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Journal articles on the topic 'Low Carbon Steel Strip'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 19 February 2022

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1

Čada, Radek. "Formability Evaluation of Low-Carbon Steel Strip." Transactions of the VŠB - Technical University of Ostrava, Mechanical Series 57, no. 1 (June 30, 2011): 19–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22223/tr.2011-1/1834.

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2

Xie, Hai Bo, Zheng Yi Jiang, Yan Bing Du, Dong Bin Wei, and A. Kiet Tieu. "Analysis of Surface Roughness of Low Carbon Steel during Cold Rolling of Thin Strip." Advanced Materials Research 76-78 (June 2009): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.76-78.544.

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Surface roughness plays an important role in determining the tribological behaviour of mechanical components (e.g. gears and roller bearings etc.) under full-film and mixed (or partial) elastohydrodynamic lubrication conditions. This paper describes a detailed mechanics analysis of the surface roughness transformation of thin strip which has been cold rolled on an experimental mill. Low carbon steel strips were rolled at various speeds and reductions, and the effects of rolling parameters on surface roughness are studied. The results of surface roughness can provide important information to optimise the rolling schedule and to improve the rolled strip quality.

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3

You, Dali, Christian Bernhard, Andreas Viertauer, and Bernd Linzer. "Simulation of the Refining Process of Ultra-Low Carbon (ULC) Steel." Crystals 11, no. 8 (July 30, 2021): 893. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11080893.

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The standard production route for mild steels for automotive purposes is still based on conventional continuous casting (CC) and hot strip rolling (HSR). The current trend towards the “zero-carbon car” will demand the abating of material emissions in the future. Thin slab casting and direct rolling (e.g., Arvedi endless strip production (ESP)) is an approach to reduce CO2 emissions by 50% compared to CC and HSR. One of the main limitations in applying ESP for the production of ultra-low carbon/interstitial free (ULC/IF) steels is clogging. Clogging is the blockage of the submerged entry nozzle due to the build-up of oxide layers or an oxide network. The high clogging sensitivity of IF steels results most probably from the FeTi addition, and hence, a general change of the deoxidation practice might be an option to overcome these problems. In the present work, the thorough refining process of ULC steel was simulated by addressing the different deoxidation routes and the influence of titanium (Ti) alloying on steel cleanness. The developed ladle furnace (LF) and the Ruhrstahl Heraeus (RH) refining models were applied to perform the simulation. Before the simulations, the models are briefly described and validated by the published industrial data.

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4

Couture, Alain, Roch Angers, Madhava Rao Krishnadev, Elhachmi Es-Sadiqi, and Jacques Masounave. "Strip-Casting Simulation of Low Carbon Aluminum-Killed Steel." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 31, no. 1 (January 1992): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.1992.31.1.63.

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5

Goryany, V., T. Khlyntseva, I. Mamuzic, and V. Radsinsky. "Influence of cooling intensity on the structure formation in stripe steel by thermomechanical treatment." Journal of Mining and Metallurgy, Section B: Metallurgy 40, no. 1 (2004): 75–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jmmb0401075g.

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The results of research of microstructure of the strips from low carbon steel 45x6 and 30x8 mm in hot-rolling condition and after accelerated cooling of different intencity and schemes of the coolers movement in the cooling chambers are shown. The strengthening layer is spread unevenly along the perimeter of the rolled steel. The formation character of the structure and its spreading along the cross-section depends on intensity of cooling and the ratio of the width of the stripe to its thickness. Regimes, that provide the high level of steel?s strength with the smallest changing of the mechanical properties by the length of the rolled strip were defined.

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6

Zhao, Dan, Jie Yun Cheng, Jing Chen, Hui Gai Li, and Shao Bo Zheng. "Thermodynamics of Amorphous Silicon Oxides in Sub-Rapid Solidified Low Carbon Steel." Materials Science Forum 816 (April 2015): 788–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.816.788.

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Strip casting technology leads a new revolutionary change for steel industry, which solidification rate could be 100-1000 K/s. The study on the size and structure of deoxidation products from the sub-rapid solidification will be of great significant in promoting the mechanical properties of the strip continuous casting steels. In the paper, the silicon oxide inclusions precipitated in sub-rapid solidified low carbon steel were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The experimental results indicated that a large number of spherical silicon oxides were dispersed as amorphous state, and the size range was in hundreds nanometers. According to the thermodynamic calculation and inference, the silicon oxides would precipitate during the sub-rapid solidification of low carbon steel. SiO2, which structure is as approximate “liquid” and the melting temperature has been reduced under nanoeffect, has been frozen in amorphous state under high solidification rate. Amorphous SiO2 precipitated in steel may be due to the structural relaxation caused by high viscosity. The larger average size of amorphous SiO2 was detected at higher solidification rate, which is attributed to the cause to the higher hardening rate.

