Academic literature on the topic 'Lotic fauna'

Odonata is an amphibious insect order constituting an important link between aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Members of the group are widely used as bioindicators of freshwater habitat health. The Odonata fauna of a total of 44 freshwater habitats in the wider area of Papuk Nature Park was investigated in the spring and summer of 2017 and 2019. Twenty-three lotic and 21 lentic habitats were included in the study. We recorded 39 Odonata species, witha higher species richness (i.e. 35) documented at lentic than at lotic habitats (i.e. 16 species). Calopteryx virgo was the most widespread species in the area, while Aeshna affinis, Epitheca bimaculata, and Sympetrum meridionale were the rarest. The most frequently recorded species at lentic sites were Platycnemis pennipes, Coenagrion puella, and Ischnura elegans, while Calopteryx virgo, Onychogomphus forcipatus, and Cordulegaster bidenatata were the most common species in lotic habitats. Although we recorded numerous anthropogenic pressures in freshwater habitats in the Park, 11 recorded species are of conservation concern, which highlights the conservation value of aquatic habitats in the study area. Our results represent the first Odonata checklist of Papuk Nature Park, and as such, they are an important contribution to our knowledge of the Odonata fauna and species distribution in Croatia.

Studies on the fish fauna of the Xingu river basin are mainly concentrated in the main channel of the river or its large tributaries, due to requirements all faunal surveys in hydroelectric power plant projects. Our goal was to conduct a survey of the composition of fish fauna in headwater streams (lotic environments) and small reservoirs (artificial lentic environments) built on these streams in the upper Xingu River region. Fish were sampled in the dry period, July 2013, using active sampling methods in a 100 meter-section at each sampling site. We recorded the occurrence of 33 species of five orders and 16 families. Characiformes was the most species-rich order, with 19 species, followed by Siluriformes, Gymnotiformes and Perciformes, with four species each.

Abstract The relative larger size of the Berzasca River, respectively the relatively constant environmental conditions, with relatively stenotopic ichthyocenosis, suffered small qualitative and quantitative fish fauna modifications in time, compared to the smaller rivers such as Sirinia, Liubcova/Oreviţa and Mraconia. The Danube “Iron Gates” I Lake influences the lower sectors of the studied rivers in term of fish species exchange. The accidental droughts in the karstic zones of the studied lotic sectors have a negative influence on the spatial continuity of the local fish fauna, and the climate change can increase these influence in the future. All the studied rivers play an important role for the near Danube “Iron Gates” I Lake lotic fish species of small-medium size, as reproduction and shelter habitats.

This study assessed the helminth fauna of Astyanax fasciatus in two distinct sites of the Taquari River, São Paulo State, with 30 individuals sampled in a lotic site and 30 in a lentic site, recording the monogeneans: Cacatuocotyle paranaensis, Characithecium costaricensis, Diaphorocleidus kabatai, Jainus sp., Notozothecium sp. and Gyrodactylus sp., the digenean Antorchis lintoni and no-identified metacercariae; the nematode Procamallanus (Spirocamallanus) inopinatus and no-identified larvae. The mean abundances of total monogeneans (U = 1053; p = 0.042) and C. costaricensis (U = 1107; p = 0.005) were higher in the lotic site. This difference may be due to the higher density of the host population in the lotic site, and the water transparence in lentic environments that prevents A. fasciatus to form shoals, precluding the exchange of parasites with direct cycle within a host population. This study is the first report of the helminth fauna of A. fasciatus in the Taquari River, with ten taxa recorded, and reports A. fasciatus as a new host for Notozothecium sp. and C. paranaensis.

AbstractThe habitat preferences of each of the 663 species of aquatic Coleoptera known from Canada and Alaska were categorized as lentic, lotic, spring-inhabiting, other, or unknown. Most species were assigned to a single habitat type although some occur in more than one habitat. The distribution of species among these habitat types is as follows: lentic, 61%; lotic, 23%; springs, 8%; other, <1%, unknown, 8%. The 63 spring-inhabiting species are distributed among the families Dytiscidae (38 species), Hydrophilidae (nine), Hydraenidae (eight), Chrysomelidae (subfamily Donaciinae) (six), Haliplidae (one), and Dryopidae (one). The diversity of these families in springs only approximately parallels their diversity in the total fauna. Several relatively diverse families (Gyrinidae, Scirtidae, and Curculionidae) are absent from springs as are some predominantly lotic families (Amphizoidae, Elmidae, and Psephenidae). About half the spring species are western (occurring in Manitoba and west), about a quarter are eastern, and a quarter are transcontinental. Most of these spring species are known from the conterminous United States and it is suggested that spring habitats within Canada are being colonized slowly from southern refugia.The habitat affinities of spring-inhabiting Dytiscidae are examined in detail. Of the 260 species occurring in Canada, 38 species occur in springs and represent about 60% of all beetle species in Canadian springs. The spring fauna of dytiscids comprises four elements: nine (24%) inhabit springs only, 11 (29%) are lotic species that also occur in springs, 12 (31%) are species that use a broad range of habitats, and six (16%) are species known otherwise only from lentic habitats. The dytiscid fauna of springs is a heterogeneous assemblage derived from many separate phylogenetic elements.

