Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low attention

Academic literature on the topic 'Low attention'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Low attention"

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Mäki-Marttunen, Verónica, Natasha Pickard, Anne-Kristin Solbakk, Keith H. Ogawa, Robert T. Knight, and Kaisa M. Hartikainen. "Low attentional engagement makes attention network activity susceptible to emotional interference." NeuroReport 25, no. 13 (September 2014): 1038–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wnr.0000000000000223.

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Guarnera, Maria, and Antonella D’Amico. "Training of Attention in Children With Low Arithmetical Achievement." Europe’s Journal of Psychology 10, no. 2 (May 28, 2014): 277–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v10i2.744.

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This study focuses on the role of attentional processes in arithmetical skills and examines if training of basic attentive skills may improve also working memory abilities reducing arithmetic difficulties. In order to study the efficacy of attentional treatment in arithmetic achievement and in enhancing working memory abilities a test-treatment-retest quasi experimental design was adopted. The research involved 14 children, attending fourth and fifth grades, with Arithmetical Learning Disabilities (ALD) assigned to experimental and control conditions. The numerical comprehension and calculation processes were assessed using the ABCA battery (Lucangeli, Tressoldi, & Fiore, 1998). Attentional abilities were evaluated using a multitask computerized assessment battery Attenzione e Concentrazione (Di Nuovo, 2000). WM abilities were evaluated by Listening span task, Digit span backward, Making verbal trails and Making colour trails. The results showed that intensive computerized attention training increased basic attentive skills and arithmetical performances with respect to numeric system in children with ALD. No effect on working memory abilities was found. Results are also important from a clinical perspective, since they may suggest strategies for planning individualized training programs.
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Millichap, J. Gordon. "Low Birth Weight and Attention Deficit Disorder." Pediatric Neurology Briefs 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.15844/pedneurbriefs-21-3-8.

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Gasparini, Francesca. "Low-quality image enhancement using visual attention." Optical Engineering 46, no. 4 (April 1, 2007): 040502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.2721764.

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Bach Jensen, Morten, and Anna Lund Jepsen. "Low attention advertising processing in B2B markets." Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 22, no. 5 (August 7, 2007): 342–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/08858620710773477.

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Yang, Howard, Peng Sun, Charles Chubb, and George Sperling. "Complex Attention Filters for Low Contrast Items." Journal of Vision 16, no. 12 (September 1, 2016): 681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/16.12.681.

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Du, Wenchao, Hu Chen, Peixi Liao, Hongyu Yang, Ge Wang, and Yi Zhang. "Visual Attention Network for Low-Dose CT." IEEE Signal Processing Letters 26, no. 8 (August 2019): 1152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lsp.2019.2922851.

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Santoso, Irene, Malcolm J. Wright, Giang Trinh, and Mark Avis. "Mind the attention gap: how does digital advertising impact choice under low attention?" European Journal of Marketing 56, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 442–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ejm-01-2021-0031.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate whether digital advertising can be effective despite consumer inattention and how certain common combinations of ad characteristics increase or decrease ad effectiveness under conditions of low attention. Design/methodology/approach Using two online experiments in naturalistic environment, the authors compare ad effects under focussed, divided and incidental attention, for certain ad characteristics, namely, appeal type and (mis)matching between appeal and brand type. The results are analysed using logistic regression. Findings Ad exposure under low attention does increase brand consideration and choice. The greatest uplift in impact occurs when moving from non-exposure to incidental attention. Under incidental attention, emotive advertising was more effective than rational advertising, as was matching rather than mismatching an emotional appeal to a hedonic brand. Conversely, under divided attention, rational advertising and mismatching a rational appeal to a hedonic brand were more effective. Research limitations/implications This research explores the effectiveness of Twitter ads with an emotional or a rational appeal and the (mis)matching between appeal and utilitarian or hedonic brand type. Future research can examine other formats and creative elements of digital advertising that can affect the low-attention processing and the effects that occur. Practical implications Intrusive, attention-getting advertising strategies may not be necessary. Certain common creative devices can increase advertising effectiveness despite low attention, so marketers can ensure consumer-centric marketing communication. Originality/value There has previously been limited understanding of low-attention mechanisms in advertising and little evidence of ad effectiveness under conditions of low attention. The research also demonstrates that certain ad characteristics, linked to common creative devices, enhance the impact of advertising despite low attention.
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Sokhadze, E. M., B. Hillard, M. Eng, A. S. El-Baz, A. Tasman, and L. Sears. "ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHIC BIOFEEDBACK IMPROVES FOCUSED ATTENTION IN ATTENTION DEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER." Bulletin of Siberian Medicine 12, no. 2 (April 28, 2013): 182–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.20538/1682-0363-2013-2-182-194.

