Dissertations / Theses: 'Low carbon buildings'

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Atkinson, Jonathan G. B. "Market influences on low carbon energy designs in buildings." Thesis, University of Surrey, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493510.

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Gill, Zachary M. "Building performance evaluation of aspiring low carbon and low energy domestic buildings and the impact of occupant behaviours." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.573398.

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In the UK it is well documented that the domestic buildings we occupy contribute significantly to anthropogenic climate change, through their energy consumption and associated carbon dioxide emissions. To reduce these emissions, strict legislative targets require considerable changes to the construction of dwellings (for instance, by improving insulation and air tightness) and also to the technological systems that service them (both passively and actively). Routine validation of, and feedback from, the operation of occupied buildings is seldom conducted despite growing evidence that performance often aligns poorly with expectations or even traditional equivalents. Furthermore, the extent to which the performance of buildings is assignable to the structural and technical features, rather than the actions of the occupant, is not well understood and can lead to profligate consumption and improper (or unexpected) utilisation of design features. The contributions to knowledge documented in this thesis are two-fold. The first contribution is a survey tool and interview structure to capture information on domestic occupant behaviours, which can explain a proportion of performance variation between otherwise comparable dwellings. Five case studies are reported on, alongside wider performance assessments (including occupant comfort and satisfaction, resource consumption and associated carbon emissions, and building integrity). This constitutes the second contribution to knowledge: performance results from four nominally low-energy and low-carbon domestic sites. The fifth case study site was selected to represent a traditional, non-environmentally informed development. Both contributions resulted in individual peer-reviewed academic journal publications. In the absence of measurement, building performance can only be assumed and hence compliance with design expectations or progression towards strict legislative targets cannot be validated. At the low-energy case study sites, average total normalised carbon emissions ranged between 22 and 34 kgC02/m2/year, 39. - 65% lower than local and national benchmarks and most sites exceeded overall comfort and satisfaction benchmarks. At each site large household-to-household variations in consumption of resources and carbon emissions confirmed the importance of human factors (factors of difference ranged from 2.7 - 36). Occupant behaviour, in some houses, undermined overall performance and compliance with standards and design expectations. Interviews with residents at two sites enabled unprecedented access and insight into behaviours and helped explain performance variation in depth. The survey, which aimed to provide a repeatable and rigorous method for capturing behavioural data, explained between 7 - 48% of overall performance variation and facilitated detailed investigation of pertinent behaviours. Socio-demographic and• lifestyle factors are proposed to explain the varying accuracy and inconsistency between individual site results and are of interest for further work and method refinement.

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Mert, Cuce Ayse Pinar. "Innovative heating, cooling and ventilation technologies for low-carbon buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2016. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.716485.

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Sectoral energy consumption analyses clearly indicate that building sector plays a key role in global energy consumption, which is almost 40% in developed countries. Among the building services; conventional heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) systems have the greatest percentage in total energy consumption of buildings. According to the latest research, HVAC is responsible for around 40% of total building energy consumption and 16% of total global energy consumption. In this respect, decisive measures need to be taken to mitigate the energy consumption due to HVAC. The research carried out within the scope of this thesis covers innovative heating, cooling and ventilation technologies for low-carbon buildings. The novel technologies developed are introduced and investigated both theoretically and experimentally. The results indicate that optimised HVAC systems with waste heat recovery have a significant potential to mitigate energy consumed in buildings, thus to halt carbon emissions. Especially plate-type roof waste heat recovery units are very attractive for the said hybrid applications with a thermal efficiency greater than 88%. The said systems are also promising in terms of overall coefficient of performance (COP). The average COP of plate-type roof waste heat recovery unit is determined to be about 4.5, which is incomparable with those of conventional ventilation systems. Preheating performance of fresh air in winter season is found to be remarkable. Comprehensive in- situ tests clearly reveal that the temperature rise in fresh air is found to be around 7 °C. Plate-type roof waste heat recovery units also provide thermal comfort conditions for occupants. Indoor CCE concentration is observed to be varying from 350 to 400 ppm which is very appropriate in term of air quality. In addition, average relative humidity is found to be 57%, which is in the desired range according to the latest building standards. Desiccant-based evaporative cooling systems are capable of providing Abstract desired indoor environments for occupants as well as having considerably high COP ranges. An average of 5.3 °C reduction is achieved in supply air temperature by utilising those systems as well as having relative humidity distribution in thermal comfort range. The dehumidification effectiveness is found to be 63.7%, which is desirable and promising. The desiccant-based evaporative cooling system has a great potential to mitigate cooling demand of buildings not only in hot arid but also in temperate humid climates.

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Liu, Haoyang. "The development of novel window systems towards low carbon buildings." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12839/.

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Buildings are responsible for over 70% of the average city’s greenhouse gas emissions. As the key component of buildings, window serves very important role in architecture. In current energy efficient building practice, windows are considerably less well insulating component than other parts of the building envelope. Therefore improving windows thermal performance is an important issue to develop energy efficiency building design. This research is carried out from the case studies of zero/low carbon buildings, in which windows were found the weakest part of building envelope. Within this work state-of-the-art window glazing types, latest best performing fenestration products in the market and advanced window technologies are reviewed. Vacuum window technology using evacauted tube pannels will be presented in this research work, as well as Thermoelectric (TEC) window system and Thermoelectric power generation window system. The objectives of the development of novel window systems are: (1) to develop the first-of-its-kind window technology using evacuated tube panels, its thermal transmittance (U-value) will be studied; (2) In order to compare U-values data with high performance windows, thermal performance of novel designed Aerogel and argon window system will be investigated; (3) to develop novel window system by combining evacuated tube panels and thermoelectric modules, which is functioned as a heat pump device; (4) to develop window system as a power generation device by interating thermoelectric generator. Novel windows technologies would meet the requirements of the Code for Sustainable Homes and those of commercial buildings. The study on development of novel window systems is carried on from the current window technologies and includes: (1) Computer modelling results show U-values about 0.59 W/m2K for double wall vacuum tube window, 0.61 W/m2K for single wall vacuum tube window. Laboratory measurements are carried out to validate theoretical results. The test results show that 1.0 W/m2K and 1.1 W/m2K for double and single wall vacuum tube window respectively. Economic and environmental assessments are also analysed. (2) Numerical model and laboratory tests have illustrated the U-values of different thickness of aerogel, argon and combination of both filled window. Comparing to standard double glazed window unit with 20mm air gap (U-value of 2.8 W/m2K), the U-value result of 6mm Aerogel-Argon window can be improved by 45% in theory and 30% according to the laboratory measurement results. (3) Advanced glazing will become “Energy Suppliers” as well as “Energy Managers”. Novel design of thermoelectric window system may function as “a heat pump” contributing buildings’ heating load in winter. Laboratory and outdoor tests investigate the amount of heat supply under various voltage regimes and weather conditions. (4) The electric power output of thermoelectric generator device combined with vacuum tube is examined under different experimental thermal conditions. The use of TEM has advantages of its maintainance free and can operate from any heat source. Window unit (sized1m×1m) installed such device can generate electricity approximately 70~180W.

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Marshall, Erica Clare. "Modelling the delivery of low carbon energy service in residential buildings." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/15392/.

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The UK is facing a retrofit challenge due to its legacy of old homes which are poorly suited to modern expectations of indoor thermal comfort. The housing stock accounts for almost a third of total energy use and is responsible for significant CO2 emissions. There is global recognition that the current rate of greenhouse gas emissions is causing long term damage and that changes are required in all sectors in order to limit the impacts of our generation on the global climate. The energy service concept offers an alternative perspective on the energy system. It reframes our demand for energy as a desire for the service which it can provide, such as comfortable homes, illuminated spaces, warm meals and security. This thesis is an investigation of how energy efficiency technologies and measures can deliver energy services with a lower energy input and uses building modelling software as a tool to do so. Four approaches to improving energy service efficiency are compared, and these are high efficiency conversion device, improved passive system, more accurate service control and a reduced service level. These energy efficiency measures are compared based on energy savings attainable and the efficacy of energy service delivery, using the example service of heating thermal comfort. In recognition of the large influence that household occupants have on energy consumption, household behaviours are included in the analysis. Household occupancy pattern is used to define the service demanded and thus energy efficiency measures are compared for a working family, working couple and daytime-present couple occupancy pattern. The suitability of measures for different households is addressed according to elements of motivation for energy efficiency improvement and technical skills of the occupants. The results of this work show that improved passive system performed best in both energy savings and heating thermal comfort delivery for all occupancy patterns. However, combinations of lower cost measures of control and service level demonstrate an ability to deliver comparable energy savings for occupancy patterns of working couple and daytime-present couple. The findings of this thesis confirm the importance of improving the thermal performance of the housing stock, but also that increased adoption of heating controls and a readdressing of expectations of service level can deliver significant energy savings. The modelling of the delivery of thermal comfort requires an enhanced modelling approach, but offers the ability for energy efficiency recommendations to be made based on suitability for the household, which will lead to greater energy savings within the domestic sector.

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Hedayati, Mahsa. "Low Carbon Architecture: New Approach Toward Sustainability in Relation to Existing Buildings." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/99968.

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The built environment puts the greatest pressure on the natural environment out of all human activities, so it has a fundamental obligation to be environmentally sustainable. Carbon dioxide (CO2) or carbon emissions is a significant greenhouse gas that is inevitably associated with energy use when energy is produced via the combustion of fuels. Total life cycle energy, embodied and operational energy over a building's lifetime, creates significant environmental impacts through the production of CO2. By keeping and reusing existing and historic buildings rather than discarding them and building new, the embodied energy, or the energy that is locked up, can help to mitigate future damage. These buildings already exist, which indicates that the energy consumed to build them has been applied and the carbon associated with their construction has been released. The greenest buildings are ones that are already built. They are inherently more sustainable than any new buildings even with green and zero net energy systems and can be retrofitted to become more energy efficient. To demonstrate this thesis specifically, a design project engages with an abandoned late nineteenth-century bank building in Philadelphia and transforms it into a high-performance building that is prepared for long-term use. For the immediate next use, the project creates a work environment and a new vertical expansion of residential units. The preservation field always confronts the challenge of bridging the gap between embodied energy and operational energy. In the abandoned bank, there are some aspects of this building that are near permanent and define its character, such as brick walls with masonry ornament, two bank vaults, Wissahickon Schist foundation wall, and ceiling trusses. This thesis explores new approaches to leverage the embodied energy of the permanent parts of the abandoned bank and transform it into a high-performance building. A lot of energy of the abandoned bank, the building's material, and thermal mass is still actively performing. The building's envelope, the thick masonry wall, provides a moderately good insulating effect that will temper the indoor air that also preserves its historical character both inside and outside. The embodied energy of the building's envelope is leveraged by pairing it with localized heating and cooling using a radiation and conduction system. Other approaches that increase energy performance in the existing building, include the use of phase-change material for cooling the process water, solar hot water, creating drinking water via a solar still in the skylight, and distilled water from radiant cooling surfaces. In the new construction, a thermal switch facade and double-skin facade for the residential units are proposed, along with providing flexible space with thick mobile interior wall units.
Master of Architecture
Global warming as a problem of the twenty-first-century increase concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere due to human actions like burning fossil fuels. The built environment puts the greatest pressure on the natural environment of all industrial parts, and it has a fundamental role to manage the environment sustainably. Total life cycle energy, embodied and operational energy over the lifetime of the buildings, creates significant environmental impacts through the production of CO2. Embodied energy is the whole amount of energy applied to extract the raw materials, manufacture, transport, install, and use the product across its life cycle. Assessments of the embodied energy of historic and existing buildings are helping to mitigate future damage to resources. These buildings already exist, which indicates that the energy consumed to build them has been applied and the carbon associated with their construction has been released. The greenest buildings are ones that are already built. They are inherently sustainable and can be retrofitted to become more energy efficient. Specifically, this design engages with an abandoned late nineteenth-century bank building in Philadelphia and transforms it into a high-performance building that is prepared for long-term use. For the immediate next use, the project creates a work environment and in a new vertical expansion, residential units. In the abandoned bank, there are some aspects of this building that are near-permanent and define its characters, such as brick walls with masonry ornament, two bank vaults, Wissahickon Schist wall, and ceiling trusses. This thesis explores the new approaches to leverage the embodied energy of the permanent parts of the abandoned bank and transform it into a high-performance building. This is achieved through various means such as providing localized heating and cooling by using a radiation and conduction system, the use of phase-change material for cooling the process water, solar hot water, creating drinking water via a solar still in the skylight and distilled water from radiant cooling surfaces. In the new construction, a thermal switch facade and double-skin facade for the residential units are proposed, along with providing flexible space with thick mobile interior wall units.

