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Journal articles on the topic 'Loss; Unjust'
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1
Davis, Christopher G., Michael J. A. Wohl, and Norine Verberg. "Profiles of Posttraumatic Growth Following an Unjust Loss." Death Studies 31, no. 8 (August 20, 2007): 693–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07481180701490578.
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Eguchi, Kyota. "Productivity loss and reinstatement as a legal remedy for unjust dismissal." Journal of the Japanese and International Economies 21, no. 1 (March 2007): 78–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jjie.2005.07.002.
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Bergstrand, Kelly. "The Mobilizing Power of Grievances: Applying Loss Aversion and Omission Bias to Social Movements." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 19, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 123–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.19.2.247753433p8k6643.
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This study investigates how the nature of grievances can provide advantages or disadvantages to social movements. I use an experimental design to test the effects of loss aversion and omission bias on people's reactions toward grievances and the campaigns that seek to address them. The results indicate that grievances involving a loss are perceived as more immoral, unjust, and important than grievances involving a gain. Loss-based grievances also generate stronger emotions, increase willingness to engage in activism, and produce perceptions of greater public support. Similarly, grievances resulting from a commission (action), as compared to an omission (inaction), are seen as more immoral, unjust, and important. Commission-based grievances direct attribution of blame toward perpetrators, evoke higher levels of emotions, and increase willingness to participate in campaigns. These findings provide support for the idea that not all grievances are created equal in their ability to appeal to and potentially mobilize the public.
4
McInnes, Mitchell. "“At the Plantiff's Expense”: Quantifying Restitutionary Relief." Cambridge Law Journal 57, no. 3 (November 1998): 472–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819739800302x.
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THE issue addressed in this article pertains to the proper measure of relief to which Pam is entitled in an action in unjust enrichment. There is no doubting her ability to establish the constituent elements of that action. Dave was enriched by the receipt of an incontrovertible benefit because he realised a financial gain from the services rendered. That enrichment was derived at Pam's expense (at least in part) because she paid for the repairs. And Dave's enrichment was unjust because Pam's intention in rendering the benefit was vitiated by her mistaken belief that the car was hers. However, it is unclear whether she should be awarded £1000 (reflecting Dave's gain) or £250 (reflecting her loss). The specific question that arises is whether the second element of the principle of unjust enrichment (“at the plaintiff's expense”) merely determines Pam's standing to sue or whether it also limits her measure of relief. It is suggested, contrary to a growing body of opinion, that the latter alternative is preferable.
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Sinel, Zoë. "Concerns about Corrective Justice." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 26, no. 1 (January 2013): 137–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005981.
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According to the principle of corrective justice, one who causes a wrongful loss or receives a wrongful gain is obligated to make good that loss or restore that gain. The guiding principle of the remedies of private law (the law of torts, contract, and unjust enrichment) is to put the aggrieved party in the position s/he would have been in had the complained of conduct not occurred. The connection between corrective justice and private law’s remedies thus appears analytic. My article challenges this orthodoxy. I argue that, on the one hand, if corrective justice is treated narrowly, as an exclusively remedial principle, it severs the connection between right and remedy that lies at the heart of the corrective justice theories of private law. On the other, if it is interpreted broadly to encompass as well the parties’ original (pre-wrong or pre-unjust enrichment) relationship, it becomes otiose.
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Koontz, Theodore J. "Noncombatant Immunity in Michael Water's Just and Unjust Wars." Ethics & International Affairs 11 (March 1997): 55–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7093.1997.tb00017.x.
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Issues of immunity from attack and the assignment of responsibility for civilian deaths are central to the modern war convention. Koontz addresses several difficulties with Walzer's treatment of noncombatant immunity in Just and Unjust Wars. Walzer's theory of noncombatant immunity states that immunity from attack is a fundamental human right that can only be lost once a person becomes a direct threat or consents to give up his or her right to immunity. Koontz cites inconsistencies in Walzer's method of determining the immunity of soldiers and civilians. He argues from a deontological perspective that there can be no grounds for consent to the loss of immunity other than a direct threat posed by a civilian. This strengthens the protection of noncombatants, a principle that had been weakened by Walzer.
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Jackman, I. M. "Restitution for Wrongs." Cambridge Law Journal 48, no. 2 (July 1989): 302–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000819730010532x.
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In what circumstances can a person be liable to a pecuniary remedy for conduct which has not caused the plaintiff any harm? This question lies at the heart of the present topic, in which the plaintiff seeks to disgorge a benefit acquired by the defendant through the latter's wrongful act, even though the wrong has not actually caused him loss or injury. Consider, for example, a trespasser who has benefited by using a track across the plaintiff's land without reducing the value of the land; the plaintiff, who might never have been willing to consent to such use of his land, now seeks payment as if his permission for that user had been sought at a price. In terms of “unjust enrichment,“ the plaintiff's claim is that the defendant's enrichment is “ “unjust” by virtue of the wrong committed, without showing that the enrichment is at his expense.
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Haley, Michael. "SECTION 30(1)(g) OF THE LANDLORD AND TENANT ACT 1954: THE UNJUST RELEGATION OF RENEWAL RIGHTS." Cambridge Law Journal 71, no. 1 (March 2012): 118–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197312000220.
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AbstractPart II of the Landlord and Tenant Act 1954 regulates the renewal of business tenancies. Within highly technical confines, it promotes the continuation of the tenant's business and addresses the risk of tenant exploitation. Nevertheless, it is argued that section 30(1)(g) unnecessarily prioritises the occupation needs of the landlord over the tenant's renewal rights and without imposing effective procedural safeguards. Although compensation for loss of renewal rights may be available, the award disregards any loss of established goodwill. This inadequacy of compensation undermines the anti-profiteering ethos of the Act and contravenes Article 1 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
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Stace, Victoria. "The Law of Contribution – An Equitable Doctrine or Part of the Law of Unjust Enrichment?" Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 48, no. 3 (November 1, 2017): 471. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v48i3.4732.
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This article looks at the changes made to the equitable doctrine of contribution by the New Zealand Supreme Court in a 2016 decision, Hotchin v New Zealand Guardian Trust Co Ltd. The approach now favoured by the Supreme Court is that to establish a claim for contribution by one defendant against another, there is no need to find any greater degree of coordination between the liabilities other than that the plaintiff could pursue either defendant for its loss and either would be liable for it, in whole or in part. The underlying rationale is that by paying the plaintiff, the defendant who was pursued not only discharges itself but also discharges the other defendant's liability. If mutual discharge is established, the court then determines the amount of contribution based on what is just and reasonable in the circumstances. The Supreme Court's approach to the doctrine of equitable contribution, which is a significant change to previous law, bears similarities to the approach proposed in the leading text on unjust enrichment, raising the issue of whether a future claim for contribution could be approached using an unjust enrichment analysis.
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Gassama, Saikou Kawsu, Mansoureh Ebrahimi, and Kamaruzaman Yusoff. "Justum Ad Bellum & Israel’s 2006 Attack on Lebanon: An Examination of Just War Principles." Asian Social Science 14, no. 8 (July 27, 2018): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v14n8p68.
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Due to the continuum of Hezbollah rocket attacks from southern Lebanon, Israel attacked Lebanon in July 2006, devastating infrastructure and causing substantial loss of Lebanese lives. This paper provides a detailed documented analysis that examines the applicability of Just-War concepts and criteria for the attack with a view to determine whether or not it was morally justified according to accepted international standards. After reviewing contemporary expositors, our analysis of Just-War criteria according to traditions stemming from St. Augustine and St Thomas Aquinas indicate that although a few criteria fit Just-War Theory, Israel had overwhelmingly failed to satisfy requisite conditions for both jus ad bellum and jus in bello, thereby rendering their Lebanon incursion unjustifiable, and therefore an unjust war.
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Suiseeya, Kimberly R. Marion. "Negotiating the Nagoya Protocol: Indigenous Demands for Justice." Global Environmental Politics 14, no. 3 (August 2014): 102–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep_a_00241.
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In October 2010, parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization. One impetus behind the Nagoya Protocol was the mandate to address the unjust impacts—such as the loss of access to resources, exploitation of traditional knowledge, and expropriation of rights to resources—of the global demand for genetic resources on indigenous peoples and local communities (ILCs). Using collaborative event ethnography, this article demonstrates the limited nature, scope, and engagement of the ILC justice discourse in the negotiations, despite the supposedly inclusive nature of the CBD. I attribute the constrained discourse in part to the existence of a justice metanorm as evidenced through the emergence of shared meanings and prescriptive status of justice instruments.
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Schultz, Susanne U. "“The adventure is not easy.” The Discretionary Politics of Social Suffering and Agency in Post-Deportation Narratives in Southern Mali." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 10, no. 3 (September 1, 2021): 101–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2044.
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Drawing on eight months of ethnographic fieldwork in the West African state of Mali (2014–2016), this article delves into the local, national, and transnational effects of (externalized) European and North African deportation regimes and reactions to them by civil society actors and deportees themselves. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of how geographical, physical, social, and psychological spaces are reshaped through interactions with bordering practices. Deportation generally takes the form of (il)legal, bureaucratic measures and violent interventions that are perceived as deeply unjust. They generate anger, alienation, and uncertainty among those deported and their families and associates. By seeking patterns in the accounts of social suffering in deportees’ narratives, the article seeks, empirically and analytically, to unravel multilevel bordering practices through examining localized, agentic forms of bordering power. The post-deportation context involves southern Mali, an area subject to dramatic desertification and loss of sustainable livelihoods.