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EEG biofeedback (so called neurofeedback) is considered as an efficacious treatment for ADHD. We propose that operant conditioning of EEG in neurofeedback training mode, aimed to mitigate inattention and low arousal in ADHD, will be accompanied by changes in EEG bands' relative power. Patients were 18 children diagnosed with ADHD. The neurofeedback protocol (“Focus/Alertness” by Peak Achievement Trainer, Neurotek, KY) used to train patients has focused attention training procedure, which according to specifications, represents wide band EEG amplitude suppression training. Quantitative EEG analysis was completed on each of 25 min long twelve sessions to determine the relative power of each of the EEG bands of interest throughout each session, and from the first session to the last session. Additional statistical analysis was performed to determine significant changes in relative power within sessions (from minute 1 to minute 25), and between sessions (from session 1 to session 12) for an individual patient. We performed analysis of relative power of Theta, Alpha, Low and High Beta, Theta/Alpha, Theta/Beta, and Theta/Low Beta and Theta/High Beta ratios. We performed also analysis between the “Focus”measure and changes in relative power of above EEG rhythms and their ratios. Additional secondary measures of patients’ post-neurofeedback outcomes were assessed using an audio-visual selective attention test (IVA + Plus) and behavioral evaluation scores from Aberrant Behavior Checklist. We found that, as expected, Theta/Low Beta and Theta/Alpha ratios decreased significantly from Session 1 to Session 12 and from minute 1 to minute 25 within sessions. The ‘Focus” measure of protocol showed high negative correlation with both Theta/Alpha and Theta/Beta ratios. The findings regarding EEG changes resulting from self-regulation training along with behavioral evaluations will help in elucidation of neural mechanisms of neurofeedback aimed to improve focused attention and alertness in ADHD.
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Scheel, Jennifer F., Karin Schielke, Stefan Lautenbacher, Sabine Aust, Simone Kremer, and Jörg Wolstein. "Low-Dose Alcohol Effects on Attention in Adolescents." Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie 24, no. 2 (January 2013): 103–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/1016-264x/a000094.

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Objective: Relatively little is known about the effects of low-dose alcohol effects on attentional performance in adolescents. In the present study, we examined these effects compared to those in adults. Method: 44 healthy subjects (21 adolescents and 23 adults) received either an alcoholic cocktail (average blood alcohol concentration: 0.054 %) or a placebo drink (randomized placebo-controlled). Before and after consuming the drink, participants completed tests on Alertness, Working Memory, Flexibility and Divided Attention. Results: Significant effects were found for the subtest Flexibility, which showed less improvement in the adolescents with alcohol compared to the non-alcohol condition and adults. Furthermore, an age-independent alcohol-induced impairment of the subtest Working Memory was observed. Conclusions: These findings point to a particular vulnerability for alcohol effects in adolescents regarding cognitive flexibility.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low attention"

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Haycock, Anna Cornelia. "Attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder and low birth weight." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/2045.

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Niklasson, Lucas. "Low Intensity Natural Sounds and Pink Noise’s Effect on Attention." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för psykologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-169713.