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Castleton, Holly. "Assessment of design stage energy prediction models for low carbon office buildings." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2014. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/6676/.

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Sparks, David G. "Exploring public procurement as a mechanism for transitioning to low-carbon buildings." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2018. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/117196/1/David_Sparks_Thesis.pdf.

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Public procurement has the potential to be used as a mechanism to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and stimulate action on low-carbon development; however a variety of barriers are preventing widespread uptake. This thesis explores how public procurement can be further harnessed to transition public buildings towards low-carbon operations. The thesis presents a suite of strategies found to be conducive to successful low-carbon outcomes. It provides a basis for considering the development of low-carbon public procurement initiatives and a context for discussing opportunities for improvement of existing programs, with important implications for government agencies beginning the transition towards low-carbon practices.

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Watson, Natasha. "Developing material selection strategies to improve the embodied impacts of buildings." Thesis, University of Bath, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707565.

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The embodied environmental and socioeconomic impacts of building construction are rarely considered within industry. Renewable and certified resources will continue to provide a viable low impact supply chain for construction, yet the use of such low impact building materials (LIBM) remains a small proportion of the current market. Structural engineers should be encouraged to use LIBM and consider the impacts of building construction, and so the research aim was to create an informed and responsible approach for structural engineers to reduce the embodied impacts of their projects. The limited amount of academic literature on the consideration of embodied impacts within construction and the use of LIBM prompted a two-phase research methodology. The first Problem Exploration phase developed a rich understanding of the current context of embodied impacts within construction through an analysis of data gathered from an online questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. The findings identified three key aspects to consider when developing an Embodied Impact Reduction Approach (EIRA); the alignment of the project-life cycle with influence, the limitation of time and costs, and the importance of support and education within the approach created. The second Action phase developed EIRA using the findings and supplementary data gathered from focus groups, which highlighted that EIRA should be flexible so as to be relevant to the breadth of projects that BuroHappold Engineering, who partially sponsored the research, work on. EIRA runs parallel to the RIBA Plan of Work, adapting to the different objectives, level of detail and information available at each project stage. Three components were developed; the Material Design Sheets, Carbon Calculator, and the Option Appraisal Support Technique (tOAST). tOAST was implemented on five projects to test its applicability, which identified that greater understanding of embodied impacts plus their relative importance to each other is required. Another key issue was the availability of appropriate embodied environmental data.

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Girard, Aymeric. "Modelling the energy resource for buildings and the use of appropriate low carbon technologies." Thesis, Edinburgh Napier University, 2011. http://researchrepository.napier.ac.uk/Output/6695.

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This thesis investigates the feasibility of the use of Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources (LZCES) in the built environment and the development of an innovative Integrated Renewable Energy Planner (IREP) tool. It can be divided into four main research areas; an investigation into the on-site renewable energy resource, an analysis in the building energy usage profile, a development of a decision-making tool for the rapid identification of the most appropriate LZCES option and a post occupancy monitoring and modelling of a building. This research work details the following considerations of LZCES: passive solar space heating modelling (PSSH); performance of building integrated including solar water collector (SWH); solar photovoltaic (SPV); wind technology (WT); ground source heat pump (GSHP); tri-generation (TriG); biomass (BioH) and rainwater harvesting (RWH). Recorded Chartered Institute of Building Services Engineer (CIBSE) data from fourteen cities around the UK were used to assess the wind, solar electric, solar passive thermal, solar water thermal, ground source and rain resource. As part of this project, an unoccupied solar house was monitored for one summer and one winter month in East Whitburn, Scotland. A detailed investigation into the effect of external temperature, irradiance and thermal mass was conducted on building perFormance and indoor temperature. It was found that the estimated internal temperature simulation was between 2% to 10% different from the monitored temperature. It could be improved if the thermal mass and ventilation rate were estimated more accurately. A collection of manufacturers' data from 10 WTs, 10 SWHs, 3 SPVs, 2 GSHPs, 2 BioHs, 3 Tries and 2 RWHs was carried out in order to test the performance of the IREP tool. Energy, economy and CO2 saving simulations were done on a number of LZCES systems. A final assessment of the number of different options and their impact on the cost, energy and CO2 saving was performed in order to assess the best combination possible. Future development of the IREP tool may aim to assess more accurately the output of each technologies, develop a more user-friendly facade and integrate more technologies such as light pipes, earth duct, solar wall, concentrated solar power, energy storage, UTES, waste-to-energy plant, fuel cells and to extend potentially to recycled materials. Other weather data from rest of the world could make IREP usable for other project scales and countries.

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Gao, Yijian. "Advanced FRP for flooring in buildings : a low carbon material application in the construction industry." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 2013. https://researchportal.port.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/advanced-frp-for-flooring-in-buildings(6becf67f-76a0-4679-926d-dbd4ad87e7b4).html.

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Fibre-reinforced polymers (FRP) are building materials that permit both the improvement of long-term building performance and the simplification of the construction process, thanks to their high specific strength, low thermal conductivity, good environmental resistance, and ability to be formed into complex shapes. FRP materials are well-suited to fulfilling many building functions. By integrating traditionally separate building systems and layers into single function-integrated components, and by industrially fabricating those components, the amount of on site labour can be greatly reduced and overall quality can be improved. The FRP materials used in the construction industry include glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) and carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP). Most GFRP based buildings are lacking in integration and function and only benefit for the small span, with deep beams or slabs. The CFRP based construction component has higher strength and stiffness. However, the investigation into CFRP based buildings has been lacking. This research aims to investigate the CFRP floor panel, as a primary component in the floor system, to replace traditional concrete floor slab in large buildings. The objectives of this project include the design of CFRP floor panel system in buildings using European design codes, analysing proposed CFRP floor panel by FEA modelling, and experimentally validating design and FEA models using scaled CFRP floor samples. A scale effect of test specimen was investigated in conducting design strength check of full proposed CFRP floor panel. This project supplied design curves with dimensional parameters for practical design of CFRP floor panels, to fit the design specifications required by different buildings with varied dimensions. Design curves present the measurements of deflection and critical stresses against the variation of the proposed CFRP floor panel with different dimensions. The proposed CFRP floor panel was designed as a pultruded beam with an open cross-section. The design was carried out using the Eurocodes and supported by the finite element analysis (FEA). Modelling results indicated that the proposed floor panel passed the tall design check, recommended by Eurocode, and the safety checks on both deflection and material strength, which are important for producing CFRP floor panel products that meet the dimensional requirements in design of buildings with different design specifications. Experimental results of scaled CFRP floor panel samples are also presented in this thesis, which successfully validates the design and modelling analysis. The conducted scale effect was amended by a reduction factor of 0.625 for the material strength of the full CFRP panel, which passed the Hashin criteria check. This project also studied the shear effects on bending behaviour of proposed CFRP panel with open crosssection consisting of thin-walled plates. An important load-deflection correction factor was proposed, which plays an important role together with geometrical shape factor in the calculation of shear related deflection. This novel CFRP floor panel can be easily installed in buildings because of its lightweight feature, and easily integrated with the suspending ceiling, ventilation and lighting system because of its designed shape. This investigation also provided plenty of information concerning the use of this potential building component in the low carbon construction industry, which could save up to 50% heating energy and reduce CO2 emissions by 40% compared to the traditional construction industry.

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Zhang, Simou, and 张思谋. "A multi-criteria decision analysis model for delivering low carbon office buildings in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/206475.

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Buildings worldwide account for over a third of carbon emissions, which have a tremendous impact on climate changes. Meanwhile, their contribution in Hong Kong is much higher, being up to 60%. Therefore, low carbon building (LCB) has been regarded as an effective approach to reducing carbon emissions worldwide especially in Hong Kong. There have also emerged a wide range of measures for achieving LCBs. However, the effective utilization of LCB measures faces the challenge of identifying and selecting those proven to be environmentally, technically, financially and socially sustainable in the long term. This challenge is particularly significant at the design stage of LCBs due to the limited or unknown design information. These problems may be well addressed by the multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA). However, the current body of knowledge of LCB has two limitations. Firstly, most of previous research did not categorize the possible LCB measures from a systematic perspective, which results in fragmented evaluation. Secondly, the MCDA method still has not been widely used for solving the decision-making problems regarding LCB thus lacking the supportive information for its effective utilization. In addressing these limitations, this research aims to develop a MCDA model for the selection of appropriate LCB measures for office buildings in Hong Kong. Office buildings are a great representative of commercial buildings which contribute more than 60% of the carbon emissions of the building sector in Hong Kong. This research was carried out through the combination of a critical literature review, a questionnaire survey, a project case study and personal interviews. The literature review was focused on examining the frameworks for identifying LCB measures and selecting decision criteria. A questionnaire survey was carried out with 355 BEAM Professionals in Hong Kong, which expanded and verified the results from the literature review. The case study was conducted with an office building project using building performance simulation (BPS) for further investigation. The interviews were semi-structured in nature, carried out with 10 construction experts in Hong Kong. Through the research 10 LCB measures and 6 decision criteria for the LCB measure selection were identified, which were mostly used or considered for office buildings in Hong Kong. The developed MCDA model contains 5 modules that help to structure the decision-making process. The relative importance of the 10 LCB measures was obtained by a general implementation with proper weighting method and MCDA method. The results demonstrate the importance of lighting and building envelope for low carbon office building design and the need for accurate data for informed decision-making. Software eQuest was used for evaluating the carbon reductions in the case study building, and Software Visual PROMETHEE was adopted for selecting the best alternative among the LCB measures investigated. The developed MCDA model should support design decision-making for selecting appropriate LCB measures for office building projects. Despite the adopted multi-criteria decision-making, building energy regulations and government incentives in favour of building carbon reductions were mostly expected for delivering LCBs in Hong Kong.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Dangana, Syeda. "A decision support framework for selecting innovative sustainable technologies for delivering low carbon retail buildings." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/3387.

