Journal articles: 'Loss of ground'

1

Choi, Charles Q. "Weight Loss on Shaky Ground." Scientific American 298, no. 1 (January 2008): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0108-31b.

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Coombs, Robin G., and C. R. Richardon. "84 Cooking loss of ground beef." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.061.

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Abstract This study was conducted to measure two quality variables of ground beef: cooking loss and shrinkage. Twenty 454g packages of ground chuck from a commercial grocery store 80:20 lean:fat ratio (calculated per label to be 71:29), and 20 packages of ground beef from a specific breed (SB) (calculated per label to be 75:25) were used. Each package was divided into four hand-formed patties weighing 118-120g (n = 80). Prior to grilling, the patties were weighed, circumference measured (cm), and thickness measured (cm). Patties were grilled on a George Foreman Grill to an internal temperature of 73.9° C. Cooking loss (meat drippings) from grilled patties was collected. After reaching the desired internal temperature, individual patties were removed from the grill, weighed, and circumference and thickness measured. Cooking loss was collected in a grease tray and from the grill surface with a spatula. Cooking loss was weighed (g) and contents poured into a glass jar and stored in a freezer for further evaluation. There was no difference (P > 0.05) in cooking loss between the control and SB treatment, 61.40% and 61.34% respectively. A difference (P < 0.05) was found in cooking shrinkage (circumference and thickness). Circumference between fresh and cooked showed a change of 15.48% (control) and 12.88% (SB) (P < 0.05). Patty thickness between fresh and cooked changed by 9.32% (control) and 5.71 % (SB) (P<0.05). Total cooking loss per 454g package did not differ 13.74% (control) and 14.16% (SB). However, when cooking loss was separated in solid and liquid portions, the solid portion was 19.71% (control) and 28.30% (SB) (P < 0.05). These data indicate that quality attributes of ground beef vary between sources with similar lean:fat ratio.

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L’Espérance, André, Jean Nicolas, and G. A. Daigle. "Insertion loss of absorbent barriers on ground." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 3 (September 1989): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398097.

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4

Davies, M. G. "Heat loss from a solid ground floor." Building and Environment 28, no. 3 (July 1993): 347–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(93)90039-6.

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5

Andrusenko, Julia, Richard L. Miller, Jason A. Abrahamson, Naim M. Merheb Emanuelli, Robert S. Pattay, and Robert M. Shuford. "VHF General Urban Path Loss Model for Short Range Ground-to-Ground Communications." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 56, no. 10 (October 2008): 3302–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tap.2008.929453.

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6

Chi, Shue-Yeong, Jin-Ching Chern, and Chin-Cheng Lin. "Optimized back-analysis for tunneling-induced ground movement using equivalent ground loss model." Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology 16, no. 3 (July 2001): 159–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0886-7798(01)00048-7.

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7

Hagentoft, Carl-Eric, and Johan Claesson. "Heat loss to the ground from a building—II. Slab on the ground." Building and Environment 26, no. 4 (January 1991): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-1323(91)90066-k.

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8

Pincus, HJ, KJL Stone, and TA Brown. "Simulation of Ground Loss in Centrifuge Model Tests." Geotechnical Testing Journal 16, no. 2 (1993): 253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1520/gtj10042j.

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9

Chen, Rui, David M. Branum, and Chris J. Wills. "Annualized and Scenario Earthquake Loss Estimations for California." Earthquake Spectra 29, no. 4 (November 2013): 1183–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/082911eqs210m.

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We update annualized and scenario earthquake loss estimations for California using HAZUS, a loss estimation tool developed by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and evaluate the effects of changes in input ground motions over the last decade on estimated earthquake losses. Our estimated statewide average earthquake loss to building stock from shaking is approximately $2.8 billion per year, with 32% of it occurring in Los Angeles County and 23% in the San Francisco-Oakland-Fremont metropolitan statistical area. This estimate reflects a 25% to 28% reduction because of changes in input ground motions. Scenario results indicate a 28% to 63% reduction in estimated building economic losses because of changes in input ground motions. Changes in input ground motions are mainly attributed to the use of next generation attenuation relations and, to a lesser extent, to updated earthquake source models and differing approaches for incorporating near-surface site effects.

