Journal articles: 'Low carbon cement'

1

McDonald, Lewis, Fredrik Glasser, and Mohammed Imbabi. "A New, Carbon-Negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate Admixture (PCC-A) for Low Carbon Portland Cements." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 13, 2019): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040554.

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The production of Portland cement accounts for approximately 7% of global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. Carbon CAPture and CONversion (CAPCON) technology under development by the authors allows for new methods to be developed to offset these emissions. Carbon-negative Precipitated Calcium Carbonate (PCC), produced from CO2 emissions, can be used as a means of offsetting the carbon footprint of cement production while potentially providing benefits to cement hydration, workability, durability and strength. In this paper, we present preliminary test results obtained for the mechanical and chemical properties of a new class of PCC blended Portland cements. These initial findings have shown that these cements behave differently from commonly used Portland cement and Portland limestone cement, which have been well documented to improve workability and the rate of hydration. The strength of blended Portland cements incorporating carbon-negative PCC Admixture (PCC-A) has been found to exceed that of the reference baseline—Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The reduction of the cement clinker factor, when using carbon-negative PCC-A, and the observed increase in compressive strength and the associated reduction in member size can reduce the carbon footprint of blended Portland cements by more than 25%.

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Martirena-Hernández, J. F., L. M. Vizcaíno-Andrés, S. Sánchez-Berriel, S. Damas-Carrera, A. Pérez-Hernández, and K. L. Scrivener. "Industrial trial to produce a low clinker, low carbon cement." Materiales de Construcción 65, no. 317 (January 29, 2015): e045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/mc.2015.00614.

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Sanytsky, Myroslav, Tetiana Kropyvnytska, Stanislav Fic, and Hanna Ivashchyshyn. "Sustainable low-carbon binders and concretes." E3S Web of Conferences 166 (2020): 06007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016606007.

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Sustainable development depends on a consistency of interests, social, ecological and economic, and that the interests are evaluated in a balanced manner. In order to reduce CO2 emissions, the conception of decreasing clinker factor and increasing the role of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in the cementitious materials has high economical and environmental efficiency. The performance of clinkerefficient blended cements with supplementary cementitious materials were examined. The influence of superfine zeolite with increased surface energy on the physical and chemical properties of low-carbon blended cements is shown. Increasing the dispersion of cementitious materials contributes to the growth of their strength activity index due to compaction of cement matrix and pozzolanic reactions in unclincker part. In consequence of the early structure formation and the directed formation of the microstructure of the cement matrix is solving the problem of obtaining clinker-efficient concretes. Shown that low-carbon blended cements with high volume of SCMs are suitable, in principle, for producing structural concretes.

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Naqi, Ali, and Jeong Jang. "Recent Progress in Green Cement Technology Utilizing Low-Carbon Emission Fuels and Raw Materials: A Review." Sustainability 11, no. 2 (January 21, 2019): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11020537.

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The cement industry is facing numerous challenges in the 21st century due to depleting natural fuel resources, shortage of raw materials, exponentially increasing cement demand and climate linked environmental concerns. Every tonne of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) produced releases an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. In this regard, cement manufactured from locally available minerals and industrial wastes that can be blended with OPC as substitute, or full replacement with novel clinkers to reduce the energy requirements is strongly desirable. Reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions during cement manufacturing can be achieved by introducing alternative cements. The potential of alternative cements as a replacement of conventional OPC can only be fully realized through detailed investigation of binder properties with modern technologies. Seven prominent alternative cement types are considered in this study and their current position compared to OPC has been discussed. The study provides a comprehensive analysis of options for future cements, and an up-to-date summary of the different alternative fuels and binders that can be used in cement production to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions. In addition, the practicalities and benefits of producing the low-cost materials to meet the increasing cement demand are discussed.

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Marin, Bogdan-Catalin, Georgeta Voicu, and Stefania Stoleriu. "Synthesis of High-Performance CSA Cements as Low Carbon OPC Alternative." Materials 14, no. 22 (November 20, 2021): 7057. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14227057.

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Starting from natural raw materials, cements based calcium sulphoaluminate (CSA) clinkers have been successfully obtained as an eco-friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement. CSA-based cements with ye’elimite as the main phase have been produced over the years and are widely used today. In this regard, the present paper considers the study of hydration processes for CSA pastes prepared with a water/cement ratio of 0.5 according to the EN-197 standard and their characterization by thermal analysis (DTA-TG), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX). A mechanical strength of 60.9 MPa was the greatest achieved for mortars hardened for 28 days.

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Coffetti, Denny, Marina Cabrini, Elena Crotti, Gabriele Gazzaniga, Sergio Lorenzi, Tommaso Pastore, and Luigi Coppola. "Durability of Mortars Manufactured with Low-Carbon Binders Exposed to Calcium Chloride-Based De-Icing Salts." Key Engineering Materials 919 (May 11, 2022): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-f848r8.

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Calcium chloride is one of the main de-icing salts for removing snow and ice from roads, infrastructures and service areas. It is well known that reinforced concrete structures, if exposed to calcium chloride, can suffer from severe damages due to both corrosion of steel reinforcement and chemical attack of the cement paste. This paper aims at evaluating the resistance to chemical attack of mortars manufactured with different low-carbon binders (alkali activated slag cements, calcium sulphoaluminate cement-based blends, high volume ultrafine fly ashes cements) in presence of CaCl2-based de-icing salts in cold weather (temperature about 4°C). Results indicated that alkali activated slag-based mortars are quasi-immune to calcium chloride attack due to their mineralogical composition. On the contrary, calcium sulphoaluminate-based blends show the total loss of binding capacity, especially when calcium sulphoaluminate cement is used with gypsum and Portland cement. Finally, the partial substitution of Portland cement with ultrafine fly ash strongly reduces the mass change and the strength loss of mortars submerged in 30 wt.% CaCl2 solutions due to the strong reduction of calcium hydroxide responsible for the calcium oxychloride formation in the cement paste.