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There is an urgent need to adopt innovative sustainable technologies (ISTs) to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions whilst improving process efficiency of existing retail buildings, due to rising energy prices and the impacts of retail buildings on the environment. Despite their reported advantages, exhibited performance and numerous policies and legislations that encourage their adoption, there is a slow uptake of ISTs in the retail sector. This is due to the fact that the majority of stakeholders consider the task of selecting ISTs as a complex multi-attribute, multi-valued problem involving a large number of stakeholders with numerous, often conflicting objectives. To overcome this problem, the thesis develops a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the selection of ISTs for delivering low carbon retail buildings. Firstly focusing on the wider retail construction industry, followed by an in-depth case study of a leading UK retail contractor, the drivers and barriers faced by stakeholders in the retail construction industry during the selection of ISTs were identified. The underlying cause to the slow uptake of ISTs (complex decision-making problem) and the need to optimise the use of ISTs were investigated. The results identified the lack of a Decision Support Framework for the selection of ISTs for stakeholders in the retail construction industry. To address the problem, the research developed a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the complex decision-making task of selecting ISTs. The developed Decision Support Framework was first validated with a leading UK retail contractor and proved favourable; facilitating the decision-makers in the selection process and resulting in the successful selection of eight ISTs. A more general validation was conducted to ensure the Decision Support Framework was applicable to the wider construction industry. The results indicated that the framework was an effective mechanism to optimise the selection of ISTs by improving the decision-making process; it could be used by other stakeholders and also transferable to other building types for selecting ISTs. The thesis contributes to the knowledge related to decision-making and construction management research by developing a Decision Support Framework to assist stakeholders in the selection of ISTs to deliver low carbon retail buildings. In addition, it identifies the drivers for and barriers to selecting ISTs for existing retail buildings; key stakeholders in the selection of ISTs, a set of selection criteria used by clients/developers and designers/constructors and a database of ISTs that can be implemented by stakeholders to achieve low carbon retail buildings.

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Frank, Owajionyi L. "Exploring a best practice approach to operability and maintainability of low carbon buildings in the UK." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2014. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/13923/.

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Growth in technological advancement was to humanity a mixed blessing. While it provided comfort and improved quality of life, it also increased the demand for energy to drive them. This increase in energy usage, particularly from fossil fuel sources is widely understood to be responsible for the critical environmental problems in the world (Climate Change). Mitigating and adapting to this anthropogenic induced consequence created the need for varying innovative and new low carbon and renewable technologies which are gradually replacing the traditional high fossil fuel driven systems in buildings. Presently in the UK, every new building is expected to be low carbon and energy efficient; operated in such a manner as to use no more fuel and power than is reasonable in the circumstances. However, it is widely believed that construction underperforms in terms of capacity to deliver value. Clients and end-users of these buildings appear not to be getting long term value for their investments. Much attention has also not been given to how these new and innovative technologies can be operated and maintained long into the future. Recent researches also underpin the fact that the wide information gap existing between designers and building end-users is one of the factors responsible for the underperformance. This research therefore sought to explore a best practice approach that could bridge this information gap, and ensure that low carbon buildings are efficiently operated and maintained long into the future, particularly as the UK built environment moves closer to its zero carbon targets of 2016 and 2019. The research methodology involved triangulation (a mixed-method research approach), thus maximising the chances of benefiting from the strength of each of qualitative and quantitative methods. Interviews, surveys and case studies were employed. Post occupancy evaluation method was also used for the key case study. Findings indicate that there is a need for change in the way low carbon buildings are delivered to the end-users; that a properly prepared operation and maintenance (O&M) manual is indispensable in the effective and efficient operation and maintenance of low carbon buildings, and that it will be good practice to bring in the O&M team early to the design process. The study also suggested that designers be required to prove ‘life-cycle operability and maintainability’ of their designs before they are constructed. To ensure this desired cultural and process change in project delivery, a Maintainability and Operability Integrated (OMI) Design and Construction Process Model is proposed. The model was developed using the proposed RIBA 2013 revised Outline Plan of Work and drawing lessons from the New Product Development (NPD) process used by the manufacturing sector and other construction industry models. A validation test was conducted by means of a focus group, populated by top management officials of the University of Nottingham Estates Office, which has been actively involved in the procurement and management of myriads of low carbon buildings. Feedbacks from the validation test indicate that the proposed OMI Process Model was a well thought out idea which is practicable and capable of addressing the shortfall within the existing processes to deal with the O&M issues raised by the use of new and innovative low carbon technologies.

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Li, Jun, and 李駿. "A decision tool for selecting low-carbon refurbishment solutions for multi-storey residential buildings in Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/208002.

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The pressure to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has become increasingly obvious due to the need to alleviate the impact of climate change. As the second largest GHG emitter in the world, the building sector should play an active role in reducing GHG emissions. Particular attention should be directed to existing buildings not only because of the amount of emissions caused by inefficient buildings but also due to the existence of a variety of sustainable refurbishment solutions for different levels and stages of building refurbishment. The emission reduction performance of different sustainable refurbishment options may vary enormously as a result of different building design conditions. With the majority of residential properties being high-rise buildings, the most suitable sustainable refurbishment options for a sub-tropical city like Hong Kong are yet to be fully investigated. The opportunity to reduce emission may not be high without a tool to help the owners, occupants and consultants to assess the emission of different refurbishment solutions for multi-storey residential building. The aim of this research has been to develop a systematic decision tool to identify suitable sustainable refurbishment solutions for multi-story residential buildings in subtropical regions like Hong Kong and to calculate the CO2emission reductions of these solutions. The research began with a comprehensive literature review of the existing sustainable refurbishment approaches. The results of this literature review formed the basis for a preliminary screening according to local climate and buildings features. Interviews with experts and questionnaire surveys with residents were carried out in order to confirm the applicability of the proposed approaches. Then, based on a case study, this research established a set of methods, through literature review and energy simulation, to calculate the CO2 emission reductions achievable by sustainable refurbishment. With the setup of criteria for identifying applicable refurbishment solutions, method of calculation of CO2 emission reductions and parameter input/output and user interface design, a decision tool was developed for sustainable refurbishment. Finally, a series of interviews was conducted to validate the major research outcomes. In this study, a residential building is divided into two zones, the common area and those occupied by owners/tenants. This study further identifies possible sustainable refurbishment solutions for each area, which can provide stakeholders with a variety of options for launching sustainable refurbishment projects. Moreover, a theoretical framework for emission assessment, consisting of system boundary and calculation methods, is also proposed in this study, which can provide better calculation of emission reductions as a result of various sustainable refurbishment solutions. The most significant outcome of this project is a decision tool which can generate a set of sustainable refurbishment solutions and calculate CO2 emission reductions according to the architectural features input by users. With the function of identifying the approaches for reducing CO2emission, owners and occupants of existing residential buildings can minimize the CO2emissions of their properties through refurbishing some of the building components in a sustainable manner.
published_or_final_version
Civil Engineering
Master
Master of Philosophy

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Jiang, Ping. "A Low Carbon Sustainable Strategy Using CDM Methodological approach to large Commercial Buildings in Beijing and Shanghai." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.514274.

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Throughout the world, a significant proportion of all energy consumption occurs in the building sector and this is thus a major contributor to climate change. It is thus a critical sector in which to address the reduction of greenhouse emissions and yet it is a sector which is largely overlooked in measures such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). The research reported in this thesis attempts to explore the barriers to why the building sector is in this position and to investigate opportunities for the future. With a high economic growth in recent years, China has become one of biggest energy consumers and CO2 emitters in the world despite significant improvements in the carbon intensity. Its building sector now accounts for 25% of the total energy use in the whole nation with energy use in large commercial buildings being five times higher than average energy use in residential buildings. With the rapid urban development in China's cities, such as Beijing and Shanghai, the large commercial building sector is thus an area of priority with regard to energy conservation and carbon reduction. Energy consumption data from fourteen sample buildings together with complementary information from other large commercial buildings were analysed to develop a comprehensive low carbon sustainability strategy applicable to large commercial buildings. The analyses show how the contributions from intrinsic and functional energy use within a building may be identified. The strategy recognizes that effective local carbon measures will include not only technical solutions but also effective energy management, and awareness raising and behaviour change of the occupants and stakeholders of buildings. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) attempts to provide a financial and technical platform for enhancing carbon reduction activities. However, hitherto there have been few such projects in the building sector anywhere in the world. This lack of projects arises from an over focus on technological solutions, and this research explores way in which the opportunities potentially available using the CDM can be exploited to overcome the present barriers, the key one of which is the lack of adequate and appropriate CDM methodologies. Energy performance based CDM methodologies are explored in this research which could significantly overcome the barriers produced by the current technology based CDM methodologies and promote the sustainable development in large commercial buildings not only in Beijing and Shanghai, but also elsewhere

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Penagos, Guillermo. "From low carbon buildings to sustainable cities : sustainability transitions in the built environment towards the UN Agenda." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672331.

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This thesis addresses sustainability transitions in the built environment, from buildings to the metropolitan scale, while ranging from low carbon development to the multidimensional challenges currently faced by cities. Emphasis is made on the urban global south, with special focus on Latin America. The work is structured in four stages. First stage focuses on finding a low carbon path for the building sector, based on scenario projections from existing policies. Under a life-cycle approach, results reveal a path consisting on reducing emissions from: 1) building materials and constructive systems; 2) energy use at operation stage for both new and existing buildings; and 3) residential waste management. Results show potential synergies between mitigation and adaptation goals, while showing that low carbon measures do not perform equal between industrialized economies in temperate regions and emerging economies in tropical climates, thereby highlighting the importance of science based and context specific policy making. Second stage addresses current science, policy and practice relative to the sustainable BE, regarding thematic areas, goals and issues set by the New Urban Agenda (UN, 2017a). Findings show that mainstream scientific research, international certification systems and public policy instruments are mainly focused on energy efficiency and indoor comfort aspects. Hence, other sustainability concerns are conferred less importance. However, findings also show that some policy instruments issued in Latin America address topics of the global agenda in a more comprehensive way as compared to some green building certification schemes that have been widely disseminated over the last decades, suggesting that the Region is building self-sufficiency to align global issues with national priorities. Third stage analyses the potential role of the built environment in fulfilling goals, targets and issues of the UN Agenda. Findings show that NUA underlines the critical role of spatial planning and design for realising inclusive, sustainable and resilient cities. When bringing the SDGs, the Paris Agreement and the Sendai Framework to the urban sphere, extensive and strong interactions concerning the built environment become evident. These results allow producing an integrative framework of the global agenda, useful for guiding directions towards urban sustainability transitions. Fourth stage addresses urban transformative change by assembling perspectives on sustainability transitions on low carbon buildings and the sustainable built environment. Concerning low carbon buildings, findings show the pertinence of using a Multi-Level Perspective on transitions for designing policies. Although conventional instruments may still be useful, policies have to evolve on the use of novel instruments based on stakeholder networks, sequential experimentation and gradual up-scaling, in order to facilitate the progressive learning required by socio-technical systems to undergo long-term transitions. Concerning sustainability transitions in the built environment, an exploratory method was used here to 1) link analytic perspectives on sustainability transitions, thereby allowing to produce an integrative conceptual model of the built environment as a socio-technical-institutional-economic-ecologic system; 2) linking transition management perspectives in the Urban Transformative Capacity framework (Wolfram, 2016) and 3) connecting both the conceptual model and the managing framework with the UN agenda, in order to provide elements for issuing and navigating transformative urban policies.
Esta tesis aborda las transiciones de sostenibilidad en el entorno construido, desde los edificios a la escala metropolitana y desde el desarrollo bajo en carbono hasta los desafíos multidimensionales que enfrentan actualmente las ciudades. Se hace énfasis en el sur global, con especial énfasis en América Latina. El trabajo se estructura en cuatro etapas. La primera identifica una ruta baja en carbono para el sector de la construcción, bajo un enfoque de ciclo de vida, enfocado en: 1) materiales de construcción y sistemas constructivos eficientes; 2) eficiencia energía para edificios nuevos y existentes; y 3) manejo de residuos residenciales. Los resultados muestran sinergias potenciales entre los objetivos de mitigación y adaptación, al tiempo que muestran que las medidas reducción de emisiones no funcionan de la misma manera entre las economías industrializadas en las regiones templadas y las economías emergentes en los climas tropicales, lo que destaca la importancia de la formulación de políticas basadas en la ciencia y en contextos específicos. La segunda etapa aborda la ciencia, la política y las prácticas actuales relativas al Ambiente Construido sostenible, en torno a áreas temáticas, metas y cuestiones planteadas por la Nueva Agenda Urbana. Los resultados muestran que la investigación científica convencional, los sistemas de certificación internacional y los instrumentos de política pública se centran principalmente en los aspectos de eficiencia energética y confort interior. Por lo tanto, se confiere menos importancia a otras preocupaciones sobre sostenibilidad. Sin embargo, los hallazgos también muestran que algunos instrumentos de política emitidos en América Latina abordan temas de la agenda global de una manera más integral en comparación con algunos esquemas de certificación de edificaciones sustentables que han sido ampliamente difundidos en las últimas décadas, lo que sugiere que la Región se está construyendo suficiencia para alinear los problemas mundiales con las prioridades nacionales. La tercera etapa analiza el papel potencial del entorno construido en el cumplimiento de los objetivos, metas y temas de la Agenda de la ONU. Los resultados muestran que NUA subraya el papel fundamental de la planificación y el diseño espaciales para lograr ciudades inclusivas, sostenibles y resilientes. Al llevar los ODS, el Acuerdo de París y el Marco de Sendai a la esfera urbana, se hacen evidentes interacciones amplias y fuertes con respecto al entorno construido. Estos resultados permiten producir un marco integrador de la agenda global, útil para orientar las direcciones hacia las transiciones urbanas hacia la sostenibilidad. La cuarta etapa aborda el cambio urbano transformativo mediante el ensamblaje de perspectivas sobre las transiciones a la sostenibilidad en edificios con bajas emisiones de carbono y en el entorno construido sostenible. Con respecto a los edificios bajas en carbono, los resultados muestran la pertinencia de utilizar una Perspectiva Multinivel sobre las transiciones para diseñar políticas. Si bien los instrumentos convencionales aún pueden ser útiles, las políticas deben evolucionar en el uso de instrumentos novedosos basados en redes colaborativas, experimentación secuencial y escalamiento gradual, a fin de facilitar el aprendizaje progresivo requerido para producir transiciones a largo plazo. Con respecto a las transiciones en el ambiente construido, aquí se utilizó un método exploratorio para 1) vincular perspectivas analíticas sobre las transiciones para producir un modelo conceptual del ambiente construido como un sistema socio-técnico-institucional-económico-ecológico; 2) vincular las perspectivas de gestión de la transición en el marco de la Capacidad Urbana Transformativa (Wolfram, 2016) y 3) conectar tanto el modelo conceptual como el marco de gestión con la agenda global de sostenibilidad, proporcionando elementos para políticas urbanas
Sostenibilitat