The first list of Trichoptera from the Lazio region is reported. It is the result of research carried out from 1942-1979 in 23 hypogean cavities and from 1961-2000 in 25 lotic (52 sampling sites) and 17 lentic (24 sampling sites) biotopes. The lotic biotopes include hygropetric habitats, springs, streams, rivers and canals; the lentic biotopes include lakes of different origins and mountain pools. Ninety-one species and 7 subspecies from 18 families were collected. Forty-two species of different ecological categories are found only in lotic biotopes, 18 only in lentic biotopes and 7 species of Stenophylacinae only in hypogean cavities. The species belong to several chorological categories. Eighteen species and 7 subspecies are endemic to the Italian fauna. Six of these are limited to the regions of the Central Apennines, including Apatania volscorum Moretti, Cianficconi & Papagno exclusive to Lazio (Posta Fibreno Lake), Drusus aprutiensis Moretti endemic only to Lazio and Abruzzo, D. camerinus Moretti only to Lazio, Marche and Umbria, Glossosoma serravalle Malicky & Graf to Lazio (Velino River) and to Umbria and Marche (Nera River), Potamophylax cingulatus inermis Moretti & Cianficconi to Lazio, Abruzzo, Umbria and Marche, Allogamus antennatus ausoniae Moretti to Lazio, Abruzzo, Molise, Umbria and Marche. The presence of Chimarra marginata (L.) in the Mignone River is noteworthy because it is a rare species in Italy.

As in many growing urban areas, the prevention of environmental damage as Sydney spreads westward into the Hawkesbury-Nepean River basin is a major challenge for planners, managers and the local community, We surveyed macroinvertebrates at 45 river and stream sites in April-June 1996, and reviewed data from other sources, in order to assess the issues involved in conservation of the lotic macro invertebrate fauna, Regional richness is high with 443 recorded species and morphospecies, Cluster analysis showed community pattems related mainly to waterway size (separating the Hawkesbury-Nepean River from tributary streams), geology (tributaries on shale or sandstone), tidal intrusion and urbanization (impoverished faunas in urban streams). The ability of genus richness of mites and major insect orders to reflect overall genus richness at a site was limited, and Diptera and Trichoptera appear to have the greatest value as biodiversity predictors. Urban expansion is the major threat to lotic macro invertebrate communities in the region, but agriculture, flow regulation, sand and gravel ex1raction and introduced species have probably also impacted on the fauna, Streams with high conservation value for macroinvertebrates include those few on the Cumberland Plain and surrounding slopes that retain substantial indigenous vegetation in relatively undeveloped catchments. The Hawkesbury-Nepean River sfill harbours a rich faunal community and is also important for conservation, The development of effective strategies for conservation assessment and management is problematic for several reasons, Some species in the region are known to be vulnerable, but the status of most cannot be assessed because of a lack of taxonomic and zoogeographic information, Most "biodiversity indicator" concepts are of dubious value for aquatic macroinvertebrate conservation. A multi-faceted management approach emphasizing subcatchment reserves, riparian restoration and the control of threatening processes is required.

There were different macroinvertebrate assemblages on the face of and in beaver dams compared with beaver ponds and main stream sites. The beaver dam featured a large proportion of simuliid larvae compared with the main stream sites of this stream and with areas of other studies of beaver-altered streams. The fauna of the dams was typical of fast-flowing habitats, whereas animals of the main stream sites (including the beaver ponds) were more characteristic of slow-flowing or lentic habitats. Cluster analysis separated the dam and main stream sites for each sampling date and year of our study based on the composition of the macroinvertebrates. Although the invertebrate assemblages of the dams differed from those of the main stream sites, both habitats included similar functional feeding groups, except for a shredder found only at the dams. There are similarities between the beaver dam fauna and the faunas of debris dams, woody snags, and lake outlets. Beaver dams are important in supporting large populations of simuliids and generally in maintaining a lotic fauna in slow-moving, low-gradient boreal streams.

This study was carried out to determine the current fish fauna of Bakırçay River in seasonal periods between 2017 and 2018. Sampling was carried out in 15 different locations, 11 lotic and 4 lentic location from the small streams of source of the river to the downstream region. The sampling was performed with “Samus 725 G” model electroshock in lotic habitats; with standard fishing-nets which was “TS EN 14757 Water Quality” in lentic habitats. As a result of the study, the presence of 17 taxa from 7 families including Anguillidae, Atherinidae, Cobitidae, Cyprinidae, Nemacheilidae, Poecilidae and Gobiidae were determined. Mugilidae family members and Salaria pavo species, which were previously reported within the stream, were not obtained in our study. However, the presence of 6 species, namely Atherina boyeri, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius gibelio, Oxynemacheilus teophili, Gambusia holbrooki and Knipowitschia caucasica species were found in this study for the first time. Cyprinidae family with 11 taxa was the biggest family in terms of species diversity in the river basin. Anguillidae, Atherinidae, Cobitidae, Nemacheilidae, Poecilidae and Gobiidae families are represented by one taxon. In order to protect the river's biodiversity and to maintain fishing activities effectively, the pollution sources should be overcomed firstly. In order to protect the biodiversity of the river and to maintain fishing activities effectively, first of all, pollution sources and exotic fish species that may have negative effects on the natural fish fauna of the basin should be bring under control. In addition, it will also be useful to organize events to inform local governments and community about the importance and protection of aquatic environments.