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Shen, Weiguo, Liu Cao, Qiu Li, Zhaijun Wen, Jing Wang, Yun Liu, Rui Dong, Yu Tan, and Rufa Chen. "Is magnesia cement low carbon? Life cycle carbon footprint comparing with Portland cement." Journal of Cleaner Production 131 (September 2016): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.082.

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8

Chopperla, Siva Teja, Rajeswari Jupalli, Deepak Kanraj, A. Bahurudeen, M. K. Haneefa, and M. Santhanam. "Development of an Efficient Procedure for Sustainable Low Carbon Cement Manufacturing Process." Applied Mechanics and Materials 787 (August 2015): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.787.142.

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The consumption of Portland cement for the production of concrete is rapidly increasing because of the remarkable growth in the construction worldwide. Cement production is an energy intensive process. The energy consumption by the cement industry is estimated to be about 5% of the total global industrial energy consumption. Manufacturing process of cement consumes enormous quantities of raw materials from limited natural resources at a high rate and leads to their depletion. Due to the dominant use of carbon intensive fuels such as coal, the cement industry is a major emitter of carbon dioxide and other air pollutants. The cement industry contributes about 6 % of global carbon dioxide emissions which is the primary source of global warming. In addition to carbon dioxide emissions, significant amount of nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and volatile organic compounds are emitted during cement manufacturing and causes severe environmental issues. In this regard, effective control techniques for reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from modern cement industry and an efficient procedure to achieve sustainable cement manufacturing process are discussed in this paper.

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Telesca, Antonio, Neluta Ibris, and Milena Marroccoli. "Use of Potabilized Water Sludge in the Production of Low-Energy Blended Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cements." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 13, 2021): 1679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041679.

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Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacture determines about 8% of the global anthropogenic CO2 emissions. This has led to both the cement producers and the scientific community to develop new cementitious materials with a reduced carbon footprint. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cements are special hydraulic binders from non-Portland clinkers; they represent an important alternative to OPC due to their peculiar composition and significantly lower impact on the environment. CSA cements contain less limestone and require lower synthesis temperatures, which means a reduced kiln thermal energy demand and lower CO2 emissions. CSA cements can also be mixed with supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) which further reduce the carbon footprint. This article was aimed at evaluating the possibility of using different amounts (20 and 35% by mass) of water potabilization sludges (WPSs) as SCM in CSA-blended cements. WPSs were treated thermally (TT) at 700° in order to obtain an industrial pozzolanic material. The hydration properties and the technical behavior of two different CSA-blended cements were investigated using differential thermal–thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction analyses, mercury intrusion porosimetry, shrinkage/expansion and compressive strength measurements. The results showed that CSA binders containing 20% by mass of TTWPSs exhibited technological properties similar to those relating to plain CSA cement and were characterized by more pronounced eco-friendly features.

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10

Bielohrad, Anastasiia. "Concrete manufacturing with a low CO2 footprint." Technology audit and production reserves 3, no. 3(71) (June 8, 2023): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15587/2706-5448.2023.281246.

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The object of the research is the current state of the climate action strategy for cement and concrete production, including possible levers for reducing CO2 emissions. It has been determined that the main source of carbon dioxide emissions per tonne of Portland cement, and subsequently per cubic metre of concrete, is the decarbonization of calcium carbonate, the main raw material component of Portland cement clinker. It also involves the combustion of fossil fuels, which are necessary for the decarbonization and firing of raw materials. Therefore, Portland cement with a reduced content of Portland cement clinker is considered as a solution for concrete manufacturing with a low CO2 footprint. Additionally, the potential of Ukraine in the development of a sustainable Portland cement clinker production approach based on using alternative fuels and alternative raw materials, which will positively affect the total amount of CO2 per ton of clinker, was evaluated. Improved quality performance of cement has been identified as a key direction in product portfolio management to promote cements with a lower clinker factor by increasing the content of active mineral additives. It is shown that the production of concrete with increased strength and durability requirements based on cements saturated with active mineral additives is an important task. Since active mineral additives have different origins, not all of them available for use in cement production exhibit hydraulic properties inherent in Portland cement clinker. Was investigated that «Complex Performance Testing System» (CPTS) as the main test method for evaluating the quality parameters of Portland cement with a reduced clinker factor in accordance with specific applications. This customer-oriented approach opens up the possibility of producing low-CO2 concrete. It has been shown that using the CPTS method, a reduction in the total amount of cement per cubic meter of concrete can be achieved, given the specified parameters of the concrete mix, which has a direct impact on the total amount of CO2/m3.

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11

Craig Bettenhausen. "Terra raises funds for low-carbon cement." C&EN Global Enterprise 100, no. 25 (July 18, 2022): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-10025-buscon9.

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12

Sanytsky, Myroslav, Tetiana Kropyvnytska, Roman Kotiv, Mykola Bevz, and Stanislav Fic. "Suitability of modified low carbon Roman cements for architectural restoration." E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128007002.

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Article is devoted to the investigation of suitability of low carbon Roman cement for restoration and finishing works. The history of the development of Roman cement as a natural hydraulic binder, which was commonly used to decorate building facades in the 19th and early 20th centuries, is presented. The properties of mortars based on Roman cement make it an excellent product for architectural restoration and conservation, as they are characterized by fast setting, high porosity typical for lime mortars, high resistance to weather conditions, high initial strength. At the same time, due to the high surface activity and increased water demand for cement, with the age of hardening, shrinkage deformations can develop, which leads to the formation of main cracks on the surface of the products. It is shown that the addition of gypsum is an effective regulator of the setting time of Roman cement and contributes to an increase in the strength of the cement paste. Analogs of Roman cement based on multicomponent cement binders modified with plasticizing and air-entraining additives are presented.