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7

Zhang, L. N., X. Zhang, Y. Ma, and D. L. Liu. "TEM Observation on Nano-Precipitation of Plain Low Carbon Steel by CSP." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 101–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.101.

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Plain low carbon steel produced by compact strip production (CSP) process was analyzed using TEM, EELS and XEDS. Nano-sized oxides and sulfides were observed in the steel. The nano-oxides are mainly ferrospinel of <20nm in size, and the nano-sulfides are MnS and FeS particles with size of 20-100 nm. They distributed both in grains and at grain boundaries. These nano precipitates could form in cast slab before heavy deformation by rolling process. It is proposed that besides the grain refinement, the nano-pricipitation plays an important role in yield strength enhancement. This mechanism may provide a new approach to strengthen plain low carbon steels.

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8

Wilson, Paton R., Zhixn Chen, Chris R. Killmore, Stuart J. Laird, and Jim G. Williams. "Surface Oxidation of Low Carbon Steel Strip during Batch Annealing." ISIJ International 47, no. 1 (2007): 114–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.47.114.

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9

Sun, Lin, Zhi Yi Zhao, Xiao Zhen Yang, and Run Dong Xue. "Effect of Tempering Process on Residual Stress in Hot Rolled Low Carbon Martensite High-Strength Steel Strip." Advanced Materials Research 690-693 (May 2013): 222–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.690-693.222.

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Distribution of residual stress in hot rolled low carbon martensite high-strength steel strip was measured by means of blind-hole method in the steel before and after tempering. The hot rolled low carbon martensite high-strength steel strip was tempered at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C or 600°C. Before tempering, the value of the residual stress along the width direction is maximum at the edge, intermediate at the center, minimum at the 1/4 of the strip. The figure of the residual stress distribution along the width direction is like the shape of the letter M. Residual stress of the strip is reduced after tempering. When tempering at 450°C or 500°C, evolution of residual stress is caused by changes of thermal stress. Distribution of residual stress becomes gentle. With tempering temperature increasing, distribution of residual stress is reversed, because evolution of thermal stress and phase transition stress changes in different time.

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10

Phelan, Dominic, T. Zuidwijk, L. Strezov, Jilt Sietsma, and Rian Dippenaar. "Experimental Studies into Strip Casting of Steel." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4155–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4155.

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The strip casting of steel, whereby liquid steel is solidified between twin water cooled copper rolls directly into its final shape, is a radical, energy efficient, cost effective route for the production of steel products that also provides exciting opportunities for the development of new products. An experimental program is currently underway to study phenomena associated with rapid solidification of steel using levitating droplet techniques and Gleeble®3500 thermo-mechanical processing. For example, studies have been conducted to investigate the heat transfer, nucleation behaviour and microstructure development during solidification of a low carbon steel and a peritectic steel on copper substrates hard coated electrolytically or using Filtered Arc Deposition (FAD). It was found that peak and average heat fluxes were significantly higher for steels solidified on the first substrate than for the FAD coated substrates. Maximum heat flux on the respective substrates was 36.5 to 39.0 MW/m2 and 8.3 to 9.4 MW/m2. The average heat flux on the respective coated substrates ranged between 9.6 to 12.5 and 5.5 to 6.6 MW/m2.

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11

Suarez, Lucia, R. Coto, X. Vanden Eynde, M. Lamberigts, and Yvan Houbaert. "High Temperature Oxidation of Ultra-Low-Carbon Steel." Defect and Diffusion Forum 258-260 (October 2006): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.258-260.158.

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An oxide scale layer always forms at the strip surface during the hot rolling process. Its properties have a large impact on surface quality. The most important features of the oxide layer are its thickness, composition, structure, adherence and coherence. Temperature, time and gas atmosphere determine the growth of oxide layers. In this paper, the high temperature oxidation properties of ultra low carbon steels are discussed in terms of oxide growth mechanism, kinetics and phase morphology. The oxidation kinetics of ultra-low carbon steel (ULC) in air, its scale structure and composition were investigated over the temperature range 923-1473K. Oxidation experiments were performed either under controlled atmosphere or in air, to analyse the oxidation process during strip production. A first series of experiments was carried out in an electric furnace at temperatures ranging from 923 to 1473K, for times between 16 and 7200s. A second series was carried out in a device especially designed to control the atmosphere. After heating under pure nitrogen, the samples were oxidised in air at temperatures between 923-1323K for various oxidation times. Thus treated specimens were characterised by metallography and their scale thickness was measured under the optical microscope. Scale morphology was studied and scale composition confirmed by EDS (Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy) and EBSD (Electron Backscattered Diffraction) analysis. Results show that scale growth under controlled atmosphere is significantly faster than under non controlled conditions, additionally the adherence of the scale formed in the laboratory device was significantly better than the other one. It is clear that scale thickness and constitution depend strongly on the oxidation potential of atmosphere. Computed parabolic activation energies (Ea) values are in good agreement with those found in the literature.

