Relevant bibliographies by topics / Low-angle normal fault

Academic literature on the topic 'Low-angle normal fault'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Low-angle normal fault"

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Haines, Samuel, Chris Marone, and Demian Saffer. "Frictional properties of low-angle normal fault gouges and implications for low-angle normal fault slip." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 408 (December 2014): 57–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.09.034.

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Axen, Gary J. "Low-angle normal fault earthquakes and triggering." Geophysical Research Letters 26, no. 24 (December 15, 1999): 3693–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/1999gl005405.

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Axen, Gary J. "How a strong low-angle normal fault formed: The Whipple detachment, southeastern California." GSA Bulletin 132, no. 9-10 (December 31, 2019): 1817–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/b35386.1.

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Abstract Many low-angle normal faults (dip ≤30°) accommodate tens of kilometers of crustal extension, but their mechanics remain contentious. Most models for low-angle normal fault slip assume vertical maximum principal stress σ1, leading many authors to conclude that low-angle normal faults are poorly oriented in the stress field (≥60° from σ1) and weak (low friction). In contrast, models for low-angle normal fault formation in isotropic rocks typically assume Coulomb failure and require inclined σ1 (no misorientation). Here, a data-based, mechanical-tectonic model is presented for formation of the Whipple detachment fault, southeastern California. The model honors local and regional geologic and tectonic history and laboratory friction measurements. The Whipple detachment fault formed progressively in the brittle-plastic transition by linking of “minidetachments,” which are small-scale analogs (meters to kilometers in length) in the upper footwall. Minidetachments followed mylonitic anisotropy along planes of maximum shear stress (45° from the maximum principal stress), not Coulomb fractures. They evolved from mylonitic flow to cataclasis and frictional slip at 300–400 °C and ∼9.5 km depth, while fluid pressure fell from lithostatic to hydrostatic levels. Minidetachment friction was presumably high (0.6–0.85), based upon formation of quartzofeldspathic cataclasite and pseudotachylyte. Similar mechanics are inferred for both the minidetachments and the Whipple detachment fault, driven by high differential stress (∼150–160 MPa). A Mohr construction is presented with the fault dip as the main free parameter. Using “Byerlee friction” (0.6–0.85) on the minidetachments and the Whipple detachment fault, and internal friction (1.0–1.7) on newly formed Reidel shears, the initial fault dips are calculated at 16°–26°, with σ1 plunging ∼61°–71° northeast. Linked minidetachments probably were not well aligned, and slip on the evolving Whipple detachment fault probably contributed to fault smoothing, by off-fault fracturing and cataclasis, and to formation of the fault core and fractured damage zone. Stress rotation may have occurred only within the mylonitic shear zone, but asymmetric tectonic forces applied to the brittle crust probably caused gradual rotation of σ1 above it as a result of: (1) the upward force applied to the base of marginal North America by buoyant asthenosphere upwelling into an opening slab-free window and/or (2) basal, top-to-the-NE shear traction due to midcrustal mylonitic flow during tectonic exhumation of the Orocopia Schist. The mechanical-tectonic model probably applies directly to low-angle normal faults of the lower Colorado River extensional corridor, and aspects of the model (e.g., significance of anisotropy, stress rotation) likely apply to formation of other strong low-angle normal faults.
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YANG, KENN-MING, RUEY-JUIN RAU, HAO-YUN CHANG, CHING-YUN HSIEH, HSIN-HSIU TING, SHIUH-TSANN HUANG, JONG-CHANG WU, and YI-JIN TANG. "The role of basement-involved normal faults in the recent tectonics of western Taiwan." Geological Magazine 153, no. 5-6 (August 5, 2016): 1166–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016756816000637.