Connectivity in ecological systems is a broad concept that embodies the transmission of ecosystem components throughout landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Of relevance to the present study are the connections (or lack thereof) among local populations of stream fauna - population connectivity in lotic systems. Dispersal, recolonisation and migration are the demographic forms of population connectivity, and gene flow is the genetic aspect of population connectivity. Both forms of population connectivity have underpinned some of the classic theories and hypotheses in stream ecology, and have implications for pure and applied stream ecology, including ecosystem restoration. Conceptual models in ecology can facilitate understanding and predictability of the ecosystem processes they represent, and have potential applicability as management tools or 'rules of thumb' in conservation and restoration programs. Various theoretical models describe potential patterns of connectivity among local populations and in this thesis these models were used to evaluate population connectivity in a freshwater fish (southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis) and two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of freshwater shrimp (Paratya spp.) in small, geomorphically degraded streams in south eastern Australia. These streams (the Granite Creeks) have been the focus of a recent habitat restoration trial and several studies have examined fish and macroinvertebrate community responses to the experiment. It was the purpose of this study to contribute information about population connectivity in the selected species to complement these community ecology studies. Population connectivity was examined in these species using molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data) and natural abundance isotopic signatures of nitrogen and carbon. At the landscape scale, results showed that populations of N. australis and the P. australiensis lineages were isolated among the streams and among sites within streams, and that there was no consistent pattern of isolation-by-distance in genetic data for any species. Thus, classic models of population connectivity, such as the Island Model and Stepping-Stone Model, were not supported by this study. Results indicated that population models that incorporated more complex aspects of stream structure may be more appropriate than these classic models for approximating observed patterns of population connectivity in lotic systems. The Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) predicts that the hierarchical aspect of stream structure (i.e. stream confluences) have a dominant role in shaping patterns of population connectivity in lotic fauna, whereby populations among streams are more isolated than those within them. Although stream confluences were found to have an important role in population subdivision for the species examined in this study, the expectations of the SHM were met for only N. australis. For the P. australiensis lineages, the influence of topography (i.e. the longitudinal aspect of stream structure) was just as important as stream confluences in isolating local populations. Large-scale determinants of population isolation were thus found to be associated with both the hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure, and were not well represented by any single theoretical model of population connectivity. At within-stream scales, upland populations tended to be extremely isolated from other populations and had temporally stable genetic signatures. In contrast, lowland populations were connected to other lowland populations within the same stream to a greater degree, although the connections were patchy and a slight signature of temporal instability in the genetic data was evident for one of the P. australiensis lineages. Thus, metapopulation or patchy population models were found to represent connections among lowland populations within the same stream, although they were not appropriate for describing connectivity among upland populations. This finding highlights the importance of the longitudinal aspect of stream structure in shaping ecological patterns in lotic systems, and demonstrates that local patterns of population connectivity can vary over relatively small spatial scales. Overall, the results illustrate that both hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure can have important roles in isolating populations of stream fauna. They therefore also represent constraints for the ability of aquatic fauna to colonise restored habitat in streams. The corollary of this, however, is that such isolated populations of stream fauna represent appropriate population units at which to target habitat restoration. The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure may thus represent 'rules of thumb' or 'landscape filters' that stream restoration ecologists could use to predict likely isolated populations of lotic fauna across the landscape. Such a 'rule of thumb' might be the inclusion of multiple isolated population units in restoration programs, as this strategy is likely to generate the greatest biological response to the restoration at the landscape scale, particularly with respect to intra-specific genetic diversity captured by restoration. At small spatial scales, such as for a single stream or tributary, the longitudinal aspect of stream structure can be an important factor to consider when designing stream habitat restoration programs. In this study, lowland sites were unstable and there were patchy connections among local lowland populations within the same stream, whereas upland populations were isolated at this scale. In contrast, other studies have found that upstream populations of some species can be connected in a patchy fashion in other systems. For such unstable sections of stream, where there are patchy patterns of local population connectivity, the inclusion of multiple restored patches, especially refugial habitat, is likely to produce the greatest biotic response at the patch scale, particularly with respect to demographic responses (such as local colonisation). Multiple restored refugial patches will enable species to persist throughout the stream section during adverse environmental conditions, will allow for variation in local movement patterns and distances between species and between years with contrasting environment conditions (e.g. stream flow), and may harbour different species assemblages and intraspecific genotypes due to stochastic processes (i.e. have functional heterogeneity). The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure are thus important determinants of population connectivity at both large and small spatial scales, and have implications for how stream biota will respond to restoration at patch and landscape scales.