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10

Lei, Wei. "Analysis of Economic Loss Caused by Ground Material Subsidence." Applied Mechanics and Materials 63-64 (June 2011): 547–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.63-64.547.

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Ground subsidence is one of the environmental geological problems today which arises in the process of world urbanization and can't be ignored. It is related closely to the local economic activities, and causes great hazard to the sustainable socio-economic development. Therefore, this problem has been paid much attention to by the whole society for a long time. The author of this paper analyzes the urban ground subsidence mechanism by adopting Terzaghi's effective stress principle and one-dimensional consolidation theory, and puts forward measures to prevent and control the ground subsidence.

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11

Sagaseta, C. "Analysis of undraind soil deformation due to ground loss." Géotechnique 37, no. 3 (September 1987): 301–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1987.37.3.301.

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12

Wesson, R. L. "Spatial Correlation of Probabilistic Earthquake Ground Motion and Loss." Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 91, no. 6 (December 1, 2001): 1498–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1785/0120000284.

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13

Barott, William C., Mary Ann Ingram, and Paul G. Steffes. "Scan Loss Pattern Synthesis for Adaptive Array Ground Stations." IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems 46, no. 3 (July 2010): 1140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/taes.2010.5545179.

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14

Matthews, T. L. "Losing Ground: Identity and Land Loss in Coastal Louisiana." Environmental History 16, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 352–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/envhis/emr011.

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15

Rantala, Jukka, and Virpi Leivo. "Heat loss into ground from a slab-on-ground structure in a floor heating system." International Journal of Energy Research 30, no. 12 (2006): 929–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/er.1190.

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16

Wesson, Robert L., David M. Perkins, Edgar V. Leyendecker, Richard J. Roth, and Mark D. Petersen. "Losses to Single-Family Housing from Ground Motions in the 1994 Northridge, California, Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 20, no. 3 (August 2004): 1021–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.1775238.

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The distributions of insured losses to single-family housing following the 1994 Northridge, California, earthquake for 234 ZIP codes can be satisfactorily modeled with gamma distributions. Regressions of the parameters in the gamma distribution on estimates of ground motion, derived from ShakeMap estimates or from interpolated observations, provide a basis for developing curves of conditional probability of loss given a ground motion. Comparison of the resulting estimates of aggregate loss with the actual aggregate loss gives satisfactory agreement for several different ground-motion parameters. Estimates of loss based on a deterministic spatial model of the earthquake ground motion, using standard attenuation relationships and NEHRP soil factors, give satisfactory results for some ground-motion parameters if the input ground motions are increased about one and one-half standard deviations above the median, reflecting the fact that the ground motions for the Northridge earthquake tended to be higher than the median ground motion for other earthquakes with similar magnitude. The results give promise for making estimates of insured losses to a similar building stock under future earthquake loading.

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17

Bhattacharya, M., and M. A. Hanna. "Kinetics of drip loss, cooking loss and color degradation in frozen ground beef during storage." Journal of Food Engineering 9, no. 2 (January 1989): 83–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0260-8774(89)90007-1.

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18

Ding, Feng, Long Yi Shao, Zhao Bin Li, and Feng Lan Zhang. "Geohazard Forecasting in Mining Area Based on Grey Model." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 436–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.436.

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This paper studied a forecasting method of geological hazard in loess plateau mining area, by making use of a grey system theory and building grey model, it is expected that in 2018, the loss statistics of mining geology hazard in the area will increase steadily, the loss of water-inrush, slag, ground subsidence, landslide collapse and ground crack will reach relatively 623,480 dollars, 879,346 dollars, 75.833 km2/103km2, 811.295*104m3, 597,761 dollars in 2018. The prediction results provided geological bases for the economic and social sustainable development, ecological environment construction and protection.

