Journal articles: 'Low-carbon gases'

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Ramesh, Gomasa. "“Low Carbon Buildings for Sustainable Constructions”." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijse.b8003.111221.

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Greenhouse gases emissions are very important for every structure and environment. Greenhouse gases are increased now a days due to changes in climatic conditions by involving human activities in the last decades. In this main contributor is carbon content and carbon dioxide and methane in the environment. The main solution is to limit the changes in the climatic conditions. To reduce the use of carbon emissions in construction of Buildings and construction of Industrial structures. Structures which are made from timber and steel are produce less carbon and greenhouse gases compared to the concrete and steel structures. By using reused and recyclable materials we can reduce the carbon footprints and greenhouse gases as well as to develop low carbon materials. We need to design low carbon buildings to avoid climatic changes in the environment. Which will be give renewable performance. This paper gives a knowledge and help to reduction of carbon footprints on buildings. The main concept of this paper is reducing the emissions and reduce the carbon footprints and increase the life of the structure and to make the structure sustainable.

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Ramesh, Gomasa. "Low Carbon Buildings for Sustainable Constructions." Indian Journal of Structure Engineering 1, no. 2 (November 10, 2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.54105/ijse.b8003.111221.

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Greenhouse gases emissions are very important for every structure and environment. Greenhouse gases are increased now a days due to changes in climatic conditions by involving human activities in the last decades. In this main contributor is carbon content and carbon dioxide and methane in the environment. The main solution is to limit the changes in the climatic conditions. To reduce the use of carbon emissions in construction of Buildings and construction of Industrial structures. Structures which are made from timber and steel are produce less carbon and greenhouse gases compared to the concrete and steel structures. By using reused and recyclable materials we can reduce the carbon footprints and greenhouse gases as well as to develop low carbon materials. We need to design low carbon buildings to avoid climatic changes in the environment. Which will be give renewable performance. This paper gives a knowledge and help to reduction of carbon footprints on buildings. The main concept of this paper is reducing the emissions and reduce the carbon footprints and increase the life of the structure and to make the structure sustainable.

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Shcherbyna, Yevhen, Oleksandr Novoseltsev, and Tatiana Evtukhova. "Overview of carbon capture, utilisation and storage technologies to ensure low-carbon development of energy systems." System Research in Energy 2022, no. 2 (December 27, 2022): 4–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/srenergy2022.02.004.

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Carbon dioxide CO2 is a component of air that is responsible for the growing global warning and greenhouse gases emissions. The energy sector is one of the main sources of CO2 emissions in the world and especially in Ukraine. Carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) is a group of technologies that play a significant role along with renewable energy sources, bioenergy and hydrogen to reduce CO2 emissions and to achieve international climate goals. Nowadays there are thirty-five commercial CCUS facilities under operation around the world with a CO2 capture capacity up to 45 million tons annually. Tougher climate targets and increased investment provide new incentives for CCUS technologies to be applied more widely. CCUS are applications in which CO2 is captured from anthropogenic sources (power generation and industrial processes) and stored in deep geological formations without entering atmosphere or used in various products using technologies without chemical modification or with conversion. The article discusses the use of various technologies of CO2 capture (post-combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxy-combustion capture), CO2 separation methods and their application in the global energy transition to reduce the carbon capacity of energy systems. Technical and economic indicators of CO2 capture at different efficiencies for coal and gas power plants are given. Technologies of transportation and storage of captured carbon dioxide and their economic indicators are considered. The directions for the alternative uses of captured CO2, among which the main ones are the production of synthetic fuels, various chemicals and building materials, are also presented and described in the paper. The possibility of utilization captured СО2 in the production of synthetic fuel in combination with Power-to-Gas technologies was studied. Keywords: greenhouse gases emissions, fossil fuels, СО2 capture technologies, capture efficiency, synthetic fuel

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Song, Yimeng. "Characteristics of Generating Carbon Oxides at Low-temperature Oxidation Stages of Low-Rank Coal." Shock and Vibration 2022 (April 7, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9380297.

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Coal oxidation leads to coal fires prone to coal geohazard accidents. However, studies on carbon oxide gases being indicator gases in predicting spontaneous combustion of coal remain in the initial stage. To better investigate the stage characteristics of generating carbon oxide gases in the low-temperature oxidation process of coal, this study adopts STA-FTIR to experimentally determine the coal weight variation and exothermic condition and the generation law during the low-temperature oxidation process of coal (30–350°C). And, by employing the DFT method, the study determines the chemical reaction and activation energy generated by carbon oxide gases in coal molecules and ascertains the reaction characteristics at different temperatures. The research results indicate that the low-temperature oxidation phase of coal is divided into four main phases, namely, the physical-chemical adsorption phase, the desorption phase, the dynamic equilibrium phase, and the oxidative adsorption phase, each of which has different characteristics for the production of carbon-oxygen compounds, which is important for the prediction of coal spontaneous combustion and the prevention of coal geological disasters.

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PAN, Jiahua, and Ying ZHANG. "China's Low Carbon Transformation." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 01, no. 01 (December 2013): 1350001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748113500012.

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Along with industrialization and urbanization processes, China's emission of greenhouse gases has been increasing rapidly and substantially over the past 40 years, as measured in aggregate and in per capita terms. While there are reasons to drive up the emissions, the Chinese government has made efforts to lower the rate of increase in emissions, as emission reduction is consistent with China's pursuit for energy security and sustainable development. Ambitious targets and aggressive actions have been made in China to accelerate the process of low carbon transformation. However, challenges remain and additional policies will be required to accomplish the process of low carbon transformation.

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Wangjiraniran, Weerin, Raksanai Nidhiritdhikrai, and Supawat Vivanpatarakij. "Low Carbon Scenario for Thailand Power Sector." Advanced Materials Research 622-623 (December 2012): 1089–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.622-623.1089.

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The objective of this study is to explore the picture of low carbon scenario focusing on Thailand power sector. Impact of related key factors on the emitted greenhouse gases have been evaluated quantitatively, e.g. economic and industrial restructuring, building code upgrading, and fuel switching for power generation. The reference scenario is initially created on the basis of the existing national plan. An alternative scenario of low carbon growth with the additional mitigation options have been comparatively simulated. The results indicate that the existing plan may not lead to the concept of low carbon growth. The proposed mitigation option in the LCS scenario is resulting in the saturated level of greenhouse gases emission in power sector. The emitted GHG can be possibly delinked apart from the growing of economic activities in the emerging country like Thailand.