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Wibowo, Richo Andi. "Kejanggalan Beberapa Putusan Korupsi Pengadaan dan Kaitannya dengan Konstitusi." Jurnal Konstitusi 13, no. 1 (May 20, 2016): 213. http://dx.doi.org/10.31078/jk13110.
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This paper aims at highlighting some odd court decisions on corruption typed “state financial loss” in public procurement sector. It is odd because of the following reasons: (i) the nature of the case is more about administrative or private law instead of criminal law; (ii) some consider that it will be unjust to sentence guilty the accused; (iii) the cases ensnare persons who are perceived as reformist and clean. The first point will be the focus of elaboration. It will be argued that the encroachment of criminal law towards the area of administrative and private laws are caused by the lower standard of proof for the corruption typed “state financial loss”. Currently, the applied standard is “more likely than not” instead of “beyond reasonable doubt”. The situation which some people are jailed while their faults are more about administrative and private is a justice issue. As the upright of justice is the mandate of the constitution, therefore, articles that create this injustice (Article 2 section (1) and Article 3 of the Eradication Corruption Act) should be re-reviewed by the Constitutional Court. Although the court has previously reviewed the Articles and, therefore, this should be seen as a final and binding; this paper will give some arguments which explain the needs for the court to re-settle this matter.
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Boztepe, Engin, and Hayrettin Usul. "Using the Analysis of Logistic Regression Model in Auditing and Detection of Frauds." Khazar Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 22, no. 3 (November 2019): 5–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5782/2223-2621.2019.22.3.5.
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Fraud is defined as intentional actions in which one or more people, including from the management, employees, or the third parties, venture to obtain an unjust or illegal benefit. According to the researches, the average cost of fraud was determined as 5% of total incomes. The fraud, which has the results like a financial iceberg besides the direct losses, causes damages like loss of reputation, and adverse effects of customer relations. Auditing and detection of fraud, which has such vast effects, is of great importance. In this study, we have developed a model that is designed for detecting mistreatments with logistic regression and the abuses in the performance-based salary system in the health sector. For this, some imaginary surgery data were added into the actual data of laparoscopic cholecystectomy operations performed in a public hospital in 2015, and to distinguish this fictitious data, the success of the generated logistic regression model was tested. Consequently, it shows that the model had 83.30% of the success rate for detecting the false data added to real data.
15
Adkins, Karen. "‘We will march side by side and demand a bigger table’: anger as dignity claim." Global Discourse 10, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 191–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/204378919x15746664403506.
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<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="CIT0026">Martha Nussbaum’s (2016)</xref> account of anger limits its utility in part due to its vengeful and narcissistic aspects; she notes that even when anger rightfully identifies a harm or unjust act, it too frequently represents a desire for retribution or status degradation of the offender. I think this viewpoint is incomplete, because it reduces human relations and status to a zero-sum tussle: I can only gain status if you (at least theoretically) lose it. While Nussbaum does not explore a connection between human dignity and anger, I argue that feminist political uses of anger are often premised on exactly this sort of idea. To be specific, the use of dignity that is present in feminist political anger is not of the zero-sum variety (women gain status through men’s loss of status), but as a claim of worth. Feminist political anger argues that women count too, and women deserve dignity and respect: first, as a kind of personal or bodily dignity, and second as an assertion of political identity or autonomy. It is the absence of their dignity and recognition that is the injury; their rage is an assertion of presence, a demand for dignity and recognition. This demand does not require the lessening of another’s dignity.
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Sitnik, Piotr. "A quest for consistency in the law of commercial agency. Loss of the right to remuneration in Polish and European law." Studia Iuridica 71 (November 20, 2017): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.5831.
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In a recent judgment in ERGO Poist’ovňa, a.s. v Alžbeta Barlíková, the Court of Justice of the European Union attempted to clarify the ambit of Article 11 of Council Directive of 18 December 1986 on the coordination of the laws of the Member States relating to self-employed commercial agents, that is the circumstances where a commercial agent’s right to remuneration may be extinguished should a negotiated transaction not be executed between the principal and the client. Notably, the Court held that in the event of even partial non-execution of a negotiated contract between the principal and the third party client, provided it happened due to no fault on the part of the principal, the agent’s right to commission is proportionately extinguished. The paper discusses the judgment in the light of previous CJEU case law and the Polish transposition of the said European standards with a view to finding any potential divergences between the two. The paper notes two problems. First, Polish law, as opposed to Slovak law, does not recognize an automatic termination of an insurance contract in the event of default on the part of the customer. Conversely, whether such an effect eventuates is left to contractual discretion of the parties. Second, Polish courts have been recently willing to substitute unjust enrichment for contractual liability even where, it appears, complainants have valid claims under Article 7614 of the Civil Code.
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Giglio, Francesco. "Restitution for Wrongs: A Structural Analysis." Canadian Journal of Law & Jurisprudence 20, no. 1 (January 2007): 5–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0841820900005683.
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In this essay, I seek to provide an account of the scope and justification of gain-based damages for civil wrongs. My starting point is that the main accounts of restitution for wrongs are inconsistent with the structure of the law of damages. My alternative explanation provides a framework which is coherent with the law of obligations and allows a reading of restitution for wrongs in terms of corrective justice. When a wrong affects a proprietary or proprietary-like interest, I argue that the normal response is compensation, not restitution. In this context, I introduce the expression ‘pseudo-restitutionary damages’ to identify those awards in which the claimant’s loss is measured by the defendant’s gain. The true nature of pseudo-restitutionary damages is revealed by their close link to the loss. When the loss disappears, the benefit disappears with it. Unlike pseudo-restitution, proper restitution for wrongs requires a benefit which is independent of the loss and is only connected to the wrong. The benefit cannot be dissociated from the claimant’s loss if it is the consequence of a wrongful direct transfer of wealth from the claimant to the defendant. Corrective justice can account for proper restitutionary damages. It provides a normative ground for the victim to seize the defendant’s gain independently of any loss suffered by the victim. It isolates the wrongdoer and the victim as the parties to a restitutionary claim. The award is granted because it would be unjust if the wrongdoer would go scot-free with his wrongful gains; and it is granted to the victim because any wrongful behaviour is detrimental to the sufferer of the injustice. Although quite distinct, compensation and restitution for wrongs show certain structural similarities. The former aims to place the victim in the same position in which the victim was before the damaging event took place; the latter seeks to place the wrongdoer in the same position in which the wrongdoer was before he performed the wrongful act. Both legal responses aim at neutrality as between the pre- and post-wrong position but in respect of different parties.
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O'Mahony, Patrick. "Social Theory and the Critique of Capitalism in a Communication Society." Irish Journal of Sociology 19, no. 1 (May 2011): 150–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijs.19.1.8.
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The essay attempts to re-contextualise the normative import of capitalism in the light of modern social theoretical developments. It firstly explores the significance in this regard of the procedural turn in both social theory and political philosophy. While important, this turn has come at the price of a loss of focus on the substantive plane of how unjust social relations – such as those often arising from capitalist structures – diminish the moral capacities of democratic institutions to shape social change. The essay goes on to show in the second section how Axel Honneth (2004, 2007), offering a partial corrective, combines a procedural emphasis on communication with a substantive account of embedded normative structures, opening the way to a differentiated sociological approach that remains normative but not one-sidedly transcendent and deontological. Taking a lead from these reflections, the third section presents a social theoretical architecture concerned both with social structures and processes and with normative grounding, balancing a perspective drawn from sociological constructivism with normative reconstruction. Finally, in the concluding section, the foregoing is brought to bear on the study of capitalism in a manner that is intended to open up new avenues for its critical theoretical exploration.
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Fell, Terence, and Johanna Mattsson. "The Role of Public-Private Partnerships in Housing as a Potential Contributor to Sustainable Cities and Communities: A Systematic Review." Sustainability 13, no. 14 (July 12, 2021): 7783. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13147783.
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Today cities face the increasing negative consequences of the unsustainable course society is set on. Climate change, biodiversity loss and increasing spatial segregation are testament to this. The effects of these issues often exceed the coping capacity of individual urban housing developers. Thus, an antidote to the current neoliberal trend must be found in collaborations such as public-private partnerships (PPP). Here the shortcomings and limitations of PPP and its potential ability to solve the problem of unsustainable urban development are investigated. Using the Doughnut Economics (DE) model as a general guide, a systematic literature review is conducted. The results reveal evidence that PPPs are unjust and exclude local actors from collaborations. Hence, resident participation and inclusion is considered the best strategy for PPP to evolve as a future guarantor of the sustainable city. First, however, major differences in the character of issues that connect the global model of sustainability to the harsh reality of the local context need to be addressed. This gap concerns the city’s social foundation and ecological ceiling. The DE model applied herein is an excellent tool to test the scope and depth of local collaborations such as PPPs and reflect on international treaties such as SDGs.