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12

Lenard, John G., and Leon Barbulovic-Nad. "The Coefficient of Friction During Hot Rolling of Low Carbon Steel Strips." Journal of Tribology 124, no. 4 (September 24, 2002): 840–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1454106.

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Hot rolling tests were performed on low carbon steel strips with the objective of determining the coefficient of friction as a function of the process variables. The growth of the scale prior to rolling was controlled and the thickness of the layer of scale at the entry remained in the range of 20–100 μm, somewhat higher than in the finishing train of a hot strip mill. Roll separating forces, roll torques, the speed, the reduction and the entry temperature were monitored. The effective coefficient of friction was determined by using a one-dimensional model of the flat rolling process. The coefficient was chosen to allow matching the measured and calculated roll force and the roll torque. An empirical relation, connecting the coefficient of friction to process variables was obtained by non-linear regression analysis.

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13

Jin, Zi Li, Hui Ping Ren, and Rong Wang. "Texture Evolution during the Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel Sheet under CSP Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 121-126 (October 2011): 458–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.121-126.458.

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In this item, the low carbon steel hot sheets by compact strip production (CSP) technology were cold rolled and annealed in laboratory. texture evolution during the production process of CSP-cold rolled strip were investigated by means of the XRD. The results were as follows: After hot deformation of thin slab formed a strong γ- fibre orientation texture, the density of texture increase with the cold rolled reduction increased, especially for the negative texture {100}, in γ-fibre orientation cold rolling texture density has no significant change. Compared to the traditional process, hot rolled steel sheet has higher texture, cold-rolled steel sheet has the same texture, and after-annealing sheet has further higher texture in the CSP-cold rolling process. This study enables better understanding and control on the evolution of textures the cold-rolled steel sheet processed by CSP technique and provides theory support for exploiting the CSP the cold-rolling deep drawing steel sheet

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14

Kim, Y., B. Farouk, and J. Keverian. "A Mathematical Model for Thermal Analysis of Thin Strip Casting of Low Carbon Steel." Journal of Engineering for Industry 113, no. 1 (February 1, 1991): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2899622.

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A thermal analysis of thin strip steel casting has been conducted for planar flow casting. For a given strip thickness, the interface heat transfer coefficient, hi, has the most significant influence on average cooling rate ξavg (C/sec) and local solidification time tf. As a result, hi affects the as-cast structure and its properties. However, other factors such as melt superheat and initial substrate temperature have distinct but smaller effects on ξavg and tf. In addition, a decreasing hi makes initial isotherm movement slower and increases the delay time needed for the formation of certain types of segregation. Owing to a variation of local solidification time tf (because of cooling from one side only) there is a likely gradient of micro-structure across the thickness resulting in property variation through the steel strip thickness.

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15

Wang, Hai Yan, Hui Ping Ren, Zi Li Jin, and Cui Zong. "Effect of Rare Earth on Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Low Carbon Steel Based on Compact Strip Production Process." Advanced Materials Research 189-193 (February 2011): 1753–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.189-193.1753.

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The effect of rare earth (RE) on microstructure and impact toughness of hot rolled low carbon structure steel based on the Compact strip production (CSP) process was investigated in this work. Scan electron microscope (SEM) were employed to characterize the microstructure and analyze the fracture surface. Moreover, hot compression experiments were also adopted on the Gleeble-1500 hot simulator as well. The results indicate that acicular ferrite and/or ultrafine ferrite morphologies can be induced when an appropriate amount of rare earth added into the low carbon steel, which possessed the satisfied strength and toughness behaviors. Compared with commercial low carbon structural steels, the additions of RE can improve dynamic recrystallization critical strain of low carbon structural steel as well. In addition, the role of RE on the formation of these acicular ferrite morphologies has been investigated.

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16

Changizi, Ahmad, Mamoun Medraj, and Mihaiela Isac. "Effect of Casting Parameters on the Microstructural and Mechanical Behavior of Magnesium AZ31-B Alloy Strips Cast on a Single Belt Casting Simulator." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/101872.