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Gul, Mehreen Saleem, and Hassam Nasarullah Chaudhry. "Energy Efficiency, Low Carbon Resources and Renewable Technology." Energies 15, no. 13 (June 22, 2022): 4553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134553.

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Gazda-Grzywacz, Magdalena, Łukasz Winconek, and Piotr Burmistrz. "Carbon Footprint for Mercury Capture from Coal-Fired Boiler Flue Gas." Energies 14, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14133844.

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Power production from coal combustion is one of two major anthropogenic sources of mercury emission to the atmosphere. The aim of this study is the analysis of the carbon footprint of mercury removal technologies through sorbents injection related to the removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases. Two sorbents, i.e., powdered activated carbon and the coke dust, were analysed. The assessment included both direct and indirect emissions related to various energy and material needs life cycle including coal mining and transport, sorbents production, transport of sorbents to the power plants, and injection into flue gases. The results show that at the average mercury concentration in processed flue gasses accounting to 28.0 µg Hg/Nm3, removal of 1 kg of mercury from flue gases required 14.925 Mg of powdered activated carbon and 33.594 Mg of coke dust, respectively. However, the whole life cycle carbon footprint for powdered activated carbon amounted to 89.548 Mg CO2-e·kg−1 Hg, whereas for coke dust this value was around three times lower and amounted to 24.452 Mg CO2-e·kg−1 Hg. Considering the relatively low price of coke dust and its lower impact on GHG emissions, it can be found as a promising alternative to commercial powdered activated carbon.

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Hadi, Auday Shaker, Mohamed Alsaker, Ahmed Eshoom, Monaem Elmnifi, Mohammed A. Alhmode, and Laith Jaafer Habeeb. "Development of Low-Cost and Multi-Material Sensing Approach for MQ 135 Sensor." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 17309–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.17309ecst.

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Gas tracking systems in factories and companies have become very critical. The most effective and most important element in these systems is the gas sensor. In this study, MQ 135 (butane and smoke) modified to sense common and harmful gases using a low-cost approach. The processor modified the sensor response unit to respond to hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases. Due to variation in physical properties between these gases mainly density, the gas rise on the air to the detector is different. Consequently, the response time for detection was different. It takes 9, 15, 33, and 36 sec. for butane, hydrogen, carbon monoxide, and chlorine gases, respectively. The cost reduction of the MQ 135 sensor reduced by 80%.

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Ngo, Gia Viet. "Automated Orbital Welding of Carbon and Low-Alloy Steels Pipelines with Small Diameter." Materials Science Forum 989 (May 2020): 766–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.989.766.

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Welding of small-diameter pipelines made of carbon and low-alloy steels is highly demanded in various industries. However, there is practically no scientific literature covering all methods of welding of such pipelines. This article analyzes the available literature, as well as the authors' own developments. The survey showed the most common non-consumable electrode welding technology in inert gases. The main points of non-consumable electrode welding technology in inert gases, as well as the development of welding of small-diameter pipelines from carbon and low-alloy steels, are presented and structured.

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Wang, Yan-Ming, Wen-Zheng Wang, Zhen-Lu Shao, De-Ming Wang, and Guo-Qing Shi. "TERAHERTZ MEASUREMENT OF INDICATOR GAS EMISSION FROM COAL SPONTANEOUS COMBUSTION AT LOW TEMPERATURE." Ecological Chemistry and Engineering S 20, no. 4 (December 1, 2013): 709–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/eces-2013-0049.

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Abstract Coal spontaneous combustion is an extremely complicated physical and chemical changing process. In order to improve the indicator gases detection technology and coal spontaneous combustion monitoring, a novel forecast method for toxic gases emission from coal oxidation at low temperature is presented in this paper. The experiment system is setup combined with frequency-domain terahertz technology and coal temperature programming device. The concentration curves of carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide gases from coal spontaneous combustion are estimated according to molecule terahertz spectra. The influences of coal rank and oxygen supply on coal spontaneous combustion characteristics are discussed. Both carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide gases absorption spectra show the characteristic equi-spaced absorption peaks. Results demonstrate that under the condition of lean oxygen, there exists a critical oxygen concentration in the process of coal oxidation at low temperature. Comparing with Fourier infrared spectrum testing, the presented method is highly accurate and more sensitive, especially suitable for early-stage monitoring of the indicator gases produced by coal spontaneous combustion.

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Gheno, Thomas, Daniel Monceau, Jianqiang Zhang, and David J. Young. "Carburisation of ferritic Fe–Cr alloys by low carbon activity gases." Corrosion Science 53, no. 9 (September 2011): 2767–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.corsci.2011.05.013.

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13

McEnaney, Joshua M., Brian A. Rohr, Adam C. Nielander, Aayush R. Singh, Laurie A. King, Jens K. Nørskov, and Thomas F. Jaramillo. "A cyclic electrochemical strategy to produce acetylene from CO2, CH4, or alternative carbon sources." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 6 (2020): 2752–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9se00799g.

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14

Portola, Vyacheslav, Alyona Bobrovnikova, and Qiang Zeng. "Emission of gases from coal at low-temperature oxidation depending on the oxygen sorption rate." E3S Web of Conferences 303 (2021): 01011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130301011.

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Coal oxidation by air oxygen can cause a process of spontaneous combustion with intense emission of carbon oxide and danger to initiate explosion of combustible gases. To detect the process of coal spontaneous combustion in mines, they use a gas analysis method providing control of concentrations of carbon oxide, hydrogen and hydrocarbons in the atmosphere. The conducted researches showed that at low-temperature oxidation of coal the intense emission of these gases without temperature increase is possible. Concentration of carbon oxide significantly increases with the growth of coal oxygen sorption rate. Ethylene and carbon dioxide show similar regularities. Acetylene is not found as a result of low-temperature oxidation of coal, and emission of hydrogen, methane, ethane, propane and propylene does not depend on the coal oxygen sorption rate.