Connectivity in ecological systems is a broad concept that embodies the transmission of ecosystem components throughout landscapes at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Of relevance to the present study are the connections (or lack thereof) among local populations of stream fauna - population connectivity in lotic systems. Dispersal, recolonisation and migration are the demographic forms of population connectivity, and gene flow is the genetic aspect of population connectivity. Both forms of population connectivity have underpinned some of the classic theories and hypotheses in stream ecology, and have implications for pure and applied stream ecology, including ecosystem restoration. Conceptual models in ecology can facilitate understanding and predictability of the ecosystem processes they represent, and have potential applicability as management tools or 'rules of thumb' in conservation and restoration programs. Various theoretical models describe potential patterns of connectivity among local populations and in this thesis these models were used to evaluate population connectivity in a freshwater fish (southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis) and two reproductively isolated genetic lineages of freshwater shrimp (Paratya spp.) in small, geomorphically degraded streams in south eastern Australia. These streams (the Granite Creeks) have been the focus of a recent habitat restoration trial and several studies have examined fish and macroinvertebrate community responses to the experiment. It was the purpose of this study to contribute information about population connectivity in the selected species to complement these community ecology studies. Population connectivity was examined in these species using molecular data (mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data) and natural abundance isotopic signatures of nitrogen and carbon. At the landscape scale, results showed that populations of N. australis and the P. australiensis lineages were isolated among the streams and among sites within streams, and that there was no consistent pattern of isolation-by-distance in genetic data for any species. Thus, classic models of population connectivity, such as the Island Model and Stepping-Stone Model, were not supported by this study. Results indicated that population models that incorporated more complex aspects of stream structure may be more appropriate than these classic models for approximating observed patterns of population connectivity in lotic systems. The Stream Hierarchy Model (SHM) predicts that the hierarchical aspect of stream structure (i.e. stream confluences) have a dominant role in shaping patterns of population connectivity in lotic fauna, whereby populations among streams are more isolated than those within them. Although stream confluences were found to have an important role in population subdivision for the species examined in this study, the expectations of the SHM were met for only N. australis. For the P. australiensis lineages, the influence of topography (i.e. the longitudinal aspect of stream structure) was just as important as stream confluences in isolating local populations. Large-scale determinants of population isolation were thus found to be associated with both the hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure, and were not well represented by any single theoretical model of population connectivity. At within-stream scales, upland populations tended to be extremely isolated from other populations and had temporally stable genetic signatures. In contrast, lowland populations were connected to other lowland populations within the same stream to a greater degree, although the connections were patchy and a slight signature of temporal instability in the genetic data was evident for one of the P. australiensis lineages. Thus, metapopulation or patchy population models were found to represent connections among lowland populations within the same stream, although they were not appropriate for describing connectivity among upland populations. This finding highlights the importance of the longitudinal aspect of stream structure in shaping ecological patterns in lotic systems, and demonstrates that local patterns of population connectivity can vary over relatively small spatial scales. Overall, the results illustrate that both hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure can have important roles in isolating populations of stream fauna. They therefore also represent constraints for the ability of aquatic fauna to colonise restored habitat in streams. The corollary of this, however, is that such isolated populations of stream fauna represent appropriate population units at which to target habitat restoration. The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure may thus represent 'rules of thumb' or 'landscape filters' that stream restoration ecologists could use to predict likely isolated populations of lotic fauna across the landscape. Such a 'rule of thumb' might be the inclusion of multiple isolated population units in restoration programs, as this strategy is likely to generate the greatest biological response to the restoration at the landscape scale, particularly with respect to intra-specific genetic diversity captured by restoration. At small spatial scales, such as for a single stream or tributary, the longitudinal aspect of stream structure can be an important factor to consider when designing stream habitat restoration programs. In this study, lowland sites were unstable and there were patchy connections among local lowland populations within the same stream, whereas upland populations were isolated at this scale. In contrast, other studies have found that upstream populations of some species can be connected in a patchy fashion in other systems. For such unstable sections of stream, where there are patchy patterns of local population connectivity, the inclusion of multiple restored patches, especially refugial habitat, is likely to produce the greatest biotic response at the patch scale, particularly with respect to demographic responses (such as local colonisation). Multiple restored refugial patches will enable species to persist throughout the stream section during adverse environmental conditions, will allow for variation in local movement patterns and distances between species and between years with contrasting environment conditions (e.g. stream flow), and may harbour different species assemblages and intraspecific genotypes due to stochastic processes (i.e. have functional heterogeneity). The hierarchical and longitudinal aspects of stream structure are thus important determinants of population connectivity at both large and small spatial scales, and have implications for how stream biota will respond to restoration at patch and landscape scales.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Australian School of Environmental Studies
Faculty of Environmental Sciences
Full Text