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Bevan, Whitney. "An investigation of the required skills for the delivery of low and zero carbon buildings within a region." Thesis, University of Reading, 2016. http://centaur.reading.ac.uk/69060/.

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The UK is committed to a raft of requirements to create a low carbon economy. As buildings consume approximately 40% of UK energy demand, any improvement on the energy performance of buildings can contribute to the delivery of a low carbon economy. The challenge for the construction sector and its clients is how to meet the policy requirements to deliver low and zero carbon (LZC) buildings, which span broader than the individual building level to requirements at local and regional levels, and wider sustainability pressures. Further, the construction sector is reporting of skills shortages surrounding the need for ‘project management skills’ and ‘communication skills’ within construction projects, and further requirement of ‘new skills,’ ‘green skills’ and ‘low carbon skills’ for the delivery of LZC buildings. The aim of this research was to identify, and better understand, the skills required for the delivery of LZC buildings within a region. The theoretical framing for this investigation was regional innovation systems (RIS) using a socio-technical network analysis (STNA) methodology. Both deductive and inductive approaches were adopted, which framed the investigation. A single case study approach of a local authority region was chosen. Data collection consisted of a review of relevant documentation, observations and semi-structured interviews with five school retrofit projects within the region. The research results revealed the complexity surrounding the form and operation of the LZC networks for the school retrofit projects. Key findings identified principal actor groups and their required skills for the delivery of LZC buildings: communication skills, energy management skills and project management skills required by the local authority; communication skills and technical skills required by the energy efficient measure (EEM) contractors; and communication skills and project management skills required by the school end-users. Technical skills and energy management skills captured the need for ‘new skills’ surrounding the adopted EEM technology, however, there was little evidence of the required skills being associated with ‘green skills.’ The primary contribution to the RIS theory is empirical evidence that captures the significance of specific RIS ‘elements’ and ‘mechanisms,’ and highlights challenges within the RIS system. Adaptations to the RIS framework recognises the need for interactions between RIS components and their involvement to describe, explain and predict the innovativeness of a region. In consideration to skills theory, the investigation provided insights and captured meanings surrounding the type of required skills for the delivery of LZC buildings. Implications for policy practice may surround the management of the RIS framework, and further tensions between skill development within the region and policy pressures.

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Tuohy, Paul Gerard. "Strategies for low carbon buildings : assessment of design options and the translation of design intent into performance in practice." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 2013. http://oleg.lib.strath.ac.uk:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=19216.

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To deliver low carbon buildings requires: a) Performance assessment and option appraisal; b) Industry process to translate selected options into low carbon performance in practice. This thesis aims to make some contribution in each of these two areas. Legislation such as the European Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) is stimulating the market to put forward many technical options for design or retrofit of low carbon buildings. The need is identified here for a low cost, EPBD compatible, simulation based, real time method for performance assessment and upgrade option appraisal to inform decisions for a range of users with various levels of technical knowledge. The hypothesis is advanced that such a method can be developed. An EPBD compatible, dynamic simulation based, real time, performance assessment and option appraisal method is then proposed and evaluated. A range of test applications and user groups are considered. Test applications include the generation of energy performance ratings based on a simple questionnaire. Other applications cover a range of individual building, policy or strategy contexts. A critical analysis is carried out of the applicability, scope and limitations of the method. The proposed method proved useful in a range of applications. For other applications some limitations were identified. How these can be addressed is discussed. The development and deployment examples are for a specific building stock but provide insights to enable replication for other situations. The research provides a foundation for further research and development. There is much evidence that selection of appropriate options is not sufficient to achieve low carbon performance. Many issues can lead to gaps between intended and actual performance. Problems are identified in the design and implementation of low carbon systems and controls. Problems include poor understanding, errors in implementation, and poor visibility of actual performance. The need for a method to address these problems is identified. The hypothesis is advanced that such a method can be developed. A Modular Control Mapping and Failure Mode Effect Analysis (FMEA) method is then proposed and evaluated for a range of test applications to buildings intended to be low carbon. The insights from the test applications are reviewed and the scope and limitations of the proposed method discussed. Overall the applications were successful and the useful application demonstrated. The method was deployed post-occupancy, then applicability at various stages of the design process was demonstrated by using concept and detailed design information. The modular control mapping and FMEA process proposed leverages in part the approach taken in industrial sectors identified as benchmarks by proponents of the Building Information Modelling (BIM) initiative. The potential application of further processes from BIM benchmark industry is discussed in the context of current buildings industry initiatives. The performance assessment and option appraisal method, the modular control mapping and FMEA method, and the outcomes from their evaluations are intended to contribute to the realisation of low carbon buildings in practice. The future integration of both methods within a BIM framework is proposed.

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Peñaloza, Diego. "Exploring climate impacts of timber buildings : The effects from including non-traditional aspects in life cycle impact assessment." Licentiate thesis, KTH, Byggnadsmaterial, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-161193.

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There is an urgency within the building sector to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions and mitigate climate change. An increased proportion of biobased building materials in construction is a potential measure to reduce these emissions. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has often been applied to compare the climate impact from biobased materials with that from e.g. mineral based materials, mostly favouring biobased materials. Contradicting results have however been reported due to differences in methodology, as there is not yet consensus regarding certain aspects. The aim of this thesis is to study the implications from non-traditional practices in climate impact assessment of timber buildings, and to discuss the shortcomings of current practices when assessing such products and comparing them with non-renewable alternatives. The traditional practices for climate impact assessment of biobased materials have been identified, and then applied to a case study of a building with different timber frame designs and an alternative building with a concrete frame. Then, non-traditional practices were explored by calculating climate impact results using alternative methods to handle certain methodological aspects, which have been found relevant for forest products in previous research such as the timing of emissions, biogenic emissions, carbon storage in the products, end-of-life substitution credits, soil carbon disturbances and change in albedo. These alternative practices and their implications were also studied for low-carbon buildings. The use of non-traditional practices can affect the climate impact assessment results of timber buildings, and to some extent the comparison with buildings with lower content of biobased building materials. This effect is especially evident for energy-efficient buildings. Current normal practices tend to account separately for forest-related carbon flows and aspects such as biogenic carbon emissions and sequestration or effects from carbon storage in the products, missing to capture the forest carbon cycle as a whole. Climate neutrality of wood-based construction materials seems like a valid assumption for studies which require methodological simplification, while other aspects such as end-of-life substitution credits, soil carbon disturbances or changes in albedo should be studied carefully due to their potentially high implications and the uncertainties around the methods used to account for them. If forest phenomena are to be included in LCA studies, a robust and complete model of the forest carbon cycle should be used. Another shortcoming is the lack of clear communication of the way some important aspects were handled.

QC 20150310

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McLeod, Robert S. "An investigation into the performance of low energy and zero carbon buildings in a changing climate : applying the Passivhaus house standard to the UK context." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56966/.

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Energy consumption and Green House Gas (GHG) emissions from the UK built environment are reflective of the wider situation across Europe, where according to the Energy Performance in Buildings Directive (EPBD) "buildings account for 40% of total energy consumption in the Union" (European Commission, 2010). In December 2006 the UK Government announced a rapid transition to 'zero carbon' new buildings, as a key step forward in reducing GHG emissions from the domestic and non-domestic sectors (DCLG, 2006a; Weaver, 2007). The Passivhaus standard is the fastest growing energy performance standard in the world and in a growing number of regions across Europe it has been implemented as a mandatory minimum standard for all new buildings (iPHA, 2013). This thesis investigates the applicability of this low energy standard to the UK context, in comparison to conventional alternatives, by examining four inter-related themes: (i) in relation to climate change policy and the UK Government's plan for all new homes to be zero carbon from 2016; (ii) by addressing the limitations of the climate data currently used to design Passivhaus buildings, and developing a new methodology for creating higher resolution probabilistic climate data; (iii) by exploring the uncertainty about the future performance of Passivhaus dwellings in relation to future overheating risk and thereby proposing methods to improve whole life design optimization; (iv) by investigating the hygrothermal implications for new build and retrofit Passivhaus projects and highlighting areas where current risk assessment methods are inadequate. This thesis has argued that the transfer of the Passivhaus standard, or any advanced energy performance standard, from one country or region to another should be accompanied by an extensive programme of context specific research and application testing. The findings of this research have shown that the implementation of the Passivhaus standard, in its present format, in the UK is not without risk and uncertainty. This thesis concludes that that the majority of such risks can be substantially mitigated, through the incorporation of high resolution probabilistic climatic data, transient hygrothermal assessments and global sensitivity analysis techniques. The energy saving and thermal comfort potential of the Passivhaus approach have been shown to be substantial and therefore merit the challenges involved in addressing its successful implementation.