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15

Shaalan, Nagih M., Faheem Ahmed, Mohamed Rashad, Osama Saber, Shalendra Kumar, Abdullah Aljaafari, Adil Ashoaibi, Amera Z. Mahmoud, and Mohammed Ezzeldien. "Low-Temperature Ethanol Sensor via Defective Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 23, 2022): 4439. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134439.

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This paper focuses on the fabrication of defective-induced nanotubes via the catalytic chemical vapor deposition method and the investigation of their properties toward gas sensing. We have developed defective multi-walled carbon nanotubes with porous and crystalline structures. The catalyst layer used in CNTs’ growth here was based on 18 and 24 nm of Ni, and 5 nm of Cr deposited by the dc-sputtering technique. The CNTs’ defects were characterized by observing the low graphite peak (G-band) and higher defect peaks (D-band) in the Raman spectrum. The defectives sites are the main source of the sensitivity of materials toward different gases. Thus, the current product was used for sensing devices. The device was subjected to various gases such as NO, NO2, CO, acetone, and ethanol at a low operating temperature of 30 °C and a concentration of 50 ppm. The sensor was observed to be less sensitive to most gas while showing the highest response towards ethanol gas. The sensor showed the highest response of 8.8% toward ethanol at 30 °C of 50 ppm, and a low response of 2.8% at 5 ppm, which was investigated here. The signal repeatability of the present sensor showed its capability to detect ethanol at much lower concentrations and at very low operating temperatures, resulting in reliability and saving power consumption. The gas sensing mechanism of direct interaction between the gas molecules and nanotube surface was considered the main. We have also proposed a sensing mechanism based on Coulomb dipole interaction for the physical adsorption of gas molecules on the surface.

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Barberio, M., P. Barone, F. Stranges, R. A. Romano, F. Xu, and A. Bonanno. "Adsorption of Molecular Gases on Silver/Carbon Nanotube Composites at Low Temperatures and Low Pressures." Journal of Chemistry 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/816193.

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We present an experimental study adsorption of molecular gases (N2, H2, O2, CH4, C2H4, and C2H6) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and MWCNT doped with Ag at low temperatures (35 K) and pressures (10−6 Torr) using the temperature programmed desorption technique. Our results show that the desorption kinetics is of the first order; furthermore comparative measurements indicate that Ag/MWCNTs have an adsorption capacity higher than that of a pure sample suggesting that these composites are good candidates as gas cryosorbers for applications in cryopumps or sensor of latest generation.

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SOLIVERES, S., A. HOFFMANN, F. PASCAL, C. DELSENY, M. S. KABIR, O. NUR, A. SALESSE, M. WILLANDER, and J. DEEN. "EXCESS LOW FREQUENCY NOISE IN SINGLE-WALL CARBON NANOTUBE." Fluctuation and Noise Letters 06, no. 01 (March 2006): L45—L55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219477506003136.

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Low frequency noise measurements have been performed on a single-wall carbon nanotube connected by Ti/Au electrodes. It has been found that the 1/f noise decreases when the measurements are undertaken under vacuum and when the nanotube is partially degassed, showing a correlation between the fluctuation inducing the 1/f noise and the presence of gases. We show that the 1/f noise sources are located at the metal/nanotube contacts. When the device is annealed under vacuum at 450K, some Lorentzian shapes are observable and can be related to nanotube defects or to strongly bound molecules.

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Grosse, Tomasz Grzegorz. "Low Carbon Economy Policy in Poland: an Example of the Impact of Europeanisation." Equilibrium 6, no. 1 (March 31, 2011): 9–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/equil2011.001.

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Poland has made a commitment to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases by ratifying the Kyoto Protocol and by participating in the climate policy of the European Union (EU). EUClimate and Energy Package (CEP), which was negotiated in 2008 and has been successively introduced into the EUlegal system. The CEP introduces much stricter requirements for the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and imposes higher costs on the adjustment of Polish energy sector and other sectors of Polish economy to the requirements of the EUlaw. The influence of the EUon the Member States during the course of European integration is described in the literature of the subject as europeanisation. In this study Iwill analyse the influence on the policy of the Polish government with respect to stimulating the development of low carbon economy (including industry).

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Ziganshin, Malik G. "Some Issues Quantifying Low-carbon of an Achievement Energy and Industry." Rocznik Ochrona Środowiska 23 (2021): 446–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54740/ros.2021.030.

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In this work, for use as a unified tool within the framework of ISO 50001, a methodology for rating assessment of the processing of emissions with global pollutants is proposed, which was developed by the authors and recommended for use by state documents of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia. It is distinguished by the absence of not transparences elements. As the initial data, the actual background concentrations (according to WMO data), the annual ceiling of greenhouse gas emissions and the maximum permissible emissions of toxic compounds, information on the characteristics of emission sources are taken for the enterprise, and as operational constants, the global warming potentials of greenhouse gases (GWP100) and officially approved values of maximum permissible concentrations of toxic compounds (MPC). The method is based on the equation (presented here at annotation in a simplified form), which gives a numerical indicator (rating) R of the efficiency of a production facility in terms of hazardous emissions into the atmosphere, taking into account greenhouse gases and energy costs arising from their removal. Currently, the technique is adapted to the energy sector; for wider adaptation to various industries, a low-carbon rating program has been drawn up for boiler houses, thermal power plants and industrial enterprises. It also meets the needs of understanding and predicting possible deviations of emission parameters from the standardized indicators. Therefore, it can serve as a tool within the framework of ISO 50001, providing objective control over the choice of means to ensure compliance with the requirements for harmful components emissions including greenhouse gases in the design and modernization of production facilities. The developed program is embedded for Russian enterprises in the shell of the ‘1C: Enterprise’ platform – a software product for automating accounting and management at enterprises. The program can also be used in the software shell of the automated accounting of the activities of a particular organization in a one or the other country.

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Firlej, L., and B. Kuchta. "Low Temperature Phases of Rare Gases Adsorbed on Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes." Journal of Low Temperature Physics 139, no. 5-6 (June 2005): 599–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10909-005-5448-0.

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21

Dolotovskii, I. V. "Production of Technical Carbon and Energy Carriers from Low-Pressure Hydrocarbon Gases." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 54, no. 5-6 (September 2018): 322–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-018-0482-3.

