of GNSS signals in IoT sensor networks while Wi-Fi™ ranging and cooperative positioning provide auxiliary anchors of opportunity to enhance indoor/outdoor positioning capabilities. This paper presents an innovative platform to perform a centralised testing and assessment of such positioning and navigation technologies along with a set of results obtained in the context of the European project HANSEL, by relying on current network technologies and infrastructures (i.e., Wi-Fi™ and cellular connectivity).

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Ham, Seunghon, and Seong-Kyu Kang. "P.1.12 Particulate matter measurement system using low cost sensor and internet of things." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A80.3—A81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.217.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) is an important keyword in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. IoT is expected to have a massive impact for human being, but these are still early days. IoT enables these objects to collect and exchange data through the wireless network, such as devices, vehicles, buildings, and other items that include electronic devices, software, sensors, and network connections. IoT is a technology that can be used and expanded in various applications such as industrial, manufacturing, medical and consumer products and so on. This research focuses specifically on the development of measurement systems for particulate matter using IoT technology for occupational as well as environmental settings. Currently, the government is providing the concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5/10) hourly. However, it is difficult to reflect personal exposure because it is installed on the top of a building. Therefore, this study shows development of the particulate matter measuring system using IoT and obtains the personal measurement data of the particulate matter. Also, to provide a further insight, we will also present how particulate matter measurement system works by showing some measurements collected with an experimental testbed deployed in our research group. Still, it is necessary to improve the quality of system and the convergence between pollutant measurement including particulate matter and IoT can provide new opportunities for occupational and environmental particulate matter measurement system.AcknowledgementThis work was supported by Gachon University research fund of 2018(GCU-2018–5259) and the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (Ministry of Science, ICT) (No. NRF-2017R1C1B1002717).

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Pagonis, Dimitrios-Nikolaos, Vasiliki Benaki, Grigoris Kaltsas, and Antonios Pagonis. "Design of a Mass Air Flow Sensor Employing Additive Manufacturing and Standard Airfoil Geometry." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 7, 2021): 11579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112411579.

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This work concerns the design, fabrication, and preliminary characterization of a novel sensor for determining the air intake of low and medium power internal combustion engines employed at various applications in the marine industry. The novelty of the presented sensor focuses on the fabrication process, which is based on additive manufacturing combined with PCB technology, and the design of the sensing elements housing geometry, which is derived through suitable CFD simulations and is based on standard airfoil geometry. The proposed process enables low-cost, fast fabrication, effective thermal isolation, and facile electrical interconnection to the corresponding circuitry of the sensor. For initial characterization purposes, the prototype device was integrated into a DIESEL engine testbed while a commercially available mass air flow sensor was employed as a reference; the proper functionality of the developed prototype has been validated. Key features of the proposed device are low-cost, fast on-site manufacturing of the device, robustness, and simplicity, suggesting numerous potential applications in marine engineering.

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Soetedjo, Aryuanto, Yusuf Ismail Nakhoda, and Choirul Saleh. "An Embedded Platform for Testbed Implementation of Multi-Agent System in Building Energy Management System." Energies 12, no. 19 (September 25, 2019): 3655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12193655.

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This paper presents a hardware testbed for testing the building energy management system (BEMS) based-on the multi agent system (MAS). The objective of BEMS is to maximize user comfort while minimizing the energy extracted from the grid. The proposed system implements a multi-objective optimization technique using a genetic algorithm (GA) and the fuzzy logic controller (FLC) to control the room temperature and illumination setpoints. The agents are implemented on the low cost embedded systems equipped with the WiFi communication for communicating between the agents. The photovoltaic (PV)-battery system, the air conditioning system, the lighting system, and the electrical loads are modeled and simulated on the embedded hardware. The popular communication protocols such as Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) and Modbus TCP/IP are adopted for integrating the proposed MAS with the existing infrastructures and devices. The experimental results show that the sampling time of the proposed system is 16.50 s. Therefore it is suitable for implementing the BEMS in a real-time where the data are updated in an hourly or minutely basis. Further, the proposed optimization technique shows better results in optimizing the comfort index and the energy extracted from the grid compared to the existing methods.