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Bibri, Mohamed. "Sustaining ICT for Sustainability : Towards Mainstreaming De–carbonization–oriented Design & Enabling the Energy–Efficient, Low Carbon Economy." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för datavetenskap och kommunikation, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-5936.

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The study set out to understand and demonstrate the role the ICT sector could play as a critical enabler in the transition and progress towards an energy– efficient, low carbon economy. More specifically, the study of sustaining ICT for sustainability has twofold intent: (2) to investigate the direct footprint of ICT sector and explore how it can be tackled through adopting sustainable design–based solutions; and (2) to highlight the enabling potential of ICT sector to mitigate climate change and massively improve energy efficiency across the economy, identifying and quantifying the global ICT impacts and opportunities in the context of energy and carbon emissions savings. To achieve the aim of this study, a pertinent and extensive literature review covering theoretical, empirical, and critical scholarship was performed to investigate the phenomenon. The study draws on a variety of sources to survey the unsustainability of ICT sector pertaining to energy–intensive consumption and explore potential solutions through espousing environmental design practice, and also to examine the role of ICT in delivering energy–efficient solutions through its products and services. Validity was ensured through using quality academic and industry literature as well as relevant studies carried out by a range of eminent researchers, experts, and stakeholders (i.e. NGOs, research centers). Findings highlight the unsustainability of ICT sector regarding energy– intensive consumption and concomitant GHG emissions associated with its products and services. Of the whole lifecycle, the use phase of ICT is the most critical. Data centers and telecom networks devour energy. Planned obsolescence entrenched in software design shorten upgrade cycle, which makes software utilities a planet killer as to energy consumption. Alternative sustainable design–based solutions entail using renewable energy and most efficient energy required over ICT’s life cycle – de–carbonization strategy. Also, digitization is an effective strategy for ICT sector to slash energy use per unit. To reduce the footprint of data centers and telecom networks, design solutions vary from hardware and software to technological improvements. Designing out built–in obsolescence in software technology is a key factor in the energy equation. As for the enabling role of ICT, the findings are highly illuminating. The ICT sector must step up its efforts in reducing its direct footprint in order to claim a leadership role in an energy–efficient, low carbon economy. Although the ICT sector’s own emissions will increase because of global growing demand for its products and services, the real gains will come from its enabling potential to yield substantial energy efficiency improvements and emissions reductions across the economy. The sheer scale of the climate change challenge presents smart development mitigation opportunities for ICT sector to deliver environmentally sustainable solutions. The largest identified opportunities are: dematerialization; intelligent transport and logistics; intelligent buildings; smart power supply; and efficient industrial processes and systems. This study provides a novel approach into sustainable design in ICT, underlining unsustainable design practices in ICT sector. Review of the literature makes an advance on extant reviews by highlighting the synergic relationship between ICT design, sustainability, and the economy.
+46 704 35 21 35

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Tresidder, Esmond. "Accelerated optimisation methods for low-carbon building design." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10512.

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This thesis presents an analysis of the performance of optimisation using Kriging surrogate models on low-carbon building design problems. Their performance is compared with established genetic algorithms operating without a surrogate on a range of different types of building-design problems. The advantages and disadvantages of a Kriging approach, and their particular relevance to low-carbon building design optimisation, are tested and discussed. Scenarios in which Kriging methods are most likely to be of use, and scenarios where, conversely, they may be dis- advantageous compared to other methods for reducing the computational cost of optimisation, such as parallel computing, are highlighted. Kriging is shown to be able, in some cases, to find designs of comparable performance in fewer main-model evaluations than a stand-alone genetic algorithm method. However, this improvement is not robust, and in several cases Kriging required many more main-model evaluations to find comparable designs, especially in the case of design problems with discrete variables, which are common in low-carbon building design. Furthermore, limitations regarding the extent to which Kriging optimisa- tions can be accelerated using parallel computing resources mean that, even in the scenarios in which Kriging showed the greatest advantage, a stand-alone genetic algorithm implemented in parallel would be likely to find comparable designs more quickly. In light of this it is recommended that, for most lowcarbon building design problems, a stand-alone genetic algorithm is the most suitable optimisation method. Two novel methods are developed to improve the performance of optimisation algorithms on low-carbon building design problems. The first takes advantage of variables whose impact can be quickly calculated without re-running an expensive dynamic simulation, in order to dramatically increase the number of designs that can be explored within a given computing budget. The second takes advantage of objectives that can be !Keywords To Be Included For Additional Search Power: Optimisation, optimization, Kriging, meta-models, metamodels, low-energy design ! "2 calculated without a dynamic simulation in order to filter out designs that do not meet constraints in those objectives and focus the use of computationally expensive dynamic simulations on feasible designs. Both of these methods show significant improvement over standard methods in terms of the quality of designs found within a given dynamic-simulation budget.

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Bonnier, Thérèce. "Building Low Carbon Lifestyles : A qualitative study of the built environment’s potential to encourage low carbon lifestyles." Thesis, KTH, Hållbar utveckling, miljövetenskap och teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-212937.

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With over half of the world’s population living in urban settlements and an ongoing urbanization, cities today offer a unique opportunity to tackle climate change. Emissions of greenhouse gases derive from all products and services used, and in Sweden the average inhabitant emit 7 tons of greenhouse gases in carbon dioxide equivalents every year from privately acquired products and services, calculated from a consumption perspective. Long-term climate goals, and international climate agreements sets a limit of 1-2 tons. Lifestyle changes are important to achieve sustainable development, but planning practices today generally do not try to influence citizens’ consumption, and is presumed cannot affect inhabitants’ consumption of food, clothes, electronics, furniture, etc. This thesis investigates how planning and the built environment can practically encourage more sustainable consumption patterns, and which of these practices would be suitable to implement in the current sustainability project of Norra Kymlinge. The study concludes that sustainable consumption patterns could be encouraged in Norra Kymlinge through: collaborative living, sharing infrastructure, green leases, food production, personal measurement, and semi self-built apartments. For future research, more quantitative studies on the topic are suggested.

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Stephens, Amanda C. "Carbon Neutral Building: Architectural Manifestation of Carbon Efficient Design." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1554210795873197.

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Halama, Miroslav. "Uhlíková stopa ve stavebnictví a její teoretická hodnota." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-371900.

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Presented theses dealing with the complex influence of human activity on the environment. Particularly provides the calculation of carbon footprint volume consumed during manufacturing of raw materials used for a normal and a low-energy house. The calculation of the energy performance certificate for both variants is also included. To evaluate of economical demanding investment to both mentioned houses including carbon dioxide disposal, the theoretical calculation of the price of carbon footprint equivalent has to be determined. The aim of this study is an investigation of carbon footprint in construction industry focusing on the production of carbon dioxide during the realization of a normal and low-energy house.

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Uzan, Sacha. "Design of a low carbon building : Case study of an architectural competition." Thesis, KTH, Bro- och stålbyggnad, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-264756.

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Greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions due to human activities have considerably increased in the past decades which are the main contributors of global warming. In order to limit the consequences of the global climate change happening, all sectors must reduce their carbon emissions and especially the building industry which represents 19% of the carbon footprint of human activities. This paper is giving methods to help reduce the carbon footprint of a building when designing it such as life cycle assessment which allow project teams to compare the global warming potential of all building materials. Those methods are used and challenged in a case study of an architectural competition project named quai d’Issy in Paris, France. Using biobased materials help reduce the carbon footprint of a building, a structure made of timber and concrete elements can emit less than 21% of GHGs than a classic concrete structure. By sourcing reused and recycled building materials, by using geothermal heat pump as heating and cooling systems for example, we have been able to reach for the quai d’Issy project a carbon footprint of 930kgC02eq/m2 of floor area, which is less than level needed for the highest French environmental certification. However, these results can be obtained only if the building materials companies continue their work to develop low-carbon materials and promote recycled and reused materials. This study emphasises the need to spread knowledge of the tools to design low-carbon building to all the actors of the building industry in order to promote behaviours that will limit the consequences of climate change.

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De, Wolf Catherine (Catherine Elvire Lieve). "Low carbon pathways for structural design : embodied life cycle impacts of building structures." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111491.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Building Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 151-174).
Whole life cycle emissions of buildings include not only operational carbon due to their use phase, but also embodied carbon due to the rest of their life cycle: material extraction, transport to the site, construction, and demolition. With ongoing population growth and increasing urbanization, decreasing immediate and irreversible embodied carbon emissions is imperative. With feedback from a wide range of stakeholders - architects, structural engineers, policy makers, rating-scheme developers, this research presents an integrated assessment approach to compare embodied life cycle impacts of building structures. Existing literature indicates that there is an urgent need for benchmarking the embodied carbon of building structures. To remediate this, a rigorous and transparent methodology is presented on multiple scales. On the material scale, a comparative analysis defines reliable Embodied Carbon Coefficients (ECC, expressed in kgCO2e/kg) for the structural materials concrete, steel, and timber. On the structural scale, data analysis evaluates the Structural Material Quantities (SMQ, expressed in kg/m²) and the embodied carbon for existing building structures (expressed in kgCO2e/m²). An interactive database of building projects is created in close collaboration with leading structural design firms worldwide. Results show that typical buildings range between 200 and 550 kgCO2e/m² on average, but these results can vary widely dependent on structural systems, height, size, etc. On the urban scale, an urban modeling method to simulate the embodied carbon of neighborhoods is proposed and applied to a Middle Eastern case study. A series of extreme low carbon case studies are analyzed. Results demonstrate that a novel design approach can lead to buildings with an embodied carbon as low as 30 kgCO2e/m² which is an order of magnitude lower than conventional building structures today. Two pathways are implemented to lower the embodied carbon of structures: choosing low carbon materials (low ECC) and optimizing the structural efficiency of buildings (low SMQ). This research recommends new pathways for low carbon structural design, crucial for lowering carbon emissions in the built environment.
by Catherine De Wolf.
Ph. D. in Building Technology

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Sadr, Faramarz. "Supervisory model predictive control of building integrated renewable and low carbon energy systems." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2012. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/9518.

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To reduce fossil fuel consumption and carbon emission in the building sector, renewable and low carbon energy technologies are integrated in building energy systems to supply all or part of the building energy demand. In this research, an optimal supervisory controller is designed to optimize the operational cost and the CO2 emission of the integrated energy systems. For this purpose, the building energy system is defined and its boundary, components (subsystems), inputs and outputs are identified. Then a mathematical model of the components is obtained. For mathematical modelling of the energy system, a unified modelling method is used. With this method, many different building energy systems can be modelled uniformly. Two approaches are used; multi-period optimization and hybrid model predictive control. In both approaches the optimization problem is deterministic, so that at each time step the energy consumption of the building, and the available renewable energy are perfectly predicted for the prediction horizon. The controller is simulated in three different applications. In the first application the controller is used for a system consisting of a micro-combined heat and power system with an auxiliary boiler and a hot water storage tank. In this application the controller reduces the operational cost and CO2 emission by 7.31 percent and 5.19 percent respectively, with respect to the heat led operation. In the second application the controller is used to control a farm electrification system consisting of PV panels, a diesel generator and a battery bank. In this application the operational cost with respect to the common load following strategy is reduced by 3.8 percent. In the third application the controller is used to control a hybrid off-grid power system consisting of PV panels, a battery bank, an electrolyzer, a hydrogen storage tank and a fuel cell. In this application the controller maximizes the total stored energies in the battery bank and the hydrogen storage tank.

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Ibn-Mohammed, Taofeeq. "Optimal ranking and sequencing of non-domestic building energy retrofit options for greenhouse gas emissions reduction." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/10501.