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Strips of magnesium alloy AZ31-B were cast on a simulator of a horizontal single belt caster incorporating a moving mold system. Mixtures of CO2and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) gases were used as protective atmosphere during melting and casting. The castability of the AZ31-B strips was investigated for a smooth, low carbon steel substrate, and six copper substrates with various textures and roughnesses. Graphite powder was used to coat the substrates. The correlation between strip thickness and heat flux was investigated. It was found that the heat flux from the forming strip to the copper substrate was higher than that to the steel substrate, while coated substrates registered lower heat fluxes than uncoated substrates. The highest heat flux from the strip was recorded for casting on macrotextured copper substrates with 0.15 mm grooves. As the thickness of the strip decreased, the net heat flux decreased. As the heat flux increased, the grain sizes of the strips were reduced, and the SDAS decreased. The mechanical properties were improved when the heat flux increased. The black layers which formed on the strips’ surfaces were analyzed and identified as nanoscale MgO particles. Nano-Scale particles act as light traps and appeared black.

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17

Botlani-Esfahani, Mohsen, and Reza Toroghinejad. "Application of Bayesian ANN and RJMCMC to predict the grain size of hot strip low carbon steels." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 77, no. 7 (2012): 937–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc111115011b.

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Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Reversible Jump Markov Chain Monte Carlo (RJMCMC) are used to predict the grain size of hot strip low carbon steels, as a function of steel composition. Results show a good agreement with experimental data taken from Mobarakeh Steel Company (MSC). The developed model is capable of recognizing the role and importance of elements in grain refinement. Furthermore, effects of these elements including manganese, silicon and vanadium are investigated in the present study, which are in good agreement with the literature.

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18

Xie, Zhi-xiong, Hai-yan Gao, Jun Wang, Yan Yu, Yuan Fang, and Bao-de Sun. "Static Recrystallization Behavior of Twin Roll Cast Low-Carbon Steel Strip." Journal of Iron and Steel Research International 18, no. 2 (February 2011): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1006-706x(11)60022-8.

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19

Haensch, W., and C. Klinkenberg. "Low carbon niobium alloyed high strength steel for automotive hot strip." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 32, no. 4 (August 2005): 342–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328105x47990.

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20

Gao, Haiyan, Zhixiong Xie, Yan Yu, Yuan Fang, Jun Wang, and Baode Sun. "Dynamic Recrystallization Behavior of Twin Roll Cast Low Carbon Steel Strip." ISIJ International 49, no. 4 (2009): 546–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.49.546.

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21

Ferry, M., and C. Page. "Microstructural control by secondary processing of strip cast low carbon steel." Materials Science and Technology 17, no. 11 (November 2001): 1369–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/026708301101509575.

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22

Panigrahi, B. K. "Processing of low carbon steel plate and hot strip—An overview." Bulletin of Materials Science 24, no. 4 (August 2001): 361–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02708632.

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23

Shiang, L. T., and P. J. Wray. "Microstructural study of a continuously-annealed strip-cast low carbon steel." Scripta Metallurgica et Materialia 25, no. 1 (January 1991): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-716x(91)90369-c.

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24

Merwin, M. J. "Low-Carbon Manganese TRIP Steels." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 4327–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.4327.

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The development of TRansformation Induced Plasicity (TRIP) steels has seen much activity in recent years, due to the promise of very high formability combined with high strength. The accepted method for production of as-hot-rolled TRIP steel employs multistage runout table cooling and coiling in the bainitic transformation temperature regime. As an alternative to confronting the production difficulties the accepted strategy presents, a program was begun to evaluate the potential of 0.1C-6.0Mn steels processed in a more conventional manner. Three laboratory heats were melted to consider the effect of manganese content on processing and properties. The steels were found to be fully hardenable with conventional hot-strip mill processing and subsequent batch annealing simulations produced significant retained austenite levels. The combination of the prior martensitic microstructure in the as-hot-rolled condition, and austenite created during annealing, resulted in remarkable combinations of strength and ductility. In the as-hot-rolled condition, tensile strengths exceeding 1400 MPa were observed, with total elongations of approximately 10 percent. Optimum properties were found when samples were annealed at approximately 650°C. While this treatment reduced the tensile strength to 800-1000 MPa, the total elongation increased to between 30 percent and 40 percent. UTS*TE products exceeding 30,000 MPa-% were observed, making these materials attractive for high strength, high ductility applications.

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25

Klinkenberg, Christian, C. Bilgen, T. Boecher, and J. Schlüter. "20 Years of Experience in Thin Slab Casting and Rolling State of the Art and Future Developments." Materials Science Forum 638-642 (January 2010): 3610–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.638-642.3610.