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Cui, Yiran, and Georgios C. Trichopoulos. "Quasi-Optical Testbed for Wideband THz On-Wafer Measurements." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2019, DPC (January 1, 2019): 001311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2380-4491-2019-dpc-presentation_tha3_031.

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At mmW and THz band, on-wafer testing is very critical for on-wafer electronics devices and circuits as well as spectroscopy. Nevertheless, current measurement capabilities are limited by contact probe technology and vector network analyzers (VNAs). Recently, we proposed a non-contact method to tackle the issue of using expensive and brittle contact probes. Using quasi-optics and on-chip antennas, the signals from the THz VNA are coupled on the device under test (DUT) with low insertion loss and unmatched repeatability. However, the bandwidth and cutoff frequency limitations of VNAs limit the scope of THz measurements and increase the complexity. State-of-the-art VNAs use external frequency multipliers, namely VNA extenders, to up-convert the VNA signal to the THz band. The problem of using such extenders is three-fold: 1) The maximum cutoff barely breaks it into the THz band, 2) they are bandlimited, and 3) they are extremely expensive due to costs associated with waveguide micromachining and sophisticated semiconductor processes for the electronics. Here, we propose the design of a novel quasi-optical on-wafer testbed that is compatible with photonics-based sources and detectors (e.g., photomixers) and use THz optical components instead of traditional waveguide structures to route the THz signals. With photomixers we can implement cost effective THz sources or receivers that can be efficiently integrated with quasi-optics. They feature a relatively simple topology and operate in a very wide bandwidth, typically from less than 100 GHz to more than 3 THz. Since the optical components are frequency independent, by adopting photomixers as THz emitter and detectors, the proposed quasi-optical system has a potential to achieve ultra-wideband on-wafer measurement capabilities. First, we talk about the design of the quasi-optical coupler consists of two beam splitters, which is used to discriminate between the reference and the measurement signals. Through a rigorous theoretical analysis and experiments we verified a minimum 60 dB isolation and less than 3 dB of insertion loss in the 330–500 GHz band. Then, we discuss how to use this quasi-optical coupler to implement one-port free-space measurements. We also discuss the calibration process and present three calibration standards that eliminate the error terms of the one-port free-space measurement topology. The experimental results we collected from our free-space measurements are shown afterwards. The results for two different DUTs show a good agreement between the measurement and the theoretical reflection coefficients. Next, we present the on-wafer testbed, which is constructed by a quasi-optical coupler and a non-contact probe. We also briefly introduce the on-wafer calibration approach and on-wafer standards. We notice that, in order to couple the THz beam to the on-wafer DUT, all the on-wafer standards and DUTs need to be integrated with probing antennas. Finally, we show the experimental results we obtained from one-port on-wafer measurements. For two different on-wafer DUTs, the measurement results agree with the simulations very well. Besides, with multiple measurements, we also verified that the proposed quasi-optical testbed has a good repeatability.

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Romualdez, L. Javier, Chris J. Damaren, Lun Li, Mathew N. Galloway, John W. Hartley, C. Barth Netterfield, Paul Clark, and Richard J. Massey. "Precise pointing and stabilization performance for the balloon-borne imaging testbed: 2015 test flight." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 4 (November 13, 2016): 713–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016641451.