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19

Lee, Renee, and Anne S. Kiremidjian. "Uncertainty and Correlation for Loss Assessment of Spatially Distributed Systems." Earthquake Spectra 23, no. 4 (November 2007): 753–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2791001.

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Seismic risk assessment for a spatially distributed system, such as a lifeline network, involves characterization of ground shaking and structural damage for multiple structures in a region. The expected value of monetary loss, a common measure of the risk, has been previously formulated but with little attention to the uncertainty around this monetary loss. Furthermore, prior research on risk assessment for lifeline systems, in particular transportation networks, assumes no spatial ground motion correlation and no structure-to-structure damage correlation between sites in the network. In this paper, a framework for treating these correlations in the network risk analysis is presented. A demonstration of this methodology is carried out for two transportation networks located in the San Francisco Bay region. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a non–distance dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 0.6 and 1.5 for the sample networks presented here. Coefficients of variation for network physical loss using a distance-dependent ground motion correlation model in the framework range between 1.0 and 1.4 for the same networks. It is demonstrated through these applications that assuming no correlation in ground motion and in damage may potentially underestimate uncertainty in the overall loss estimation.

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20

Li, Shao-hua, Ming-ju Zhang, and Peng-fei Li. "Analytical solutions to ground settlement induced by ground loss and construction loadings during curved shield tunneling." Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A 22, no. 4 (April 2021): 296–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1631/jzus.a2000120.

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21

Wei, Gang, Jie Hong, and Xin Jiang Wei. "3D Analytical Solution of Soil Deformation Induced by Shield Tunnelling Construction." Advanced Materials Research 261-263 (May 2011): 1814–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.261-263.1814.

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Three-dimensional (3D) analytical solution of soil deformation induced by ground loss in shield tunnelling construction was researched. It is put forward that the ground loss ratio is not a fixed value, but changes in driving direction. The calculation formula of ground loss ratio in driving direction was deduced. Based on two-dimensional (2D) analytical solution of uniform ground movement model of shield tunnelling, the three-dimensional analytical solution of ground deformation induced by ground loss is deduced. The settlement in vertical direction and the displacement in lateral horizontal direction at any point can be calculated; and the method is only applied to the construction phase. In analytical calculation: the predicted soil displacements are in good agreement with the measured values, and the method is easy to use; the closer the soil to tunnel is, the faster the lateral horizontal displacement changes; the extent of change of lateral horizontal displacement in longitudinal direction is smaller than displacement in lateral direction.

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22

Edwards, Susan S. M. "Anger and Fear as Justifiable Preludes for Loss of Self-Control." Journal of Criminal Law 74, no. 3 (June 2010): 223–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1350/jcla.2010.74.3.638.

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Following the Coroners and Justice Act 2009, s. 56, the common law defence of provocation, which depended on a sudden and temporary loss of self-control (following R v Duffy1), is now abolished, as is s. 3 of the Homicide Act 1957. In its place is substituted a statutory defence of loss of self-control, which relies on some of the principles that constituted the grounds for provocation, its predecessor. For the first time fear qualifies as a new ground for loss of self-control (2009 Act, s. 55(3)). This article examines the new partial defence of ‘loss of self-control’ and considers what distinguishes the new defence from its predecessor and the features which are retained. It also evaluates whether the overarching objectives of restricting the ambit of the earlier defence and providing a new defence for battered women, shared by both the Law Commission and the government, are well considered and likely to be achievable. The new partial defence will be considerably restricted both by the new criteria and by returning the power to the judge, as ‘gatekeeper’, to prohibit an un***meritorious defence from going to the jury (2009 Act, s. 54(6)). The inclusion of fear as a new ground for loss of self-control will continue to present difficulties as long as the definition of ‘extremely grave’, a requisite of the qualifying trigger to this loss of self-control, is a jury question, and also insofar as ‘justifiable sense of being seriously wronged’ is to be judged on objective grounds. Further difficulties are presented by the requirement that the capacity for self-control, now expressed as the ‘tolerance’ and ‘restraint’, required of the defendant, is to be decided on objective grounds.