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AbstractIn the foreland area of western Taiwan, some of the pre-orogenic basement-involved normal faults were reactivated during the subsequent compressional tectonics. The main purpose of this paper is to investigate the role played by the pre-existing normal faults in the recent tectonics of western Taiwan. In NW Taiwan, reactivated normal faults with a strike-slip component have developed by linkage of reactivated single pre-existing normal faults in the foreland basin and acted as transverse structures for low-angle thrusts in the outer fold-and-thrust belt. In the later stage of their development, the transverse structures were thrusted and appear underneath the low-angle thrusts or became tear faults in the inner fold-and-thrust belt. In SW Taiwan, where the foreland basin is lacking normal fault reactivation, the pre-existing normal faults passively acted as ramp for the low-angle thrusts in the inner fold-and-thrust belt. Some of the active faults in western Taiwan may also be related to reactivated normal faults with right-lateral slip component. Some main earthquake shocks related to either strike-slip or thrust fault plane solution occurred on reactivated normal faults, implying a relationship between the pre-existing normal fault and the triggering of the recent major earthquakes. Along-strike contrast in structural style of normal fault reactivation gives rise to different characteristics of the deformation front for different parts of the foreland area in western Taiwan. Variations in the degree of normal fault reactivation also provide some insights into the way the crust embedding the pre-existing normal faults deformed in response to orogenic contraction.
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Styron, Richard H., and Eric A. Hetland. "Estimated likelihood of observing a large earthquake on a continental low-angle normal fault and implications for low-angle normal fault activity." Geophysical Research Letters 41, no. 7 (April 9, 2014): 2342–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2014gl059335.

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Vadacca, Luigi. "The Altotiberina Low-Angle Normal Fault (Italy) Can Fail in Moderate-Magnitude Earthquakes as a Result of Stress Transfer from Stable Creeping Fault Area." Geosciences 10, no. 4 (April 16, 2020): 144. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences10040144.

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Geological and geophysical evidence suggests that the Altotiberina low-angle (dip angle of 15–20 ° ) normal fault is active in the Umbria–Marche sector of the Northern Apennine thrust belt (Italy). The fault plane is 70 km long and 40 km wide, larger and hence potentially more destructive than the faults that generated the last major earthquakes in Italy. However, the seismic potential associated with the Altotiberina fault is strongly debated. In fact, the mechanical behavior of this fault is complex, characterized by locked fault patches with a potentially seismic behavior surrounded by aseismic creeping areas. No historical moderate (5 ≤ Mw ≤ 5.9) nor strong (6 ≤ Mw ≤ 6.9)-magnitude earthquakes are unambiguously associated with the Altotiberina fault; however, microseismicity is scattered below 5 km within the fault zone. Here we provide mechanical evidence for the potential activation of the Altotiberina fault in moderate-magnitude earthquakes due to stress transfer from creeping fault areas to locked fault patches. The tectonic extension in the Umbria–Marche crustal sector of the Northern Apennines is simulated by a geomechanical numerical model that includes slip events along the Altotiberina and its main seismic antithetic fault, the Gubbio fault. The seismic cycles on the fault planes are simulated by assuming rate-and-state friction. The spatial variation of the frictional parameters is obtained by combining the interseismic coupling degree of the Altotiberina fault with friction laboratory measurements on samples from the Zuccale low- angle normal fault located in the Elba island (Italy), considered an older exhumed analogue of Altotiberina fault. This work contributes a better estimate of the seismic potential associated with the Altotiberina fault and, more generally, to low-angle normal faults with mixed-mode slip behavior.
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Dennis, Allen J. "Is the central Piedmont suture a low-angle normal fault?" Geology 19, no. 11 (1991): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1991)019<1081:itcpsa>2.3.co;2.

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Keener, Charles, Laura Serpa, and Terry L. Pavlis. "Faulting at Mormon Point, Death Valley, California: A low-angle normal fault cut by high-angle faults." Geology 21, no. 4 (1993): 327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1993)021<0327:fampdv>2.3.co;2.

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Zhang, Tian, Weilin Zhu, Qiang Fu, and Xiaowei Fu. "Structural Characteristics and Tectonic Evolution of the Wunansha Uplift in the South Yellow Sea Basin, China." Geofluids 2022 (May 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/1565978.