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13

Xu, Chongqing, Yangyang Gong, and Guihuan Yan. "Research on Cement Demand Forecast and Low Carbon Development Strategy in Shandong Province." Atmosphere 14, no. 2 (January 28, 2023): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos14020267.

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The dual carbon targets and environmental quality constraints have released a clear transition signal for the green and low-carbon development of the cement industry. This study builds a CDI model based on the terminal sector forecasting method, predicts the cement demand in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2035, constructs a CO2 emission scenario in combination with green and low-carbon technical measures, uses the life-cycle assessment method to systematically simulate the CO2 emission trend of the cement industry in Shandong Province from 2020 to 2035, and discusses the low-carbon development path of the cement industry. The research shows that the overall demand for cement in Shandong Province shows a downward trend. Under the HD scenario, the cement demand has reached a historical peak of 166 Mt in 2021, and the per capita cement consumption is 1.63 t. In terms of CO2 emission structure, industrial production process CO2 accounts for 50.89–54.32%, fuel combustion CO2 accounts for 25.12–27.76%, transportation CO2 accounts for 10.65–11.36%, and electricity CO2 accounts for 9.20–10.71%. Through deepening supply-side structural reforms and implementing green and low-carbon technologies, the CO2 emissions and carbon intensity of the cement industry in Shandong Province will be significantly reduced. Under the EL scenario, CO2 emissions will be reduced from 92.96 Mt in 2020 to 56.31 Mt in 2035, the carbon intensity will be reduced from 581.32 kg/tc in 2020 to 552.32 kg/tc in 2035. In the short term, the decarbonization path of the cement industry in Shandong Province is mainly based on improving energy efficiency and comprehensive utilization of resources and energy technologies. In the long term, alternative raw materials and fuels are of great significance to improving the green and low-carbon development level of the cement industry.

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14

Zhao, Hai Tao, Yu Liu, Xiao Qing Li, and Li Wei Hao. "Research Progress on Low-Carbon Technologies and Assessment Methods in Cement Industry." Materials Science Forum 1035 (June 22, 2021): 933–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1035.933.

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As one of the pillar industries for social development and economic construction, cement manufacture is energy and carbon-intensive, whose greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions account for more than 6% of total global man-made GHG emission annually. With the growing attention on the problem of global warming, researching and promoting low-carbon manufacturing technologies to reduce GHG emissions have become the main trend in the development of cement industry under the new era. This article sorted out the low-carbon technologies for cement production reported in recent years, introduced the mainstream methods of GHG accounting and assessment such as life cycle assessment (LCA) and carbon footprint analysis (CFA), meanwhile reviewed the articles in the field of low-carbon technology and assessment methods in cement production, moreover, discussed the merits and demerits of various assessment methods and applicable fields, in order to provide suggestions and supports for low-carbon transformation of cement industry.

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Duraisamy, Vijayakumar, Gopinath Athira, Abdulsalam Bahurudeen, and Prakash Nanthagopalan. "Composite cements: synergistic effects of particle packing and pozzolanicity." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Engineering Sustainability 175, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/jensu.21.00076.

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The production of cement is a carbon dioxide-intensive process. Replacing ordinary Portland cement (OPC) with industrial by-products can bring down the carbon footprint associated with cement production. Various industrial residues are currently used as alternative cementitious materials in this regard. However, developing a low carbon dioxide composite cement with different pozzolans alters the packing density, which influences its properties. Although studies have been conducted on the use of fly ash and slag at lower cement replacement levels, studies on the packing density and strength of ternary and quaternary composite cements with higher replacement levels are limited. In this study, fly ash, blast-furnace slag, ultra-fine fly ash and ultra-fine slag are used as a partial replacement for cement in various proportions. Out of the 51 mixtures tested in the study, 11 combinations were selected, based on the maximum packing density, for further investigations on fresh and hardened properties to arrive at the best trade-off between cement reduction and desired properties. The early-age strength is influenced by the packing density of composite cements, whereas the later-age strength is found to be highly governed by the amount of OPC and the pozzolanic potential of the industrial by-products.

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Guvalov, A. A. "Ways to reduce the impact of the construction industry on the environment and environmental measures." Azerbaijan Oil Industry, no. 05 (May 15, 2023): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37474/0365-8554/2023-5-43-48.

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The cement industry is currently faced by the great challenge of reducing its vast carbon footprint, due to being the second highest industrial greenhouse gases emitter. This value is expected to further increase, since cement production is foreseen to rise by about 20 % until 2050. Therefore, more eco-efficient alternatives to ordinary Portland cement have been developed towards a sustainable concrete industry. This chapter presents some of the latest advances in low-carbon thermo-activated recycled cements obtained from old waste concrete, leading to a significant reduction of the greenhouse gases emissions, while also encouraging the valorization reuse of waste materials and the reduction of natural resource depletion. The manufacture and general performance of recycled cements, including the main production issues, rehydration behavior and phase and microstructure development, as well as its incorporation in cement-based materials are discussed. Some of the most recent research, main challenges and future perspective of recycled cements are addressed.

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Fridrichová, Marcela, Jan Gemrich, Jana Stachová, and Radek Magrla. "Reduction of CO₂ Emissions at Firing of Binders Type Portland Cement." Advanced Materials Research 897 (February 2014): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.897.25.

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Presented article deals with burn of raw admixtures with low content of carbon component for Portland cement burn. Fluidized ash is used as substitution of carbon component. At burnt model cements there are tested basic technological properties and it is observed hydrating process.

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Khozin, Vadim, Oleg Khokhryakov, and Rashit Nizamov. "A «carbon footprint» of low water demand cements and cement-based concrete." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 890 (August 13, 2020): 012105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/890/1/012105.