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23

Palmer, Andrew C., and Robert J. Mair. "Ground movements above tunnels: a method for calculating volume loss." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 48, no. 3 (March 2011): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t10-077.

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Excavation of a tunnel induces small movements at the surface of the ground above. Those movements are often estimated by empirical methods. This paper presents a simple derivation of formulas for elastic ground, based on the reciprocal theorem. It confirms that the effect of removal of the weight of the soil in the tunnel is not negligible.

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24

Hong, Ic-Pyo. "Propagation path loss characteristics of vertical dipole above perfect ground." IEICE Electronics Express 10, no. 21 (2013): 20130762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/elex.10.20130762.

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25

Sagaseta, C. "Discussion: Analysis of undrained soil deformation due to ground loss." Géotechnique 38, no. 4 (December 1988): 647–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1680/geot.1988.38.4.647.

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26

Arntzen, M., and D. G. Simons. "Ground Reflection with Turbulence Induced Coherence Loss in Flyover Auralization." International Journal of Aeroacoustics 13, no. 5-6 (October 2014): 449–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/1475-472x.13.5-6.449.

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27

Kauffman, Alexander S., Matthew J. Paul, and Irving Zucker. "Increased heat loss affects hibernation in golden-mantled ground squirrels." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 287, no. 1 (July 2004): R167—R173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.00670.2003.

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During hibernation at ambient temperatures (Ta) above 0°C, rodents typically maintain body temperature (Tb) ∼1°C above Ta, reduce metabolic rate, and suspend or substantially reduce many physiological functions. We tested the extent to which the presence of an insulative pelage affects hibernation. Tb was recorded telemetrically in golden-mantled ground squirrels ( Spermophilus lateralis) housed at a Ta of 5°C; food intake and body mass were measured at regular intervals throughout the hibernation season and after the terminal arousal. Animals were subjected to complete removal of the dorsal fur or a control procedure after they had been in hibernation for 3–4 wk. Shaved squirrels continued to hibernate with little or no change in minimum Tb, bout duration, duration of periodic normothermic bouts, and food intake during normothermia. Rates of rewarming from torpor were, however, significantly slower in shaved squirrels, and rates of body mass loss were significantly higher, indicating increased depletion of white adipose energy stores. An insulative pelage evidently conserves energy over the course of the hibernation season by decreasing body heat loss and reducing energy expenditure during periodic arousals from torpor and subsequent intervals of normothermia. This prolongs the hibernation season by several weeks, thereby eliminating the debilitating consequences associated with premature emergence from hibernation.

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Pelsmakers, S., B. Croxford, and C. A. Elwell. "Suspended timber ground floors: measured heat loss compared with models." Building Research & Information 47, no. 2 (June 26, 2017): 127–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09613218.2017.1331315.

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29

L’Espérance, André. "The insertion loss of finite length barriers on the ground." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 1 (July 1989): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398337.

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30

Kleindienst, Quentin, Arnaud Besserer, Marie-Laure Antoine, Christelle Perrin, Jean-François Bocquet, and Laurent Bléron. "Predicting the beech wood decay and strength loss in-ground." International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation 123 (September 2017): 96–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.06.006.

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31

Bommer, Julian J., and Helen Crowley. "The Influence of Ground-Motion Variability in Earthquake Loss Modelling." Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering 4, no. 3 (March 17, 2006): 231–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10518-006-9008-z.

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32

Hull, John R. "Solar pond ground heat loss to a moving water table." Solar Energy 35, no. 3 (1985): 211–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-092x(85)90100-8.

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33

Murray, Christopher, and Thamara Laredo. "Effect of Home Grinding on Properties of Brewed Coffee." Journal of Food Research 4, no. 1 (November 18, 2014): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v4n1p77.