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Kim, Min Il, Jong Hoon Cho, Byong Chol Bai, and Ji Sun Im. "The Control of Volume Expansion and Porosity in Carbon Block by Carbon Black (CB) Addition for Increasing Thermal Conductivity." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (September 1, 2020): 6068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10176068.

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The graphite block as a phase change materials (PCMs) was manufactured by graphitization of a carbon block. Carbon blocks were prepared by filler (cokes or graphite) and binder (pitch). The binder-coated filler was thermally treated for carbonization. The gases generated from the evaporation of low molecular weight components in the binder pitch during the carbonization process were not released to the outside. Consequently, porosity and volume expansion were increased in artificial graphite, and thereby the thermal conductivity decreased. In this study, to prevent the decrease of thermal conductivity in the artificial graphite due to the disadvantages of binder pitch, the carbon block was prepared by the addition of carbon black, which can absorb low molecular weight compounds and release the generated gas. The properties of the prepared carbon blocks were analyzed by SEM, TGA, and thermal conductivity. The addition of carbon black (CB) decreased the porosity and volume expansion of the carbon blocks by 38.3% and 65.9%, respectively, and increased the thermal conductivity by 57.1%. The CB absorbed the low molecular weight compounds of binder pitch and induced the release of generated gases during the carbonization process to decrease porosity, and the thermal conductivity of the carbon block increased.

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Zhang, Yan, and Ziye Kang. "Research on the Countermeasures for the Low-Carbon Transformation of China’s Logistics Industry under the Goals of Carbon Peaking and Carbon Neutrality." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 5, no. 1 (August 26, 2022): 40–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v5i1.1427.

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As a result of the massive emission of greenhouse gases, global warming has become the increasingly severe problem. Carbon emission reduction and low-carbon transformation are the general trends. How to make China’s logistics industry move toward a low-carbon and low-energy consumption model has become a major challenge for the logistics industry. Based on the existing research and the actual situation, this paper takes the low-carbon transformation and carbon emission management of China’s logistics industry under goals of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality as the starting point, and conducts analysis on four aspects deeply: lax policy constraints, imperfect carbon emission verification system of the logistics industry, unreasonable transportation structure of the logistics industry, and weak carbon emission management capabilities of logistics enterprises. And put forward feasible suggestions and improvement strategies to facilitate the low-carbon transformation of China’s logistics industry from the four levels.

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Gaikwad, Anil V., Tapan K. Rout, Dirk Van der Plas, Robert V. Dennis, Sarbajit Banerjee, Sergio Pacheco Benito, and Leon Lefferts. "Carbon nanotube/carbon nanofiber growth from industrial by-product gases on low- and high-alloy steels." Carbon 50, no. 12 (October 2012): 4722–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2012.05.064.

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Huang, Yin. "Supporting and Evaluation System of Low Carbon Transport in China." Advanced Materials Research 616-618 (December 2012): 1115–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.616-618.1115.

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Climate change is an important global problem, which is concerned by the international community. As the major sector of energy consumption and the main source of greenhouse gases, it is imperative for Chinese transport industry to take on a low-carbon development path in order to alleviate the energy and environment pressure. The basic content and characteristics of low carbon transport are summarized. The four supporting systems of low carbon transport, namely industrial supporting system, infrastructure supporting system, life supporting system and policy supporting system are brought forth. Moreover, the evaluation system of low carbon transport from three aspects namely low carbon efficiency, low carbon guide and low carbon society is established. On the basis of the two systems, advices are provided in this paper. Government, enterprises and city dwellers should play different roles in low carbon transport development. All the people are involved in the development of low carbon transport and the construction of low carbon cities.

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Levytska, Olena Hryhoriivna, Yulia Vladimirovna Voytenko, and Anastasiia Oleksiivna Orishechok. "COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF GASEOUS FUEL EMISSION." Bulletin of the National Technical University "KhPI". Series: Chemistry, Chemical Technology and Ecology, no. 1(5) (May 15, 2021): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2079-0821.2021.01.13.

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The work presents estimated comparative assessment of emissions release in combustion products during work of high–power steam boilers with the use of traditional fuel – natural gas and alternative fuels – blast–furnace and coke–oven gases generated in the process of technological cycle at iron and steel and coke–chemical enterprises. Calculation algorithm is shown and formulas for assessment of carbon content in exhaust gases are defined, conclusions on ecological efficiency of gaseous fuels are given. The purpose of the work was to evaluate the emissions of harmful substances generated during the combustion of natural, blast furnace and coke oven gases, justification of the calculation of carbon content of a given chemical composition and determine the optimal environmental impact of analogues of natural gas. The comparative estimation of pollutant emissions into atmospheric air during combustion of natural, coke oven and blast furnace gases revealed: – high sulfur dioxide emissions from combustion of blast furnace and coke oven gases due to the presence of sulfur compounds in the composition of these gases; – relatively high emissions of nitrogen compounds for natural and coke oven gases and relatively low emissions for blast furnace gas; – сarbon emissions are high for all types of fuels which have been considered, most carbon dioxide gets into the air when burning natural gas, least – when burning blast furnace gas; – significantly higher methane emissions are observed during the combustion of natural and coke oven gases, respectively, smaller – for blast–furnace gas combustion; – coke oven and natural gases are characterized by low mercury emissions. Comparative assessment of the calculated values of hazardous substances emissions in the combustion products in the process of combustion of natural, coke–oven and blast–furnace gases shows that even at lower working heat of combustion values the coke–oven and blast–furnace gases can compete with natural gas. For the first time, a comparative characterization of the emissions of harmful substances in the combustion of natural, coke oven and blast furnace gases is presented, and it is shown that the gases used in coke and metallurgical industries, which are used as analogues of natural, are logical to use, but require the installation of treatment systems. The paper defines a formula for calculating the carbon content in natural gas from the Urengoy–Uzhhorod gas pipeline. The provided calculations and the introduction of simplified formulas serve as an example for the calculation of emission factors and emissions in assessing the level of safety of existing equipment and can be used in the development of permit documents of enterprises that carry out emissions of harmful substances to the environment.