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Cao, Hai Lin, Pavel V. Krivenko, Lu Qian Weng, Yue Guo, O. N. Petropavlovsky, V. I. Pushkar, and A. Yu Kovalchuk. "Design of Low Carbon Footprint Alkali Activated Slag Cement Concretes for Marine Engineering Application in China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 525 (February 2014): 556–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.525.556.

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The paper covers the results of studies of the alkali activated slag cement concretes from the cements prepared under all-in-one technology to meet the requirements for concretes for marine engineering application. The compressive strength, weather resistance, biodegradability, bonding strength with steel reinforcement bar, steel reinforcement bar protection, chlorine ions diffusion parameters and resistance to corrosive exposure of 5% Na2SO4 solution were tested, which exhibit that alkali activated slag cement and concretes are very suitable for marine engineering applications.

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Choi, Sung-Woo, Deuk-Hyun Ryu, Hun-Sang Kim, and Gyu-Yong Kim. "Hydration Properties of Low Carbon type Low Heat Blended Cement." Journal of the Korea Institute of Building Construction 13, no. 3 (June 20, 2013): 218–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5345/jkibc.2013.13.3.218.

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21

Scrivener, Karen L., and Ruben Snellings. "The Rise of Portland Cements." Elements 18, no. 5 (October 1, 2022): 308–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2138/gselements.18.5.308.

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This chapter tells the story of Portland cement, from its invention in the 19th century until its present-day hegemony as the number one manufactured mineral product. The success story of Portland cement is rooted in the unique combination of the abundance of its raw materials, the reactivity of the high-temperature clinker product toward water, and the properties of the calcium silicate and aluminate hydration products. Further development of Portland cements today mainly addresses the formidable challenge of reducing process CO2 emissions. Options include partial replacement of clinker by low-carbon resources, material-efficient use of cement and concrete products, and end-of-pipe carbon capture and storage or use.

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Ishak, Siti Aktar, and Haslenda Hashim. "Optimal Low Carbon Cement Plant via Co-Processing Measure." Advanced Materials Research 1113 (July 2015): 812–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1113.812.

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Cement industry is one of the highest contributor in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. With that, this paper proposes the development of a systematic optimization model where minimized production cost is anticipated within the CO2 reduction target and fuels mixture. The optimization models consider co-processing measures which replaces parts of carbon rich fuels with lower carbon fuels in order to achieve lower carbon emissions. The proposed models are executed using General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS). With highest carbon reduction of 3.2%, the minimum manufacturing cost went from €59.748/t clinker for a 0% carbon reduction target to €65.737/t clinker.

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Ishak, Siti Aktar, and Haslenda Hashim. "Low carbon measures for cement plant – a review." Journal of Cleaner Production 103 (September 2015): 260–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2014.11.003.

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MATSUKA, Takeju, Yasunori SUZUKI, Koji SAKAI, and Kazuto FUKUDOME. "LOW-CARBON CONCRETE USING GROUND GRANULATED BLAST-FURNACE SLAG AND FLY ASH." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 64, no. 1 (2010): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.64.295.

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MIZOBUCHI, Asako, Toshimitsu KOBAYASHI, Ryuichi CHIKAMATSU, and Kenichi ICHISE. "EFFECTS OF CURING CONDITION FOR THE STRENGTH PROPERTIES OF LOW CARBON CONCRETE." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 66, no. 1 (2012): 332–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.66.332.

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SAITO, Hisashi, Koji SAKAI, Yasunori SUZUKI, and Takeju MATSUKA. "MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LOW-CARBON CONCRETE USING FLY ASH AND BLAST-FURNACE SLAG IN LOW WATER-CEMENTITIOUS MATERIAL RATIO." Cement Science and Concrete Technology 65, no. 1 (2011): 304–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.14250/cement.65.304.

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Vinoth, Ganapathiraman, Sung-Woo Moon, Juhyuk Moon, and Taeseo Ku. "Early strength development in cement-treated sand using low-carbon rapid-hardening cements." Soils and Foundations 58, no. 5 (October 2018): 1200–1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2018.07.001.

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Niu, Quan Lin, Chong Zhi Li, and Shu Qing Zhao. "Properties of a Low-Carbon Cement with 90% of Industrial Refuse." Key Engineering Materials 477 (April 2011): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.477.91.

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Material composition, mix proportion and physical properties of a low carbon cement with 90% of industrial refuse, properties of the cement was measured according to chinese national standard GB1346-2001 and GB175-2008. It is seen that the cement had good soundness, long setting time, low water requirement for standard consistency, good initial fluidity and high final strength as well, the properties are beneficial for the construction of highway engineering, underwater engineering and large volume concrete engineering.

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Islam, Md Rasidul, Wenbin Zhao, Shoddo Elias Haile, and Xiangyu Li. "Mechanism and strengthening effects of carbon fiber on mechanical properties of cement mortar." International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Science 10, no. 1 (2023): 034–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijaers.101.6.

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Carbon fibers have many advantages, such as low density, low heat transfer and expansion coefficients, high tensile strength, and good chemical stability and thermal conductivity. Aiming to improve the properties, this study investigates the effects of adding different amounts of carbon fiber to cement mortar. First, a fluidity test was performed to determine the effects of different carbon-fiber contents on the fluidity of cement mortar. Thereafter, the effects of the amount of carbon fiber on the flexural and compressive strengths of cement mortar were investigated under consistent fluidity conditions by adding a polycarboxylate superplasticizer. The interfacial transition zone of the carbon-fiber-modified cement mortar and the microstructure and morphology of the hydration products were observed via-scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the influence of carbon fibers on the mechanical properties of cement mortar and the associated mechanism were studied.

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Aramburo, C., C. Pedrajas, V. Rahhal, M. González, and R. Talero. "Calcined clays for low carbon cement: Rheological behaviour in fresh Portland cement pastes." Materials Letters 239 (March 2019): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2018.12.050.