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Industrial thin slab casting and direct rolling processing started in 1989 with the world’s first CSP® plant at Crawfordsville (USA). Since this time CSP® and competing thin slab casting and direct rolling concepts have been developed to a standard process for hot strip production. Typical features of the CSP® process are the homogeneous structural and mechanical properties all along the strip. Direct hot rolling of thin slabs may be followed by a well defined cooling pattern to produce fine-grained HSLA steel or multiphase hot strip on the runout table. The product range covers low carbon as well as medium and high carbon steel grades comprising IF-, HSLA-, API-, electrical- and multiphase steel grades. CSP® processed thin hot strip is used for non-exposed parts and may substitute cold rolled strip. Hot strip from thin slab can be easily further processed to cold rolled and/or surface treated strip. Today process and material developments e.g. go for energy saving, rise in productivity, advanced surface requirements, HSLA and multiphase steel grades combining higher strength and ductility as well as multiphase steel grades for hot dip galvanizing.

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26

Yu, Hao, and Yonglin Kang. "Effect of boron on hot strips of low carbon steel produced by compact strip production." Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, Mineral, Metallurgy, Material 15, no. 2 (April 2008): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1005-8850(08)60027-4.

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27

Wilson, P. R., Z. Chen, Chris R. Killmore, and Stuart J. Laird. "Selective Oxidation of Manganese and Chromium during Annealing of Low Carbon Strip Steels." Advanced Materials Research 15-17 (February 2006): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.15-17.762.

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Surface graphitization is a well known defect that occurs when low carbon steel strip is batch annealed. A small addition of chromium (about 0.04 wt %) can be used to minimize the surface graphitization. However chromium and some other alloy elements, such as manganese used in this class of steel, have higher affinities for oxygen than iron. Therefore it is possible for them to be oxidized during batch annealing in a reducing environment to iron. Selective oxidation of these two elements gives rise to a risk of forming different surface defects that may affect the quality of the tinned surface. The edge defect is characterized as a region of low reflectivity on the tin plate product caused by grain boundary precipitates. A porous tin coating with a dull appearance is produced in the affected areas. Not only are the aesthetical values of the finished tin plate product affected but the corrosion resistance is also reduced. In this investigation surface oxides formed at grain boundary of low carbon steels annealed at 700°C in 5% hydrogen 95% nitrogen atmosphere were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Two different oxide particles (Fe,Mn)O and MnCr2O4 were observed at the grain boundaries with the former five-fold coarser than the latter. It was found at the annealing temperature of 700°C, that the mean particle size of the (Fe,Mn)O depends on the manganese content, while the mean particle size, and distribution of the MnCr2O4 was dependent on chromium, but independent of manganese. The coarse (Fe,Mn)O precipitates pose no potential risks to electrolytic tinning as they will be removed by the pickling operation prior to tinning. Controlling the chromium content of the steel can minimize the potential risks posed by the MnCr2O4 to the quality of electrolytic tinning.

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28

Yu, Lin Hui, Ji Dong Li, Anthony Shevchenko, Ming Gang Shen, Bao Guo Zhang, and Yi Yong Wang. "Effects of Continuous Casting Mould Vibration Feeding Strip on the Slab Structure." Applied Mechanics and Materials 727-728 (January 2015): 299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.727-728.299.

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Continuous casting mold feeding steel strip is a new technology to improve the organization and the equiaxed crystal ratio of casting slab. It is researched in one Steel Mill taking low carbon steel Q235B, 250 * 1600mm billet as the research object. Effects of the vibration feeding steel strip on the slab structure and performance is studied. Results show that, porosity in the center of cast billet and macro segregation of dispersion decreased through the continuous casting mould vibration feeding steel strip technology, which can improve the quality of macro structure and reduce the chemical heterogeneity shaft direction to the regional and then improve the plasticity in thick rolling plate.

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29

Chandra-ambhorn, Somrerk, Supati Ieamsupapong, V. Thanateponake, and Walairat Suksamai. "Effect of Coiling Temperature on the Formation and Pickling Behaviour of Tertiary Scale on Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Strip." Key Engineering Materials 410-411 (March 2009): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.410-411.669.