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Bakgrundsljud och hur det influerar människors uppmärksamhet är undersökt i ett flertal olika former. Vanligtvis genom att använda musik och tystnad som variabler för att jämföra effekten på en primär kognitiv uppgift. Eftersom all musik skapas med intentionen att lyssnas på, dvs. att dra uppmärksamheten till sig, söker denna studie att undersöka huruvida bakgrundsljud ligger till grund för olika reaktionstid beroende på om ljudet är artificiellt eller naturligt (ljud från naturen som en strömmande bäck jämfört med rosa brus). Genom att använda ett visuellt oddball-paradigm på ett reaktionstids-test med de två bakomliggande ljuden på en population (N = 30) där snittåldern var 29 (M = 29.70, SD = 7,82). T-testet bekräftade hypotesen. Därför fastslår denna tes att rosa brus ger längre tid på reaktionstids-test än naturliga ljud när de presenteras som bakgrundsljud.
Background noise and how it influences attention in humans is researched in various ways and forms. Usually it has been done by using music and silence to compare the effects on a primary cognitive task. Since music is an artificial sound created with the intention to draw attention to it, the present study sought to determine if background noise cause differences in reaction time whether it was artificial noise or natural noise (such as the sound of a stream of water compared to pink noise). The two background noises were compared through a visual oddball paradigm measuring reaction time on a sample (N = 30) whose mean age was 29 years (M = 29.70, SD = 7,82). The paired t-test confirmed the hypothesis. Therefore, this study concludes that pink noise creates longer reactions compared to natural sounds when presented as background noise.
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Park, Gewn hi. "Vagal influence on selective attention under high and low perceptual load." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1245438999.

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Gao, Fei Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Modeling human attention and performance in automated environments with low task loading." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106592.

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Thesis: Ph. D. in Engineering Systems, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Engineering, Institute for Data, Systems, and Society, 2016.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 211-225).
Automation has the benefit of reducing human operators' workload. By leveraging the power of computers and information technology, the work of human operators is becoming easier. However, when the workload is too low but the human is required to be present either by regulation or due to limitations of automation, human performance can be negatively affected. Negative consequences such as distraction, mind wandering, and inattention have been reported across many high risk settings including unmanned aerial vehicle operation, process control plant supervision, train engineers, and anesthesiologists. Because of the move towards more automated systems in the future, a better understanding is needed to enable intervention and mitigation of possible negative impacts. The objectives of this research are to systematically investigate the attention and performance of human operators when they interact with automated systems under low task load, build a dynamic model and use it to facilitate system design. A systems-based framework, called the Boredom Influence Diagram, was proposed to better understand the relationships between the various influences and outcomes of low task loading. A System Dynamics model, named the Performance and Attention with Low-task-loading (PAL) Model, was built based on this framework. The PAL model captures the dynamic changes of task load, attention, and performance over time in long duration low task loading automated environments. In order to evaluate the replication and prediction capability of the model, three dynamic hypotheses were proposed and tested using data from three experiments. The first hypothesis stated that attention decreases under low task load. This was supported by comparing model outputs with data from an experiment of target searching using unmanned vehicles. Building on Hypothesis 1, the second and third hypotheses examined the impact of decreased attention on performance in responding to an emergency event. Hypothesis 2 was examined by comparing model outputs with data from an experiment of accident response in nuclear power plant monitoring. Results showed that performance is worse with lower attention levels. Hypothesis 3 was tested by comparing model outputs with data from an experiment of defensive target tracking. The results showed that the impact of decreased attention on performance was larger when the task was difficult. The process of testing these three hypotheses shows that the PAL model is a generalized theory that could explain behaviors under low task load in different supervisory control settings. Finally, benefits, limitations, generalizability and applications of the PAL model were evaluated. Further research is needed to improve and extend the PAL model, investigate individual differences to facilitate personnel selection, and develop system and task designs to mitigate negative consequences.
by Fei Gao.
Ph. D. in Engineering Systems
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Botting, Nicola Fay. "Psychological and educational outcome of Very Low Birthweight children at 12yrs." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266195.

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Larsson, Joakim. "Using gaze aware regions in eye tracking calibration for users with low-attention span." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för datavetenskap och kommunikation (CSC), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-216672.