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Du, Yan Ting, Ran Ran Zhao, and Jin Qiu Dong. "Research on Conductive Property of Carbon Fiber/Carbon Black-Filled Cement-Based Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 182-183 (June 2012): 144–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.182-183.144.

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Electrical conductive carbon-modified cement-based composites are important multi-functional structural material. Double compounding carbon fiber and carbon black into cement-based material can improve the electrical conductive property of cement-based composites. In this paper, the influences of carbon fiber ratio and total volume fraction of carbon components on the resistivity of cement-based composites are investigated. The results show that both carbon fiber ratio and total volume fraction have great effect on the conductive behavior of carbon-modified cement-based material. At a fixed carbon fiber ratio, with the increase of total volume fraction, the resistivity of cement-based composites drops down dramatically and shows obvious percolation phenomenon. The reason is that with more and more conductive particles and fibers added into the cement material, the conductive components connect with each other gradually and at certain point reach the percolation threshold. At a fixed total volume fraction, the resistivity drops down with the increase of carbon fiber ratio. This is because that the carbon fiber has larger aspect ratio than carbon black, so carbon fiber could get lower resistivity with the same dosage according to the percolation theory. Finally, the results show that with 0.5 carbon fiber ratio and 2% total volume fraction the carbon-modified cement-based composites have relatively low resistivity, high workability and high compressive strength.

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Guo, Rui, Jiaoyue Wang, Longfei Bing, Dan Tong, Philippe Ciais, Steven J. Davis, Robbie M. Andrew, Fengming Xi, and Zhu Liu. "Global CO<sub>2</sub> uptake by cement from 1930 to 2019." Earth System Science Data 13, no. 4 (April 30, 2021): 1791–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-1791-2021.

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Abstract. Because of the alkaline nature and high calcium content of cements in general, they serve as a CO2-absorbing agent through carbonation processes, resembling silicate weathering in nature. This carbon uptake capacity of cements could abate some of the CO2 emitted during their production. Given the scale of cement production worldwide (4.10 Gt in 2019), a life-cycle assessment is necessary to determine the actual net carbon impacts of this industry. We adopted a comprehensive analytical model to estimate the amount of CO2 that had been absorbed from 1930 to 2019 in four types of cement materials, including concrete, mortar, construction waste, and cement kiln dust (CKD). In addition, the process CO2 emission during the same period based on the same datasets was also estimated. The results show that 21.02 Gt CO2 (95 % confidence interval, CI: 18.01–24.41 Gt CO2) had been absorbed in the cements produced from 1930 to 2019, with the 2019 annual figure mounting up to 0.89 Gt CO2 yr−1 (95 % CI: 0.76–1.06 Gt CO2). The cumulative uptake is equivalent to approximately 55 % of the process emission based on our estimation. In particular, China's dominant position in cement production or consumption in recent decades also gives rise to its uptake being the greatest, with a cumulative sink of 6.21 Gt CO2 (95 % CI: 4.59–8.32 Gt CO2) since 1930. Among the four types of cement materials, mortar is estimated to be the greatest contributor (approximately 59 %) to the total uptake. Potentially, our cement emission and uptake estimation system can be updated annually and modified when necessary for future low-carbon transitions in the cement industry. All the data described in this study, including the Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis results, are accessible at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4459729 (Wang et al., 2021).

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Hao, Li Xia, Feng Qing Zhao, and Peng Xiang Zhao. "Measures to Reduce Carbon Dioxide Emission of China Cement Industry." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 412–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.412.

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Cement industry bear the brunt in the tide of resisting global warming because of large carbon dioxide emission. Five low-carbon measures and implementation approach to Chinese cement industry was put forward: Increasing industrial concentration degree and developing new dry process cement; Processing waste in cement kilns and reducing the use of raw materials and fuels; Increasing the amount of admixture in cement; Producing cement from calcium oxide content solid waste; Taking energy-saving measures such as cogeneration and grinding technology.

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FENG, Xiangzhao, Oleg LUGOVOY, Sheng YAN, and Hu QIN. "Co-Benefits of CO2 and NOx Emission Control in China’s Cement Industry." Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies 04, no. 04 (December 2016): 1650034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2345748116500342.

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Over the past 30 years, China’s cement industry has experienced rapid development. In this study the authors estimate the emissions trend, emissions control policies, and costs of the policies in China’s cement industry under various economic growth scenarios. First, the authors develop a bottom-up energy system — multi-pollutant abatement planning (MAP) model for China’s cement industry based on the existing productivity, a set of retrofitting options and new investments, alternative fuels, and various available emission control technologies. Second, the authors identify key drivers of cement demand to develop scenarios for future cement demand (2012–2030) and corresponding output peak time under high/low economic growth conditions. Third, the authors consider three scenarios including current policies without carbon control (BAU), moderately low carbon scenario (MLC), and radically low carbon scenario (RLC). The scenarios are being built up with different emission control goals and also compared by costs with estimation of marginal abatement cost curve for cement industry. Finally, based on the estimates the authors suggest a cost-efficient green/low carbon development roadmap for China’s cement sector, considering best available technological options and policy instruments. The study estimates the benefits of co-controlling air pollutants and CO2 emissions, and proposes an innovative mechanism to deal with air pollution and climate change.

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Li, Zong Jin, Fei Qiao, and Chung Kong Chau. "Recent Development of Magnesium-Based Cements - Magnesium Phosphate Cement and Magnesium Oxychloride Cement." Advances in Science and Technology 69 (October 2010): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.69.21.

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The recent development of two types of environmental friendly cementitious materials, magnesium oxychloride cement and magnesium phosphate cement, at HKUST are presented. Both of them can develop high strength without heat treatment under elevated temperature, i.e. the bonding of these cementitious materials can be achieved at low temperature through chemical reaction, as opposed to fusion or sintering at high temperature. The preparation process of the two cements can not only save a lot of energy but also emit no carbon dioxide. For magnesium oxychloride cement, our research includes parametric study of the formulation, strength development, water resistance, and also identification of phase composition in the cement paste. Magnesium phosphate cement is mainly applied as rapid repair material in civil engineering. In this paper, the formulation, mechanical properties and performance in patch repair of mortar specimen including strength, bond ability to old concrete substrate, volume stability are studied.