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Steel strips covered by a tertiary thermal oxide scale from a hot rolling process were studied in this research work. In case that the clean strip is required, i.e. for the cold rolling process, this tertiary scale formed on the steel surface is typically removed by a pickling process. In this work, a finishing temperature – the temperature at the exit of strip from a finishing mill – was kept constant at 830 °C. A coiling temperature – the temperature that the strip was coiled at a down coiler – was varied in a real hot rolling line to obtain different types of tertiary scales formed on low carbon steel strips. Physico-chemical characteristics and pickling behaviour of the scales were further investigated. It was found from a scanning electron microscope (SEM) that the thickness of scale at the centre of strip was in the range of 3-5 m and reduced with the decrease in coiling temperature. A laser Raman spectroscopy was also applied to make a depth profile of scale. Additionally, with the results observed from SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD), it is concluded that the tertiary scale is a non-homogeneous single layer of a eutectoid structure consisting of magnetite and iron. Moreover, the samples were further immersed in a 10%v/v HCl pickling solution at 80 °C. It was found that the time needed to remove the tertiary scale was reduced with the decreased scale thickness, which was obtained by lowering the coiling temperature. Kinetics of scale removal during pickling is discussed in the paper.

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30

Poliak, Evgueni I., and D. Bhattacharya. "Effects of Alloying on Deformation Behavior of Low Carbon Steels in the Intercritical Temperature Range." Materials Science Forum 539-543 (March 2007): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.12.

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Industrial thermomechanical processing of hot rolled steel strip products with rolling operations in the austenite + ferrite (γ + α) range offers, on one hand, unique possibilities for more precise control of microstructure and mechanical properties of as hot rolled products after accelerated cooling. On the other hand, there are significant technical problems related to the rolling stability induced by steel grade dependent non-monotonous variations in deformation resistance and its sensitivities to temperature and strain rate within the γ + α range. Based on laboratory results, the deformation behavior of low carbon (up to 0.2 %) steels alloyed with Mn, Si, Al and their combinations, as well as microalloyed with Nb at the intercritical temperatures is discussed.

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31

Gabániová, Mária. "Surface Chemistry-Based Surface Defects Situated on Steel Strips Edges." Defect and Diffusion Forum 405 (November 2020): 199–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.405.199.

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Two thirds of all examined defect cases present on rolled steel strips appeared to be chemical in nature. They are characterized by a modification in surface chemistry. Chemistry-based defects on the steel strips can vary in composition and generally consist of reaction products with the steel substrate. First big category of widely occurring chemistry-based defects is corrosion or oxidation, second contamination with alien matter and third defect category is related to carbon sediments. A number of different surface chemistry-based defects are related to annealing process. Common problem, that occurs in communication is, that identical defects are often indicated by different names and identical names are given for different defects. In the present study an overview including possible causes of three types of the continuous chemistry-based defects situated on the steel strip edges, that appeared to be the same at first glance, is presented: carbon edge deposit, low reflectivity band and annealed border.

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32

Xu, Wan Qiang, and Michael Ferry. "Recrystallization Behaviour of Cold Rolled Low Carbon Steel Strip with Various Starting Microstructures." Materials Science Forum 558-559 (October 2007): 419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.558-559.419.

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The effect of initial microstructure (acicular ferrite (AF), polygonal ferrite (PF) and strip cast (SC)) on the recrystallization behaviour of low carbon (LC) steel was investigated. Steel strip samples (0.05 wt.% C) of 2 mm in thickness were heat treated to produce an AF and PF microstructure from coarse austenite. The AF, PF and a similar chemistry SC sample manufactured from a twin roll caster were cold rolled to 50, 70 and 90% reduction, and annealed for various times in the temperature range 580-680 °C. The evolution of microstructure during recrystallization was studied by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the SEM. The initial microstructure was found to have a substantial influence on the recrystallization behavior. PF recrystallized more rapidly than AF with SC showing extremely sluggish recrystallization behaviour. The recrystallizing grains in these initial microstructures have a lognormal distribution and the recrystallized number density (grains/mm2) decreased during annealing, with the initial microstructures affecting the degree of this decrease in number density.

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Kobayashi, Yoshinao, Zhongzhu Liu, and Kotobu Nagai. "Effect of Phosphorus on Sulfide Precipitation in Strip Cast Low Carbon Steel." Journal of the Japan Institute of Metals 70, no. 5 (2006): 440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/jinstmet.70.440.

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Liu, Zhongzhu, Yoshinao Kobayashi, and Kotobu Nagai. "Effect of Phosphorus on Sulfide Precipitation in Strip Casting Low Carbon Steel." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 46, no. 1 (2005): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.46.26.

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35

LIU, Zhongzhu, Yoshinao KOBAYASHI, Kotobu NAGAI, Jian YANG, and Mamoru KUWABARA. "Morphology Control of Copper Sulfide in Strip Casting of Low Carbon Steel." Tetsu-to-Hagane 93, no. 11 (2007): 655–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane.93.655.