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Chen, Yang, Zhentao Wang, Zhao Li, Hongquan Zheng, and Jingmin Dai. "Development of an Online Detection Setup for Dissolved Gas in Transformer Insulating Oil." Applied Sciences 11, no. 24 (December 20, 2021): 12149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112412149.

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The type and concentration of dissolved gases in transformer insulating oil are used to assess transformer conditions. In this paper, an online detection setup for measuring the concentration of multicomponent gases dissolved in transformer insulating oil is developed, which consists of an oil-gas separation system and an optical system for acquiring the transformer status in real time. The oil-gas separation system uses low pressure, constant temperature, and low-frequency stirring as working conditions for degassing large-volume oil samples based on modified headspace degassing. The optical system uses tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) to determine the gas concentration. Six target gases (methane, ethylene, ethane, acetylene, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) were detected by three near-infrared lasers (1569, 1684, and 1532 nm). The stability of the optical system was improved by the common optical path formed by time-division multiplexing (TDM) technology. The calibration experiments show that the second harmonics and the concentrations of the six gases are linear. A comparison experiment with gas chromatography (GC) demonstrates that the error of acetylene reaches the nL/L level, while the other gases reach the μL/L level. The data conforms to the power industry testing standards, and the state of the transformer is analyzed by the detected six characteristic gases. The setup provides an effective basis for the online detection of dissolved gas in transformer insulating oil.

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Covert, Thomas, Michael Greenstone, and Christopher R. Knittel. "Will We Ever Stop Using Fossil Fuels?" Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 117–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.117.

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Scientists believe significant climate change is unavoidable without a drastic reduction in the emissions of greenhouse gases from the combustion of fossil fuels. However, few countries have implemented comprehensive policies that price this externality or devote serious resources to developing low-carbon energy sources. In many respects, the world is betting that we will greatly reduce the use of fossil fuels because we will run out of inexpensive fossil fuels (there will be decreases in supply) and/or technological advances will lead to the discovery of less-expensive low-carbon technologies (there will be decreases in demand). The historical record indicates that the supply of fossil fuels has consistently increased over time and that their relative price advantage over low-carbon energy sources has not declined substantially over time. Without robust efforts to correct the market failures around greenhouse gases, relying on supply and/or demand forces to limit greenhouse gas emissions is relying heavily on hope.

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Shigeta, K., T. Kikuchi, and K. Furuya. "Vacuum fusion determination of micro-quantities of bulk gases in low carbon iron without an effect of surface gases." Mikrochimica Acta 86, no. 5-6 (September 1985): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01206905.

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Yoffe, Alexander, Ilya Zon, Yishay Feldman, and Victor Shelukhin. "Controlled fluoridation of amorphous carbon films deposited at reactive plasma conditions." Materials Science-Poland 33, no. 3 (September 1, 2015): 606–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2015-0088.

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Abstract A study of the correlations between plasma parameters, gas ratios, and deposited amorphous carbon film properties is presented. The injection of a C4F8/Ar/N2 mixture of gases was successfully used in an inductively coupled plasma system for the preparation of amorphous carbon films with different fluoride doping at room-temperature, using silicon as a substrate. This coating was formed at low-pressure and low-energy using an inductively coupled plasma process. A strong dependence between the ratios of gases during deposition and the composition of the substrate compounds was shown. The values of ratios between Ar (or Ar+N2) and C4F8 - 1:1 and between N2 and Ar - 1:2 in the N2/Ar/C4F8 mixture were found as the best for low fluoridated coatings. In addition, an example of improving the etch-passivation in the Bosch procedure was described. Scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy options, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray reflectivity were used for quantitative analysis of the deposited films.

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Godzisz, Karolina. "Low-Emission Economy - Evolution or Necessity." Civil and Environmental Engineering Reports 28, no. 3 (September 1, 2018): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ceer-2018-0043.

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Abstract A low carbon economy serves to provide economic, social and environmental benefits from measures to reduce emissions of pollutants. The implementation of a low carbon economy in Poland results from the need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases and other air pollutants while reducing the share of coal in energy production, introducing innovative technologies and improving energy efficiency as well as increasing the standard of living of the society. This is a difficult task due to the large use of coal in energy production. The article describes the goals of creating Low Carbon Economy Plans by local government units at the local level and their use in applying for financial resources in the financial perspective 2014-2020.

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Plagge, J., and M. Klüppel. "INVESTIGATION OF CARBON BLACK AND SILICA SURFACE STRUCTURE BY STATIC GAS ADSORPTION WITH VARIOUS GASES." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 91, no. 2 (April 1, 2018): 509–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/rct-18-82628.

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ABSTRACT The surface of various carbon black and silica grades is characterized via static gas adsorption using different gases. From decomposition of the adsorption isotherm into distinct energetic contributions, the adsorption energy distribution as well as the surface area are obtained. The decomposition is done by an iterative expectation maximization algorithm specifically designed for this problem. It is found that the adsorption isotherms of the various gases differ significantly in the low-pressure regime, leading to characteristic energy distributions with distinct maxima. As expected, the mean adsorption energy generally increases with the cross section of the gases, and systematic deviations are found reflecting the polar and dispersive interaction characteristics of silica and carbon black, respectively. The surface fractal dimension of two different carbon black grades is estimated using the yardstick method. The obtained values 2.6 and 2.7 agree with previous findings that the carbon black surface morphology is very rough. The adsorption of CO2 on both carbon blacks delivers unexpectedly low values of the monolayer coverage or specific surface area, indicating that mainly high energetic sites of the surface are covered. In consequence, compared with N2, a relatively high value of the mean adsorption energy is found. For both investigated silicas, the mean adsorption energy scales with the quadrupole moments of CO2 and N2, which is indicative of a large polar contribution to interaction energy.

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Kim, D. H., T. S. Kim, B. K. Ahn, H. Y. Shin, Dong-Gu Lee, H. K. Cho, and Young Rae Cho. "A Study of the Degradation Mechanism for Carbon Nanotubes in Field Emitter Applications." Materials Science Forum 475-479 (January 2005): 1771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.475-479.1771.