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Whether it is based on current emissions data or future projections of further growth, the building sector currently represent the largest and singular most important contributor to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions globally. This notion is also supported by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change based on projection scenarios for 2030 that emissions from buildings will be responsible for about one-third of total global emissions. As such, improving the energy efficiency of buildings has become a top priority worldwide. A significant majority of buildings that exist now will still exist in 2030 and beyond; therefore the greatest energy savings and carbon footprint reductions can be made through retrofit of existing buildings. A wide range of retrofit options are readily available, but methods to identify optimal solutions for a particular abatement project still constitute a major technical challenge. Investments in building energy retrofit technologies usually involve decision-making processes targeted at reducing operational energy consumption and maintenance bills. For this reason, retrofit decisions by building stakeholders are typically driven by financial considerations. However, recent trends towards environmentally conscious and resource-efficient design and retrofit have focused on the environmental merits of these options, emphasising a lifecycle approach to emissions reduction. Retrofit options available for energy savings have different performance characteristics and building stakeholders are required to establish an optimal solution, where competing objectives such as financial costs, energy consumption and environmental performance are taken into account. These key performance parameters cannot be easily quantified and compared by building stakeholders since they lack the resources to perform an effective decision analysis. In part, this is due to the inadequacy of existing methods to assess and compare performance indicators. Current methods to quantify these parameters are considered in isolation when making decisions about energy conservation in buildings. To effectively manage the reduction of lifecycle environmental impacts, it is necessary to link financial cost with both operational and embodied emissions. This thesis presents a novel deterministic decision support system (DSS) for the evaluation of economically and environmentally optimal retrofit of non-domestic buildings. The DSS integrates the key variables of economic and net environmental benefits to produce optimal decisions. These variables are used within an optimisation scheme that consists of integrated modules for data input, sensitivity analysis and takes into account the use of a set of retrofit options that satisfies a range of criteria (environmental, demand, cost and resource constraints); hierarchical course of action; and the evaluations of ‘best’ case scenario based on marginal abatement cost methods and Pareto optimisation. The steps involved in the system development are presented and its usefulness is evaluated using case study applications. The results of the applications are analysed and presented, verifying the feasibility of the DSS, whilst encouraging further improvements and extensions. The usefulness of the DSS as a tool for policy formulation and developments that can trigger innovations in retrofit product development processes and sustainable business models are also discussed. The methodology developed provides stakeholders with an efficient and reliable decision process that is informed by both environmental and financial considerations. Overall, the development of the DSS which takes a whole-life CO2 emission accounting framework and an economic assessment view-point, successfully demonstrates how value is delivered across different parts of the techno-economic system, especially as it pertains to financial gains, embodied and operational emissions reduction potential.

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Zapata, Poveda Maria Gabriela. "An investigation of the tools and situated learning in non-domestic low carbon building design." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2014. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56324/.

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This thesis investigated the enactment of low carbon policy aspirations by practitioners designing new non-domestic buildings during the 2010 transitional energy regulation change in England and Wales. The investigation called on social theories to examine how the low carbon policy model was adopted by designers in real-time project design. It analyses what designers were doing as compared to what they were expected to be doing by documenting the design process, the knowledge and the tools to embed performance. The research was conducted by ethnographic methods that included non-participant observations, interviews and document analysis. Four architecture practices were recruited to analyse the conceptual and detailed design process in six non-domestic buildings for twelve to twenty-one months per case study. The architects were the main research participants and other design team members such as the mechanical engineers, the energy specialists and the BREEAM assessors were included. The study reveals how the compliance tools, guidance and standards (official tools) were incorporated in routine project design and the informal tools that designers used to embed low carbon performance throughout the design process. The findings suggest that the designers’ enactment of the policy enters already formed design processes that reflect a multitude of concerns and precedents, a preexisting social context. The social context is likely to affect the evolution of the low carbon aspirations, the dissemination of knowledge and the use of tools in the process. The field data reveals the understanding performance cycles enacted by designers and the knowledge gaps likely to emerge in the process. The study identifies the designers’ enactment of the policy aspirations and increases the understanding of the designers’ adoption of official standards, tools and guidance during the real time design process.

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Ji, Qunfeng. "Investigating low carbon development of high-density building clusters located around railway passenger transport hubs in China." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2018. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/117955/.

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China has experienced high rates of urbanisation due to the increasing housing demand in cities, resulting in high energy consumption and high carbon dioxide emissions from buildings. Moreover, transport-related carbon dioxide emissions will also show a dramatic increase because of the growing number of vehicles in the process of the rapid urbanisation. This research aims to investigate building energy consumption and transport-related carbon dioxide emissions due to mobilities of users from buildings and propose strategies to reduce their energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions in cities. The main contributions of this research are two-fold. Firstly, in the theoretical aspect,this research fills the research gap on the combination of the carbon dioxide emissions quantification with buildings and the transport. Secondly, in the practical perspective, this research presents examples study of the carbon dioxide emissions quantification, analyses potential factors affecting energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions, and provides strategies for low carbon city development. This study adopts an on-site survey, questionnaires, modelling simulation, and regression analysis to explore the situations of carbon dioxide emissions in three cases, with each representing one typical location type. The study provides an understanding of the low carbon city development, investigates energy demand and carbon dioxide emissions and compares energy demand with the simulation; it examines factors including street orientation, the layout of building clusters, overshadows, and urban heat island effects with carbon dioxide emissions from building sectors. Meanwhile, this study regresses modal splits with three aspects relating to socioeconomic characteristics, travel patterns from respondents, and self-evaluation on travelling. All of these provides implications for both theoretical and practical research on low carbon city development.

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Wang, Yan. "Innovation systems and regional governance for the development of low carbon building technologies in Wales : a 'functions approach'." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2015. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/76869/.

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Having arguably led the world in the transition to a high carbon economy, much of Wales today is economically and socially deprived. Even so, a devolved Welsh Government has set ambitious targets to reduce carbon emissions in the devolved areas, while creating employment and economic opportunities, reducing fuel poverty, thereby helping to solve Wales’ entrenched social and economic problems. A low carbon transition in the built environment is critical to achieve such targets. This PhD study aims to provide theoretically informed and empirically grounded insights into the development of low carbon building technologies in Wales through examining how the functions of the innovation systems of two selected emerging technologies i.e. ‘Welsh grown timber for construction’ (WTC) and ‘building integrated solar energy systems’ (BISE) have been fulfilled. Having first established a bespoke analytical framework, the functional patterns of the two technological innovation systems (TIS) are documented, assessed and compared. The study further explores how the functional analyses may offer a bottom-up perspective on the policy implications for regional governance in Wales, which might alter the functional patterns, and improve the innovation capability of relevant Welsh organisations. The functional analyses of the WTC and BISE TIS shows that, although both TISs have reached their formative phases in Wales, there is no guarantee that either system will eventually move onto the phase of market diffusion, due to the inherent system weaknesses and uncertainties likely arising in technology, policy-making, and market. Whereas regional governance in Wales can introduce policy interventions, they matter only when breakouts from certain forms of institutional ‘path-dependence’ are induced. In this respect, the thesis concludes by discussing four streams of policy-thinking that may instigate different pathways in Wales, namely: technology foresight; the regulation-induced innovation hypothesis; demand-oriented policy measures; and, support for small business innovations through, e.g. R&D consortia.

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Enker, Robert Abraham. "The Role of Building Regulation as a Policy Instrument for Accelerating the Transition to a Low Carbon Built Environment." Thesis, Curtin University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11937/79746.

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Appreciating the pivotal role of the building sector is crucial to an effective response to climate change. Implementation of policies for mitigating greenhouse emissions from the world’s buildings invariably relies on regulatory, economic or informational instruments. In fact a comprehensive strategy utilizing all three approaches is required; although regulatory measures - building energy codes - are demonstrably most effective. Successful building energy policy must draw upon Behavioural Economics to achieve desired changes in stakeholder behaviour.

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Bodach, Susanne [Verfasser], Werner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Gutachter] Lang, and Thomas [Gutachter] Auer. "Climate responsive building design for low-carbon development in Nepal / Susanne Bodach ; Gutachter: Thomas Auer, Werner Lang ; Betreuer: Werner Lang." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1125627085/34.

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Abokersh, Mohamed. "Decision Making Tools for Sustainable Transition Toward Low Carbon Energy Technologies in the Residential Sector." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671958.

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Aliniant-se amb l’ambiciós paquet energètic i climàtic de la UE 2030 per reduir les emissions d’efecte hivernacle i substituir les fonts de calor convencionals mitjançant la presència de participacions d’energia renovable per aconseguir una comunitat d’energia nul·la, les parts interessades del sector residencial s’enfronten a diversos aspectes tècnics, econòmics i ambientals. qüestions per assolir els objectius de la UE en un futur proper. Aquesta tesi se centra en dues transformacions estructurals claus necessàries per a una transició sostenible cap a la producció d’energia neta: el problema de les tecnologies d’energia amb baix carboni que representen els sistemes solars de calefacció urbana juntament amb l’emmagatzematge estacional d’energia i la seva aplicació per aconseguir edificis d’energia gairebé nul·la. L’abordatge d’aquests reptes s’inicia mitjançant l’ús del disseny i l’optimització de sistemes d’energia neta incorporats a l’aprenentatge automàtic i l’anàlisi de dades per desenvolupar eines d’enginyeria de processos assistits per ordinador. Aquestes eines ajudarien a abordar els reptes de les parts interessades, contribuint així a la transició cap a un futur més sostenible.
Alineándose con el ambicioso paquete de energía y clima de la UE 2030 para reducir las emisiones de efecto invernadero y reemplazar las fuentes de calor convencionales a través de la presencia de energía renovable para lograr una comunidad de energía neta cero, las partes interesadas en el sector residencial se enfrentan a varios problemas técnicos, económicos y ambientales. cuestiones para cumplir los objetivos de la UE en un futuro próximo. Esta tesis se centra en dos transformaciones estructurales clave necesarias para la transición sostenible hacia la producción de energía limpia: el problema de las tecnologías energéticas bajas en carbono que representan los sistemas de calefacción de distrito solar junto con el almacenamiento de energía estacional, y su aplicación para lograr edificios de energía casi nula. El abordaje de estos desafíos se inicia mediante el uso del diseño y la optimización de sistemas de energía limpia incorporados con el aprendizaje automático y el análisis de datos para desarrollar herramientas de ingeniería de procesos asistida por computadora. Estas herramientas ayudarían a abordar los desafíos de las partes interesadas, contribuyendo así a la transición hacia un futuro más sostenible.
Aligning with the ambitious EU 2030 climate and energy package for cutting the greenhouse emissions and replacing conventional heat sources through the presence of renewable energy share to achieve net-zero-energy community, the stakeholders at residential sector are facing several technical, economic, and environmental issues to meet the EU targets in the near future. This thesis is focusing on two key structural transformations needed for sustainable transition towards clean energy production: the low carbon energy technologies problem represented by the solar district heating systems coupled with seasonal energy storage, and its application to achieve Nearly Zero Energy Buildings. The Tackling for these challenges is instigated through using design and optimization of clean energy systems incorporated with machine learning and data analysis to develop Computer-Aided Process Engineering tools. These tools would help in addressing the stakeholder’s challenges, thus contributing to the transition towards a more sustainable future.

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Giarnieri, Ilenia. "Kraft lignin depolymerization to added-value building blocks by electrooxidation over Ni and Cu electrocatalysts." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2021. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/24402/.