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By selecting typical seismic sections to carry out detailed structural interpretation, the structural style features of the Wunansha Uplift in the South Yellow Sea basin were systematically combined, and the compressional structures (imbricate, opposite/back thrust, and Y-shaped structures), strike-slip faults (positive flower-shaped faults), and extensional normal faults (listric-shaped normal faults) were identified. On this basis, combined with the characteristics of the regional stress field and the background of deep geodynamics, the genetic mechanism and structural evolution of the structural style in the Wunansha Uplift were defined. The stress mechanism of the compressional structures originated from the initial high-speed and low-angle NW subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate during the early Yanshanian movement in the Early Jurassic. The regional strike-slip fault was mainly a positive flower structure with compression and torsion characteristics, and its stress mechanism originated from sinistral shear caused by the Early Cretaceous low-angle NNW subduction of the paleo-Pacific plate. The Tan-Lu fault in eastern China also had sinistral shear characteristics in this period. The extensional normal fault was characterized by a listric shape, which developed along the northern boundary of the Wunansha Uplift, that is, the connection between the Wunansha Uplift and the Southern Depression of the South Yellow Sea basin. The stress mechanism was derived from the transition of the paleo-Pacific plate from low-angle to high-angle subduction during the late Yanshanian movement in the Late Cretaceous. Simultaneously, the tectonic stress system in eastern China also changed from compressional to tensional.
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FLOTTÉ, N., and D. SOREL. "Structural cross sections through the Corinth-Patras detachment fault-system in Northern Peloponnesus (Aegean Arc, Greece)." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece 34, no. 1 (January 1, 2001): 235. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/bgsg.17018.

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Structural mapping in northern Peloponnesus reveals the emergence of an E-W striking, more than 70km long, low angle detachment fault dipping to the north beneath the Gulf of Corinth. This paper describes four north-south structural cross-sections in northern Peloponnesus. Structural and sedimentological field observations show that in the studied area the normal faults of northern Peloponnesus branch at depth on this major low angle north-dipping brittle detachment. The southern part of the detachment and the related normal faults are now inactive. To the north, the active Helike and Aigion normal faults are connected at depth with the seismically active northern part of the detachment beneath the Gulf of Corinth.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Low-angle normal fault"

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Vadacca, Luigi <1983&gt. "Numerical modeling of the Alto Tiberina low angle normal fault." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2014. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/6532/.

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The aim of this Thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the mechanical behavior of the active Alto Tiberina normal fault (ATF). Integrating geological, geodetic and seismological data, we perform 2D and 3D quasi-static and dynamic mechanical models to simulate the interseismic phase and rupture dynamic of the ATF. Effects of ATF locking depth, synthetic and antithetic fault activity, lithology and realistic fault geometries are taken in account. The 2D and 3D quasi-static model results suggest that the deformation pattern inferred by GPS data is consistent with a very compliant ATF zone (from 5 to 15 km) and Gubbio fault activity. The presence of the ATF compliant zone is a first order condition to redistribute the stress in the Umbria-Marche region; the stress bipartition between hanging wall (high values) and footwall (low values) inferred by the ATF zone activity could explain the microseismicity rates that are higher in the hanging wall respect to the footwall. The interseismic stress build-up is mainly located along the Gubbio fault zone and near ATF patches with higher dip (30°
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Carney, Stephanie M. "Evolution of a Miocene-Pliocene Low-Angle Normal-Fault System in the Southern Bannock Range, Southeast Idaho." DigitalCommons@USU, 2002. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6034.