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The present paper aimed to evaluate the functional structural of the fish fauna in streams with different land uses in their micro basin. The fish fauna was sampled in fourteen streams, belonging to four watershed, between 2006 and 2014, by electric fishing technique. The streams were categorized according to land use and occupation and the species were classified according to their functional traits. Were sampled 81 fish species distributed in different functional groups related with the tolerance to hypoxia, food use (trophic guilds), reproduction (parental care) and habitat use. Bidimensional graphics were built with the data biomass of the functional groups, showing that the groups that stood out, independent of the land use, were the omnivorous, benthics, and nonguarders species. The Monte Carlo test proved there is dependence between the functional traits and land use. The functional diversity analyses showed that the functional metrics decreased substantially as it increases the land use and occupation, mainly in urban streams. It follows that the land use exerts direct influence on functional diversity of fish species in streams.
O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a estrutura funcional da fauna de peixes de riachos em riachos com diferentes usos do solo em suas microbacias. A fauna de peixes foi amostrada em 14 riachos, pertencentes a quatro bacias hidrográficas, entre 2006 e 2014, por meio da técnica de pesca elétrica. Os riachos foram categorizados de acordo com o uso e ocupação do solo e as espécies foram classificadas de acordo com suas características funcionais. Foram amostradas 81 espécies distribuídas em diferentes grupos funcionais relacionados à tolerância a hipóxia, uso do alimento (grupos tróficos), reprodução (cuidado parental) e uso do hábitat. Gráficos bidimensionais foram construídos com os dados de biomassa dos grupos funcionais, mostrando que os grupos que se destacaram, independente do uso do solo, foram os omnívoros, os bentônicos e não guardadores. O teste de Monte Carlo atestou que há dependência entre as características funcionais e o uso do solo. A análise de diversidade funcional (DF) mostrou que as métricas funcionais diminuíram consideravelmente a medida que aumentou o uso e ocupação do solo, principalmente nos riachos urbanos. Conclui-se que o uso do solo exerce influência direta sobre a diversidade funcional das espécies de peixes em riachos

O presente trabalho testou o efeito da frequência, intensidade e tamanho da área de perturbações físicas sobre a comunidade de macroinvertebrados aquáticos, visando responder as seguintes questões: 1) a abundância, riqueza e composição dos macroinvertebrados são afetadas pelas perturbações físicas? 2) os resultados encontrados se enquadram nas predições da hipótese da perturbação intermediária (HPI) ou do modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico (MED)? Para responder estas questões manipulações experimentais do substrato (frequência, intensidade e tamanho da área de perturbação) foram realizadas e foram avaliados os seus efeitos sobre a fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos de um riacho de Mata Atlântica do Sudeste do Brasil. Os nossos resultados mostraram que as perturbações físicas não influenciaram a abundância e a riqueza da fauna, não se encaixando nas predições da HPI e do modelo de equilíbrio dinâmico MED. Por outro lado, a frequência afetou a composição faunística sugerindo que alguns grupos demandam um maior tempo para colonizar o substrato. Apesar de reconhecermos que alguns poucos grupos são afetados pela frequência de perturbação, a maior parte da fauna do riacho estudado deve ter uma alta mobilidade e resiliência talvez como um reflexo do alto dinamismo deste riacho, no qual é possível observar que o substrato se move em maior ou menor grau dependendo das intensidades das chuvas. Os nossos resultados sugerem que as perturbações experimentais criaram manchas desocupadas, as quais foram rapidamente ocupadas pela maior parte da fauna de macroinvertebrados aquáticos. Portanto, a capacidade de colonização dos diferentes táxons e a redistribuição entre manchas ocupadas e desocupadas devem ter um papel fundamental na dinâmica da fauna do riacho estudado.
The present work tested the effects of frequency, intensity and disturbance area on the aquatic macroinvertebrate assemblages, in order to answer the following questions: 1) do the physical disturbances affect the abundance, richness and composition of macroinvertebrate assemblages? 2) Do the finding results confirm the intermediate-disturbance hypothesis (HPI) or dynamic-equilibrium model (MED) predictions? To answer these questions, experimental manipulation of substrate (frequency, intensity and size of disturbed area) were made and their effects on aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna in an Atlantic Forest stream (Southeast of Brazil) were evaluated. The abundance and richness were not influenced by the physical disturbance and this result was not in accordance with predictions of the HPI and MED. On the other hand, the frequency affected the faunal composition suggesting that some groups demand a longer period to colonize the substrate. Although, we recognize that some groups are affected by the disturbance frequency, the most part of the stream fauna should have a higher mobility and resilience, maybe as a reflect of the higher dynamism of this stream, in which is possible to observe that the substrate moves in a higher or lower rate depending on the rain intensity. Our results suggest that the experimental disturbance generate unoccupied patches which were promptly occupied by the major part of the taxa of aquatic macroinvertebrate fauna. Therefore, the colonization capacity of the different taxa and the redistribution between occupied and unoccupied patches should have a fundamental role on the fauna dynamics in the studied stream.