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Rajan, S. Ravi, and Colin A. M. Duncan. "Ecologies of Hope: environment, technology and habitation - case studies from the intervenient middle." Journal of Political Ecology 20, no. 1 (December 1, 2013): 70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v20i1.21758.
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This paper is an introduction to a special issue of the Journal of Political Ecology on "Ecologies of Hope." The authors argue that discrete, specific, and often, local actions can create spaces that are bettering human lives and livelihoods. The five papers identify actions and movements that are situated in the "middle" between the individual and larger social and economic formations, and inbetween social and economic status- quo and revolution. They are everyday initiatives that do not make revolutionary claims, but which in small but significant ways, help transform the lives of people and communities. These "ecologies of hope" resonate with the work of Karl Polanyi, and his identification of the modern disembedding of the economy and the environment from its societal and cultural context. Polanyi argued that processes that result in a loss of cultural "habitation" engender movements by societies to protect their social solidarity, and distortions of their relationship with the natural environment. Creating and carving out "ecologies of hope" may not mitigate catastrophic global change or miraculously transform the unjust into the just, but does make life and livelihoods a bit more habitable. For people whose lives are affected, this matters. Political ecology should recognize the importance of creating spaces for "habitation" that are not necessarily structural and scalable.Key words: Karl Polanyi, ecologies of hope, habitation, self-organized communities.
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Shcherbakov, A. A. "Legal consequences of an excess of the property’s owner in the Civil Law in Russia and Germany." Journal of Law and Administration 15, no. 2 (October 10, 2019): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2073-8420-2019-2-51-38-44.
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Introduction. The article based on the methods of systems analysis and comparative law studies the legal consequences of the impossibility for the proprietor to return the thing requested by the owner as a result of the loss of the latter. The concept of “excess” in the civil law of Germany is discussed. The issue of competition of claims in the recovery by the owner of property from someone else’s illegal possession is resolved. The legal status of a bona fide and unfair proprietor in the event of “excess” in Russia and Germany is considered.Materials and Methods. The main methods of this study are the system analysis of legislation, the analysis of scientific literature, and the comparative legal method of research.Results of the Study. The main conclusion is the absence of a systemic and fair regulation of the position of a bona fide proprietor in Russia who is not able to return the thing to the owner in kind. The consequence of this is a violation of the balance of interests of the owner and the proprietor of the thing. The practical result of the study is a series of proposals for amending the institutions of vindication and unjust enrichment in the Civil Code of the Russian FederationDiscussion and Conclusion. Regulation of property relations requires the obligatory observance of the balance of rights not only of the participants of relations, but also of society and the state. Imbalance can lead to unjustified infringement of the rights of participants in legal relations.
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FLECK, LEONARD M. "Precision QALYs, Precisely Unjust." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 28, no. 3 (July 2019): 439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180119000367.
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Abstract:Warwick Heale has recently defended the notion of individualized and personalized Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs) in connection with health care resource allocation decisions. Ordinarily, QALYs are used to make allocation decisions at the population level. If a health care intervention costs £100,000 and generally yields only two years of survival, the cost per QALY gained will be £50,000, far in excess of the £30,000 limit per QALY judged an acceptable use of resources within the National Health Service in the United Kingdom. However, if we know with medical certainty that a patient will gain four extra years of life from that intervention, the cost per QALY will be £25,000. Heale argues fairness and social utility require such a patient to receive that treatment, even though all others in the cohort of that patient might be denied that treatment (and lose two years of potential life). Likewise, Heale argues that personal commitments of an individual (religious or otherwise), that determine how they value a life-year with some medical intervention, ought to be used to determine the value of a QALY for them. I argue that if Heale’s proposals were put into practice, the result would often be greater injustice. In brief, requirements for the just allocation of health care resources are more complex than pure cost-effectiveness analysis would allow.
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Andreev, Yu N., and A. P. Zolotarev. "ON THE MEASURES OF CIVIL LEGAL LIABILITY: THEORETICAL ASPECTS." Proceedings of the Southwest State University 22, no. 1 (February 28, 2018): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.21869/2223-1560-2018-22-1-175-181.
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The work is devoted to topical problems of the civil theory of civil legal liability measures. The authors propose their classification of the measures of civil legal liability, give a brief description of some types of these measures, make reasoned proposals for further development of legislation in the field under studies. The authors of the proposed article refer compensation (recovery) of damages, recovery of penalties (fines, penalties), interests, loss of deposit, payment of deposit in double size, compensation to the measures of civil liability:. There are legitimate, contractual, preclusive, compensation-restorative, and punitive measures of civil legal liability. Civil legal liability measures can be differentiated into the following measures: a) delictual; b) contractual and c) conditional liability; taking into account the subjects of liability they can be classified into: a) measures of liability of individuals; b) measures of liability of legal entities; c) measures of liability of public legal entities, the state. The authors of the article assert that in civil legal there are compensatory payments for: 1) causing moral harm (see, for example, Articles 151, 1099 - 1101 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); ) diminishing business reputation of legal entities (Article 152 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); 3) violation of the property rights of consumers (Article 145 of the Law on the Protection of Consumer Rights); 4) violation of exclusive rights to the results of intellectual activity, means of individualization (Article 1252 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); 5) causing anthropogenic, natural or terrorist harm; 6) infliction of damage by lawful actions of state and municipal bodies (Article 6.1 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation); 7) violation of reasonable time limits for judicial proceedings and enforcement of judicial acts. Professor Yu. .N. Andreev and post-graduate student A.P. Zolotarev also refer measures of corporate liability of the members of the corporation to the corporate organization, and, conversely, liability of the corporations to its members to civil legal measures of liability. At the same time, many measures of civil legal liability are simultaneously measures of civil protection. The authors of the article suggest renaming the ‘compensation of damages’ as a way of protecting civil rights, stipulated in Article 12 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, to ‘recover damages’ or ‘compensation for property damage’, clarify Article 15 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation indicating that compensation for damages is applied with a view to recovering property damage for tortious destruction, damage, diminution, restriction of material benefits, non-performance (improper performance) of contractual obligations, non-compliance with unjust enrichment obligation.
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Selaledi, Fatima. "An Ethical Investigation into the Impact of Mophane Worm Depletion on the Environment in the North-Eastern Part of Botswana: A Case Study of Gungwe and Mbalambi Villages." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (March 31, 2012): 105–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.372.
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Mophane worm is a name given to caterpillars hosted by the Mophane tree. The
mophane worm is harvested as food supplement in most of the Southern African
countries. For the past few years, there have been some reports indicating that the
worm has disappeared in some parts of Botswana. Hence, the aim of this research
study has been to investigate from an ethical perspective the impact of mophane
worm depletion on the environment. A qualitative approach was used in this study
and data was collected from the following target groups of people: villagers, headmen
of the stated two villages and the Ministry of Environment, Wildlife and Tourism
(MEWT) officers both at local and national level. The theoretical framework involved
traditional theories (i.e., Value Theory and Utilitarianism) and environmental ethical
theories (i.e., Social Ecology, Environmental and Intergenerational Justice).
The research instruments employed were individual interview schedules, focus
group discussions and observation. A fourfold model of analysis was used focusing
on the biological, economical, social and political dimensions. From the findings
of the study, it emerged that both natural and anthropogenic factors contributed to
mophane worm depletion. The natural factors were drought and predation while the
anthropogenic factors included massive usage of the host tree, destructive methods of
harvesting and demand for more land for agricultural and residential purposes. It also
emerged that mophane worm depletion had both negative and positive impacts on
the environment. These included lack of money by the local people to buy their daily
needs, lack of relish and poor livelihoods, loss of wildlife that fed on mophane worm
and tension between government and local people over the regulation of the resource.
Ethical evaluation revealed that the dominant value for the local people was utility
value to the almost total lack of explicit awareness of intrinsic and inherent value,
and that on utilitarian grounds, the overall evil that depletion of the mophane worm
brought about outweighed its overall good effects. With regard to justice issues, the
findings revealed that unjust social structures and injustices resulting from the unequal
distribution of benefits and burdens as well as from the lack of adequate participation
by the local communities in decision-making had a greater negative than positive
impact. Finally, recommendations were made emphasising the utmost importance of
government intervention to mitigate, if not, stop the depletion of the mophane worm.
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MERTENS, THOMAS. "Defending the Rawlsian League of Peoples: A Critical Comment on Tan." Leiden Journal of International Law 18, no. 4 (December 2005): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156505002979.