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Eye trackers have enabled users to interact with computers for a long time. Yet, there are still many challenges left to be solved to make the interaction easy for users with development disabilities. Especially, when it comes to setup eye tracking where calibration of the eye tracker is important to get accurate estimation of where users are looking. This paper presents a study in which three modified versions of a calibration interface for eye trackers has been designed and evaluated by nine participants with development disabilities. These calibration interfaces used regions that were aware of when a user gazed at them, gaze-aware regions, and varied in the speed of which a stimulus moved during the calibration and how quickly the regions around the stimulus grew. Data was collected for each interface about interaction with the gaze-aware regions, time to complete a calibration, how many calibration points that were completed and gaze offset from the stimulus. No statistically significance was found between the modified interfaces for its efficiency, effectiveness and accuracy. However, a stimulus moving quicker and a gaze-aware region growing faster indicated a more effective and efficient calibration method without loss in accuracy. Also, if only screen engagement is involved using smooth-pursuit calibration could improve the calibration process.
Ögonstyrning har under en längre tid möjliggjort interaktion för användare. Dock är det fortfarande många utmaningar för att göra interaktionen lätt för användare med intellektuella funktionsnedsättningar. Framförallt när det kommer till inställningar för ögonstyrning, där kalibrering har visat sig vara viktigt för att ge en noggrann uppskattning vart användarna fokuserar. Denna rapport presenterar en studie där tre modifierade versioner av ett kalibreringsgränsnitt för ögonstyrning har blivit designat och utvärderat av nio deltagare med låg fokuseringsförmåga. Dessa gränssnitt använde regioner som var medvetna när en användare tittade inom dom, så kallade blickmedvetna regioner, och varierade i vilken hastighet ett stimuli rörde sig och hur snabbt regionerna runt ett stimuli växte. Data samlades in för varje gränssnitt om interaktionen med de blickmedvetna regionerna, tiden för att genomföra kalibreringen, antal avklarade kalibreringspunkter och avståndet mellan användarnas blick och stimuli. Ingen statistisk signifikans hittades mellan de modifierade gränssnitten mellan tidseffektivitet, effektivitet och noggrannhet. Däremot indikerades en mer tidseffektiv och effektiv kalibreringsmetod, utan minskad noggrannhet, genom användningen av ett stimuli som rör sig snabbare med blickmedvetna regioner som växer. Dessutom skulle kalibreringsprocessen kunna förbättras om enbart engagemang med skärmen används genom smooth-pursuit kalibrering
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Ward, John Jason. "Measurement of the photon structure function with special attention to the low-X region." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338768.

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Lease, Cynthia Ann. "Differential Family Characteristics of High and Low Aggressive Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." W&M ScholarWorks, 1989. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625550.

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Karanouh-Schuler, Eran James. "COGNITIVE EFFECTS OF COFFEE CONSUMPTION IN INDIVIDUALS WITH LOW VERSUS HIGH SLEEP QUALITY." Kent State University Honors College / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ksuhonors1399309032.

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Ohlinger, Christina M. "The Effect of Active Workstation Use on Measures of Cognition, Attention and Motor Skill." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1247679643.

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Books on the topic "Low attention"

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Wallace, Lewis J. A study of the housing needs of the low and moderate income elderly with special attention to the reverse mortgage program. [Columbia, S.C.?]: South Carolina Commission on Aging, 1993.

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Sims, Wendy L. The effect of high versus low teacher affect and passive versus active student activity during music listening on preschool children's attention, piece preference, time spent listening and piece recognition. [S.l: s.n.], 1985.

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Latham, Peter S. Attention deficit disorder and the law. 2nd ed. Washington, D.C: JKL Communications, 2000.

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Attention!: Repair industry. Springfield, Ill.]: Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, 2004.

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Brinkerhoff, Shirley. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Broomall, PA: Mason Crest, 2015.

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Latham, Peter S. Attention deficit disorder and the law: A guide for advocates. Washington, D.C: JKL Communications, 1992.

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The law of attention: Nada yoga and the way of inner vigilance. Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions, 2010.

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Michaël, Salim. The law of attention: Nada yoga and the way of inner vigilance. Rochester, Vt: Inner Traditions, 2010.

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Fernández, Rafael Velasco. El niño hiperquinético: Los síndromes de disfunción cerebral. 3rd ed. México: Trillas, 1990.

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El pequeño gran libro de los juegos: 101 actividades divertidas y fáciles para que los niños aprendan a concentrarse. Barcelona: Oniro, 2007.