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Mohammed, Angham Ali, Haslinda Nahazanan, Noor Azline Mohd Nasir, Ghasan Fahim Huseien, and Ahmed Hassan Saad. "Calcium-Based Binders in Concrete or Soil Stabilization: Challenges, Problems, and Calcined Clay as Partial Replacement to Produce Low-Carbon Cement." Materials 16, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16052020.

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Calcium-based binders, such as ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and lime (CaO), are the most common artificial cementitious materials used worldwide for concrete and soil improvement. However, using cement and lime has become one of the main concerns for engineers because they negatively affect the environment and economy, prompting research into alternative materials. The energy consumption involved in producing cementitious materials is high, and the subsequent CO2 emissions account for 8% of the total CO2 emissions. In recent years, an investigation into cement concrete’s sustainable and low-carbon characteristics has become the industry’s focus, achieved by using supplementary cementitious materials. This paper aims to review the problems and challenges encountered when using cement and lime. Calcined clay (natural pozzolana) has been used as a possible supplement or partial substitute to produce low-carbon cement or lime from 2012–2022. These materials can improve the concrete mixture’s performance, durability, and sustainability. Calcined clay has been utilized widely in concrete mixtures because it produces a low-carbon cement-based material. Owing to the large amount of calcined clay used, the clinker content of cement can be lowered by as much as 50% compared with traditional OPC. It helps conserve the limestone resources used in cement manufacture and helps reduce the carbon footprint associated with the cement industry. Its application is gradually growing in places such as Latin America and South Asia.

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Luo, Shuqiong, Minghui Zhao, Zhuangzhuang Jiang, Songhui Liu, Lei Yang, Yuxiang Mao, and Chonggen Pan. "Microwave preparation and carbonation properties of low-carbon cement." Construction and Building Materials 320 (February 2022): 126239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.126239.

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Maries, A., C. D. Hills, P. Carey, and S.-J. Ostle. "Linked low carbon manufacture of cement and precast concrete." Advances in Applied Ceramics 112, no. 4 (May 2013): 202–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743676112y.0000000057.

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Banfill, P. F. G., G. Starrs, G. Derruau, W. J. McCarter, and T. M. Chrisp. "Rheology of low carbon fibre content reinforced cement mortar." Cement and Concrete Composites 28, no. 9 (October 2006): 773–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2006.06.004.

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Lian, Jihong, Jiaping Yue, Xuesong Xing, and Zhiqiang Wu. "Design and Evaluation of the Elastic and Anti-Corrosion Cement Slurry for Carbon Dioxide Storage." Energies 16, no. 1 (December 30, 2022): 435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010435.

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Carbon dioxide capture and storage is the primary way to reduce greenhouse gas emissions on a large scale. Carbon dioxide storage is the critical link of this technology, and the way in which to achieve long-term storage is a problem to be considered. The elastic and anti-corrosion cement slurry is the key for the successful storage of carbon dioxide. In order to develop the cement slurry for carbon dioxide storage, the influence of resin with both elastic and anti-corrosion properties on the performance of a cement slurry was investigated. The dispersant, retarder, and filtrate reducer suitable for the cement slurry were studied, and the performance of the designed cement slurry for carbon dioxide storage was evaluated. The experimental results show that the resin can reduce water loss and improve the elasticity and corrosion resistance of cement paste. The elastic modulus and corrosion depth of the resin cement slurry were significantly lower than those of the non-resin cement slurry. By studying the dispersant and retarder, the performances of the cement slurry for carbon dioxide storage was found to be able to meet the requirements of the cementing operation. The water loss of the designed cement slurry was low, the thickening time was more than three hours, and the rheological property was excellent. The elastic modulus and corrosion depth of the designed cement slurry was very low. The cement paste had a strong resistance to damage and corrosion. The structure after corrosion was denser than the conventional cement slurry, and the characteristic peak of corrosion products was weaker. The designed elastic and anti-corrosion cement slurry was well suitable for the cementing operation of carbon dioxide storage wells.

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Song, Meimei, and Chuanlin Wang. "Effect of Low Temperatures on the Mechanical Performance of GFRC Modified by Low Carbon Cement." Advances in Civil Engineering 2021 (October 8, 2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3427451.

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Glass fibre reinforced cement (GFRC) is a composite material with great ductility but it undergoes severe strength and ductility degradation with ageing. Calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement is low carbon cement, and more importantly, it exhibits great potential to produce more ductile and durable GFRC. This study focuses on mechanical performance, e.g., compressive strength, stress-strain curve, and freeze-thaw resistance of CSA/GFRC as well as its microstructural characteristics under low temperatures. XRD was applied to investigate the hydration mechanism of CSA cement under −5°C, 0°C, and 5°C. It was found out that low-temperature environments have very little effect on the type of hydration products, and the main hydration product of hydrated CSA cement cured under low temperatures is ettringite. Moreover, low-curing temperatures have an adverse effect on the compressive strength developments of CSA/GFRC but the strength difference compared with that under 20°C reduces gradually with increasing curing ages. In terms of bending performance, both ultimate tensile strength and ultimate strain value indicate considerable degradation with ageing under low temperatures after 14 d. The ultimate strain value reduces to 0.34% at −5°C, 0.39% at 0°C, and 0.44% at 5°C compared with 0.51% for that cured at 20°C for 28 d. The tensile strength of samples cured at −5°C for 28 d is only 15.2 MPa, taking up only 40% of that under 20°C. CSA/GFRC also demonstrated great capability in the antifreeze-thaw performance, and the corresponding strength remains 95.9%, 94.7%, 94.2%, and 94.3%, respectively, for that cured under 20°C, 5°C, 0°C, and −5°C after 50 freeze-thaw cycles. Microstructural studies reveal that densification of the interfilamentary space with intermixtures of C-A-S-H and ettringite is the main reason that causes the degradation of CSA/GFRC, which may result in loss on flexibility when forces are applied, therefore reducing the post-peak toughness to some extent.