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Lignin is a natural by-product coming from lignocellulosic biomass. Due to its polymeric aromatic structure, it is becoming an attractive source of aromatic building blocks, but the complexity and the heterogeneity of this material makes its depolymerization challenging. Among the possible depolymerization treatments, electrocatalysis has been adopted in this work to depolymerize lignin in mild conditions, applying renewable electricity, by means of a metal electrocatalyst. The electrocatalytic reaction has been conducted into a three-electrode cell, connected to a potentiostat, and registered by chronoamperometry experiment. Four types of catalysts have been tested: Ni bare, Cu bare, calcined Ni and calcined Cu. All of them have been characterized chemical-physically by SEM, XRD and Raman and electrochemically by cyclic voltammetry. Their activities have been evaluated by comparing obtained yield of vanillin, acetovanillone and guaiacol, the most recurrent products. Ni bare displayed the highest total yield. The effects of applied potential and reaction time on total products yields were evaluated. The best operating conditions were found to be 0.7 V applied potential and 10 minutes reaction time. 0.5 w/w% of vanillin yield was reached by applying 0.8 V.

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Yun, Ji Sub. "Purification of Indoor Air Pollutants Utilizing Hydrophobic Adsorbents." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/41613.

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Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a particular concern in places with inadequate ventilation and frequently attributed to chemical contaminants such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs)released from indoor sources that are frequently encountered in everyday life such as adhesives, carpeting, upholstery, manufactured wood products, copy machines, pesticides, cleaning agents inside buildings, plumbing vents, and painting. Furthermore, it is a major issue for modern human beings who spend most of their time indoors or must stay indoors for self-isolation due to special circumstances such as the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic that occurred in 2019 and 2020. Main indoor VOCs are trichloroethylene (TCE), benzene, toluene, and para-xylene (p-xylene). In general, these compounds are not present in indoor spaces at acute concentrations, but prolonged exposure to these compounds can have chronic health effects such as allergic sensitization, increased cancer risks, and respiratory diseases. In this study, the adsorption process with various advantages has been applied to remove VOC’s using commercially available hydrophobic adsorbents. The hydrophobic adsorbents can contribute to reducing the possibility of chemical adsorption (chemisorption) of moisture from the air, which can decrease the capacity of adsorbent by clogging the pores. The adsorption of these major VOCs was investigated in this work for three major types of industrial hydrophobic adsorbents: activated carbons, zeolites, and polymer. This study will show the investigation into finding the most promising hydrophobic adsorbent for removal of TCE, benzene, toluene, and p-xylene, which are the main VOCs found indoors. The promising hydrophobic adsorbent has been determined by comparing Henry’s law constants and heat of adsorption values for the different adsorbents, which were estimated by using a concentration pulse chromatographic technique by utilizing a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector. For all adsorbents, Henry’s law constants at room temperature of p-xylene were always the highest followed by toluene, benzene, and TCE. For all adsorbates, Henry’s law constants at room temperature of AC BPL and HiSiv 3000 were higher than the other hydrophobic adsorbents. For a developing modern society dealing with a pandemic, this study can contribute to producing the optimized gas masks and indoor filters for the removal of indoor air pollutants, which can help people who suffer from SBS. It can also help society for taking preventative actions towards dealing with SBS.

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39

Thébault, Simon Romain. "Contribution à l'évaluation in situ des performances d'isolation thermique de l'enveloppe des bâtiments." Thesis, Lyon, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LYSEI008/document.

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Dans un contexte d’économie d’énergie et de réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre, de nombreux efforts ont été réalisés en France pour renforcer l’isolation de l’enveloppe des bâtiments afin de contribuer à réduire les consommations de chauffage. Toutefois, il arrive souvent que la performance thermique calculée avant construction ou rénovation ne soit pas atteinte sur le terrain (erreur de calcul, défauts de mise en œuvre, etc.). Or, pour pouvoir généraliser la construction de bâtiments à basse consommation et la rénovation, il faut pouvoir garantir aux maîtres d'ouvrage une performance réelle de leur bâtiment après travaux. Le fait de mesurer in situ la performance intrinsèque d'isolation thermique de l'enveloppe permet de contribuer à cette garantie. Il existe à l’échelle internationale de nombreuses méthodes basées sur le suivi des consommations et des conditions thermiques intérieures et extérieures. Certaines ont déjà fait leurs preuves sur le terrain, mais sont souvent soit contraignantes, soit peu précises. Et surtout, les calculs d’incertitude associés sont souvent rudimentaires. L’objectif de ce travail financé par le CSTB est de consolider scientifiquement une nouvelle méthode de mesure de la qualité d’isolation globale d’un bâtiment à réception des travaux (méthode ISABELE). Dans le premier chapitre, un état de l'art sur les méthodes existantes a été réalisé afin de dégager des pistes d'amélioration sur la base d'une synthèse comparative. La piste prioritaire identifiée porte sur le calcul d'incertitude (un point central du problème). La propagation des erreurs aléatoires par un approche bayésienne ainsi que des erreurs systématiques par une approche plus classique feront l'objet de la méthodologie globale proposée dans le second chapitre. L'une des importantes sources d'incertitude porte sur l'évaluation du débit d'infiltration. La caractérisation de cette incertitude et de l'impact sur le résultat de mesure fera l'objet du troisième chapitre, avec un comparatif de différentes approches expérimentales (règle du pouce, modèles aérauliques, gaz traceur). Enfin, une amélioration de la prise en compte de la dynamique thermique du bâtiment au cours du test sera proposée dans le dernier chapitre. Son fondement repose sur l'adaptation du modèle thermique inverse en fonction du bâtiment et des conditions du test. Pour cela, une sélection parmi une banque de modèles simplifiés est réalisée sur la base de critères statistiques et du principe de parcimonie. Ces différentes dispositions ont été testés sur une large série de mesures menées sur un même bâtiment à ossature bois (chalet OPTIMOB). La robustesse et la précision du résultat de mesure ont ainsi pu être légèrement améliorées. La méthode de calcul du débit d'infiltration, ni trop simple ni trop complexe, a pu également être validée. Enfin, le temps de mesure minimal nécessaire a pu être déterminé en fonction de la classe d'inertie du bâtiment
The global context of energy savings and greenhouse gases emissions control led to significant efforts in France to boost the thermal insulation in buildings in order to reduce heating consumption. Nevertheless, the stated thermal performance before construction or refurbishment is rarely achieved in practice, for many reasons (calculation errors, defects in materials or workmanship, etc.). Yet, guaranteeing the real thermal performance of buildings on the spot is crucial to enhance the refurbishment market and the construction of energy efficient buildings. To do so, measurement techniques of the intrinsinc thermal insulation performance indicators are needed. Such techniques already exist worldwide, and consist in processing the measurement data from the indoor and outdoor thermal conditions and the heat consumption. Some of them have already proved themselves in the field, but are either binding or very imprecise. And above all, the related uncertainty calculations are often rough. The objective of this thesis funded by CSTB is to consolidate a novel measurement method of the thermal insulation quality of a whole building after reception of work (ISABELE method). In the first chapter, a state of the art of the existing methods allows to identify possible ways to pursue this goal from a comparative synthesis. The primary reflection is about the uncertainty calculation method (which is a central issue). The second chapter presents a global methodology to combine the propagation of random and systematic errors from bayesian and classical approaches. One of the most important uncertainty sources deals with the infiltration air flow evaluation during the test. The third chapter investigates the characterization of this uncertainty, as well as its impact on the final result, depending on the chosen experimental approach (rule of thumb, simplified aeraulic models, tracer gases). Lastly, an improvement of the inclusion of the bluiding thermal dynamics during the test will be proposed in the last chapter. The basis of this improvement is to adapt the inverse model according to the building type and the test conditions. To do so, the proposed algorithm selects a model form a variety of simplified greybox models based on statistical criteria and parcimony. All these contributions have been tested on a large serie of measurements on a same timber-framed building (OPTIMOB shed). The robustness and precision of the results have been slightly improved. The intial infiltration air flow calculation, neither too simple of too complicated, has also been validated. Finaly, a better ordrer of magnitude of the minimal test duration has been determined, depending on the building inertia

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CHAO, HAN, and 趙涵. "Low-Carbon Transformation to Building - Use of Heyuan Buildings (Chinese courtyard houses)of Kinmen and Modern Buildings as examples." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/5at5q9.

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碩士
國立金門大學
建築學系
104
Global warming is increasing, and has already caused a serious situation.In order to mitigate the impact of a rising carbon dioxide level on the climate and the environment, which causes global warming, many countries have been actively promoting green living, low-carbon energy and sustainable development in recent years. To achieve energy-saving and carbon reduction targets, the Taiwan government advocated the “Scheme for low-carbon cities” in 2010, and Kinmen was selected for development as a low-carbon demonstration city, as well as a model low-carbon outlying island. With its special geographical location, and through comprehensive planning by the local government as well as a great deal of help from the residents on the island, Kinmen has carried out renovation of old communities and developed constructions in new communities as low-carbon buildings. The development in Kinmen employs energy-saving techniques to the greatest extent, and aims to achieve a 600,000-ton carbon reduction by 2018.The process of construction to create a low-carbon living environment not only involves the effort of the central and local governments, but also requires companies and the general public to participate during their daily life. This study explored energy issues that have arisen due to abnormal climate changes, focusing on reduction of energy consumption during construction and lifting the ecological burden. It aimed to bring the issue of architectural design to the forefront of the public’s attention, which may assist in finding better solutions in an era of a low-carbon economy. Simulation study of low-carbon strategies and practical construction of composite facades were used as case studies for analysis of carbon consumption. Infrared thermal imaging was used to analyze the interior and exterior of a building, and the results were compared with those obtained after composite facade transformation. From quantitative data obtained prior to and after renovation, it was clear that the transformation effectively achieved the target of reduction in energy consumption. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of green construction are presented for future reference. Furthermore, this study summarizes several recommendations for building transformation that are suitable for Kinmen, which can be taken as a useful reference for other buildings when transformation is under consideration.

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41

Shih-HaoLin and 林士豪. "Research on Low-carbon Structural Units of Office Buildings- The Case Study in Varied Structure Types." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/04459747481016704534.

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42

Su, Wei-Na, and 蘇微納. "A Strategic Game on Low carbon footprint building." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/80059143380129547709.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
104
With the emergce of environment problems, such as global warming, greenhouse effect and extreme climate, the problems of carbon emissions have become an important international issue. Obviously, the carbon emissions of buildings sector is the most in global greenhouse gas emissions by economic sectors. Cutting carbon dioxide emissions of buildings become more critical for carbon reduction. This study create an educational board game to spread the sustainable environment protection. The design concept of the game is based on Building Carbon Footprint Evaluation Method, which proposed by Low Carbon Building Alliance (LCBA). The game create a model to simulate a house construction processed by purchasing equipment and choosing the building materials, and reducing carbon footprint by energy-efficient technologies design afterwards to achieve the purpose of low carbon building. In order to exam the result of this instructional game, there are two experiments. These results show that participants’ awareness of low carbon building has been improved. Secondly, the participants purchase more energy-saving devices or more green building materials are helpful for cutting carbon footprint of building.

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Chang, Shuo-Hsiu, and 張碩修. "Low-carbon Passive Design Strategies Utilized in Building Renovation." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/70813532938736086360.