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Book chapters on the topic "Low attention"

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Freeman, Elliot, Jon Driver, and Dov Sagi. "Psychophysical Measurement of Attentional Modulation in Low-Level Vision Using the Lateral-Interactions Paradigm." In Visual Attention Mechanisms, 25–39. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0111-4_3.

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Westelius, Carl-Johan, Hans Knutsson, and Gösta Granlund. "Low Level Focus of Attention Mechanisms." In Vision as Process, 179–92. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03113-1_13.

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Wendzel, Steffen, and Jörg Keller. "Low-Attention Forwarding for Mobile Network Covert Channels." In Communications and Multimedia Security, 122–33. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-24712-5_10.

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Bækgaard, Per, Michael Kai Petersen, and Jakob Eg Larsen. "Assessing Levels of Attention Using Low Cost Eye Tracking." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 409–20. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40250-5_39.

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Jiang, Hang, Song Wu, Dehong He, and Guoqiang Xiao. "Natural Image Matting with Low-Level Feature Attention Guidance." In Knowledge Science, Engineering and Management, 550–61. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10989-8_44.

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Shang, Xiaoke, Jingjie Shang, Long Ma, Shaomin Zhang, and Nai Ding. "Attention Guided Retinex Architecture Search for Robust Low-light Image Enhancement." In Artificial Intelligence, 444–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-93046-2_38.

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Ma, Li, and Qian Wang. "Low-Light Image Enhancement Combining U-Net and Self-attention Mechanism." In Advances in Natural Computation, Fuzzy Systems and Knowledge Discovery, 769–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-89698-0_79.

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Ritter, Walter, Guido Kempter, Isabella Hämmerle, and Andreas Wohlgenannt. "Automatic Low-Level Overlays on Presentations to Support Regaining an Audience’s Attention." In Human-Computer Interaction. Theories, Methods, and Human Issues, 429–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91238-7_35.

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Wu, Jing, Hongxu Hou, Zhipeng Shen, Jian Du, and Jinting Li. "Adapting Attention-Based Neural Network to Low-Resource Mongolian-Chinese Machine Translation." In Natural Language Understanding and Intelligent Applications, 470–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50496-4_39.

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Meng, Ziyi, Jiawei Ma, and Xin Yuan. "End-to-End Low Cost Compressive Spectral Imaging with Spatial-Spectral Self-Attention." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2020, 187–204. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-58592-1_12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Low attention"

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Huang, Qingfu, Zhichao Lian, and Qianmu Li. "Attention Based Adversarial Attacks with Low Perturbations." In 2022 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme52920.2022.9859848.

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Stentiford, Fred W. M. "Visual attention: low-level and high-level viewpoints." In SPIE Photonics Europe, edited by Peter Schelkens, Touradj Ebrahimi, Gabriel Cristóbal, Frédéric Truchetet, and Pasi Saarikko. SPIE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.923511.

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Wu, Chun-Ying, Jin-Jang Leou, and Chen Hsuan-Ying. "Visual attention region determination using low-level features." In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118478.

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Zhang, Cheng, Qingsen Yan, Yu Zhu, Xianjun Li, Jinqiu Sun, and Yanning Zhang. "Attention-Based Network For Low-Light Image Enhancement." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo (ICME). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icme46284.2020.9102774.

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Lin, Lan, Shisong Tan, and Feifei Long. "Low-parameter hybrid attention model based image classification." In International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Intelligent Information Processing (AIIIP 2022), edited by Pavel Loskot. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2660001.

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Atoum, Yousef, Mao Ye, Liu Ren, Ying Tai, and Xiaoming Liu. "Color-wise Attention Network for Low-light Image Enhancement." In 2020 IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition Workshops (CVPRW). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw50498.2020.00261.

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Li, Hongliang, Guanghui Liu, and KingNgi Ngan. "Learn to segment attention object from low DoF image." In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2010. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2010.5536977.

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Ray, Avik, Yilin Shen, and Hongxia Jin. "Fast Domain Adaptation of Semantic Parsers via Paraphrase Attention." In Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Deep Learning Approaches for Low-Resource NLP (DeepLo 2019). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/d19-6111.