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Carbon nanotubes have attracted considerable attention because their high aspect ratio leads to a large electric field enhancement and a low operating voltage. The dependence of environmental gases such as Ar, O2 on the emission current from carbon nanotube emitters was examined in this study. Based on our experiments, the current density is decreased in single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), but is increased in multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) as the vacuum level decreases from 10-7 Torr to 10-4 Torr by the inflow purging gases. The current density subsequently recovered as the vacuum level increased to 10-7 Torr when gas inflow stopped. From those results, we conclude that the MWNTs have completely different degradation characteristics in comparison to SWNTs. The increased current density of an MWNT in the high-pressure range of 10-4 Torr is a significant finding and would be widely applicable to low cost vacuum packages.

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Myhrvold, N. P., and K. Caldeira. "Greenhouse gases, climate change and the transition from coal to low-carbon electricity." Environmental Research Letters 7, no. 1 (February 16, 2012): 014019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/014019.

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Olson, Edwin S., Charlene R. Crocker, Steven A. Benson, John H. Pavlish, and Michael J. Holmes. "Surface Compositions of Carbon Sorbents Exposed to Simulated Low-Rank Coal Flue Gases." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 55, no. 6 (June 2005): 747–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.2005.10464672.

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Shojaei, Abdollah Fallah, and Parisa Fallah Komsari. "Synthesis of CuO by Electrospinning Method for Sensing of Hydrogen and Carbon Monoxide Gases." Acta Chimica Slovenica 68, no. 4 (December 15, 2021): 945–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.17344/acsi.2021.6914.

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The pure CuO nanofibers were synthesized via the electrospinning method successfully. The calcinated CuO nanofibers were investigated for sensing hydrogen and carbon monoxide gases. Structural properties of the synthesized calcinated nanofibers were studied using Fourier –transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and particle morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images confirmed string-like structures, nanofibers. The sensor based on the calcinated CuO nanofibers exhibited excellent gas sensing performance at the low operating temperature of 175 °C and the fast response and recovery characteristics at a low concentration. Moreover, good stability, prominent reproducibility, and excellent selectivity are also observed based on the calcinated nanofibers. These results demonstrate the potential application of calcinated CuO nanofibers for sensing hydrogen (10–200 ppm) and carbon monoxide (400–700 ppm) gases.

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Yamaoka, Keisuke, Yoshikazu Terai, Naomichi Okada, Takashi Yamaguchi, Yuji Yoshizako, and Yasufumi Fujiwara. "Low-Temperature Deposition of Amorphous Carbon Films for Surface Passivation of Carbon-Doped Silicon Oxide." Advanced Materials Research 26-28 (October 2007): 645–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.26-28.645.

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Low-temperature plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films was investigated for surface passivation of carbon-doped silicon oxide (SiOCH) films. The a-C:H films were deposited using CH4 and Ar gases at 40–65°C. FT-IR results showed that the deposited films are a-C:H which incorporates hydrocarbon groups. In current−voltage measurements, the a-C:H showed a low leakage current of ~10–10 A/cm2 in air, indicating that the a-C:H films have a potential as a surface passivation layer to prevent moisture absorption in air. The insulating properties of room-temperature deposited SiOCH covered by the a-C:H strongly depended on radio frequency (RF) power in the SiOCH deposition. In the SiOCH film deposited at high RF power of 200 W, the resistivity in air was improved by the a-C:H passivation.

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Vidishcheva, Olesya N., Grigorii G. Akhmanov, Ekaterina V. Kislitsyna, Adriano Mazzini, Anna Yu Mal’tseva, Elena N. Poludetkina, Elena A. Bakay, Irina E. Man’ko, Dmitriy V. Korost, and Oleg M. Khlystov. "Variations in molecular and isotopes composition of seepage gases in the north-western and south-eastern parts of Lake Baikal." Georesursy 24, no. 2 (May 16, 2022): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18599/grs.2022.2.19.

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The paper presents results of gas-geochemical studies of bottom sediments and petroleum potential assessment of Baikal Rift Basin. During the expeditions of the Class@Baikal project in 2014–2019, gases from the Lake Baikal bottom sediments were analyzed. The results showed a clear difference in chemical and isotopic composition of the seeping gases collected in the northwestern and southeastern parts of the lake. The seepage released from northwest part were relatively enriched by methane and had a low concentration of C2+ compounds. The seepage gases had relatively lighter carbon isotopes composition of CH4 (from -72,7 to -50,1 ‰ VPDB) and the high variability of δ13C in C2H6 (from -65 to -22 ‰ VPDB). The gases released from southeastern part of the lake had an increase in C2+ compounds and had relatively lighter carbon isotopes composition of methane (from –57,2 to –41,0 ‰ VPDB). The carbon isotopes composition of ethane varies from -32 to -25 ‰ VPDB. Asymmetric structure of the Baikal rift basin and various processes of gas migration within it might cause the variations. Diffusive process led to the lighter carbon isotopes composition of the seepage gases from the northwestern part of lake and the gas molecular composition enrichment by methane. Such molecular and isotopic fractionations caused by geochemical processes helps to understand the migration of gas from source rocks to the earth’s surface. Similar geochemical indicators of fractionation should be taken into consideration when assessing oil and gas source rocks and basin potential from gas geochemical studies data.

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Zhou, Ye, Hui He, and Yan Feng Wang. "Low-Carbon Selection Decision for Logistics Enterprises Based on Evolutionary Game under the Supervision of Government." Advanced Materials Research 219-220 (March 2011): 736–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.219-220.736.

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The emission of greenhouse gases leading to global climate warming has caused widespread concern on the part of governments worldwide. As one of the main sources of carbon emissions, modern logistics occupies a unique position for energy saving. But as economic entities, logistics enterprises have no real incentive to implement low-carbon logistics operations, which needs government to stimulate logistics enterprises to implement low-carbon strategy through regulations. Constructed an Evolutionary Game Model for logistics enterprises to implement low-carbon selection decision under the supervision of the government, analyzed the effcts of different regulative parameters on the implementation of low-carbon strategy in logistics business. The results show that government's regulation and strategies play a crucial role in carrying out the low-carbon strategy. Finally, according to different evolution conditions and conclusions, it proposes appropriate supervision strategies for government to promote logistics enterprises to put the low-carbon strategy into effect.

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SINGH, PREET M., VIKAS R. BEHRANI, and JAMSHAD MAHMOOD. "Corrosion of Carbon Steel Tubes in the Mid-Furnance of Kraft Recovery Boilers--Environmental Characterization." April 2009 8, no. 4 (May 1, 2009): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj8.4.23.