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Balloon-borne astronomy offers an attractive option for experiments that require precise pointing and attitude stabilization, due to a large reduction in the atmospheric interference observed by ground-based systems as well as the low-cost and short development time-scale compared to space-borne systems. The Balloon-borne Imaging Testbed (BIT) is an instrument designed to meet the technological requirements of high-precision astronomical missions, and is a precursor to the development of a facility-class instrument with capabilities similar to the Hubble Space Telescope. The attitude determination and control systems (ADCS) for BIT, the design, implementation, and analysis of which are the focus of this paper, compensate for compound pendulation effects and other sub-orbital disturbances in the stratosphere to within 1–2′′ (rms), while back-end optics provide further image stabilization down to 0.05′′ (not discussed here). During the inaugural test flight from Timmins, Canada in September 2015, BIT ADCS pointing and stabilization performed exceptionally, with coarse pointing and target acquisition to within <0.1° and fine stabilization to 0.68′′ (rms) over long (10–30 min) integrations. This level of performance was maintained during flight for several tracking runs that demonstrated pointing stability on the sky for more than an hour at a time. To refurbish and improve the system for the three-month flight from New Zealand in 2018, certain modifications to the ADCS need to be made to smooth pointing mode transitions and to correct for internal biases observed during the test flight. Furthermore, the level of autonomy must be increased for future missions to improve system reliability and robustness.

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Li, Shen, Jian Zhang, Gang Zhong, and Bin Ran. "A Simulation Approach to Detect Arterial Traffic Congestion Using Cellular Data." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8811139.

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Cellular data provide a promising way for congestion detection with low cost and high coverage, and the simulation study is a feasible solution to verify the detection method. This paper presents a simulation approach that uses cellular data to detect traffic congestion on urban arterials based on the relationship between cellular data and traffic status. The virtual testbed, which includes three main modules, is developed to perform the cellular activities generation, collection, and aggregation process between cell phones and cell stations. Then, the correlation between cellular data and traffic status data is studied. Finally, three scenarios using the data from testbed are demonstrated to measure the performance of the proposed method under different conditions. The results indicate that the proposed approach is a feasible and efficient way to simulate cellular data generation, collection, and aggregation process. Also, it can be the base for further analysis to detect traffic congestion on arterials using cellular data.

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Gómez-Sánchez, Eduardo, Diego Bores-Quijano, Miguel L. Bote-Lorenzo, and Roc Meseguer-Pallarés. "Estimation of Web Proxy Response Times in Community Networks Using Matrix Factorization Algorithms." Electronics 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 88. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9010088.

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In community networks, users access the web using a proxy selected from a list, normally without regard to its performance. Knowing which proxies offer good response times for each client would improve the user experience when navigating, but would involve intensive probing that would in turn cause performance degradation of both proxies and the network. This paper explores the feasibility of estimating the response times for each client/proxy pair by probing only a few of the existing pairs and then using matrix factorization. To do so, response times are collected in a community network emulated on a testbed platform, then a small part of these measurements are used to estimate the remaining ones through matrix factorization. Several algorithms are tested; one of them achieves estimation accuracy with low computational cost, which renders its use feasible in real networks.

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Hoskere, Vedhus, Yasutaka Narazaki, and Billie F. Spencer. "Physics-Based Graphics Models in 3D Synthetic Environments as Autonomous Vision-Based Inspection Testbeds." Sensors 22, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22020532.

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Manual visual inspection of civil infrastructure is high-risk, subjective, and time-consuming. The success of deep learning and the proliferation of low-cost consumer robots has spurred rapid growth in research and application of autonomous inspections. The major components of autonomous inspection include data acquisition, data processing, and decision making, which are usually studied independently. However, for robust real-world applicability, these three aspects of the overall process need to be addressed concurrently with end-to-end testing, incorporating scenarios such as variations in structure type, color, damage level, camera distance, view angle, lighting, etc. Developing real-world datasets that span all these scenarios is nearly impossible. In this paper, we propose a framework to create a virtual visual inspection testbed using 3D synthetic environments that can enable end-to-end testing of autonomous inspection strategies. To populate the 3D synthetic environment with virtual damaged buildings, we propose the use of a non-linear finite element model to inform the realistic and automated visual rendering of different damage types, the damage state, and the material textures of what are termed herein physics-based graphics models (PBGMs). To demonstrate the benefits of the autonomous inspection testbed, three experiments are conducted with models of earthquake damaged reinforced concrete buildings. First, we implement the proposed framework to generate a new large-scale annotated benchmark dataset for post-earthquake inspections of buildings termed QuakeCity. Second, we demonstrate the improved performance of deep learning models trained using the QuakeCity dataset for inference on real data. Finally, a comparison of deep learning-based damage state estimation for different data acquisition strategies is carried out. The results demonstrate the use of PBGMs as an effective testbed for the development and validation of strategies for autonomous vision-based inspections of civil infrastructure.