Na presente tese investigamos o papel de alguns dos fatores mais importantes na estruturação da fauna de EPT em riachos. No primeiro capítulo, abordamos os efeitos do tamanho do riacho, do tipo de mesohabitat (corredeira e remanso) e da estação do ano (seca e chuva) sobre a abundância, riqueza e composição de Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera e Trichoptera (EPT). Segundo os nossos resultados, a abundância respondeu de forma significativa às interações entre o tipo de mesohabitat e o tamanho do riacho; e entre estação do ano e o tamanho do riacho. A riqueza foi influenciada significativamente pelo tamanho do riacho. Adicionalmente, tanto o tipo de mesohabitat quanto o tamanho do riacho afetaram significativamente a composição faunística (DCA I). O tipo de mesohabitat pode ser considerado um bom preditor da fauna de EPT, mesmo em um sistema altamente sazonal como é o caso dos riachos aqui estudados. No segundo capítulo, apresentamos equações representativas da relação tamanho corpóreo (comprimento do corpo e largura da cápsula cefálica) para táxons de EPT. Considerando os dados obtidos, recomendamos, sempre que possível, a utilização do comprimento do corpo e apenas as equações com o R2 acima de 0,65, as quais podem ser úteis em trabalhos onde informações gerais sobre a biomassa de EPT são necessárias. Este capítulo serviu de base para o capítulo III. No terceiro capítulo, abordamos os padrões de distribuição de frequência do tamanho corpóreo e a relação entre tamanho corpóreo e abundância de EPT. Os nossos resultados mostraram que independente do riacho, do tipo de mesohabitat e da estação do ano, no geral, as distribuições se encaixaram em uma distribuição normal. Considerando as relações entre o tamanho corpóreo e abundância, os dados de 50% das assembleias de EPT analisadas individualmente se encaixaram numa forma piramidal. Em nenhum dos casos, observamos relações lineares negativas, portanto, os nossos dados discordam da Regra de Equivalência Energética. Nossos resultados sugerem que um único fator (e.g. balanço energético) é insuficiente para explicar a relação tamanho-abundância de EPT em ambientes altamente variáveis como os riachos aqui estudados.
In this thesis we investigate the role of some of the most important factors in structuring EPT fauna in streams. In the first chapter, we discuss the effects of stream size, type of mesohabitat (riffles and pools) and season (rainy and dry) on the abundance, richness and composition of Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera (EPT). According to our results, the abundance responded significantly to the interactions between mesohabitat type and size of the stream, and between season and size of the stream. Richness was significantly influenced by the size of the stream. Additionally, both the mesohabitat type and size of the stream significantly affected the faunal composition (DCA I). The type of mesohabitat can be considered a good predictor of EPT fauna, even in a highly seasonal system like the streams studied here. In the second chapter, we present equations representing the relative body size (body length and width of head capsule) for EPT taxa. Considering the data obtained, it is recommended, where possible, using the length of the body and only equations with R2 above 0.65, which may be useful when general information on the EPT biomass is necessary. This chapter supported the Chapter III. In third chapter we discuss the patterns of frequency distribution of body size and the relationship between body size and abundance of EPT. Our results show that regardless of the stream, the type of mesohabitat and the season, in general, the data on body size fit the normal distribution. Considering the relations between body size and abundance, the data of 50% of EPT assemblages analyzed individually fit the pyramidal shape. In any case, we observed negative linear relationship, therefore, our data disagree with the Energy Equivalence Rule. Our results suggest that a single factor (e.g. energy balance) is insufficient to explain the relationship between size and abundance of EPT in highly variable environments such as streams studied here.

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O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a estrutura da comunidade e a distribuição da fauna de Chironomidae em três mesohabitats: folhiço correnteza, folhiço remanso e sedimento remanso, em um córrego de primeira ordem na Mata Atlântica localizada na região sudeste do Brasil. As coletas foram realizadas nos meses de julho, agosto e setembro de 2007 (período seco) e janeiro, fevereiro e março de 2008 (período chuvoso), usando o amostrador Surber (malha 250 um) por um período de 30 segundos para cada mesohabitat. As amostras foram fixadas em formol a 4% e posteriormente no laboratório foram lavadas em peneira com malha 0,2Imm, triadas sob microscópio estereoscópico e os espécimes identificados em nível de gênero ou morfotipo. Para análise da estrutura da comunidade de Chironomidae de cada mesohabitat nos dois períodos de estudo, foram calculadas a riqueza taxonômica, a diversidade de Shannon, equidade de Pielou e o índice de dominância (ID) para cada táxon. A análise de agrupamento indicou que a pluviosidade foi um fator com forte influência na variação da estrutura da fauna de Chironomidae nos mesohabitats de folhiço em correnteza e remanso, e com menor influência no sedimento em remanso. Através da Análise de Correspondência e do Método do Valor Indicador foi possível observar a associação dos táxons com mesohabitats específicos e/ou período sazonal. Os substratos folhiço e sedimento foram favoráveis ao estabelecimento das larvas de Chironomidae apresentando alta riqueza e diversidade. O tipo de substrato e a precipitação foram os principais fatores que determinaram a estrutura e a distribuição espacial e temporal da fauna. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a importância da mata ciliar para a heterogeneidade de habitats em escala local, que favorece a diversidade de espécies em córregos de baixa ordem.
The aim of this study was to investigate the structure and distribution of the Chironomidae fauna in mesohabitats of litter from riff1e areas, litter from pool areas, and sediment in pool areas in a first-order Atlantic Forest stream located in southeastem Brazil. The collections were carried out in the months of July, August and September of 2007 (dry season) and January, February and March of 2008 (rainy season), using a Surber sampler (250 um mesh) for a period of 30 seconds for each mesohabitat. The samples were fixed in formaldehyde solution 4%, and then washed in current water and passed through a sieve with a 0.21mm mesh, sorted in a stereoscopic microscope and identified to genus level or morphotype. ln order to analyze the structure ofthe Chironomidae community in each mesohabitat sampled in the two periods of study, the richness, the Shannon's diversity index, Pielou's evenness and the dominance index were calculated. Cluster analysis indicated that precipitation was a factor with a great influence on the variation of the structure of the Chironomidae fauna in mesohabitats from litter in riffle areas and in pool areas, with low influence on sediment in pool areas. Through the Correspondence Analysis and the lndicator Values Method it was possible to observe the association of the taxa with specific mesohabitats and/or the seasonal period. The substrates litter and sediment were suitable to the establishment of Chironomidae larvae showing high richness and diversity. The type of substrate and the precipitation were the major factors that determined the structure and spatial and temporal distribution of the fauna. The results obtained reinforce the importance of the Riparian Forest to the heterogeneity of habitats on a local scale, a fact that allows the specie diversity in low order streams.