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Carbon steel tubes in the mid-furnace of kraft recovery boilers have experienced accelerated corro-sion in recent years. Gaseous environments in the mid-furnace of kraft recovery boilers were generally considered to be oxidizing and not very corrosive to the carbon steel waterwall tubes. However, mid-furnace corrosion has occurred above the cut line where composite tubes that have a stainless steel outer layer used in the lower furnace are welded to the carbon steel waterwall section. This study characterized the local environments in three boilers to find the reasons for accelerated corrosion of waterwalls in the mid-furnace. Gas sampling ports were installed in the mid-furnace with high and low corrosion rates of carbon steel waterwall tubes. During boiler operation, gases were sampled and analyzed using a specially designed gas chromatograph. In each boiler, the areas with higher corrosion rates had higher concentrations of reducing gases and sulfur-containing gases at the waterwall surface than in the low-corrosion areas. Results from this study indicate that accelerated mid-furnace corrosion likely results from changes in the boiler operation, such as decreases in the air supply at the lower air port levels of the furnace. These changes also might result in higher local gas temperatures and local thermal cycling in the mid-furnace of boilers.

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Tabatabaei, M. K., H. Ghafoori Fard, and J. Koohsorkhi. "Low-Temperature Growth of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotubes on a Glass Substrate Using Low Power PECVD." Journal of Nano Research 27 (March 2014): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/jnanor.27.163.

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In the traditional PECVD method for growing carbon nanotubes (CNTs), the electric field is an important parameter. Its role is to orient CNT growth and dissociate the H-C bond from hydrocarbon gases. Therefore, high energy ions, molecules, and radicals as plasma elements can affect the verticality of CNTs. In this paper, a new configuration for an electric field for the growth of field-oriented and long CNTs on a glass substrate at temperatures below 400°C is reported. Simulation and experimental data show that CNTs are grown at a considerably lower voltage than traditional methods. Using this method, growing vertical CNT on such low-cost substrate glass is more possible for CNT-based devices and bio-applications where price is important.

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Liu, Dandan, Dewei Yang, and Anmin Huang. "LEAP-Based Greenhouse Gases Emissions Peak and Low Carbon Pathways in China’s Tourist Industry." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 29, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031218.

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China has grown into the world’s largest tourist source market and its huge tourism activities and resulting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are particularly becoming a concern in the context of global climate warming. To depict the trajectory of carbon emissions, a long-range energy alternatives planning system (LEAP)-Tourist model, consisting of two scenarios and four sub-scenarios, was established for observing and predicting tourism greenhouse gas peaks in China from 2017 to 2040. The results indicate that GHG emissions will peak at 1048.01 million-ton CO2 equivalent (Mt CO2e) in 2033 under the integrated (INT) scenario. Compared with the business as usual (BAU) scenario, INT will save energy by 24.21% in 2040 and reduce energy intensity from 0.4979 tons of CO2 equivalent/104 yuan (TCO2e/104 yuan) to 0.3761 Tce/104 yuan. Although the INT scenario has achieved promising effects of energy saving and carbon reduction, the peak year 2033 in the tourist industry is still later than China’s expected peak year of 2030. This is due to the growth potential and moderate carbon control measures in the tourist industry. Thus, in order to keep the tourist industry in synchronization with China’s peak goals, more stringent measures are needed, e.g., the promotion of clean fuel shuttle buses, the encouragement of low carbon tours, the cancelation of disposable toiletries and the recycling of garbage resources. The results of this simulation study will help set GHG emission peak targets in the tourist industry and formulate a low carbon roadmap to guide carbon reduction actions in the field of GHG emissions with greater certainty.

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Mauleón, Ignacio. "Economic Issues in Deep Low-Carbon Energy Systems." Energies 13, no. 16 (August 11, 2020): 4151. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13164151.

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The main interlinked challenges to achieve a low-carbon emission economy are analyzed. It is argued first that there are no obstacles to a free market working effectively with a high penetration of distributed Renewable Energies (RE), since intermittency has been overstated, and affordable storage solutions are available because of strong learning rates. Demand-side management policies are promising too, neither are there foreseeable boundaries to the availability of economically extractable photovoltaic and wind energies. A full 100% RE system may be more challenging though, partly because bioenergy, a key dispatchable source in most available RE roadmaps, clashes with growing food needs and reforestation to counter greenhouse gases emissions. Similarly, the green growth proposal is constrained by materials availability, mainly cobalt and phosphorus, which will also constrain the deployment of electric vehicles. Alternatively, the United Nations Human Development Index may be a more suitable target for a sustainable RE system. Although history is not reassuring, the main global economic hurdle is possibly existing fossil fuel-related investments, likely to become stranded. An assessment of their value yields a substantially lower figure than is sometimes claimed, though. Finally, a limited role for nuclear energy is assessed positively, provided it is publicly owned.

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Singh, Amandeep, and Neel Kanth Grover. "Weld Properties of Low Carbon Steel Using Shielded Metal Arc Welding." Applied Mechanics and Materials 813-814 (November 2015): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.813-814.486.

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Welding is basic part of the most modern assembly and manufacturing operations. Shielded metal Arc Welding process has hard facing and fabrication job application due to low cost electrode, increasing alloy transfer efficiency and low dilution with substrate without losing production capacity. SMAW electrode is coated with metal mixture called flux, which on decompose produce gases to restrict weld contamination, generating deoxidizers to disinfect the weld. The choice of electrode for SMAW lies on a number of factors, like weld material, welding direction and the preferred weld properties. The present paper investigate the microstructure and hardness properties of the Low carbon steel pipe welded using shielded metal arc welding with different electrode combinations.

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Gómez-Cápiro, Oscar, Kimberley Matschuk, Tim Schulzke, Romel Jiménez Concepción, and Luis E. Arteaga-Pérez. "Carbon Aerogel-Supported Iron for Gasification Gas Cleaning: Tars Decomposition." Catalysts 12, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12040391.