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碩士
國立高雄大學
創意設計與建築學系碩士班
101
The topic of sustainable energy saving now is very popular. However what is green building? How to reconstruct high-energy consuming, function impaired and unhealthy established buildings? Would applying some energy saving designs achieve the best result of sustainable construction and low-carbon? Is energy saving index the ultimate basis of environment improvement? There is no answer for those questions. This research believes that applying some energy saving techniques may not sufficient to achieve the expected goal of sustainable low-carbon. Integrated low-carbon passive designs are needed in the project. This research is based on observation of the smart energy house in Ciaotou Sugar Refinery. This research tries to use “pattern”concept to help the environment improvement participants. During the planning process they can have the better understandings of local life style and comprehend how the local people respond and reform their environment. The concept is also helpful for environment improvement participants to analyze the local ecological, economical and society behaviors. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop a planning module that includes analysis frames, decision systems and standard operation procedures according to analyzing the relations between the environment levels and patterns。This module is not only for ecological experts. By following the standard planning process any inhabitant can use this module to analyze the environment problems and participate in designing. Therefore the inhabitants can develop their reconstruction ideas to solve the complicated environment problems and activate the space based on their personal experiences in order to attain the ultimate environment and build the local low-carbon happy life.

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44

Lin, Bo-shiang, and 林泊享. "Building design challenges and planning strategy of low carbon to neutral." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/49585066826763912080.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
102
Architecture is one of the world's largest energy consuming industries, which release of greenhouse gases and energy consumption accounted for one-third of the world's total energy consumption, also, with climate change caused a lot of problems and comprehensive disaster , we must pay attention to this topic. As the result, carbon emission control has becomes the target of global concern. Therefore, Committed to reducing building's energy consumption will be the trend. Nowadays In many building energy and reduce carbon emissions issues , is most concerned about the zero energy building and zero carbon building, they are all considered to save energy and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. In recent years, however, researchers from the zero-carbon building development process, found mostly always focus on the application of technical and equipment, but not much for the integration of design and method of zero carbon buildings. Therefore, this research will begin on the design and concept of zero carbon buildings, discuss about design challenges of low carbon to neutral. First, this study will review the literature and case study will be basis on low-carbon building thinking, and design strategies in integrate zero carbon buildings, to explore ways to promote real zero carbon buildings row. This research are include architectural design competition and simulated operating, trying to establish the design strategy of low carbon to neutral. The study includes the context of environmental changes and sustainable building, as well as an attempt to reduce and balance the building generated carbon emissions. And from the perspective of the building life cycle, discuss how to achieve the architectural and environmental symbiosis. Finally, establishment of the design operating strategies is proof to be available for the design stages of learning.

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45

Pin-DangWang and 王品登. "Discussion on Factors of Architectural Practitioner's Cognition toward Low-Carbon Building Design." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/wmnq39.

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碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系
102
Climate change caused by global warming has brought serious impact on ecological and socio-economic, buildings as one of the main energy consumers and carbon emitters attract increasing attention. According to IPCC, buildings consumed 40% energy sources To mitigate the impact of global climate change, must promote low-carbon buildings. Building design and construction can decide whether to implement the concept of low-carbon buildings. Architectural practitioner's cognition toward low carbon building affecting the architectural design concept. The purpose of this study is to investigate architectural practitioner's willing of using low carbon building and related product. This questionnaire survey targeted architectural practitioner of Taiwan, and 392 questionnaires sent in total, 186 effective questionnaires were collected. All data are analyzed and verified with descriptive statistics, item analysis, factor analysis, pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and one-way analysis of variance. The study shows that important obstacles of low-carbon building design can be divided into“cost of building materials”and “proprietor acceptance”. Architectural Relationship between practitioner's adoption intention and Environmental benefits of the equipment

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46

Feng, Lin, and 林鋒. "The Innovation of Green Building Design Strategy to Promote Low Carbon Communities." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/08728541760227420498.

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碩士
國立臺灣科技大學
建築系
103
In the condition of Global warming, low-carbon has become an issue in this century. This issue revolutes the life style of human beings, and urge the green building and the low-carbon community to emerge. However, they are linked each other and it will not make a big difference until we put the two ones together to think about how to improve our living environment. The research finds that the green building and the low- carbon community are still isolated each other by analyzing their development. Therefore, the research puts forward an innovative green building design strategy to promote low-carbon communities. Firstly, the research proves the theoretic feasibility with literature review and case studies. Secondly, it verifies the operability with some projects which win in architectural design competitions. Finally, the new green building design strategy is established. We hope it can help other architecture learners.

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47

ZHU, JIA-JUN, and 朱嘉俊. "A Study on Low Carbon Index Framework Establishing and Operation in Building." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2b6w3t.

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碩士
國立雲林科技大學
營建工程系
107
As the global warming becomes more and more serious, in order to reduce carbon emissions, countries have proposed many solutions. According to the assessment report of the United Nations Climate Change Committee (IPCC) over the years, global carbon emissions are rising every year, and the global climate change phenomenon has become more serious. The data show that Taiwan's per capita carbon emissions are three times the world average, and the construction industry's carbon emissions account for about 28% of the total carbon emissions. Therefore, in recent years, the government departments have strongly promoted the implementation of green buildings, and also promoted many related energy conservation. The generation of carbon reduction stamps reflects the need for Taiwan's construction industry to reduce carbon. This research collects and sorts out the literature review data, sorts out domestic and international energy conservation trends, carbon emission summary and related measures, carbon footprint assessment, carbon reduction policy related literature, and in-depth discussion on the establishment of low-carbon building assessment framework, design categories, indicators Classification and other related materials. It also jumped away from the nine indicators framework of green buildings in China, and tried to establish a more comprehensive low-carbon building evaluation index structure based on the life cycle of buildings. After expert consultation and literature collection, the evaluation factors for screening indicators were formulated by the modified Defi method. Then, online surveys were conducted with professionals with high relevance in the construction field. The importance ranking and weight of each factor were ranked according to the analysis results of the hierarchical analysis method, and a complete low-carbon building evaluation framework was established. Finally, through the four categories in the low carbon building assessment framework established in this study, the eight indicators and the weights of the evaluation factors are used to analyze the evaluation case building, calculate the scores of the evaluation factors and collect them, and give the case construction. The score in the low carbon building assessment framework. It can also integrate the key points of low-carbon property management, conduct relevant analysis and evaluate and improve the research case, so that it can meet the scope of low-carbon property management. It is possible to more clearly examine whether building cases meet low carbon expectations, which projects do not meet the requirements and how to promote low carbon planning, and then propose to improve life cycle carbon emissions and promote the concept and importance of low carbon buildings.

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48

Hsiu-Chuan, Huang, and 黃秀娟. "The study of Building a Low-carbon Emission and Sustainable Hometown in Luodon Town." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a4n5d2.

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碩士
國立宜蘭大學
綠色科技學程碩士在職專班
102
Greenhouse gas (GHG), which induced by rapid growth of human population and economic development, has great impacted on the safety of lives, global environment, social-economic, health and epidemic prevention, food security, etc. Therefore, many governments invest a large amount of money and human resource in developing the techniques of low carbon emissions and renewable energy to deal the problem of global warming and climate change. In Taiwan, though the area and population is less than other country, carbon dioxide emission has significantly increase due to the social and industry activities in recent years. As a result, it is the key thing for the government and people to reduce the effect of global warming in Taiwan. The aim of this study is to build a low carbon emission and sustainable development hometown in Loudong town, Yilan County. The research is based on ten parameters: 1) environmental greening, 2) energy saving of building, 3) energy-saving equipment, 4) renewable energy, 5) green transportation, 6) resource recycling, 7) low-carbon life, 8) disaster prevention and adaptation, 9) law and economical tools, and 10) social behavioural and appraisal tools. In addition, the plan of "low-carbon sustainable homes Promotion Program Plan", Environmental Protection Administration Executive Yuan is also considered in this study. According to this study, some evidences show that Loudong has achieved some initial results after the action of low-carbon emission. For example, the household electricity usage in Loudong is 408.16 kWh/ month, which is lower than the average household electricity usage in Taiwan (410 kWh/ month). Approximately 0.958 Kilometres of waste are generated per person each day in Loudong. Most importantly, since 2012, more than 40% of garbage has been recycled in Loudong. In addition, the greenhouse gas emission has declined from 74649 tons/year in 2009 to 64245 tons/year in 2012. However, the household water use in Loudong, 268 Litres/ month, is still higher than the average household water use in Taiwan, 244 Litres/ month. It should be emphasised in the next stage. Based on the data of this study, the carbon dioxide emission is not low in towns/ cities. Therefore, it is necessary to set up the criteria to build up low-carbon city. In addition, to reduce the emission of carbon dioxide is not only the responsibility of government and industry sectors but also the duty of each citizen. In this study, an action of low-carbon emission is set up for Loudong. Once the case in Loudong could be successful, this will become the educational case in Taiwan.

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49

Chia-ChenLu and 呂佳真. "Discussion on factors of Consumer Attitude & purchase intention toward Low-carbon Building & Related Products." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/26788562149124046960.

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碩士
國立成功大學
建築學系碩博士班
101
Climate change caused by global warming has brought serious impact on ecological and socio-economic, and it is considered to cause more harm toward the living environment in the foreseeable future. Energy Conservation and Carbon Reduction have become priority guideline of developed and developing countries over the years. With the rise concept of environmental protection and green consumption, living environment has become an important concern. In order to change residents’ behavior toward an more Energy Conservation way to live, it is important to understand the psychological variables of green consumption of residents. The study shows that consumer's cognition toward low carbon building and related products can be divided into product image, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use; that consumer's attitude that affect consumer’s willingness to buy can be divided into life attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and information acquisition; and that demand of green products can be divided into general energy saving equipment, energy produce equipment, energy recovery equipment, and high-tech energy saving equipment. Among which, cognition and attitude toward low carbon building shows positive relationship; cognition has positive direct impact on behavior image; attitude toward low carbon building has positive direct impact on behavior of purchasing and using low-carbon buildings and related products. 　　The purpose of this study is to investigate consumer's willing of buying low carbon building and related product through theory of planned behavior, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control. And with the understanding of low carbon building and related product, information acquisition, cost considerations, and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), to investigate how consumer's cognition, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use affect attitude toward willingness to buy low carbon building and related product. This questionnaire survey targeted General community residents of Taiwan, and 830 questionnaires sent in total, 798 effective questionnaires were collected. All data are analyzed and verified with descriptive statistics, item analysis, factor analysis, multiple regression analysis, and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA).

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50

Gong, Xuan-Jie, and 龔鉉傑. "Analysis of Low-Carbon Smart Green Building CFD Simulation and Evaluation of Energy Efficient Design Strategies." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2p43jb.

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碩士
國立中央大學
能源工程研究所
107
Low carbon and clean green energy house is a comfortable and economic place for the people to stay. The green energy house consumes only 40% of the energy compared to the conventional house. This low carbon emission house coupled with Internet of Things (IoT) was demonstrated at National Central University. Every possible factor effects in the functioning and maintenance of the energy house was considered in the simulations. The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations were performed in flow field mode. The local climatic conditions and the data of the micro weather station was considered for the outdoor flow field simulations. The indoor flow field simulation explores the indoor temperature, wind distribution, ventilation and air conditioning mode under different usage conditions in different climatic seasons. We simulated the effect of heat distribution in the house and placed the air conditioners for comfortable living environment. We also demonstrated the usage for both office and residential purposes and calculated the energy consumption based upon the local climatic conditions with effective usage of all the facilities available in the house. This study combines CFD and energy consumption estimation to provide comfortable living in the house with good air quality in different seasons. The user models, effective power consumption and other factors demonstrated and simulated in our research helps the future researchers in designing of power generation and storage for living in various situations.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Low carbon buildings'

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