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<p>We present measurements of particle size distribution, density, loss of coffee on brewing and caffeine content in brewed coffee (as measured using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) as a function of grinding time using a blade-type grinder. In general, there is not a lack of correlation between coffee properties and grinding for grinding times in excess of 42 s, but mass loss on brewing and caffeine content are both increased with grinding times between 0 and 42 s. In addition, we present evidence that this dependence of the composition of brewed coffee on grinding time is a function of increased coffee particle surface area that results from grinding, rather than increased loss of grounds into the brewed beverage or increased percolation time. Finally, we present a general recommendation for determining equivalency between small amounts of finely ground coffee and larger amounts of coarser-ground coffee.</p>

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34

Beder, Joan. "Loss of the Assumptive World—How We Deal with Death and Loss." OMEGA - Journal of Death and Dying 50, no. 4 (June 2005): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/gxh6-8vy6-bq0r-gc04.

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The assumptive world concept refers to the assumptions or beliefs that ground, secure, stabilize, and orient people. They are our core beliefs. In the face of death and trauma, these beliefs are shattered and disorientation and even panic can enter the lives of those affected. In essence, the security of their beliefs has been aborted. This article will look at the concept of the assumptive world, how attachments are impacted by its violation, and will make suggestions for intervention for those who work to rebuild survivors of loss.

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35

Yalinewich, Almog, and Hilke Schlichting. "Atmospheric mass-loss from high-velocity giant impacts." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 486, no. 2 (April 12, 2019): 2780–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1049.

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ABSTRACT Using moving mesh hydrodynamic simulations, we determine the shock propagation and resulting ground velocities for a planet hit by a high-velocity impactor. We use our results to determine the atmospheric mass-loss caused by the resulting ground motion due to the impact shock wave. We find that there are two distinct shock propagation regimes. In the limit in which the impactor is significantly smaller than the target (Ri << Rt), the solutions are self-similar and the shock velocity at a fixed point on the target scale as $m_{\rm i}^{2/3}$, where mi is the mass of the impactor. In addition, the ground velocities follow a universal profile given by vg/vi = (14.2x2 − 25.3x + 11.3)/(x2 − 2.5x + 1.9) + 2ln Ri/Rt, where x = sin (θ/2), θ is the latitude on the target measured from the impact site, and vg and vi are the ground velocity and impact velocity, respectively. In contrast, in the limit in which the impactor is comparable to the size of the target (Ri ∼ Rt), we find that shock velocities decline with the mass of the impactor significantly more weakly than $m_{\rm i}^{2/3}$. We use the resulting surface velocity profiles to calculate the atmospheric mass-loss for a large range of impactor masses and impact velocities and apply them to the Kepler-36 system and the Moon forming impact. Finally, we present and generalize our results in terms of the vg/vi and the impactor to target size ratio (Ri/Rt) such that they can easily be applied to other collision scenarios.

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Knowlson, James. "„Godot, love and loss”." Tekstualia 4, no. 55 (December 18, 2019): 11–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.3463.

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This is the fi rst Polish translation of the full chapter of the only authorized biography of Samuel Beckett entitled Damned to Fame (originally published in English in 1996). The text concentrates on the publication details of Waiting for Godot and Beckett’s private life in the early 1950s. For example, the details concerning building the house in Ussy sur Marne in 1953 are revealed and Beckett’s cooperation with the magazine „Nouvelle revue française” and the publishing house „Merlin” is discussed. On private ground, the origins of Beckett’s intimate relationship with Pamela Mitchell are of much importance at the time.

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Shelef, Nadav G. "Unequal Ground: Homelands and Conflict." International Organization 70, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 33–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818315000193.