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Khalesi, Mohammad Hossein, Hassan Salarieh, and Mahmoud Saadat Foumani. "System identification and robust attitude control of an unmanned helicopter using novel low-cost flight control system." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part I: Journal of Systems and Control Engineering 234, no. 5 (August 27, 2019): 634–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959651819869718.

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In recent years, unmanned aerial systems have attracted great attention due to the electronic systems technology advancements. Among these vehicles, unmanned helicopters are more important because of their special abilities and superior performance. The complex nonlinear dynamic system (caused by main rotor flapping dynamics coupled with the rigid body rotational motion) and considerable effects of ambient disturbance make their utilization hard in actual missions. Attitude dynamics have the main role in helicopter stabilization, so implementing proper control system for attitude is an important issue for unmanned helicopter hovering and trajectory tracking performance. Besides this, experimental utilization of low-cost flight control system for unmanned helicopters is still a challenging task. In this article, dynamic modeling, system identification, and robust control system implementation of roll and pitch dynamics of an unmanned helicopter is performed. A TRex-600E radio-controlled helicopter is equipped with a novel low-cost flight control system designed and constructed based on Raspberry Pi Linux-based microcomputer. Using Raspberry Pi makes this platform simpler to utilize and more time and cost-effective than similar platforms used before. The experiments are performed on a 5-degree-of-freedom testbed. The robust control system is designed based on [Formula: see text] method and is evaluated in real flight tests. The experiment results show that the proposed platform has the ability to successfully control the roll and pitch dynamics of the unmanned helicopter.

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Kim, Michael, and Athanasios Tzempelikos. "Non-Intrusive Luminance Mapping via High Dynamic Range Imaging and 3-D Reconstruction." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2042, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2042/1/012113.

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Abstract Continuous luminance monitoring is challenging because high-dynamic-range cameras are expensive, they need programming, and are intrusive when placed near the occupants’ field-of-view. A new semi-automated and non-intrusive framework is presented for monitoring occupant-perceived luminance using a low-cost camera sensor and Structure-from- Motion (SfM)-Multiview Stereo (MVS) photogrammetry pipeline. Using a short video and a few photos from the occupant position, the 3D space geometry is automatically reconstructed. Retrieved 3D context enables the back-projection of the camera-captured luminance distribution into 3D spaces that are in turn re-projected to occupant-FOVs. The framework was tested and validated in a testbed office. The re-projected luminance field showed with good agreement with luminance measured at the occupant position. The new method can be used for non-intrusive luminance monitoring integrated with daylighting control applications.

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Qureshi, Basit, and Anis Koubaa. "On Energy Efficiency and Performance Evaluation of Single Board Computer Based Clusters: A Hadoop Case Study." Electronics 8, no. 2 (February 4, 2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8020182.

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Energy efficiency in a data center is a challenge and has garnered researchers interest. In this study, we addressed the energy efficiency issue of a small scale data center by utilizing Single Board Computer (SBC)-based clusters. A compact layout was designed to build two clusters using 20 nodes each. Extensive testing was carried out to analyze the performance of these clusters using popular performance benchmarks for task execution time, memory/storage utilization, network throughput and energy consumption. Further, we investigated the cost of operating SBC-based clusters by correlating energy utilization for the execution time of various benchmarks using workloads of different sizes. Results show that, although the low-cost benefit of a cluster built with ARM-based SBCs is desirable, these clusters yield low comparable performance and energy efficiency due to limited onboard capabilities. It is possible to tweak Hadoop configuration parameters for an ARM-based SBC cluster to efficiently utilize resources. We present a discussion on the effectiveness of the SBC-based clusters as a testbed for inexpensive and green cloud computing research.