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Pagliari, Daniele Jahier, Matteo Ansaldi, Enrico Macii, and Massimo Poncino. "CNN-Based Camera-less User Attention Detection for Smartphone Power Management." In 2019 IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/islped.2019.8824982.

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Fiedler, Jens, and Graham Ashcroft. "A LOW-MACH, LOW-REYNOLDS PRECONDITIONING SCHEME WITH PARTICULAR ATTENTION TO VISCOUS TIME-STEPPING." In VII European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering. Athens: Institute of Structural Analysis and Antiseismic Research School of Civil Engineering National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) Greece, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.7712/100016.2337.6066.

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Reports on the topic "Low attention"

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Penman, Olivia, Andrew Sheridan, Nic Badcock, Georgia Horsburgh, and Carmela Pestell. Could local sleep explain the occurrence of attentional lapses in primary school-aged children? A scoping review protocol. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0074.

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Review question / Objective: The current review aims to describe the literature on the relationship between local sleep and attentional lapses in neurotypical children or children with ADHD and how this can be applied to inform our understanding of poor attention under conditions of low arousal and increased sleep pressure. The main/primary question is, what is known from the existing literature about the relationship between local sleep and attentional lapses in children? In answering this primary question, we also want to know under what conditions is local sleep occurring? For example, does local sleep occur more frequently with increased fatigue? Eligibility criteria: All papers identified must meet the following criteria for inclusion: the population is neurotypical children and children with ADHD aged between 6 and 12 years of age, published in English, full text available (where full-text is not available, authors will be contacted to request a copy of the paper). All time frames, types of sources (e.g. qualitative or quantitative research studies), geographic locations, cultural and sociodemographic contexts will be included. Review papers (i.e. systematic reviews, meta-analyses), papers with animal studies and clinical cohorts other than ADHD (e.g. autism, sleep disorders, acquired brain injuries etc.) will be excluded. As local sleep is defined as occurring during wakefulness, studies with participants who are asleep will also be excluded.
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Kaffenberger, Michelle, and Marla Spivack. System Coherence for Learning: Applications of the RISE Education Systems Framework. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-risewp_2022/086.

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In recent decades, education systems in most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) have rapidly expanded access to schooling, but learning has lagged behind. There are many reasons for low learning in LMICs. Proximate determinants (such as insufficient financing or poor school management) receive much attention, but focus on these often ignores underlying system drivers. In this chapter we use a systems approach to describe underlying system dynamics that drive learning outcomes. To do so, we first describe the RISE education systems framework and then apply it to two cases. In the case of Sobral, Brazil, the systems framework illustrates how a coherent package of reforms, improving upon multiple system components, produced positive outcomes. In the case of Indonesia, a reform that increased teacher pay, but did not change underlying system dynamics, had no impact on learning. The chapter shows how a systems approach can help to understand success, diagnose failure, and inform action to bring about improvements to children’s learning.
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McKay, Tasseli, Megan Comfort, Justin Landwehr, Erin Kennedy, and Oliver Williams. Partner Violence After Reentry from Prison: Putting the Problem in Context. RTI Press, March 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3768/rtipress.2020.pb.0022.2004.

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Advocates have long raised concerns about the potential for partner violence after a spouse’s or partner’s return from prison, but few programs or policies exist to prevent it. In an era in which experiences of incarceration and reentry—and by extension, experiences of a partner’s or coparent’s incarceration and reentry—are commonplace in low-income urban communities, the safety of families reuniting after a prison stay merits serious attention. The current study examines qualitative data from 167 reentering men and their partners to identify contextual influences on post-prison partner violence. Insights from the data offer a valuable starting point for future research and for considering how prevention could effectively target economic, physical, social, and cognitive conditions at multiple social-ecological levels.
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Ronak, Paul, and Rashmi. Is educational wellbeing associated with grade repetition and school dropout rates among Indian students? Evidence from a panel study. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.res5.2.