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In his well-written and well-argued paper ‘International Toleration: Rawlsian versus Cosmopolitan’, Kok-Chor Tan raises the important question as to where the limits of toleration are to be drawn. This is an important issue not only from the perspective of international law, but also for any domestic society. Toleration is never an automatic element or quality of any society, but has to be defended against the ever present danger of intolerance and repression. This is especially the case in the post-9/II era with regard to Islam, as it is not always easy to separate serious analysis of this religion from outright prejudices against its believers. With regard to Islamic minorities, the present attitude of some ‘Western’ majorities does not always reflect an attitude of respect, although this is not often admitted. It is not argued that Islamic minorities and other immigrants should adapt to the culture of the majorities because minorities have to give in to majorities on the basis of democracy; instead, it is claimed that Western majorities live in accordance with universal values. As Western societies have incorporated universal values formulated for the first time in the age of Enlightenment, they can rightly require from immigrants and minorities that they give up part of their values and identities without any real loss on their side. In forcing immigrants to adapt to Western values, majorities are merely liberating them from outdated particularistic codes and worldviews, thus enabling them to be free in accordance with truly universal values. This, obviously, is a peculiar way of understanding the Enlightenment, not with Kant as a perpetual challenge (‘we do not live in an enlightened age, but in an age of enlightenment’), but as something that is achieved and stably embodied in ‘our’ Western societies. Immigrants and minority members can reasonably be asked to identify with such societies. Although such a demand to assimilate might at first glance be seen as testifying to intolerance, in reality this is not the case. Why should we allow others to live in error? In the face of truth, toleration is a superfluous virtue. It goes almost without saying that this view, which is deemed by some as Enlightenment fundamentalism, contradicts the spirit with which Locke and Spinoza in the seventeenth century proclaimed the superior value of tolerance. They argued that all religions claim for themselves to be the one and only true religion and that the best attitude among the contenders of different beliefs would be one of tolerance: nobody can prove convincingly to the other side of the religious divide the truth of his own religion and the falseness of all other religions; and since ‘no man can conform his faith to the dictates of another (since) all the life and the power of true religion consists in the inward and full persuasion of the mind’ (Locke), the use of earthly powers is inappropriate and unjust.
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Haque, Adil Ahmad. "Defending Civilians from Defensive Killing." Journal of Moral Philosophy 15, no. 6 (December 18, 2018): 731–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17455243-46810071.
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Helen Frowe’s Defensive Killing is in many respects an excellent book, full of arguments that are original, interesting, important, and often persuasive. In other respects, the book is deeply unsettling, as it forcefully challenges the belief that killing ordinary civilians in armed conflict is a paradigmatic moral wrong. In particular, Frowe argues that civilians who make political, material, strategic, or financial contributions to an unjust war may lose their moral protection from intentional and collateral harm. On this point, Frowe’s arguments are original, interesting, and important but, thankfully, not persuasive.
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Larson, Deborah Welch, and Alexei Shevchenko. "Russia says no: Power, status, and emotions in foreign policy." Communist and Post-Communist Studies 47, no. 3-4 (September 2014): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.postcomstud.2014.09.003.
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Since 2003, Russian foreign behavior has become much more assertive and volatile toward the West, often rejecting U.S. diplomatic initiatives and overreacting to perceived slights. This essay explains Russia’s new assertiveness using social psychological hypotheses on the relationship between power, status, and emotions. Denial of respect to a state is humiliating. When a state loses status, the emotions experienced depend on the perceived cause of this loss. When a state perceives that others are responsible for its loss, it shows anger. The belief that others have unjustly used their power to deny the state its appropriate position arouses vengefulness. If a state believes that its loss of status is due to its own failure to live up to expectations, the elites will express shame. Since the end of the Cold War, Russia has displayed anger at the U.S. unwillingness to grant it the status to which it believes it is entitled, especially during the 2008 Russo-Georgian War, and most recently Russia’s takeover of Crimea and the 2014 Ukrainian Crisis. We can also see elements of vengefulness in Russia’s reaction to recognition of Kosovo, U.S. missile defense plans, the Magnitsky act, and the Snowden affair.
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Sunarno, Sunarno. "PENINGKATAN UNJUK KERJA ANTENA UNTUK TRANSMISI DATA." Jurnal Forum Nuklir 3, no. 2 (November 1, 2009): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/jfn.2009.3.2.3299.
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PENINGKATAN UNJUK KERJA ANTENA UNTUK TRANSMISI DATA. Pada pengukuran radiasi jarak jauh yang sedang dikembangkan di Jurusan Teknik Fisika, Fakultas Teknik UGM, mempunyai kendala pada kualitas sistem komunikasinya. Di antara masalah yang perlu dipecahkan adalah pada sistem antena yang digunakan. Unjuk kerja antena yang optimal berpotensi meningkatkan kualitas komunikasi jarak jauh yang efektif dan meminimumkan kesalahan dalam sistem komunikasi data. Dari berbagai pengukuran parameter pada antena yang dipakai pada penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa antena yg ditala pada frekuensi 141,6 MHz (kondisi A) jauh lebih baik dibanding ketika ditala pada frekuensi 145,0 MHz (kondisi B). Antena pada kondisi A dapat mencapai nilai r minimal sebesar 0,01 sehingga return-loss terukur sebesar 53,98 dB dan field strength meter menunjukkan1,95 volt , dibandingkan dengan antena dengan kondisi B, di mana r minimal hanya bisa mencapai 0,19 sehingga return- loss terukur hanya sebesar 20,44 dB danpengukuran dengan field strength meter hanya sebesar 1,2 volt pada jarak yang samadengan antena pada kondisi A. Pada penelitian ini antena yang sama telah ditala pada berbagai frekuensi, tetapi hasil yang maksimal diperoleh pada antena yang ditala pada frekuensi 141,6 MHz. Sehingga dapat diambil kesimpulan bahwa setiap antenahanya memiliki satu frekuensi kerja yang optimal pada suatu band (bukan pada band harmonisnya). Informasi ini penting dan dapat digunakan sebagai referensi bagi para praktisi di bidang sistem telemetri dan telekontrol maupun bagi para praktisi di bidang komunikasi radio.
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Octavia, Hadria. "UNJUK KERJA PENERAPAN TEKNOLOGI VoIP PADA JARINGAN VPN (VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORK)." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 5, no. 2 (August 26, 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.5.2.49.
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VoIP ( Voice over Internet Protocol ) is a technology used for communication in the form of IP based voice media over long distances. The concept of a VPN (Virtual Private Network) in this paper makes a client that is on the public network can be connected to a LAN network. To use the VoIP server in the Linux operating system Trixbox, whereas for the VPN server using ClearOS and X-lite is used as a softphone to make calls to the client. Of testing at 64kbps bandwidth using the G711 codec produces value performance (delay, jitter, and packet loss ) is not good, so that voice data delivered is less clear. Thus the choice of bandwidth for the G.711 codec 512kbps up is the best solution to get the value of the performance (delay, jitter, and packet loss) better . And a choice of 3 Greed (low, medium, high) on setting bandwidth, high is the best option. Because it can produce the best performance for VoIP VPN technology.
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Kalam, M. Zatiar Erwan, Ni Made Ary Esta Dewi Wirastuti, and I. Made Oka Widyantara. "Analisa Kinerja Penerapan Standard Protokol Keamanan IEEE 802.11 Pada Layanan Wireless Fidelity." Majalah Ilmiah Teknologi Elektro 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mite.2021.v20i01.p10.
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Jaringan komunikasi semakin bergantung pada WLAN, maka semakin tinggi tuntutan Quality of Service (QoS) WLAN seperti Throughput, delay, dan jitter Untuk menjaga keamanan media komunikasi data, maka digunakan mekanisme keamanan jaringan Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP), WiFi Protected Access (WPA), dan WPA2 [14]. Mall Bali Galeria memiliki beberapa alternatif Free WiFi. Banyaknya Wi-Fi yang terpasang menimbulkan permasalahan interferensi yang mempengaruhi unjuk kerja jaringan WiFi, MBG sendiri memiliki area Indoor dan Outdoor, Alternatif untuk mengatasi interferensi adalah dengan melakukan automasi penkanalan dengan menerapkan Channel Fly, Background Scanning dan Static Channel. Dari mekanisme keamanan, Penkanalan dan frekuensi dibuat skenario dilakukan penelitian pada setiap askes point untuk mendapatkan skenario terbaik, dari skenario yang diajukan, nilai Paket loss terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 4 dengan skenario frekuensi 5Ghz, Statik Channel, WEP-64 paket loss 0,016 ms, lingkungan outdoor AP 5 Frekuensi 5Ghz, Channel Fly, WEP-64 paket loss 0.094 ms, nilai Jitter terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 2 5Ghz Background Scanning, WPA 2, Jitter 1.336 ms, lingkungan outdoor AP 8 5Ghz, Statik Channel, WPA2-Mixed Jitter 1,116 ms, nilai Throughput terbaik lingkungan indoor AP 1 5Ghz, Statik channel, WPA2-Mixed, Throughput 78,7Mbps, untuk Outdoor AP 8 5Ghz, Background Scanning, Disable Security, Throughput 80Mbps jika dibandingkan dengan skenario eksisting performa unjuk kerja meningkat sebesar 10-30%. WEP memiliki nilai packet loss baik tetapi memiliki nilai Throughput yang lebih kecil. Static channel disarankan pada lokasi yang memiliki interferensi tinggi.
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Flocks, Joan, and Paul Monaghan. "Collaborative Research with Farmworkers in Environmental Justice." Practicing Anthropology 25, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 6–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.25.1.u055m504677t440w.