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Ho, Tan-Jan, Min-Yan Huang, Meng-Yu Chou, Bo-Han Huang, and Ru-En Zhuang. "Toward Sustainable Gentle Awakenings and Sleep Inertia Mitigation: A Low-Cost IoT-Based Adaptable Lighting and Temperature Control Approach." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (June 29, 2022): 7928. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14137928.

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In this paper, our design aims to assist in sleep inertia reduction and avoid the startle response and irritation caused by alarm-made unpleasant wakeup stimuli. Thus, we propose an approach that employs a soft and alerting sunrise simulation, conditionally utilizes natural light, and appropriately lowers the bedroom temperature for awakening a sleeper tenderly and gradually to gain full alertness. This approach is inspired by known scientific implications confirming the effectiveness of lights and temperatures on wakefulness. In this regard, we present an economical do-it-yourself digital tech-assisted system for bedroom lighting and temperature control. The system design is based on the smartphone and Internet of Things (IoT) technology. We develop the hardware and software in the system for implementing three IoT-based control tasks. One is the tuning of artificial light brightness using the pulse width modulation technique. Another is the opening of the window curtain using stepper motor control and light detection. The other is the activation of the air-conditioning setting using an infrared remote control and temperature detection. We construct a testbed for conducting experiments. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system can execute task requirements satisfactorily. The proposed system is promising for achieving our goal. It embodies features of sustainability.

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Vargas-Salgado, Carlos, Jesus Aguila-Leon, Cristian Chiñas-Palacios, and Elías Hurtado-Perez. "Low-cost web-based Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition system for a microgrid testbed: A case study in design and implementation for academic and research applications." Heliyon 5, no. 9 (September 2019): e02474. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02474.

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Dias Santana, Guilherme Marcel, Rogers Silva de Cristo, and Kalinka Regina Lucas Jaquie Castelo Branco. "Integrating Cognitive Radio with Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Overview." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 27, 2021): 830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030830.

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Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) demand technologies so they can not only fly autonomously, but also communicate with base stations, flight controllers, computers, devices, or even other UAVs. Still, UAVs usually operate within unlicensed spectrum bands, competing against the increasing number of mobile devices and other wireless networks. Combining UAVs with Cognitive Radio (CR) may increase their general communication performance, thus allowing them to execute missions where the conventional UAVs face limitations. CR provides a smart wireless communication which, instead of using a transmission frequency defined in the hardware, uses software transmission. CR smartly uses free transmission channels and/or chooses them according to application’s requirements. Moreover, CR is considered a key enabler for deploying technologies that require high connectivity, such as Smart Cities, 5G, Internet of Things (IoT), and the Internet of Flying Things (IoFT). This paper presents an overview on the field of CR for UAV communications and its state-of-the-art, testbed alternatives for real data experiments, as well as specifications to build a simple and low-cost testbed, and indicates key opportunities and future challenges in the field.

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Wijaya, Fransisco Danang, Iftitah Imawati, Muhammad Yasirroni, and Adha Imam Cahyadi. "Effect of different core materials in very low voltage induction motors for electric vehicle." Journal of Mechatronics, Electrical Power, and Vehicular Technology 12, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 95–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/j.mev.2021.v12.95-103.