O presente trabalho teve o objetivo testar os efeitos da complexidade do substrato e do tipo de mesohabitat (remanso e corredeira) sobre a riqueza, a abundância e a composição de Chironomidae (Diptera) em riachos. O experimento foi realizado em 12 riachos do Brasil Central, onde em cada mesohabitat (remanso e corredeira) foram colocadas duas bandejas de plástico, uma contendo substrato com alta complexidade e outra contendo substrato com baixa complexidade. Estes substratos permaneceram no riacho durante 20 dias. Os efeitos da complexidade do substrato e dos mesohabitats não foram significativos nem sobre a riqueza padronizada nem sobre a abundância, por outro lado, o efeito do mesohabitat foi significativo sobre a composição faunística. O primeiro eixo da DCA (33% da variabilidade) separou claramente a fauna de remansos da de corredeiras. A análise de espécies indicadoras mostrou que Chironomus sp., Ablabesmyia sp.1, Ablabesmyia sp.2, Djalmabatista sp., Fittkauimyia sp., Labrundinia sp. indicaram o remanso, e Paratendipes sp., Polypedilum sp.2, Pentaneura sp., Rheotanytarsus sp.1, Corynoneura sp.2, Cricotopus sp.2, Lopescladius sp., Nanocladius sp.2, Parametriocnemus sp. e Thienemanniella sp. indicaram a corredeira.
The present study had the aim to test the effects of the substrate complexity and of the mesohabitat (pools and riffles) on the richness, abundance and composition of Chironomidae (Diptera) in streams. The experiment took place in 12 streams of Central Brazil. In each stream, two plastic trays were put in each one of the two studied mesohabitats (pool and riffle), one with higher complexity substrate and one with lower complexity substrate. These substrates were kept in the streams for 20 days. The effects of substrate complexity and of mesohabitat were not significative neither on the standarized richness nor on the abundance. On the other hand, the effect of mesohabitat was significative on the faunistic composition. The first axis of DCA (33% of variability) separated cleanly the fauna in pools from those in riffles. The indicator species analysis showed that Chironomus sp., Ablabesmyia sp.1, Ablabesmyia sp.2, Djalmabatista sp., Fittkauimyia sp., Labrundinia sp. indicated pools, and Paratendipes sp., Polypedilum sp.2, Pentaneura sp., Rheotanytarsus sp.1, Corynoneura sp.2, Cricotopus sp.2, Lopescladius sp., Nanocladius sp.2, Parametriocnemus sp. and Thienemanniella sp. indicated riffles.