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Despite the Indian government’s continuing efforts to encourage children to attend school, levels of educational wellbeing among some groups of children during their elementary schooling remain low. High school dropout and grade repetition rates are among the negative and deleterious outcomes of poor educational wellbeing in children that are rarely discussed as policy issues. Using the panel dataset of the India Human Development Survey (IHDS) conducted in 2005 and 2012, this study explores the effects of educational wellbeing on children’s later educational outcomes, as measured by their school dropout and grade repetition rates. Variation in the educational outcomes of children across states was also examined. The results show that the children whose educational wellbeing index was below average during their elementary schooling were more likely to drop out of school or repeat a grade in early adolescence. For policymakers, this study highlights that the experiences of children during their elementary schooling merit more attention.
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Chambers-Ju, Christopher, Amanda Beatty, and Rezanti Putri Pramana. Exploring the Politics of Expertise:The Indonesian Teachers’ Union and Education Policy, 2005-2020. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/101.

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Research on education politics often uses interest group pressure to explain the policy influence of teachers’ organizations. While acknowledging the power teachers’ unions have to articulate interests and shape labor policy, we explore how a less-studied variable–expertise (or the credibility of the claims they make to expertise)– shapes the policy process. In many low-and middle-income countries, teacher organizations struggle to demonstrate policy expertise and professional competence in core areas related to teaching and learning. Focusing on Indonesia from 2005-2020, we examine how the largest teachers’ organization influenced labor policy but was marginal in debates about professional standards, training, and evaluation due to its limited technical capacity and struggles to propose viable policy alternatives. Expertise is a critical policy input, and it deserves more attention in the education politics subfield. It is central for setting the agenda for policies to improve the quality of education and it has normative value for improving policy design overall.
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Obiakor, Thelma, and Kirsty Newman. Education and Employability: The Critical Role of Foundational Skills. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-ri_2022/048.

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A great deal of policy attention is paid to the role that education plays in driving employment outcomes. Most of this attention has focused on post-primary education— particularly Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET). This paper sets out the less-discussed role that foundational skills, typically built through basic primary education, play in driving employability; how foundational skills affect TVET provision; and what implications this body of evidence has for education policy. We acknowledge the need to consider how education systems build skills which will contribute to countries’ economic aspirations. However, we suggest that the dominant discourse which focuses specifically on TVET and how it can be linked to employer demands is unlikely to be successful for several reasons. Firstly, we show that foundational skills are themselves associated with economic gains for individuals and societies. This, together with the evidence showing extremely low levels of foundational skills in many countries, suggests that focusing on improving foundational skills may be a more cost-effective approach to driving employability than has been previously acknowledged. Furthermore, we show that TVET (and other later forms of education) may struggle to add value where foundational skills are not in place. Focusing large amounts of energy and resources on reforming TVET may not achieve hoped-for impacts if TVET entrants don’t have the necessary foundations to learn. We discuss the popular policy prescription of linking TVET provision to employer needs. As well as noting our concern that this focus fails to acknowledge the binding constraint of low foundational skills, we also set out why employer demand for skills may not be a good indication of actual future skills needs. We therefore suggest a more nuanced discussion on skills for employability which acknowledges economic development goals; the skills that will be needed to achieve them; and, crucially, a country’s starting point. We end the paper by highlighting the fact that unemployment and underemployment are generally caused by a lack of jobs, not a lack of skills. We therefore urge policymakers to be realistic about the extent to which any education policy—whether focusing on foundations, technical, and vocation skills or any other type of skills—can affect employment outcomes. Considering the evidence presented in this paper, we suggest that policymakers in many low- and lower-middle income countries may want to consider a stronger focus on foundational skills. The major reason for focusing on foundational skills is that a quality education is a fundamental right for all children which will allow them to experience lifelong learning. This paper sets out that foundational skills will also be the first step towards achieving a more employable workforce—but also that policymakers should consider the full range of policies that need to be in place to deliver productive employment and economic growth.
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Smit, Timo, Sofia Sacks Ferrari, and Jaïr van der Lijn. Trends in Multilateral Peace Operations, 2019. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, May 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/ixjs4170.