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Kim, Hyeon-Soo, Ik Kim, Wan-hee Yang, Soo-Young Moon, and Ji-Young Lee. "Analyzing the Basic Properties and Environmental Footprint Reduction Effects of Highly Sulfated Calcium Silicate Cement." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 6, 2021): 7540. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147540.

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In South Korea, efforts to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and environmental impacts from the perspective of life cycle assessment (LCA) are important because of the implementation of zero-energy building certification for public buildings and the promotion of net-zero policy. Therefore, it is critical to develop cement alternatives with low embodied energy and less environmental impact. In this study, the applicability of “highly sulfated calcium silicate cement (HSCSC),” an eco-friendly binder developed by our research team, was investigated. Its basic properties and environmental footprint reduction effects were examined in comparison with ordinary Portland cement (OPC) and Portland blast furnace slag cement (PBSC). The environmental impacts of the HSCSC were analyzed using the LCA method. The results confirmed that HSCSC can be considered an excellent alternative to conventional OPC or PBSC in certain areas as an eco-friendly binder that can reduce carbon dioxide emissions and environmental impacts. Moreover, compared to OPC and PBSC, the probability of HSCSC affecting the human body is extremely low. The results of this study may contribute to the development and practical use of cements that minimize climate impacts, as well as improve the efficacy of future research on embodied energy saving.

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Marangu, Joseph Mwiti, Joseph Karanja Thiong’o, and Jackson Muthengia Wachira. "Review of Carbonation Resistance in Hydrated Cement Based Materials." Journal of Chemistry 2019 (January 1, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/8489671.

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Blended cements are preferred to Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in construction industry due to costs and technological and environmental benefits associated with them. Prevalence of significant quantities of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the atmosphere due to increased industrial emission is deleterious to hydrated cement materials due to carbonation. Recent research has shown that blended cements are more susceptible to degradation due to carbonation than OPC. The ingress of CO2 within the porous mortar matrix is a diffusion controlled process. Subsequent chemical reaction between CO2 and cement hydration products (mostly calcium hydroxide [CH] and calcium silicate hydrate [CSH]) results in degradation of cement based materials. CH offers the buffering capacity against carbonation in hydrated cements. Partial substitution of OPC with pozzolanic materials however decreases the amount of CH in hydrated blended cements. Therefore, low amounts of CH in hydrated blended cements make them more susceptible to degradation as a result of carbonation compared to OPC. The magnitude of carbonation affects the service life of cement based structures significantly. It is therefore apparent that sufficient attention is given to carbonation process in order to ensure resilient cementitious structures. In this paper, an indepth review of the recent advances on carbonation process, factors affecting carbonation resistance, and the effects of carbonation on hardened cement materials have been discussed. In conclusion, carbonation process is influenced by internal and external factors, and it has also been found to have both beneficial and deleterious effects on hardened cement matrix.

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Guo, Zhaochu, and Suyang Zhou. "Modeling and Multi-Stage Planning of Cement-IIES Considering Carbon-Green Certificate Trading." Processes 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2023): 1219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11041219.

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The cement industry is an important industrial entity responsible for implementing carbon emission reduction targets. Considering the carbon trading and green certificate trading mechanisms, this paper presents a multi-stage planning approach for the constructed Cement-Industrial Integrated Energy System (Cement-IIES). Carbon reduction technologies represented by low-temperature waste heat recovery, as well as phased changes in economic and technical parameters, are considered in the model. The case study shows that the proposed method not only optimizes the design economy of the Cement-IIES but also achieves a substantial carbon emission reduction in the cement production process and energy supply system. Compared with the traditional single-stage planning, the proposed method improves the system’s economic efficiency by 13.88% and flexibly adapts to changes in policies such as “coal reform”, green certificate trading and carbon quotas. The low-temperature waste heat recovery technology helps the system energy utilization efficiency in the two stages increase by 0.45% and 0.86%, respectively, whilst oxygen-enriched combustion and carbon capture technologies can reduce the total carbon emissions by about 83%. In addition, the negative carbon emission effect of biomass gives the system access to annual benefits of CNY 3.10 × 107 and CNY 7.89 × 107 in the two stages, respectively.

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Nukah, Promise D., Samuel J. Abbey, Colin A. Booth, and Jonathan Oti. "Evaluation of the Structural Performance of Low Carbon Concrete." Sustainability 14, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 16765. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142416765.

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Evaluation of the effect of embodied carbon reduction using an optimized design section for a ground beam, use of supplementary cementitious materials, and replacement of normal aggregate with light weight aggregate on the mechanical properties of low-carbon concrete was carried out. A creep coefficient of 0.019 was estimated for a 365-day period on a change in section from 1 to 0.6 m2 on a proposed trapezoidal section for ground beam, which showed a negligible difference when compared to the normal rectangular section owing to a reduction in embodied carbon due to the associated reduction in concrete volume and reinforcement. Training of 81 low-carbon concrete data sets in MATLAB using artificial neural network for 100% cement replacement with ground granular base slag indicates good performance with a mean square error of 0.856. From the study, it was observed that the extent of carbonation depth in concrete evidenced the measure of compressive strength formation based on the specific surface area of the binder and the water absorption rate of the aggregate, while enhancing the flexural strength of the low-carbon concrete required a cement-to-supplementary-cementitious-material ratio of 0.8.

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Cui, Kai, Jixin Zhang, Jun Chang, Mohanad Muayad Sabri Sabri, and Jiandong Huang. "Research on the Properties and Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Low-Carbon Ecological Cement-Based Materials." Materials 15, no. 18 (September 16, 2022): 6435. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15186435.