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Geologic mapping, basin analysis, and tephrochronologic analysis in the Clifton quadrangle of southeast Idaho indicates that the modern Basin-and-Range topography is only a few million years old and that the bulk of Cenozoic extension was accommodated by slip on an older low-angle normal-fault system, the Bannock detachment system. The detachment system was active between ~12 and < 4 Ma and accommodated ~50 % extension. Cross-cutting relationships show that the master detachment fault, the Clifton fault, is the youngest low-angle normal fault of the system, was active at a low angle, and has not been rotated to a low-dip angle through time. Map patterns and relationships indicate that the hanging wall to the detachment system began as a cohesive block that later broke up along listric and planar normal faults that either sole into or are cut by the master detachment fault. The Miocene-Pliocene Salt Lake Formation, a syntectonic, basin-fill deposit of the Bannock detachment system, was deposited during three sub-episodes of extension on the detachment system. Depositional systems within the Salt Lake Formation evolved from saline/alkaline lakes to fresh water lakes and streams to braided streams in response to the changing structural configuration of rift basins in the hanging wall of the detachment system. After breakup of the hanging wall began, the master detachment fault excised part of the hanging wall and cut hanging-wall deposits and structures. The structural geometry of the Bannock detachment system strongly resembles that of detachments documented in metamorphic core complexes. Therefore, we interpret the Bannock detachment system as a proto-metamorphic core complex, akin to the Sevier Desert detachment fault. The Bannock detachment system also collapsed the Cache-Pocatello culmination of the dormant Sevier fold-and-thrust belt, much like the Sevier Desert detachment collapsed the Sevier culmination. Structures of the Bannock detachment system are overprinted by a second episode of extension accommodated by E- and NE-trending normal faults that may be related to subsidence along the Yellowstone hotspot track and a third episode of extension accommodated by high-angle, Basin-and-Range normal faults. This last episode of extension began no earlier than 4-5 Ma and continues today.
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Voorhees, Jacob Isaac. "Structure of Collisional Metamorphism, Soft-Sediment Deformation, and Low-Angle Normal Faulting in the Beaver Dam Mountains." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2020. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/8698.

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Precambrian metamorphic rocks in the Beaver Dam Mountains display asymmetric, isoclinal folds with consistent fold axes plunging to the NW. These folds are parasitic and have a recursive nature that occurs on wavelengths from centimeters to perhaps kilometers as part of a NW-SE striking shear zone. The vergence of the folds indicates oblique shearing with a transport direction plunging 29° to the south. This shear zone may be associated with the collision of Yavapai Province island arcs with Laurentia. Structurally overlying, and adjacent to the metamorphic rocks are allochthonous and attenuated Mississippian limestone blocks and other strata debated to be either the result of mega-landsliding or fragments of the hanging wall rocks above a low-angle normal fault. We document previously unreported cataclastic damage zones tens of meters thick, an anastomosing zone of greenschist facies alteration hundreds of meters thick, and polished low-angle fault surfaces beneath these blocks. Other observations previously used to support a mega-landslide hypothesis are blocks of Redwall Limestone structurally overlying what was interpreted as Tertiary conglomerate. However, this contact is depositional, and the conglomerate is likely a sedimentary breccia facies of the Mississippian Redwall Limestone which is documented in several locations within the region. Additionally, some of the deformation and attenuation that was wrongly attributed to mega-landsliding or low-angle normal faulting is due to previously undocumented soft-sediment deformation. This deformation was gravity driven and accommodated by ductile granular flow, resulting in recumbent folds within the Mississippian Redwall Limestone and a prominent non-brittle detachment surface between the Redwall Limestone and the Cambrian Bonanza King Formation at Castle Cliff. This detachment was previously interpreted as the Castle Cliff Detachment, a low-angle normal fault, or as the slip surface of a landslide.
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Brown, James E. "Ion Microprobe δ18O-contraints on Fluid Mobility and Thermal Structure During Early Slip on a Low-angle Normal Fault, Chemehuevi Mountains, SE California." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1448361194.

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Brummer, Jon E. "Origins of Low-Angle Normal Faults Along the West Side of the Bear River Range in Northern Utah." DigitalCommons@USU, 1991. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/6784.