Mestrado de dupla diplomação com o Institute Agronomic and Veterinary Hassan II
Freshwater ecosystems are threatened by several pressures worldwide. Water pollution and eutrophication, the degradation and fragmentation of aquatic and riparian environments, overexploitation of resources, the dispersion of non-native species and more recently climate change have contributed to the loss of biodiversity and ecological integrity of rivers. For this reason, river conservation and management are essential to guarantee all associated ecosystem goods and services, this taking into account the biotic and biotic factors. Which leads to the objectives of the present study which were: 1) to evaluate the impact of abiotic factors on the biological quality of a watercourse, the river Fervença belonging to the drainage bassin of River Sabor (NE of Portugal), subject to anthropic pressures, and 2) to determine the influence of biotic factors, namely the complex relationship between fish and bivalves, in the ecological integrity of lotic systems. In the spring of 2020, abiotic (i.e. water quality and habitats) and biotic (i.e. macroinvertebrates and fish) characterization of 7 sampling sites were made, using the Water Framework Directive protocols. The results showed a marked decrease in the quality of water, habitats and biota in sampling sites located downstream of the city of Bragança, as a result of the input of contaminants from the urban environment, despite the presence of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The degradation of abiotic conditions has led to the disappearance of species sensitive to pollution and to the loss of biodiversity, biotic relationships and ecological functions in the aquatic system. In this context, the relationship between a bivalve, the unionoid Anodonta anatina, and the fish fauna present in the river Sabor was studied. Four native Iberian species (Luciobarbus bocagei, Squalius alburnoides, Squalius carolitertii and Pseudochondrostoma duriense) and one non-native species (Alburnus alburnus) were tested in the laboratory. All fish species functioned as viable hosts for Anodonta anatina due to the wide distribution of this bivalve, although the higher rates of metamorphosis were found for a native species, Squalius carolitertii. For the conservation and management of NE Portugal's aquatic systems, measures for the rehabilitation of disturbed ecosystems and the conservation of priority habitats are essential, namely for threatened native species.
Os ecossistemas de água doce estão ameaçados por várias pressões à escala mundial. A poluição e eutroficação da água, a degradação e fragmentação de ambientes aquáticos e ribeirinhos, a sobreexploração de recursos, a dispersão de espécies não nativas e mais recentemente as alterações climáticas têm contribuído a perda de biodiversidade e integridade ecológica de rios. Por tal motivo, a conservação e gestão de rios é fundamental para garantir todos os bens e serviços ecossistémicos associados. O presente estudo teve como objetivos: 1) avaliar o impacto de fatores abióticos na qualidade biológica de um curso de água, o rio Fervença (NE de Portugal), sujeito a pressões antrópicas, e 2) determinar a influência de fatores bióticos, nomeadamente da relação complexa entre peixes e bivalves, na integridade ecológica dos sistemas lóticos. Na primavera de 2020 foi feita a caracterização abiótica (i.e. qualidade da água e habitats) e biótica (i.e. macroinvertebrados e peixes) de 7 locais de amostragem, com recurso aos protocolos da Diretiva Quadro da Água. Os resultados evidenciaram uma diminuição acentuada da qualidade da água, dos habitats e do biota nos locais situados a jusante da cidade de Bragança, como resultado do input de contaminantes do meio urbano, apesar da presença duma estação de tratamento de águas residuais (ETAR). A degradação das condições abióticas levou ao desaparecimento de espécies sensíveis à poluição e à perda de biodiversidade, relações bióticas e funções ecológicas no sistema aquático. Neste âmbito, foi estudada a relação entre um bivalve, o unionídeo Anodonta anatina, e a fauna piscícola presente no rio Sabor. Foram testadas, em laboratório, quatro espécies nativas da Ibéria (Luciobarbus bocagei, Squalius alburnoides, Squalius carolitertii e Pseudochondrostoma duriense) e uma espécie não nativa (Alburnus alburnus). Todas as espécies piscícolas funcionaram como hospedeiros viáveis de Anodonta anatina em virtude da distribuição alargada deste bivalve, embora as taxas superiores de metamorfose tivessem sido encontradas para uma espécie nativa, o Squalius carolitertii. Para a conservação e gestão dos sistemas aquáticos do NE Portugal são essenciais medidas de reabilitação de ecossistemas perturbados e a conservação de habitats prioritários, nomeadamente para as espécies nativas fortemente ameaçadas.

<em>Abstract</em>.—Anthropogenic alterations to Iowa’s landscape have greatly altered lotic systems with consequent effects on the biodiversity of freshwater fauna. Ictalurids are a diverse group of fishes and play an important ecological role in aquatic ecosystems. However, little is known about their distribution and status in lotic systems throughout Iowa. The purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of ictalurids in Iowa and examine their relationship with ecological integrity of streams and rivers. Historical data (i.e., 1884–2002) compiled for the Iowa Aquatic Gap Analysis Project (IAGAP) were used to detect declines in the distribution of ictalurids in Iowa streams and rivers at stream segment and watershed scales. Eight variables characterizing ictalurid assemblages were used to evaluate relationships with index of biotic integrity (IBI) ratings. Comparisons of recent and historic data from the IAGAP database indicated that 9 of Iowa’s 10 ictalurid species experienced distribution declines at one or more spatial scales. Analysis of variance indicated that ictalurid assemblages differed among samples with different IBI ratings. Specifically, total ictalurid, sensitive ictalurid, and <em>Noturus</em> spp. richness increased as IBI ratings increased. Results indicate declining ictalurid species distributions and biotic integrity are related, and management strategies aimed to improve habitat and increase biotic integrity will benefit ictalurid species.

In Chapter 5 affect is considered as corporeal tension and intensity in two modernist works by the Ballets Russes, Léonide Massine’s Parade (1917) and Vaslav Nijinsky’s L’après-midi d’un faune (1912). Following Massumi’s theory of affect as an autonomous intensity and Susan Langer’s similarly transcorporeal notion of a “continuum of feeling,” the chapter explores forms of dance in which affect is grounded in the material gestures of the body and located in the tensions required to create these abstract forms. Feeling was not suppressed in avant-garde dance but rather depersonalised and de-psychologised, following a different logic from the model of emotion as self-expression that dominated classical ballet in the nineteenth century.