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Environmental injustice occurs when a particular population, most often low-income people of color, is exposed disproportionately to an environmental health hazard. On the continuum of an environmentally unjust situation, there are several stages and levels at which inequities occur. A corporation makes a decision to locate a waste incinerator in a neighborhood that, because of historical socioeconomic discrimination, has become a low-income African American community in an industrial zone. Community members are stonewalled and intimidated at a public hearing about a local environmental health problem by industry and government officials who sit far away from the audience and use technical jargon to describe the issue. Native-Americans lose an important diet staple and economic activity when an industry's runoff contaminates the fish in a body of water. These examples illustrate geographical, procedural, and sociocultural inequities contributing to environmental injustices.
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Salman, Salman, Jafaruddin Gusti Amri Ginting, and Reni Dyah Wahyuningrum. "Analisis Unjuk Kerja TCP Window Size 64k Menggunakan Algoritma TCP New Reno pada Jaringan Wired dan Wireless." RESISTOR (Elektronika Kendali Telekomunikasi Tenaga Listrik Komputer) 4, no. 1 (May 22, 2021): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.24853/resistor.4.1.55-68.
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Kemacetan jaringan merupakan masalah serius di jaringan internet yang dapat menimbulkan peningkatan jumlah packet loss. Kemacetan juga dapat menjadi beban jaringan sehingga dapat memperlambat koneksi jika tidak ditangani dengan baik, bahkan dapat menyebabkan kelumpuhan dalam jaringan . Transport Control Protocol (TCP) menyediakan mekanisme transfer data yang dapat diandalkan (reliable), sehingga aliran data yang dibaca TCP receiver tidak rusak, tanpa duplikasi, dan berurutan. Pada penelitian ini, penulis menguji kualitas pengiriman data Transport Control Protocol (TCP) Window Size 64K menggunakan Algoritma TCP New Reno pada jaringan kabel Fast Ethernet dan Wireless 802.11n. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengatasi kemacetan pada jaringan wired dan wireless dengan menggunakan TCP Window Size 64K dan Algoritma TCP New Reno dan membandingkan hasil dari parameter Quality of Service (QoS) yang akan diuji diantaranya adalah throughput, delay, jitter, dan packet loss. Proses simulasi penelitian ini menggunakan Software Riverbed sebagai simulator untuk merancang dan mencari nilai parameter Quality of Service (QoS) pada jaringan wired dan wireless tersebut. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa throughput dan delay yang dihasilkan pada jaringan Wireless 802.11n memiliki performa yang lebih baik daripada Wired Fast Ethernet dengan nilai throughput 13050,6 bit/sec dan nilai delay 0,000253344 sec. Adapun jaringan Wired Fast Ethernet memiliki performa jitter dan packet loss yang lebih baik daripada Wireless 802.11n dengan nilai jitter 0,0000000000003 sec dan nilai packet loss 0%.Kata Kunci: Kabel Fast Ethernet, Wireless 802.11n, TCP Window Size 64K, TCP New Reno, Quality of Service (QoS). Congestion Network congestion is a serious problem in internet networks that can cause an increase in the number of packet loss. Congestion can also become a burden on the network so that it can slow down the connection if not handled properly, and can even cause paralysis in the network. The Transport Control Protocol (TCP) provides a reliable data transfer mechanism, so that the data streams that are read by the TCP receiver are not damaged, without duplication, and sequential. In this study, the authors simulated using TCP Window Size 64K with the New Reno TCP Algorithm on Wired Fast Ethernet and Wireless 802.11n. This study conducted a simulation to solve congestion on wired and wireless networks and then compared the results of the Quality of Service (QoS) parameters tested, including throughput, delay, jitter, and packet loss. The simulation process of this research uses Riverbed Software as a simulator to design and find the QoS parameter values on the wired and wireless networks. The results of this study indicate that the resulting throughput and delay on the Wireless 802.11n network has better performance than Wired Fast Ethernet with a throughput value of 13050.6 bits / sec and a delay value of 0.000253344 sec. The Wired Fast Ethernet network has better jitter and packet loss performance than Wireless 802.11n with a jitter value of 0.0000000000003 sec and a packet loss value of 0%.
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Purwadi, Agus, Hadria Octavia, and Ichsan Mahjud. "Unjuk Kerja Transmisi Video Dengan Teknik Pengkodean Spasial Skalabilitas." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 6, no. 1 (June 15, 2014): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.6.1.63.
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Video transmission over the internet can be a great possibility of the existence of lost packets (packet loss) and load variations in a large bandwidth. This is a source of network congestion can interfere with the rate of data communication. In this paper the proposed planning optimal error control in scalable video transmission to a video coding technique FGS (Fine Granularity Scalability), which is an improvement on the MPEG-4 video coding, which has outputs are scalable base layer and layer Enhanchement that have different sizes and rates , which the application will be adapted to the transmission network conditions, the ultimate goal is to minimize any distortion from the source to the destination. In the simulation yields a value Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) on the base layer of 29, 683 dB and 78,917 dB enhancemenet layer and the base layer for the MSE of 69,998 dB and 0,000834417 dB enhancemenet layer, Means Square Error (MSE) as the performance of the network system performance on video quality for both the base layer and layer Enhanchement
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Simanjuntak, Rantika Tri Septyani, Parma Hadi Rantelinggi, and Kristia Yuliawan. "Metode Drive Test sebagai Monitoring Unjuk Kerja Jaringan Nirkabel pada Gedung - Gedung di Lingkungan Universitas Papua." Jurnal Teknologi Informasi dan Ilmu Komputer 7, no. 6 (December 2, 2020): 1245. http://dx.doi.org/10.25126/jtiik.2020762898.
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<p>Universitas Papua telah memberikan layanan internet yang di bagikan pada setiap gedung fakultas dengan Wi-Fi sebagai media berbagi, dalam penelitian ini kegiatan yang dilakukan yaitu mengamati dan menganalisis kualitas jaringan Wi-Fi yang telah tersedia. Dalam penelitian ini cara melakukan pengukuran kualitas jaringan nirkabel ini menggunakan metode Drive Test, dimana metode ini mengukur secara manual dan menghimpun data secara waktu nyata menggunakan beberapa parameter antara lain <em>Bandwidth, Delay</em> dan <em>Packet Loss</em>. Dalam penelitian ini pengumpulan data dengan menggunakan dua aplikasi jaringan yaitu Nagios XI dan Wireshark. Untuk melihat kualitas jaringan dari hasil percobaan yang dilakukan maka digunakan standar TIPHON. Hasil perolehan pengukuran yang di dapat adalah kualitas pemakaian <em>Bandwidth</em> sudah baik, karena tidak melebihi kapasitas yang telah di alokasikan pada setiap gedung di Universitas Papua dan dapat dilihat dari nilai rata-rata <em>Delay </em>dan <em>Packet Loss</em> pada setiap gedung. Hasil pengujian kualitas layanan jaringan Wi-Fi menunjukkan indeks nilai pada standar TIPHON adalah 4, yang artinya sangat bagus. Karena pengujian <em>Delay</em> nilai tertinggi yang di peroleh bila di ukur dengan Nagios XI adalah 76 ms dan terendah adalah 21,8 ms, untuk pengukuran menggunakan Wireshark nilai tertinggi adalah 72,4 ms dan terendah adalah 10 ms. Untuk <em>Packet Loss </em>hasil yang diperoleh yaitu 0%<em> </em>bila di ukur dengan Nagios XI dan Wireshark.</p><p class="Judul2"><em><br /></em></p><p class="Judul2"><strong><em>Abstract</em></strong></p><p><em>Universitas Papua has provided internet services that are shared in every faculty building with Wi-Fi as a sharing medium, in this research the activities carried out were observing and analyzing the quality of available Wi-Fi networks. In this research, how to measure the quality of this wireless network using the Drive Test method, where this method measures manually and collects data in real-time using several parameters including Bandwidth, Delay and Packet Loss. In this research, data collection using two network applications, namely Nagios XI and Wireshark. To looks at the quality of the network from the results of experiments conducted, the TIPHON standard is used. The results obtained are that the quality of using Bandwidth is good because it does not exceed the capacity that has been allocated for each building at Universitas Papua and can be seen from the average value of Delay and Packet Loss in each construction. The results of testing the quality of Wi-Fi network services indicate that the index value on the TIPHON standard is 4, which means it is excellent. Because of the Delay test, the highest value obtained when measured by Nagios XI is 76 ms, and the lowest is 21.8 ms, for measurements using Wireshark, the highest value is 72.4 ms, and the lowest is 10 ms. For Packet Loss, the results obtained are 0% when measured by Nagios XI and Wireshark.</em><em></em></p><p class="Judul2"><em><br /></em><em></em></p>
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Tanoyo, Suryo Aji, Eva Yovita Dwi Utami, and Eva Yovita Dwi Utami. "Unjuk Kerja QoS (Quality of Services) Jaringan Voice over Internet Protocol Berbasis SIP yang Diimplementasikan pada Jaringan Ethernet Gedung FEB-UKSW." Techné : Jurnal Ilmiah Elektroteknika 15, no. 01 (April 1, 2016): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31358/techne.v15i01.137.