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This paper presents new interpretations of two normal-slip, low-angle faults near Smithfield and Richmond, Utah. The faults have previously been interpreted as landslides, gravity slides, slide blocks, and depositional contacts. Recent work in the Basin and Range province allows new interpretations concerning the origins of the low­-angle faults. Working hypotheses used to interpret origins of the faults are classified as folded thrust fault, rotated high-angle normal fault, gravity slide, listric normal fault, and low-­angle normal fault Among these general categories are several subhypotheses. The evaluation of each hypothesis includes a description of the geologic requirements of the hypothesis, a comparison of field data to the requirements, and a conclusion regarding the hypothesis. Field maps, computer analyses of fault orientations, geophysical surveys, well logs, and published discussions of low-angle-fault origins provide the data base from which to derive conclusions. The data best fit a low-angle-normal-fault hypothesis which states that low-angle normal faults in the study area represent a pre-Basin and Range style of extensional tectonism in which principal stress axes were in a transitional state between compressional tectonism and modern Basin and Range extensional tectonism. The northern low-angle normal fault formed as early as the late Eocene, followed by the southern low-angle normal fault in the early to middle Miocene(?). Episodes of high­-angle normal faulting followed formation of the southern low-angle normal fault. The faulting history indicates that two distinct stress states existed resulting in two different styles of normal faults. Schematic cross-sectional reconstructions based on two other low-angle-normal­fault subhypotheses and the gravity-slide subhypothesis 2 indicated that these subhypotheses could be valid However, the two low-angle-normal-fault subhypotheses cannot account for transitional stress states, and the gravity-slide subhypothesis explains only the southern low-angle normal fault. On the basis of geologic simplicity, the best hypothesis should explain both low-angle faults because of their similarities in deformation, orientation, and age. The applicability of the low-angle-normal-fault model to the rest of the Basin and Range province is somewhat limited. Too many local variables are involved to allow one model to be regionally applied. (112 pages)
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Smith, Steven A. F. "The internal structure, mechanics, and fluid flow properties of low-angle normal faults : a case study from the island of Elba, Italy." Thesis, Durham University, 2009. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2091/.

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Low-angle normal faults have been extensively documented in areas of regional extension, in both continental and oceanic lithosphere, but their existence as seismically active structures remains controversial. Low-angle normal faults do not conform to 'traditional’ frictional fault theory, and large earthquakes on low-angle normal faults appear to be rare. Their enigmatic nature suggests that they may hold important clues regarding the rheology of fault zones in general, controls on frictional behaviour, and the deformation histories of the mid- to upper-crust. In this study, I investigate the internal structure, mechanical properties, and fluid flow conditions along a large-displacement low-angle normal fault exposed on the Island of Elba, Italy. Using field relationships, microstructural analysis, stable isotope geochemistry, and rock deformation experiments, I document the most important characteristics of the fault zone, and test hypotheses concerning the mechanical behaviour and evolution of low-angle normal faults. The Zuccale low-angle normal fault crosscuts and displaces a lithologically heterogeneous sequence of wall rocks. Field relationships suggest that it was active in the upper crust during the emplacement of large plutonic complexes. On a regional-scale, the Zuccale fault appears to have a long-wavelength domal morphology, which may have resulted from the intrusion of an upper-crust igneous pluton in to the shallow footwall of the fault. Pluton intrusion strongly influenced the fluid flow regimes and fault rock evolution along the Zuccale fault. Geometric and kinematic relationships between the Zuccale fault and a network of minor footwall faults suggest that the Zuccale fault slipped at a low-angle throughout most of its history. The footwall faults were active broadly contemporaneously with movement along the Zuccale fault, and controlled the distribution and connectivity of different fault rock components. This imparted a distinct mechanical structure to the fault core, potentially influencing fault zone rheology. The central core of the Zuccale fault contains a sequence of fault rocks that deformed by a variety of deformation mechanisms, and formed during progressive exhumation of the fault zone. Triaxial deformation experiments indicate that the frictional strength of many of the fault rocks is too high to explain slip along the Zuccale fault. However, several potential mechanisms of fault zone weakening have been identified, including fluid-assisted dissolution-precipitation creep, grain-size sensitive creep in calcite mylonites, frictional sliding within phyllosilicate-rich areas of the fault core, high fluid pressures, and particulate flow accommodated by fine-grained clay minerals. Fluids associated with the Zuccale fault were derived from two main sources. During the relatively early stages of movement, and particularly during the intrusion of plutonic complexes, fluids were of meteoric-hydrothermal origin. During the late stages of exhumation, fluids were derived from a seawater source that infiltrated downwards through faulted and fractured wall rocks. Sub-horizontal tensile veins carrying both fluid signatures are found adjacent to and within the fault core, suggesting that supra-lithostatic fluid pressures were able to develop throughout the exhumation history. One of the consequences of high fluid pressures was the development of a suite of fluidized fault breccias, a newly recognized type of fault rock that may be indicative of the interseismic stage of the earthquake cycle.
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Vankeuren, Marc Anthony. "A Structural and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronological Re-Evaluation of Low-Angle Normal Faults in Southeastern Idaho." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8NP2441.