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36

Mukunthan, K., L. Strezov, R. Mahapatra, and W. Blejde. "Evolution of Microstructures and Product Opportunities in Low Carbon Steel Strip Casting." Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly 40, no. 4 (January 2001): 523–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/cmq.2001.40.4.523.

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37

Liu, Zhongzhu, Yoshinao Kobayashi, Kotobu Nagai, Jian Yang, and Mamoru Kuwabara. "Morphology Control of Copper Sulfide in Strip Casting of Low Carbon Steel." ISIJ International 46, no. 5 (2006): 744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.46.744.

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38

Li, Tao, Meng Qin, Zi Li Jin, and Hui Ping Ren. "Effect of Rare Earth Elements on Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel in CSP." Advanced Materials Research 311-313 (August 2011): 835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.311-313.835.

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Effects of rare earth elements (RE) on modification of inclusions, the corrosion dynamic laws and the electrochemical properties of low carbon steel in Compact strip production (CSP) technology have been investigated with SEM, EDS and polarization curve measurements. The results show that the RE elements play an important role on the morphology and type control of inclusions and also reduce their size in low carbon steel. The corrosion is mitigated due to relatively compact corrosion products and the dispersion spherical RE oxides and/or oxy-sulfides inclusions with the addition of RE. Meanwhile, the electrochemical measurements show that the corrosion current density of low carbon steel with RE is lower than that of steel without RE. The corrosion resistance is improved to a certain extent by RE.

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39

Girgensohn, A., and A. R. Büchner. "Twin roll strip casting of low carbon steels." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 27, no. 4 (August 2000): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192300677615.

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Xu, Pingguang, Fuxing Yin, and Kotobu Nagai. "Plastic Anisotropy of Strip-Cast Low-Carbon Steels." MATERIALS TRANSACTIONS 45, no. 2 (2004): 447–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/matertrans.45.447.

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41

Tibar, H. B., and Zheng Yi Jiang. "Analysis of Thin Strip Shape and Profile in Cold Rolling: A Way to Improve Strip Profile and Mechanical Properties." Materials Science Forum 879 (November 2016): 849–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.879.849.

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Optimisation of the physical and mechanical properties of cold rolled thin strips is achieved by controlling the rolling parameters. In this paper, the factors affecting the low carbon steel thin strip profile of asymmetrical cold rolling have been studied at a speed ratio of 1.3 without lubricant applied. The effect of rolling parameters on the resulting microstructure was also investigated. It was found that under dry condition, work roll shifting and work roll cross angle can improve the strip profile, and the improvement is more significant with an increase of work roll cross angle rather than that of work roll shifting. A slight change in microstructure was evident with increasing work roll shifting values. In addition, effects of rolling parameters on the strip profile and microstructure have also been discussed.

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42

Kostryzhev, Andrii, and Olexandra Marenych. "New Technology to Produce 1 GPa Low Carbon Microalloyed Steels from Cast Strip." Metals 8, no. 9 (August 24, 2018): 662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8090662.

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Global economy requires steel with further increasing mechanical properties and simultaneously decreasing price. In mass manufacturing three major methods can be used to increase strength: (i) increase microalloying element additions (increases cost), (ii) decrease deformation temperature and (iii) increase cooling rate after high temperature processing (both can be challenging for equipment). Thin strip casting is an effective way to reduce cost as it brings a reduction in number of deformation passes and shortens the production line. However, the mechanical properties can be missed due to insufficient microstructure development. In this article, we investigate a recently proposed technology based on Austenite Conditioning followed by Accelerated Cooling and Warm Deformation (AC2WD). Two low carbon steels microalloyed with either 0.012Ti or 0.1Mo-0.064Nb-0.021Ti (wt.%) were subjected to three processing modifications of the AC2WD-technology with two, one or no deformation of cast microstructure in the austenite temperature field. The Ti- and MoNbTi-steels exhibited 685–765 MPa and 880–950 MPa of the yield stress, 780–840 MPa and 1035–1120 MPa of tensile strength, and 20–30% and 22–24% of elongation to failure, respectively. The nature of strengthening mechanisms associated with the AC2WD-technology is discussed on the basis of detailed microstructure characterisation.

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Miao, Cheng Liang, Guo Dong Zhang, and Cheng Jia Shang. "Effect of Nb Content on Hot Flow Stress, Dynamic Recrystallization and Strain Accumulation Behaviors in Low Carbon Bainitic Steel." Materials Science Forum 654-656 (June 2010): 62–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.654-656.62.