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Tar removal from gasification gases is a determinant step to guarantee the operational feasibility of gasification-to-chemicals/energy systems. However, this is a very complex process requiring catalytic materials to proceed under reasonably low temperatures and to convert the tars into fuel gases (i.e., CHx). The use of Fe-based catalysts for application has been reported before, however, there are still unsolved questions related to its stability and interaction with some species of gasification gases. Therefore, we evaluated carbon-supported Fe for the decomposition of tar using simulated gasification gases, and toluene, naphthalene, and benzene as models for tar. The effects of temperature (565 < T < 665 °C) and co-feeding CO on the catalytic activity and stability were inspected at laboratory and bench scales. The activity of catalysts for decomposing tars was in the following order: benzene > toluene e > naphthalene. Moreover, there was evidence validating a reversible elemental step toluene⇔benzene over the Fe surface. The characterization of the spent catalysts evidenced the oxidation of the active phase and the carbon deposition on the surface. The formation of FexOy caused a marked loss of activity. Conversely, the carbides were stable and still active for tar decomposition.

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Abrams, Michael. "The Revolution May Well Be Gasified." Mechanical Engineering 134, no. 02 (February 1, 2012): 24–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2012-feb-1.

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This article discusses how some people are using wood pellets, corn, grass, and other biomass to power their homes and cars with near zero percent emissions. The process that has inspired these people to do it themselves is not burning, per se, but gasification: the decomposition of biomass into gases that can then be burned cleanly. Moreover, these gases can be sent directly into conventional engines much the way natural gas can. When a carbon-y chunk is heated to a high enough temperature, it begins to break down into methane, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, and other gases, which will readily combust with oxygen to produce a flame. If the oxygen supply is choked off, one can collect the gas to be burned. The synthesized gas, or syngas, can be burned efficiently and with extremely low emissions.

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Goh, Shao Hung. "Barriers to low-carbon warehousing and the link to carbon abatement." International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management 49, no. 6 (August 15, 2019): 679–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijpdlm-10-2018-0354.

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Purpose Warehouses are large emitters of greenhouse gases and their impact on climate change is under increasing focus. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the barriers that inhibit the adoption of low-carbon warehousing in Asia-Pacific and their links to carbon abatement performance. Design/methodology/approach An exploratory conceptual model was first developed from a literature review of the general barriers to sustainable supply chain practices and hence potentially in low-carbon warehousing. A large contract logistics services provider in the Asia-Pacific served as the subject of a case study. The perceived barriers to low-carbon warehousing were derived from an internal survey of respondents from the case company and regressed against carbon abatement outcomes at that organization’s operations across the region. Findings Results show that the case company reduced carbon emissions by 36 percent on a revenue-normalized basis between 2008 and 2014, but with relatively lower success in emerging markets vs mature markets. An Elastic Net regression analysis confirms that technology and government-related factors are the most important barriers in the case company’s efforts to “decarbonize” its local warehousing operations. However, results suggest that the customer-related barrier, which is highly correlated with the government barrier, is in part driven by the latter. Research limitations/implications This case study is based on a single multinational company in Asia-Pacific, but nonetheless serves as an impetus for more cross-sectional studies to form an industry-wide view. Originality/value An extended stewardship framework based on the natural resource-based view has been proposed, in which logistics services providers take on a proactive boundary-spanning role to lower the external barriers to low-carbon warehousing.

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Vu, Lien H., John A. Kellum, William J. Federspiel, and Matthew E. Cove. "Carbon dioxide removal using low bicarbonate dialysis in rodents." Perfusion 34, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0267659119839284.

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Background: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal may be used to manage hypercapnia, but compared to dialysis, it’s not widely available. A recent in vitro study showed that dialysis with low bicarbonate dialysates removes CO2. Objective: To show that bicarbonate dialysis removes CO2 in an animal model to validate in-vitro findings and quantify the effect on arterial pH. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley hypercapnic rats were dialyzed with either a conventional dialysate (PrismasolTM) or a bicarbonate-free dialysate (Bicarb0). The effect of dialysis on standard blood gases and electrolytes was measured. Results: Partial pressure of CO2 and bicarbonate concentration in blood decreased significantly after exposure to Bicarb0 compared to PrismasolTM (filter outflow values 12.8 vs 81.1 mmHg; p < 0.01 for CO2 and 3.5 vs 22.0 mmol/L; p < 0.01 for bicarbonate). Total CO2 content of blood was reduced by 459 mL/L during dialysis with Bicarb0 (filter inflow 546 ± 91 vs filter outflow 87 ± 52 mL/L; p < 0.01), but was not significantly reduced with PrismasolTM. Conclusions: Bicarbonate dialysis removes CO2 at rates comparable to existing low-flow ECCO2R.

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Magalhães, Aline Souza, and Edson Paulo Domingues. "Increased Energy Efficiency in Brazil: an option for a low carbon economy?" Economia Aplicada 20, no. 3 (September 20, 2016): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1413-8050/ea146090.

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Um dos efeitos mais discutidos da atividade econômica sobre o meioambiente são as mudanças climáticas originadas pela acumulação de gases de efeito estufa. Nesse contexto, o Brasil confirmou metas voluntá- rias de redução de emissões e propôs Planos Setoriais de Mitigação. Um desses planos refere-se ao aumento da eficiência energética. Neste artigo estimamos o impacto dessa melhoria no uso de energia sobre a economia brasileira, considerando seus setores produtivos e famílias, assim como o potencial de redução de emissões. Os resultados obtidos mostram a relevância das políticas de eficiência energética, tanto para o crescimento da economia como para a redução de emissões

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Yasmin, Yuriz, Mohd Noor Mazlee, W. H. Chan, J. B. Shamsul, and Azmi Rahmat. "Porous Solid Carbon Dioxide Adsorbent Using Cost Effective Materials: A Review." Applied Mechanics and Materials 786 (August 2015): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.786.84.

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Greenhouse effects were generated from anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere. High concentration of CO2 has recognised as major causes of global warming. In order to keep CO2 at a manageable level, adsorptions of these gases from the flue gases is necessary. Developing a low cost porous solid adsorbent as adsorption media become a great attention due to environmental and economic concerns. This paper has reviewed the cost effective materials with a suitable methods to fabricate the porous solid adsorbent. This paper also has discussed the adsorption mechanisms of CO2 on the selective cost effective materials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low-carbon gases'

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