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The development of gently inclined faults with large stratigraphic separation has long been enigmatic in the corridor of southeastern Idaho. Recent interpretations have culled examples from across the Basin and Range to suggest that these faults originated at a low dip and represent a regional scale low-angle normal fault system. In contrast, others cite extensive studies from fault mechanics and seismological data that cast doubt on whether these extensional structures could have formed at low inclination in the upper crust. This dissertation reviews the evidence and timing of the proposed Bannock detachment system in the Bannock Range of southeastern Idaho and puts forth a re-evaluation of the styles of extension in the region and a regional framework in which to place them. Chapter 1 re-evaluates gently dipping normal faults in the southern Bannock Range of southeastern Idaho that have previously been interpreted as evidence for a regional detachment system originating and slipping at a low inclination. Previous work was based on geometrical relations between faults and bedding in lacustrine sediments of the upper Miocene to lower Pliocene Salt Lake Formation. The detachment argument was underpinned by three locations on the Oxford Mountain at which Salt Lake Formation was inferred to have been cut by low-angle normal faults. These locations have been re-evaluated. Two of the locations were found to preserve bedding-to-fault geometries that are well explained by offset from a fault of moderately dipping inclination. The third example is re-interpreted as an unconformable contact, not a fault, an observation that by itself precludes the existence of a detachment at that location. Chapter 2 presents a test of tephronchronology by the 40Ar/39Ar isotopic method. This study compares ages obtained by the geochronologic method of tephrochronology to ages obtained by 40Ar/39Ar single grain laser fusion of feldspars. The results of this study suggest certain considerations must be made when employing the method of tephrochronology for chronological work. Chapter 3 presents a regional synthesis for the tectonics of southeastern Idaho expanding on the new data presented in chapters 1 and 2. 40Ar/39Ar ages obtained from the Salt Lake Formation show evidence that extension in this region was underway > 15 Ma. Bedding-to-fault cutoff angles for the low-angle faults with the largest stratigraphic separations in the region suggest that the now gently inclined normal faults developed with moderate to steep dips, then tilted to lower inclination during continued extension. A splay of the Paris thrust is interpreted to account for both geometric relations between Paleozoic age rocks and the Neoproterozoic Pocatello Formation, as well as an unconformable contact between Pocatello Formation and late Miocene to Pliocene lake deposits of the Salt Lake Formation. This dissertation focuses on one example of a detachment system. However, it has implications for low-angle faults in general – particularly in regions like the Basin and Range that have had a protracted deformation history. The examples we have studied are important because they involve strata as young as Pliocene and they provide strong support for the role of tilting in accounting for the present-day attitude of large-offset normal faults, eliminating the need for the well-known mechanical paradox of low-angle normal fault formation.
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Book chapters on the topic "Low-angle normal fault"

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Abu Sharib, Ahmed S. A. A. "Low Angle Normal-Sense Shear Zones, Folds and Wrench Faults During the Post-Amalgamation Stage of the Arabian-Nubian Shield." In The Geology of the Arabian-Nubian Shield, 393–419. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72995-0_16.

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Collettini, Cristiano, Robert E. Holdsworth, and Steven A. F. Smith. "Chapter 4 Fault Zone Structure and Deformation Processes along an Exhumed Low-Angle Normal Fault." In International Geophysics, 69–85. Elsevier, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0074-6142(08)00004-1.

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"3. Mechanics of Low-Angle Normal Faults." In Rheology and Deformation of the Lithosphere at Continental Margins, 46–91. Columbia University Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.7312/karn12738-004.

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Searle, Mike. "Around the Bend: Nanga Parbat, Namche Barwa." In Colliding Continents. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199653003.003.0015.