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AbstractAlthough there is a deep and wide consensus that international conflict over territory is especially common and destructive, there is less agreement over what it is about territory that leads to these outcomes. Understanding the role of territory in international conflict requires complementing realist and materialist understandings of the value of territory with one grounded in the constructivist theories that dominate studies of nationalism and geography. Doing so recognizes that homeland territoriality, because it raises the value of a specific territory and provides an imperative to establish sovereignty over it, plays a distinctive role in driving international conflict. This article presents a systematic, replicable operationalization of the homeland status of territory that, because it is consistent with constructivist theories of nationalism, can be used to integrate constructivist understandings of the role of territory into quantitative studies of territorial conflict. This measure is then used to test the implication that the loss of subjectively defined homeland territory increases the likelihood of international conflict relative to the loss of nonhomeland territory. The findings that dividing homelands is especially likely to lead to conflict are corroborated by a second novel measure of the homeland status of territory that is based on the identification of co-ethnics in a territory before the border was drawn.

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Kuttippurath, J., F. Goutail, J. P. Pommereau, F. Lefèvre, H. K. Roscoe, A. Pazmiño, W. Feng, M. P. Chipperfield, and S. Godin-Beekmann. "Estimation of Antarctic ozone loss from ground-based total column measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, no. 14 (July 16, 2010): 6569–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-6569-2010.

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Abstract. The passive tracer method is used to estimate ozone loss from ground-based measurements in the Antarctic. A sensitivity study shows that the ozone depletion can be estimated within an accuracy of ~4%. The method is then applied to the ground-based observations from Arrival Heights, Belgrano, Concordia, Dumont d'Urville, Faraday, Halley, Marambio, Neumayer, Rothera, South Pole, Syowa, and Zhongshan for the diagnosis of ozone loss in the Antarctic. On average, the ten-day boxcar average of the vortex mean ozone column loss deduced from the ground-based stations was about 55±5% in 2005–2009. The ozone loss computed from the ground-based measurements is in very good agreement with those derived from satellite measurements (OMI and SCIAMACHY) and model simulations (REPROBUS and SLIMCAT), where the differences are within ±3–5%. The historical ground-based total ozone observations in October show that the depletion started in the late 1970s, reached a maximum in the early 1990s and stabilised afterwards due to saturation. There is no indication of ozone recovery yet. At southern mid-latitudes, a reduction of 20–50% is observed for a few days in October–November at the newly installed Rio Gallegos station. Similar depletion of ozone is also observed episodically during the vortex overpasses at Kerguelen in October–November and at Macquarie Island in July–August of the recent winters. This illustrates the significance of measurements at the edges of Antarctica.

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Sørensen, Mathilde B., and Dominik H. Lang. "Incorporating Simulated Ground Motion in Seismic Risk Assessment: Application to the Lower Indian Himalayas." Earthquake Spectra 31, no. 1 (February 2015): 71–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/010412eqs001m.

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In this study, the effects of implementing stochastic finite fault ground motion simulations in earthquake hazard and risk assessment are evaluated. The investigations are conducted for the city of Dehradun (Indian Himalayas). We compare two ground motion estimation techniques: a ground motion prediction equation–based technique and a simulation-based technique. The comparison focuses on the differences the techniques imply on earthquake damage and loss estimates. Ground motion simulations are first calibrated against the instrumental recordings of the 1991 Mw 6.8 Uttarkashi earthquake. Afterward, a number of events are considered with different magnitude, distance, and azimuth to the source. Results indicate large differences between ground motion and loss estimates derived by the two methods, especially in the direction of rupture propagation, which persist to 2–2.5 fault lengths distance. It is therefore strongly recommended to consider rupture kinematics and orientation to the test bed when providing ground motion estimates for near-field earthquake loss assessment studies.

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40

Mendelovici, E., R. Villalba, A. Sagarzazu, and O. Carias. "The 1640 cm-1 infrared band, monitor for the gain and thermal stability of water produced in ground kaolinites." Clay Minerals 30, no. 4 (December 1995): 307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1995.030.4.04.