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Despite evidence of their positive impacts, United Nations peacekeeping operations continue to face budget cuts, cynicism in the political arena and concern over personnel physical safety. This context underpins the global and regional trends in multilateral peace operations in 2019. This SIPRI Fact Sheet gives a snapshot of multilateral peace operations in 2019, with statistics on personnel, country contributions and fatalities for operations conducted by the UN, regional organizations or alliances, and ad hoc coalitions of states. Global and regional trends in 2019 follow developments from recent years, including the downward trends associated with the reductions and closures of many UN peace operations since 2015. Sub-Saharan Africa continues to host the majority of operations and personnel, although these numbers have decreased, while the Middle East and North Africa is drawing attention for increasing numbers of operations and personnel. Hostile death rates for 2019 are largely attributed to the UN Multidimensional Integrated Stabilization Mission in Mali, the deadliest operation since its establishment in 2013, with all other operations demonstrating relatively low numbers of fatalities.
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Tian, Nan, Diego Lopes da Silva, and Xiao Liang. Using Taxation to Fund Military Spending. Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55163/xlej7426.

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World military expenditure is on the rise. To fund their increases in military spending, options available to governments include tax, debt or revenue from natural resources. Each form of financing has its consequences, economic, political or social. Tax is the prevalent source of finance for governments. The use of tax, and the choice among different types of tax, can have an impact on income inequality and economic growth, among other things. However, no scholarly attention has yet been paid to the use of taxation to fund military spending. Using statistical analysis combined with in-depth case studies sheds light on this use of taxation. The findings—based on data for 100 countries between 1990 and 2020 and reinforced by detailed case studies on Burundi and Ukraine—show that countries in conflict tend to resort to indirect taxation to fund military expenditure. This is particularly true for low-income countries and for countries with an autocratic regime. This association can be consequential, considering the accumulated evidence on the impacts of indirect taxation on income inequality.
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Marcellino, Massimiliano, and Dalibor Stevanovic. The demand and supply of information about inflation. CIRANO, November 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/djgr5759.

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In this article we study how the demand and supply of information about inflation affect inflation developments. As a proxy for the demand of information, we extract Google Trends (GT) for keywords such as "inflation", "inflation rate", or "price increase". The rationale is that when agents are more interested about inflation, they should search for information about it, and Google is by now a natural source. As a proxy for the supply of information about inflation, we instead use an indicator based on a (standardized) count of the Wall Street Journal (WSJ) articles containing the word "inflat" in their title. We find that measures of demand (GT) and supply (WSJ) of inflation information have a relevant role to understand and predict actual inflation developments, with the more granular information improving expectation formation, especially so during periods when inflation is very high or low. In particular, the full information rational expectation hypothesis is rejected, suggesting that some informational rigidities exist and are waiting to be exploited. Contrary to the existing evidence, we conclude that the media communication and agents attention do play an important role for aggregate inflation expectations, and this remains valid also when controlling for FED communications.
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Beach, Rachel, and Vanessa van den Boogaard. Tax and Governance in the Context of Scarce Revenues: Inefficient Tax Collection and its Implications in Rural West Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ictd.2022.005.

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In recent years, domestic and international policy attention has often focused on broadening the tax base in order to include a greater share of the population in the ‘tax net’. This is based, in part, on the hope that the expansion of taxation will result in positive ‘governance dividends’ for taxpayers. However, the implications of extending the tax base in rural areas in low-income countries has been insufficiently considered. Through the case studies of Togo, Benin, and Sierra Leone, we demonstrate that extending taxation to rural areas is often highly inefficient, leading to few, if any, revenue gains when factoring in the costs of collection. Where revenues exceed the costs of collection, they often only cover local government salaries with little remaining for the provision of public goods and services. The implications of rural tax collection inefficiency are thus significant for revenue mobilisation, governance and public service delivery, accountability relationships with citizens, and taxpayer expectations of the state. Accordingly, we question the rationale for extending taxation to rural citizens in low-income countries. Instead, we argue for a reconceptualisation of the nature of the fiscal social contract, disentangling the concept of the social contract from the individual. Rather, a collective social contract places greater emphasis on the taxation of wealth and redistribution and recognises that basic rights of citizenship are not, or should not, be contingent on paying direct taxes to the government. Rather than expanding taxation, we argue for the expansion of political voice and rights to rural citizens, through a ‘services-first’ approach.
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