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Jaringan komputer yang diimplementasikan di dalam suatu perkantoran yang lebih banyak dimanfaatkan untuk layanan data dapat dioptimalkan dengan penambahan layanan voice berbasis IP. Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) menghemat resource jaringan dibandingkan dengan PSTN (Public Switched telephone Network). Namun demikian implementasi VoIP harus memperhatikan kualitas layanan atau Qualitiy of Service (QoS). Parameter kualitas layanan VoIP antara lain throughput, delay, jitter, dan packet loss. Teknologi VoIP telah dikembangkan dengan menciptakan berbagai macam protocol seperti SIP, H.323, MGCP dan codec seperti G.711, G.723.1, G.726, G.728, G.729 dengantujuan untuk memperbaiki kualitas layanan VoIP. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis kinerja QoS dengan membandingkan variasi codec G.711, G.723.1 dan G.726 pada sebuah rancangan jaringan VoIP berbasis SIP di gedung FEB-UKSW, dengan parameter QoS adalah Throughput, delay, packet loss, jitter. Komunikasi VoIP yang dilakukan terdiri atas komunikasi internal dan komunikasi eksternal. Komunikasi internal mencakup simulasi komunikasi hardphone ke PC. Komunikasi eksternal mencakup simulasi hardphone ke PC eksternal. Dari hasil penelitian, secara umum didapatkan bahwa codec G.711 memiliki kualitas paling baik untuk simulasi komunikasi internal ataupun eksternal dengan menghasilkan rata-rata delay, jitter, packet loss paling rendah.
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Iryani, Nanda, Afifah Dwi Ramadhani, and Mayang Karmila Sari. "Analisis Performansi Routing OSPF menggunakan RYU Controller dan POX Controller pada Software Defined Networking." Jurnal Telekomunikasi dan Komputer 11, no. 1 (April 1, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.22441/incomtech.v11i1.10187.
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Software Defined Networking (SDN) adalah teknologi baru yang dikembangkan untuk mengatasi masalah kompleksitas konfigurasi jaringan dengan pengelolaan lebih terpusat karena memisahkan antara control plane dan data plane. Penelitian ini menganalisis perbandingan performansi SDN menggunakan ryu controller dan pox controller. Protocol yang digunakan adalah protocol TCP dan UDP sedangkan routingnya menggunakan OSPF. Penerapan algoritma dijkstra dari perutean OSPF ke topologi fat tree pada SDN akan diukur unjuk kerjanya berdasarkan parameter Quality of Service yaitu delay, jitter, dan packet loss pada skenario tanpa background traffic. Transmisi data menggunakan traffic protocol TCP dengan RYU controller dan protokol UDP lebih baik karena memiliki delay sebesar 49.44% dan delay yang lebih stabil sebesar 0.01 %. Jitter yang dihasilkan adalah 27.59% lebih baik daripada POX controller sebesar 72.41% dan untuk protokol UDP menggunakan POX controller 99.97% sedangkan traffic protocol UDP menggunakan RYU controller lebih baik sebesar 0.03%. Packet loss dari kedua controller didapatkan hasil protokol TCP sangat bagus sebesar 0% sedangkan protokol UDP menggunakan POX controller 83.13%, menggunakan RYU controller 16.87%.
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Susanti, Ida. "Ethical and legal aspects of disaster response under Indonesian legal system." MATEC Web of Conferences 229 (2018): 04006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201822904006.
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Indonesia is a vulnerable country to disasters. Because almost all islands in Indonesia has the volcanoes, Indonesia is in the ring of fire, which potentially triggers a volcano eruption disaster. Moreover, earthquake, flood, tsunami, landslides regularly occur in Indonesia. It is very important to the response to such disasters. Recently, many regulations have been issued by the government, yet many unjust or indecent treatment have been experienced by displaced persons or the victims of disasters. Some illustrations concerning how bad legal position of disasters’ victims, especially their private rights, will be explored. It is common that in a contract, a natural disaster will be considered as a force majeure. A legal consequence of this condition is, the disasters’ victims must defray or restore the damage by themselves. It could be very unfair or inhumane because, after the disaster usually, many victims lose their capacity to perform their previous legal obligation. In this issue, the law fails to protect, because legal solution could be formally legitimate but substantially unfair. In this case, ethical consideration must be endorsed, for increasing their capacity to recover from the disaster. This paper describes disaster responses in Indonesian’s legal system, especially in the context to protect displaced persons or victims of disasters; and to explore justification to use legal ethics to protect them, in case legal protection fails to provide substantive justice for disasters’ victims.
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Wieland, Lillian, Amanda Ruth, and Daniel P. Mahoney. "Against Constraint." Departures in Critical Qualitative Research 10, no. 3 (2021): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/dcqr.2021.10.3.48.
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We often wonder whether the death of a loved one is “good” or “bad.” But framing a death as “good” or “bad” carries baggage from intuitions around well-being. By focusing on this dichotomy of well-being, we lose the opportunity to make meaning and instead generate burdens for those facing death. By examining various well-being theories, we claim that a well-being focus unjustly universalizes and moralizes the liminal experience of death. A meaning-making approach, on the other hand, allows suffering, life, and death to become transformational in positive ways while also promoting patient inclusion in conversations about the end of life.
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Taiapa, Ken, Helen Moewaka Barnes, and Tim McCreanor. "Tension without tikanga: the damaging face of the treaty claims settlement system." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 17, no. 2 (June 2021): 317–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/11771801211019123.
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In Aotearoa New Zealand, the arrival of imperial ideologies in the 19th century led to devastating land-loss and cultural marginalisation for Māori at the hands of settlers and successive governments. This article examines the damaging effects of a Crown-imposed treaty claims settlement system designed to address injustices inflicted on Māori. Interview data from a Taranaki-based (a West Coast region, central North Island of Aotearoa New Zealand) hapū (sub-tribe) that engaged with this system foreground the adversarial nature of this system and its continuation of trauma. We argue that, while the process provides voice to Māori, it does so within a paradigm that pits kin-groups against each other, unjustly limits redress and fails to resolve tension. A tikanga framing provides insights into how tensions are set up and ways tikanga (underlying values and principles that guide practice) can be used outside the redress system to seek healing and resolution.
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Partogi, Musa Aleksander, I. Gusti Bagus Wijaya Kusuma, and Ketut Astawa. "Analisa Unjuk Kerja Sistem PLTG di PT Indonesia Power Unit Pembangkitan Bali." Jurnal METTEK 4, no. 1 (April 30, 2018): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/mettek.2018.v04.i01.p03.
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Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Gas (PLTG) merupakan salah satu mesin pembangkit yang digunakan PT. Indonesia Power UP Bali dalam kegiatan industri pembangkit di Indonesia. Dalam pengoperasiannya mulai tahun 1994 hingga sekarang mesin PLTG masih menggunakan minyak solar/HSD sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit.Penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk menganalisa unjuk kerja sistem PLTG khususnya analisa keekonomian dengan membandingkan penggunaan bahan bakar minyak solar dan gas pada mesin pembangkit. Spesific Fuel Consumption (SFC) adalah rasio perbandingan total konsumsi bahan bakar terhadap daya listrik yang dibangkitkan, SFC digunakan sebagai salah satu cara untuk mengetahui seberapa efisien sebuah mesin pembangkit dan salah satu penentu biaya produksi khususnya biaya bahan bakar yang diperlukan dalam pembangkit.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dengan harga minyak solar/HSD Rp 7300,- /liter dan gas US $ 11 /mmBTU, didapatkan biaya produksi listrik bahan bakar HSD secara aktual sebesar Rp 2541,86 /kWh, secara teoritis Rp 2336,00 /kWh dan gas secara teoritis Rp 1714,3 /kWh. Jika penjualan listrik Rp 1352,- /kWh, maka dengan menggunakan bahan bakar HSD akan berpotensi rugi sebesar Rp 1189,86 /kWh secara akutal, Rp 984,00 /kWh secara teoritis, dan Rp 362,00 /kWh dengan menggunakan bahan bakar gas.
Gas Power Plant (PLTG) is one of the power plant used by PT. Indonesia Power UP Bali in the power plant industry in Indonesia. In operation from 1994 until now the PLTG engine is still using diesel oil / HSD as fuel generator. This research is intended to analyze the performance of PLTG system, especially economic analysis by comparing the use of diesel fuel and gas in generating machine. Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) is the ratio of total fuel consumption to electric power generated, SFC is used as one way to find out how efficient a generating machine and one determinant of production cost, especially fuel cost required in generating. Based on research results with the price of diesel oil / HSD Rp 7300, - / liter and gas US $ 11 / mm BTU, the actual cost of producing HSD fuel electricity is Rp 2541,86 / kWh, theoretically Rp 2336,00 / kWh and gas theoretically Rp 1714.3 / kWh. If the sale of electricity is Rp 1352, - / kWh, then using HSD fuel will potentially loss as much as Rp 1189.86 / kWh on a theoretical basis, Rp 984.00 / kWh theoretically, and Rp 362.00 / kWh using gas fuel .
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Iqbal, Iqbal, Suhardi Suhardi, and Sri Ayu Nirisnawati. "UJI UNJUK KERJA ALAT DAN MESIN PERONTOK MULTIGUNA (Multipurpose Power Thresher Performance Test)." Jurnal Ilmiah Rekayasa Pertanian dan Biosistem 6, no. 1 (March 22, 2018): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jrpb.v6i1.73.