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From the geological mapping, structural, and metamorphic investigations along the main Himalayan Range from Zanskar in the west through the Himachal Pradesh and Kumaon regions of India and along the whole of Nepal to Sikkim, a similar story was emerging. The overall structure and distribution of metamorphic rocks and granites was remarkably similar from one geological profile to the next. The Lesser Himalaya, above the Main Boundary Thrust was composed of generally older sedimentary and igneous rocks, unaffected by the young Tertiary metamorphism. Travelling north towards the high peaks, the inverted metamorphism along the Main Central Thrust marked the lower boundary of the Tertiary metamorphic rocks formed as a result of the India–Asia collision. The large Himalayan granites, many forming the highest peaks, lay towards the upper boundary of the ‘Greater Himalayan sequence’. North of this, the sedimentary rocks of the Tethyan Himalaya crop out above the low-angle normal fault, the South Tibetan Detachment. The northern ranges of the Himalaya comprise the sedimentary rocks of the northern margin of India. The two corner regions of the Himalaya, however, appeared to be somewhat different. The Indian plate has two major syntaxes, where the structural grain of the mountains swings around through ninety degrees: the western syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Nanga Parbat in Pakistan, and the eastern syntaxis, centred on the mountain of Namche Barwa in south-east Tibet. Nanga Parbat (8,125 m) is a huge mountain massif at the north-western end of the great Himalayan chain. It is most prominent seen from the Indus Valley and the hills of Kohistan to the west, where it seems to stand in glorious isolation, ringed by the deep gorges carved by the Indus and Astor Rivers, before the great wall of snowy peaks forming the Karakoram to the north.
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Ma, Chong, Willis E. Hames, David A. Foster, Wenjiao Xiao, Paul A. Mueller, and Mark G. Steltenpohl. "Transformation of eastern North America from compression to extension in the Permian–Triassic." In Laurentia: Turning Points in the Evolution of a Continent. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/2022.1220(28).

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ABSTRACT The record of Permian–Triassic evolution in eastern North America indicates an important change in the tectonic regime from compression to extension as eastern Laurentia transitioned from the Alleghanian orogeny to continental rifting associated with the breakup of Pangea. The temporal pace (e.g., gradual vs. episodic, diachronous vs. synchronous), the accommodating structures, and the influential processes that characterized this transition provide critical insights into the late Paleozoic evolution of Laurentia and rifted continental margins in general. Connections between the formation of the South Georgia basin and regional cooling of the southernmost Appalachian crystalline rocks, along with the distribution of normal faults and discontinuities in metamorphic grade, indicate extensional collapse of the Alleghanian orogen along an extensive detachment system that was active from ca. 295 to 240 Ma. The 40Ar/39Ar cooling ages of biotites from low-angle normal shear zones cutting migmatitic gneisses of the southernmost Appalachians are interpreted to document extensional faulting ca. 280 Ma and to provide a snapshot of the prolonged orogenic collapse. The timing, orientation of structures, extent of reactivation, and character of late Alleghanian extension in the central and northern Appalachians provide an orogen-scale framework for this tectonic transition. This contribution focuses on correlations between the beginning of orogenic collapse and the initiation of continental rifting along with the tectonic processes that transformed eastern North America from a convergent to divergent plate boundary following the Alleghanian orogeny.
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Conference papers on the topic "Low-angle normal fault"

1

Cowan, Darrel S., Paul Bodin, and Mark T. Brandon. "ACTIVE SLIP ON A REGIONAL LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT, DEATH VALLEY, CALIFORNIA." In Joint 70th Annual Rocky Mountain GSA Section / 114th Annual Cordilleran GSA Section Meeting - 2018. Geological Society of America, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2018rm-313749.

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Kirby, Eric. "GEOMORPHIC EVIDENCE FOR ACTIVE SLIP ALONG A LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT: PANAMINT VALLEY, CALIFORNIA." In Joint 118th Annual Cordilleran/72nd Annual Rocky Mountain Section Meeting - 2022. Geological Society of America, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2022cd-374091.

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Lavier, Luc, and James Biemiller. "MECHANICAL CONSTRAINTS ON LOW ANGLE NORMAL FAULT STRENGTH: LONG-TERM AND SECULAR NUMERICAL MODELING OF CORE COMPLEXES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Seattle, Washington, USA - 2017. Geological Society of America, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2017am-306145.

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4

Lutz, Brandon, and Gary Axen. "INTEGRATING FAULT-ROCK TYPES AND FABRICS WITH THERMO-KINEMATIC NUMERICAL MODELING TO UNDERSTAND THE MECHANICS OF A LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT." In GSA 2020 Connects Online. Geological Society of America, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2020am-358927.