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Compressive deformation behaviors of low carbon steels with different Nb contents were investigated in the temperature range 900oC to 1100oC and strain rates from 0.05s-1 to 2s-1 by single pass deformation. Multi-pass compressive deformation processes were also carried out to examine strain accumulation under different Nb contents. In single pass deformations, dynamic recrystallization (DRX) can be observed in the case of low strain rate and high temperature, and the higher Nb steel exhibits higher deformation activation energy (Qdef) and critical strain value (εc) for the onset of DRX. However during multi-pass compression process (interval time of 3-4s), the higher Nb steel has larger strain accumulation between passes, so it is easier for high Nb steel that DRX happens during hot strip rolling process, which starts at relative high rolling temperature.

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Wang, Fan, Peng Tian, Yong Lin Kang, Jing Tao Zhu, Zhe Qin, and Liang Chen. "Simulation Experimental Study on Ferrite Rolling Process of Low-Carbon Steels." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 329–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.329.

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In this paper, the Steel Plate Heat Commercial (SPHC) that produced by RiZhao Steel’s Endless Strip Production (ESP) line was taken as the research object. The phase transition points under different cooling rates were measured by DIL805A thermal expansion instrument and then the static Continuous Cooling Transformation (CCT) curve was plotted. The rolling process of ferritic zone was simulated by Gleeble-3800 hot compression tester. The microstructure evolution of SPHC under different temperatures and different strain rates were analyzed, and the hot compression deformation behavior was studied. The experimental result has shown that when the cooling rate of low carbon steel is lower than 15 °C·s-1, the microstructure is mainly composed of ferrite and a small amount of pearlite and tertiary cementite. The experimental material showed a mixed crystal phenomenon when the deformation reached 50% at 780 °C. The fitting calculation has shown that the deformation activation energy of the ferrite zone rolling is 112 kJ·mol-1, and the relationship between the deformation energy storage and the temperature compensation strain rate factor was established. Subsequently, the above experimental results were verified in the RiZhao Steel’s ESP line, which laid the experimental foundation for the use of ferrite rolling technology for endless strip production.

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Xu, Wan Qiang, and Michael Ferry. "Influence of Starting Microstructure on Texture Development in Cold Rolled and Annealed Low Carbon Steel Strip." Materials Science Forum 495-497 (September 2005): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.495-497.519.

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The effect of initial microstructure on the recrystallization behaviour and texture development of low carbon (LC) steel was investigated. Steel strip samples (0.05 wt.% C) of 2 mm in thickness were heat treated to produce a microstructure consisting predominantly of either polygonal ferrite or acicular ferrite. Samples were cold rolled 50, 70 and 90% reduction then annealed for various times in the temperature range 580-640 oC. The microstructures and textures produced by deformation and annealing were studied by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction in the SEM. The initial microstructure was found to have a substantial influence on the rate of recrystallization and final texture. It was found that polygonal ferrite recrystallizes more rapidly than acicular ferrite with the former generating the strongest <111>//ND recrystallization texture. The results are examined within the framework of improving the formability of LC steel produced by direct strip casting whereby controlled thermal and mechanical processing prior to cold rolling and annealing can generate the same types of initial microstructures, as studied in this work.

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46

Liu, Zhongzhu, Yoshinao Kobayashi, and Kotobu Nagai. "Crystallography and Precipitation Kinetics of Copper Sulfide in Strip Casting Low Carbon Steel." ISIJ International 44, no. 9 (2004): 1560–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/isijinternational.44.1560.

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47

Colás, R., L. A. Leduc, and M. A. Neri. "Prediction of shape defects during cooling of hot rolled low carbon steel strip." Ironmaking & Steelmaking 31, no. 1 (February 2004): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/030192304225011034.

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48

Xu, W., and M. Ferry. "Recrystallisation processes in cold rolled low carbon steel strip containing different starting microstructures." Materials Science and Technology 26, no. 3 (March 2010): 333–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/174328409x410791.

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49

Radzievskii, V. N., Yu F. Gartsunov, L. V. Barnov, and V. M. Rab. "Reasons for cracking in brazing structures of low-carbon steel strip with copper." Welding International 5, no. 2 (January 1991): 148–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09507119109446709.

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50

OKAMURA, Yoshiaki, Hiroshi UTSUNOMIYA, Tetsuo SAKAI, and Yoshihiro SAITO. "Texture and Microstructure of Ultra-low Carbon IF Steel Strip Processed by Conshearing." Tetsu-to-Hagane 89, no. 6 (2003): 666–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.89.6_666.

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