Full textAbstract:
Loss of agricultural products occurs in post-harvest handling process. The threshing process is part of the rice post-harvest that can be done with various techniques and various types of rice thresher machine. Multipurpose thresher is one type of thresher that can thresh the grains such as rice and soybeans. The aim of Performance efficiency test is to determine the performance efficiency of the thresher. The parameters measured were threshing capacity, threshing efficiency, and thresher quality. Testing is done by using the engine speed of 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm, with the tested varieties of rice varieties Ciherang and Bestari. Test results show that the efficiency of Ciherang varieties cutting is better if using the speed of rotation 2500 rpm engine. If using a speed of 3000 rpm occurs losses results. As for Bestari varieties more efficient if using a speed of 3000 rpm. The higher the speed of rotation of the machine then the level of grain damage will also increase
Keywords: rice, threshing, varieties, multipurpose thresher
ABSTRAK
Kehilangan hasil pertanian banyak terjadi pada proses penanganan pascapanen. Proses perontokan merupakan bagian dari pascapanen padi yang dapat dilakukan dengan berbagai teknik dan berbagai jenis mesin perontok padi. Alat perontok multiguna termasuk salah satu jenis perontok yang dapat merontokkan biji-bijian seperti padi dan kedelai. Pengujian efisiensi kinerja alat perontok multiguna bertujuan untuk mengetahui efisiensi kinerja alat perontok. Parameter yang diukur adalah kapasitas perontokan, efisiensi perontokan, dan kualitas perontokan. Pengujian tersebut dilakukan dengan menggunakan kecepatan putaran mesin 2500 rpm dan 3000 rpm, dengan varietas padi yang diuji yaitu varietas Ciherang dan Bestari. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi perontokan varietas Ciherang lebih baik jika menggunakan kecepatan putaran mesin 2500 rpm. Jika menggunakan kecepatan putaran mesin 3000 rpm terjadi susut hasil. Sedangkan untuk varietas Bestari lebih efisien jika menggunakan kecepatan putaran mesin 3000 rpm. Semakin tinggi kecepatan putaran mesin maka tingkat kerusakan gabah juga akan semakin meningkat.
Kata kunci : padi, perontokan, varietas, rpm, perontok multiguna
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Borinshtein, Yevgen, Oleksandr Stovpets, Olga Kukshinova, Anton Kisse, and Natalia Kucherenko. "Phenomena of freedom and justice in the interpretations of T. Hobbes and J. Locke." Revista Amazonia Investiga 10, no. 42 (July 30, 2021): 255–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2021.42.06.24.
Full textAbstract:
This study gives a possible representation of T. Hobbes and J. Locke's visions of the essence of 'freedom' and 'justice' phenomena. The philosophic-historical analysis performed in the article made it possible to reveal the fundamental ideological conflict between statism and liberalism, between the utilitarian, entirely pragmatic understanding the nature of the social contract (in Hobbes's political philosophy), and moral-ethical accents on the essential foundations of a state-organized society (in Locke's political thoughts). Hobbes generally ignores the moral and ethical preconditions inherent to human nature, reducing the social contract ontology to purely utilitarian aspects. The freedom of the individual loses its absolute character, as each member of this socio-political community gives up a part of his freedom in favor of 'Leviathan' (i.e. the sovereign, the state). Beginning from this moment it is fair for each individual to comply with the terms of that universally binding social contract, and its violation by someone within the community deemed to be unjust. On the contrary, Locke forms an idea of the ethical basis of the human community. Locke's political anthropology is based on the close relationship between the principle of justice and the imperatives of reason. The latter ones approach the universal ethical and legal requirements to ensure equal opportunities in the implementation and protection of freedoms and interests of the individual living in society. Under such conditions, justice means that a person acquires the maximum opportunities to fulfill his own freedoms (in all its diversity), without violating the freedoms of others.
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Zykov, Sergey V. "Grounds for Deprivation of Parental Rights: The Law Enforcement and the Foreign Legal Regulation." Family and housing law 6 (December 10, 2020): 10–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18572/1999-477x-2020-6-10-13.
Full textAbstract:
The article discusses the reasons for the deprivation of parental rights provided for in Article 69 Family Code. When comparing them with the provisions of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, a conclusion is drawn about their significant difference, therefore, the thesis that the existing provisions of Russian law are determined by international obligations of the Russian Federation is not confirmed. Despite the fact that the six existing structures of deprivation of parental rights are independent, an analysis of law enforcement practice shows that the courts avoid a clear reduction of factual circumstances to the relevant compositions. Of course, this increases the risk of an unjust decision. The clarifications given in the Resolution of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation dated November 14, 2017 No. 44, unfortunately, are insufficient. The norms establishing the basis for deprivation of parental rights in the Union of Independent States are generally similar to the Russian ones, however, in a number of cases, the latter show a desire for concretization. In Western European countries, such reasons, as a rule, are not particularly distinguished: violation of the rights of the child is considered as the basis for applying various measures of influence, among which the deprivation of parental rights is extreme, but even if it is used, the parents do not lose the opportunity to communicate with the child (if this does not contradict him interests). The latter should be provided for in Russian law. According to the author, one should restrictively formulate the grounds for depriving parents of their rights, reduce their number; at the same time, an explanation should be given to the courts about the need to clearly follow their content when making decisions.
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Batong, Ayub Repa, Prihadi Murdiyat, and Abdul Hamid Kurniawan. "Analisis Kelayakan LoRa Untuk Jaringan Komunikasi Sistem Monitoring Listrik Di Politeknik Negeri Samarinda." PoliGrid 1, no. 2 (December 22, 2020): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.46964/poligrid.v1i2.602.
Full textAbstract:
Abstrak- Di Politeknik Negeri Samarinda akan dibangun sebuah sistem jaringan monitoring konsumsi energi listrik di tiap gedung. Untuk membangun jaringan komunikasi sistem monitoring diperlukan sistem komunikasi yang dapat bekerja dengan baik. Dengan mempertimbangkan luas Politeknik Negeri Samarinda yang sebesar 10 hektar dan jarak antara gedung yang cukup jauh, salah satu teknologi radio yang dapat digunakan adalah LoRa (Long Range). Walaupun LoRa diklaim dapat mencapai jarak hingga 20-30 kilometer pada kondisi line of sight (LoS), kondisi kampus Politeknik Negeri Samarinda yang berbukit-bukit dan penuh gedung bertingkat bisa menyulitkan jaringan komunikasi yang akan dibentuk. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengukuran link komunikasi LoRa untuk mengetahui apakah ia layak digunakan pada jaringan monitoring di Politeknik Negeri Samarinda. Kelayakan dinilai berdasar parameter RSSI, SNR, dan packet loss (PL) yang diperoleh dari hasil pengukuran pada unit receiver yang diletakkan dalam beberapa gedung, dengan sinyal yang dipancarkan dari unit sender yang dipasang di luar gedung Laboratorium Teknik Elektro. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan dua jenis frekuensi LoRa yaitu 433 MHz dan 915 MHz. Walaupun sesuai keputusan Menkominfo alokasi frekuensi kerja LoRa di Indonesia adalah 915 MHz, penelitian pada frekuensi kerja 433 MHz juga dilakukan sebagai pembanding unjuk kerja. Dari hasil pengukuran, tampak bahwa baik pada frekuensi 433 MHz maupun 915 MHz, nilai RSSI yang lebih besar dari -120 dB dan SNR yang lebih besar dari -20 dB, juga nilai PL yang lebih kecil dari 3%, menunjukkan bahwa teknologi LoRa untuk digunakan sebagai jaringan komunikasi sistem monitoring di Politeknik Negeri Samarinda. Juga diperoleh bahwa performa LoRa dengan frekuensi kerja 433 MHz lebih baik dibanding LoRa dengan frekuensi 915 MHz. Begitu juga, hasil yang diperoleh dari antenna Yagi-Uda, umumnya lebih baik dan konsisten dibanding hasil yang diperoleh dari antenna rubber duck. Kata Kunci : LoRa, RSSI, SNR, Packet Loss.
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Frank, Charles. "Orientation Mapping: 1987 MRS Fall Meeting Von Hippel Award Lecture." MRS Bulletin 13, no. 3 (March 1988): 24–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400066112.
Full textAbstract:
I must support the judgment of the Materials Research Society in naming its principal award after von Hippel. His early work was on dielectrics, and that is the area in which my own introduction to materials science was made. In fact, I habitually claim that one of the inventors and fathers of the subject was E.B. Moullin, Reader in Electrical Engineering at Oxford and later Professor of Electrical Engineering at Cambridge. In 1933 he approached my chemistry tutor, Sidgwick, saying “I have this man Willis Jackson coming to do a D.Phil, with me. He knows how to measure dielectric loss. I think that if I can put a physical chemist to work alongside him we might make that cease to be just an engineering parameter to be measured and come to know what causes it—and then perhaps design new materials which are better.” Sidgwick nominated me as the physical chemist, and as far as I am concerned that is where the subject of materials science begins.My subject is how you should display the statistics of orientations of polycrystals. For this subject I have several heroes from the past. They are Euler, of course, Rodrigues, Cayley and Klein. Of these the most unjustly neglected is Olinde Rodrigues, which is something I have only come to know in comparatively recent years. The whole subject is one to which I have returned on and off, learning a little more each time, since it was first put to me as a problem by C.G. Dunn just about 30 years ago.