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5

Etemaddar, Mahmoud, Elaheh Vahidian, and Otto Skjåstad. "Fatigue Damage to the Spar-Type Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Under Blade Pitch Controller Faults." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-23235.

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The safety and reliability margin of offshore floating wind turbines need to be higher than that of onshore wind turbines due to larger environmental loads and higher operational and maintenance costs for offshore wind turbines compared to onshore wind turbines. However rotor cyclic loads coupled with 6 DOFs motions of the substructure, amplifies the fatigue damage in offshore floating wind turbines. In general a lower fatigue design factor is used for offshore wind turbines compared to that of the stationary oil and gas platforms. This is because the consequence of a failure in offshore wind turbines in general is lower than that of the offshore oil and gas platforms. In offshore floating wind turbines a sub-system fault in the electrical system and blade pitch angle controller also induces additional fatigue loading on the wind turbine structure. In this paper effect of selected controller system faults on the fatigue damage of an offshore floating wind turbine is investigated, in a case which fault is not detected by a fault detection system due to a failure in the fault detection system or operator decided to continue operation under fault condition. Two fault cases in the blade pitch angle controller of the NREL 5MW offshore floating wind turbine are modeled and simulated. These faults include: bias error in the blade pitch angle rotary encoder and valve blockage or line disconnection in the blade pitch angle actuator. The short-term fatigue damage due to these faults on the composite blade root, steel low-speed shaft, tower bottom and hub are calculated and compared with the fatigue damage under normal operational conditions considering same environmental conditions for both cases. This comparison shows that how risky is to work under the fault conditions which could be useful for wind turbine operators. The servo-hydro-aeroelastic code HAWC2 is used to simulate the time domain responses of the spar-type offshore floating wind turbine under normal and faulty operational conditions. The rain-flow cycle counting method is used to calculate the load cycles under normal operational and fault conditions. The short term fatigue damage to the composite blade root and steel structures are calculated for 6-hour reference period. The bi-linear Goodman diagram and a linear SN curve are used to estimate the fatigue damage to the composite blade root and the steel structures respectively. Moreover the fatigue damage for different mean wind speeds, sea states and fault amplitudes are calculated to figure out the region of wind speeds operation with the highest risk of damage.
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6

Klopfenstein, Trey, Craig B. Grimes, Barbara E. John, Justin S. LaForge, and Evan Cox. "AN ASSESSMENT OF SYNEXTENSIONAL DIKES EMPLACED DURING EARLY SLIP ON THE MOHAVE WASH LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT, CHEMEHUEVI MOUNTAINS, SE CALIFORNIA." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-281375.

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Carter, Matthew. "AN IMAGE LOG-BASED GEOMETRICAL AND TEXTURAL ANALYSIS OF A LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT SYSTEM BENEATH THE F.O.R.G.E. SITE NEAR THE MINERAL MOUNTAINS, UTAH." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339406.

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Clayton, Robert W. "A 3D GEOLOGICAL MODEL OF THE BUCKSKIN – HARCUVAR LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULT AND RELATED METAMORPHIC CORE COMPLEX STRUCTURES BASED ON SEISMIC REFLECTION PROFILES, WESTERN ARIZONA." In 115th Annual GSA Cordilleran Section Meeting - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019cd-329157.

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Green, Mark W., Gary Axen, and Steven M. Cather. "Low-Angle normal faults within evaporite-rich Permian strata, Sierra Larga, NM." In 2013 New Mexico Geological Society Annual Spring Meeting. Socorro, NM: New Mexico Geological Society, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.56577/sm-2013.62.

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Goodwin, Laurel B., Joshua Feinberg, Jack Hoehn, Max Longchamp, Dana M. Smith, Brian R. Jicha, Brad S. Singer, et al. "EPPUR SI MUOVE: MIOCENE PSEUDOTACHYLYTE VEINS PRESERVE A RECORD OF EARTHQUAKES >M5.5 ON LOW-ANGLE NORMAL FAULTS." In GSA Annual Meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, USA - 2019. Geological Society of America, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2019am-339773.

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