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The use of squirrel cage induction motor for electric vehicle (EV) has been increasingly popular than permanent magnet and brushless motors due to their independence on rare materials. However, its performance is significantly affected by the core materials. In this research, induction motors performance with various core materials (M19_24G, Arnon7, and nickel steel carpenter) are studied in very low voltage. Three phases, 50 Hz, 5 HP, 48 V induction motor were used as the propulsion force testbed applied for a golf cart EV. The aims are to identify loss distribution according to core materials and compare power density and cost. The design process firstly determines the motor specifications, then calculates the dimensions, windings, stator, and rotor slots using MATLAB. The parameters obtained are used as inputs to ANSYS Maxwell to calculate induction motor performance. Finally, the design simulations are carried out on RMxprt and 2D transient software to determine the loss characteristics of core materials. It is found that the stator winding dominates the loss distribution. Winding losses have accounted for 52-55 % of the total loss, followed by rotor winding losses around 25-27 % and losses in the core around 1-7 %. Based on the three materials tested, nickel steel carpenter and M19_24G attain the highest efficiency with 83.27 % and 83.10 %, respectively, while M19_24G and Arnon7 possess the highest power density with 0.37 kW/kg and 0.38 kW/kg whereas, in term of production cost, the Arnon7 is the lowest.

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Subedi, Santosh, and Jae-Young Pyun. "Lightweight Workload Fingerprinting Localization Using Affinity Propagation Clustering and Gaussian Process Regression." Sensors 18, no. 12 (December 4, 2018): 4267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18124267.

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Fingerprinting localization approach is widely used in indoor positioning applications owing to its high reliability. However, the learning procedure of radio signals in fingerprinting is time-consuming and labor-intensive. In this paper, an affinity propagation clustering (APC)-based fingerprinting localization system with Gaussian process regression (GPR) is presented for a practical positioning system with the reduced offline workload and low online computation cost. The proposed system collects sparse received signal strength (RSS) data from the deployed Bluetooth low energy beacons and trains them with the Gaussian process model. As the signal estimation component, GPR predicts not only the mean RSS but also the variance, which indicates the uncertainty of the estimation. The predicted RSS and variance can be employed for probabilistic-based fingerprinting localization. As the clustering component, the APC minimizes the searching space of reference points on the testbed. Consequently, it also helps to reduce the localization estimation error and the computational cost of the positioning system. The proposed method is evaluated through real field deployments. Experimental results show that the proposed method can reduce the offline workload and increase localization accuracy with less computational cost. This method outperforms the existing methods owing to RSS prediction using GPR and RSS clustering using APC.

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Белкин, М. Е. "Исследование статических и динамических характеристик сплавного VCSEL C-диапазона в режиме оптико-электрического преобразователя." Письма в журнал технической физики 44, no. 1 (2018): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pjtf.2018.01.45433.16998.

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AbstractThe results of an experimental study for a long wavelength vertical cavity surface-emitting laser of a wafer-fused construction as an effective resonant cavity enhanced photodetector of analog optical signals are described. The device is of interest for a number of promising microwave photonics applications and for creation of a low-cost photoreceiver in a high-speed fiber optics telecommunication system with dense wavelength division multiplexing. The schematic of the testbed, the original technique allowing to calculate the passband of the built-in optical cavity, and the results of measuring dark current, current responsivity, amplitude- and phase-frequency characteristics during the process of photo-detection are demonstrated.

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Diab, Momen, Aline N. Dinkelaker, John Davenport, Kalaga Madhav, and Martin M. Roth. "Starlight coupling through atmospheric turbulence into few-mode fibres and photonic lanterns in the presence of partial adaptive optics correction." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 501, no. 2 (December 3, 2020): 1557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3752.

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ABSTRACT Starlight corrupted by atmospheric turbulence cannot couple efficiently into astronomical instruments based on integrated optics as they require light of high spatial coherence to couple into their single-mode waveguides. Low-order adaptive optics in combination with photonic lanterns offer a practical approach to achieve efficient coupling into multiplexed astrophotonic devices. We investigate, aided by simulations and an experimental testbed, the trade-off between the degrees of freedom of the adaptive optics system and those of the input waveguide of an integrated optic component leading to a cost-effective hybrid system that achieves a signal-to-noise ratio higher than a standalone device fed by a single-mode fibre.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low-cost testbed'

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