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SAC (sulfoaluminate cement) has become a research hotspot as a low-carbon ecological cement. In addition, multi-walled carbon nanotubes have good thermal, mechanical, and electrical properties and can serve as excellent nano-reinforced cement-based fillers. This study explored the dispersion of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and researched the effect of CNTs on the mechanical properties, hydration process, hydration products, and microstructure of SAC paste, and the mechanism of CNT-enhanced SAC paste was revealed. The results showed that the mechanical properties of SAC paste were significantly improved after the addition of CNTs. When the CNT content was 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.15%, the compressive strength after 28 d was increased by 13.2%, 18.3%, and 22.5%, respectively; compared with the C0 group (without CNTs), the flexural strength increased by 8.2%, 11.3%, and 14.4%, respectively. The addition of CNTs accelerated the hydration process of SAC paste. Due to the adsorption effect and nucleation effect of CNTs, more hydration products were generated, filling the matrix’s pores and improving its compactness. The mechanism of CNTs enhanced SAC paste was revealed. CNTs and hydration products co-filled the pores, including AFt (ettringite) and AH3 (gibbsite). CNTs improve the mechanical properties of SAC paste through filling, bridging, crack bending, deflection, pulling out, and pulling off.

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Prasanth, Muddana Surya, and Raghava Karumudi. "Experimental study of low carbon emission alternative concrete." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1197, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1197/1/012013.

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Abstract Urbanization and mass construction of housing will increase the consumption of cement and available natural resources such as sand and water. The production of cement generated from various industries leads to the emission of carbon dioxide gas in huge quantities into the atmosphere and creates serious problems in handling and disposal. So, the replacement of conventional materials with alternative materials for the preparation of concrete is needed. If the alternative cementitious and industrial waste materials are found suitable in replacing the ingredients of concrete then it can reduce the cost of construction. The present paper represents an experimental study of low carbon emission alternative concrete by replacing conventional concrete materials with alternative materials like geopolymer as binding material, copper and ferrous slag as fine aggregates, steel slag as coarse aggregates, and alkaline solution as an activator. Study made to examine the properties of low carbon emission alternative concrete proposed. The fresh and hardened state characteristics of low carbon emission alternative concrete are evaluated for both oven and ambient curing conditions. It is noticed that the time taken to achieve the strength by oven curing is less than ambient curing but had no major difference in load-carrying capacity and the results obtained are in good concurrence with conventional concrete.

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Cho, Chang Geun, and Hyun Jin Lim. "Experiments of Green High-Ductile Fiber Low Cementitious Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 316-317 (April 2013): 979–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.316-317.979.

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The carbon dioxide (CO2) emission during the ordinary Portland cement (OPC) manufacturing process is up to about 7.0 % of global manmade CO2. The OPC is also known to have toxic substances. The purpose of current research is to develop an environmentally green and high-ductile fiber low-cement composite (HDFLC) in which the binder is mixed by replacing the amount of the cement of 60% as the ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) with or without using alkali activators. The material and mechanical characteristics of the HDFLC were evaluated experimentally by the slump flow, compression, and direct tension tests.

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Gao, Xiaoquan, Cuiping Liao, Xiaoling Qi, and Yulong Zhang. "A Scenario Simulation of Material Substitution in the Cement Industry under the Carbon Neutral Strategy: A Case Study of Guangdong." Sustainability 15, no. 7 (March 24, 2023): 5736. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15075736.

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The Chinese government promises to reach peak carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2030 and strives to achieve carbon neutralization by 2060. Against this background, achieving emission reduction in the cement industry is in the spotlight. Material substitution is unmistakably an effective means of CO2 emission reduction in cement production. In this paper, the three-scenario analysis approach is employed to forecast the production demand, technology development of raw meal replacement, and clinker substitution in the cement industry to try to achieve the goal of carbon neutrality. This study established a model by which to simulate the carbon emissions in the cement industry during 2020–2060 to analyze the contribution of emission reduction. Through developing new cement admixtures and improving the pretreatment of alternative calcareous materials, by 2060, under the three carbon neutrality scenarios, the clinker-to-cement ratio (CCR) falls to 0.60, 0.575, and 0.56, respectively, and the percentage of clinker produced from low-carbon raw materials reaches 13%, 17%, and 20%. In addition, the CO2 emission level is down by 57%, 61%, and 63 % in comparison to that of 2020. This study can render practical suggestions for the cement industry to achieve carbon neutrality.

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Emmanuel, Opara Uchechukwu, Aldi Kuqo, and Carsten Mai. "Non-conventional mineral binder-bonded lignocellulosic composite materials: A review." BioResources 16, no. 2 (April 22, 2021): 4606–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.16.2.emmanuel.

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The construction industry suffers from unsustainability and contributes more than any other industrial sector to carbon emissions that lead to global warming. Increasing economic and environmental concerns related to conventional energy- and CO2-intensive building materials have propelled the rapid and sustained expansion of research in the area of plant-based inorganic mineral binder-bonded materials for the construction industry. The resulting composites can be qualified as eco-responsible, sustainable, and efficient multifunctional building materials. So far, most of these research efforts have not received as much attention as materials based on ordinary Portland cement (OPC). To address this gap, this review focuses on mineral binder-based lignocellulosic composites made from non-conventional inorganic mineral binders/ cements with low embodied energy and low carbon footprint, namely hydrated lime-based binders, magnesium-based cement, alkali-activated cement, and geopolymers, as sustainable alternatives to OPC-bonded lignocellulosic composites (state-of-the-art). The emphasis here is on the application potentials, the influence of production parameters on the material properties/ performance, and recent advancement in this field. Finally, a prediction is provided of future trends for these non-conventional mineral binder-bonded lignocellulosic composites.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Low carbon cement'

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