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Popa, Andrei-Bogdan. "Ali Smith’s There But For The: Identity, Hospitality and Transcendence in the Age of Surveillance." East-West Cultural Passage 20, no. 1 (June 1, 2020): 53–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ewcp-2020-0003.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract The aim of this essay is to prove that, throughout Ali Smith’s There But For The (2011), the “narrative” subjective identity (Alphen 83) accessed via the face-to-face relation (Levinas and Hand 42), as well as through storytelling itself, is liable to be turned into archivable information under the pressures of a surveillance state in which its citizens are complicit. I will use this archival/narrative identity dyad as articulated by theorist Ernst van Alphen in order to investigate at length the novel’s staging of hospitality as corrupted by surveillance. I will oppose the notion of identity as information against Emmanuel Levinas’s conception of the face-to-face relation (Levinas and Hand 42), whereby true hospitality depends upon the mutual respect one person has for the absolute singularity of the other, which involves personal information and the right to privacy. As it will become apparent, these identities lose or gain agency according to the engagement of the self with a newly arrived foreign alterity. Thus, the arrival of strangers throughout Smith’s novel thematizes the scenario of hospitality in tension with the stranger as surveyor or as surveyed. The doubling of language, the self-editing of one’s discourse and the risky openness towards the Other are modes of resistance that eschew the artificial categorizations upon which the archival identity is contingent. However, the bridge from interiority to exteriority is mediation. Smith therefore develops a conception of secularized Grace that works by exploring the revolutionary potential of this very mediation and can disrupt the logic of tyrannical surveillance. Part of this approach to history and language is informed by the witnessing of the traces left on the bodies of martyrized dissidents by unjust systems at their apex. There But For The is narrated by four characters in the mediatic aftermath of a bourgeois dinner party in an affluent suburb of London that witnessed the sudden and unexplainable reclusion of Miles Garth into the spare room of his stunned hosts. The event, as well as those leading up to and following it, is recounted by a grieving nature photographer in his sixties named Mark; May, a rebellious old woman suffering from dementia; an unemployed, middle-aged Anna; and Brooke, a ten-year old girl and voracious reader. The essay will approach these characters’ meditations upon the nature of identity as split between its narrative and archival forms.
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Walsh, Cheryl. "The Incarnation and the Christian Socialist Conscience in the Victorian Church of England." Journal of British Studies 34, no. 3 (July 1995): 351–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/386082.
Full textAbstract:
Among the churches of nineteenth-century Britain, the Anglican Church held a unique, and somewhat embarrassing, position. It was, of course, the established Church of England—an arm of the state, assigned the honor and duty of serving as the focus and guide of the nation's spiritual life. Its position was embarrassing by the mid-nineteenth century because it obviously was not fulfilling its ostensible role. The increasingly secular nature of industrial society on the one hand, and the Christian challenge of Nonconformity on the other, cost the Church membership among all classes of people. That loss significantly undermined the Anglican claim that the established Church served the religious needs of the whole nation, and it led to persistent Nonconformist cries for disestablishment. Furthermore, Christianity's appeal to its traditional following, the poor and lowly, seemed to evaporate in the industrial environment of the Victorian city. Not only did typical urban workers not go to church (or chapel, for that matter), they were generally rather hostile to organized religion and particularly to the Anglican Church. In the Church of governors and employers, where services and sermons often could appeal only to the educated, workers felt, not unjustly, uncomfortable and unwelcome.There were several internal impediments to increasing the popularity (and thereby the social influence) of the Anglican Church, not the least of which was the dominant theology of early Victorian England. During what Boyd Hilton has called the “Age of Atonement” (roughly the first half of the nineteenth century), evangelical thought both shaped and justified the economic and social assumptions which underlay the policies of competitive capitalism.
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Shaw, Christopher. "The role of rights, risks and responsibilities in the climate justice debate." International Journal of Climate Change Strategies and Management 8, no. 4 (August 15, 2016): 505–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijccsm-10-2014-0127.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose This paper aims to use the results of a synthesis of six social science fellowships to explore how alternative framings of the climate justice debate can support fairer climate policies. Design/methodology/approach The original fellowships drew on sociology, economics, geography, psychology and international relations. Cross-cutting themes of rights, risks and responsibilities were identified following a series of workshops. Results of these workshops were discussed in a number of policy fora. Analysis of the feedback from that fora is used to propose the case for a rights, risks and responsibilities approach to building a more accessible climate justice debate. Findings Existing climate policy unjustly displaces a) responsibility for emission reductions, b) risks from climate impacts and c) loss of rights. Foundational questions of acceptable risk have been ignored and a just climate policy requires procedurally just ways of revisiting this first-order question. Research limitations/implications The contribution a rights, risks and responsibilities framework can bring to a process of educating for climate stewardship is at this stage theoretical. It is only through trialling a rights, risks and responsibilities approach to climate justice debates with the relevant stakeholders that its true potential can be assessed. Practical implications Policy actors expressed strong resistance to the idea of overhauling current decision-making processes and policy frameworks. However, moving forward from this point with a more nuanced and tactical understanding of the dialectical relationship between rights, risks and responsibilities has the potential to improve those processes. Social implications Educating for climate stewardship will be more effective if it adopts an approach which seeks a co-production of knowledge. Beginning with the foundational question of what counts as an acceptable level of climate risk offers an inclusive entry point into the debate. Originality/value Reveals limits to public engagement with climate policy generated by a ‘justice’ framing.
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Redakcija, R. "Anti-Serb war manifesto or to which aim are so-called non-governmental organizations used: An editorial." Napredak 1, no. 3 (2020): 5–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/napredak1-30105.
Full textAbstract:
The German state propaganda service Deutche Welle (DW), recently published a new anti-Serb war manifesto, also reported by the daily press in the Republic of Croatia. The aim of the document, whose basic ideas do not belong to the person interviewed, is the creation of conditions which would favor the breakout of a new Balkan war, primarily in the territory of Bosnia and Herzegovina, through the dissolution of the Republic of Serbia, treated incorrectly in the text as the "spoils of war" of Serbia. The purpose of the text is the weakening of the geopolitical position of Serbia through the following: 1) the severing of ties with the Serb population living in former Yugoslav republics (B&H, Montenegro); 2) the accepting of an unfavorable institutional solution for the Republic of Srpska through amendments to the Dayton-Paris peace agreement, whose guarantor is Serbia, as the successor of the FRY and Serbia & Montenegro; 3) the accepting of an unfavorable institutional solution for AP Kosovo and Metohija, whose status, until otherwise changed, is determined by Resolution 1244 of the UN Security Council; 4) the dragging of Serbia into North Atlantic integrations despite continued objections of Serbs to the idea and its proclaimed policy of military neutrality; 5) the breaking up of friendly relations and close cooperation of the Republic of Serbia with the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, which would cost our country the loss of the ability to defend almost all its vital state interests, including its territorial integrity and sovereignty, aside from losing the friendship of those who have in various situations come to our country's aid. According to the originator of this anti-Serb war manifesto, coerced, humiliated, and punished (unjustly), Serbia and the Serbs have the right to expect European integrations.
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van Rensch, Jacques. "Tussen ‘vandalisme’ en ‘la manie de tout conserver’ : Limburgse archieven in een revolutionaire tijd." Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 133, no. 3 (November 1, 2020): 499–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2020.3.005.vanr.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract In between ‘vandalism’ and ‘la manie de tout conserver’. Limburg’s archives in revolutionary timesThe history of the Dutch province of Limburg during the French period from approximately 1795 to 1815 is more like that of Belgium and the Rhineland than the north of the Netherlands. The province itself, in a border region of the Netherlands, is a creation of the nineteenth century with a very complex geopolitical history going back to the Middle Ages. So Limburg, located at the edge of several countries, is a region which has never received much attention at a national level. The same is true for the Limburg archives of the Ancien Régime. This is of particular note because the Limburg archives contain the oldest original sources in the Netherlands. Despite this, consulting the archives of the Ancien Régime was not attractive to historians until well into the twentieth century. In the past many records of institutions dating to the Middle Ages were deliberately destroyed or lost as a result of war, or taken abroad, or they were accidentally ‘forgotten’ and ended up in the attic. Not unjustly the revolutionary government during the French period has been regarded as bearing directly or indirectly a great responsibility for this loss. But this is not the whole picture, and the account must be more nuanced. Owing to secularization, records from religious orders were lost in the decades leading up to the French period; and after 1815 there was little interest in archives, except perhaps for financial reasons. Documents previously sent for safe-keeping abroad disappeared from circulation. However, sometimes by coincidence, sometimes by the concerted actions of lovers of old documents, a number of extremely important historical documents have been preserved. The largest part of these has over time been acquired by the State Public Record Office of Limburg. As a result of this collecting of archives from abroad, Limburg has a richer collection from this period than is found in the rest of the Netherlands.