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AbstractThe development of the infrared (IR) absorption band at 1640 cm−1 (δH2O) is employed to monitor the gain in molecular water of progressively mortar-ground kaolinite. The planimetred area of this band shows a linear correlation with weight loss at 105°C (free moisture) between 2 and 18 h grinding, indicating a steady increase of molecular water in this range. Heating of ground products to 105°C causes a decrease of about ⅓ in the 1640 cm−1 peak area for all ground samples. This area decrease corresponds to a 34% (average) loss of free moisture as determined by gravimetry. The remaining water is held up to 280°C and is more tightly held in the kaolinite ground for shorter (2–5 h) intervals than in further ground kaolinites. The 1640 cm−1 peak is not detected in any ground kaolinite after heating to 600°C the temperature at which kaolinite dehydroxylates completely. The differentiation of the energetically different OH groups present in ground kaolinite and the mechanism of water gain are compared and discussed from IR spectroscopy and weight loss results.

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Rajoriya, Kamal raj Singh, and P. K. Singhal. "Monopole Antenna with Modify Ground Plane." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 1, no. 3 (July 11, 2012): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v1i3.142.

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This paper presents on modified the ground plane of monopole antenna with varying the shape and length. Basically the length of ground plane of monopole antenna is equal and greater than ?/4. Here analyzed a different ground plane of monopole antenna that is provided an efficient bandwidth with sufficient return loss.

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42

Richardon, C. R., and Sarah Martinez. "82 Electrical conductivity and cooking loss of beef loins and ground beef." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_1 (July 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz053.062.

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Abstract Electrical conductivity and cooking loss of beef loins and ground beef. S. P. Martinez, C. R. Richardson, T. Jin, and C. S. Mesquita, Texas State University, San Marcos. Appraisal of beef tenderness and overall quality assessment by consumers may be variable. In this study, two sources of beef loins and ground beef were used to determine if electrical conductivity measurements (ECM) are correlated with tenderness and cooking loss. Source 1 (S-1) was Choice grade loins and 80:20 ground beef, and Source 2 (S-2) was Prime grade loins and 80:20 ground beef. Steaks were cooked at 93°C in a smoker without humidity or smoke to an internal temperature of 71°C. Warner-Bratzler shear force values (WBSF) were determined on steaks. Samples of both raw and cooked loins (n = 48), and ground beef (n = 80) were emulsified for ECM. Procedures used for ECM were developed in our lab and consisted of using emulsified samples enclosed in a silicon vessel and concealed in a plastic bowl with a lid and a hole in two sides, for connecting embedded copper electrodes to a digital multimeter. ECM was measured in microsiemens (µS) over 60 s periods with a sampling rate of two per s. Cooking loss was measured after cooking to 71°C in George Foreman grills. The surface area of ground beef patties was determined using the equation SAcylinder=2πr2 + 2πr2h. Data analyses used were Pearson correlations, regression, and paired t-tests. Results show raw loin steaks from S-2 had higher ECM than S-1, 8.45, and 3.12 µS, respectfully (PPP > 0.05). Raw and cooked ECM values were significantly correlated.

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Ing, Dan N., and Xin Zhang. "An experimental and computational investigation of ground effect lift loss for single jet impingement." Aeronautical Journal 98, no. 974 (April 1994): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0001924000049976.

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Abstract An investigation was carried out to study the parameters affecting single-jet ground-effect hover lift loss and to identify the cause(s) behind the large discrepancies in lift loss between the experiments of Wyatt of RAE Bedford and Corsiglia et al of Nasa Ames. The cause of the discrepancies was traced to a single geometrical parameter: baffle plate edge geometry, which significantly affected the flow separation underneath the plate. In contrast, the out-of-ground lift loss is insensitive to the edge geometry, but can be significantly affected by room size restriction. The investigations have highlighted the importance of accurately representing the edge geometry in ground effect testing of Vstol aircraft, and the importance of the test environment when conducting out-of-ground hover experiments.

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Wen, Zhu, Xiaoli Rong, Fei Gao, Zhen Wang, and Dong An. "Visualization of Multivariate Time-Series Characteristics of Ground Loss Caused by Shield Tunneling." Shock and Vibration 2021 (July 20, 2021): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6939094.

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Ground loss due to earth pressure balance shield tunneling eventually leads to a surface settlement which can be an issue of great concern. However, the existing machine learning methods ignore the continuous and dynamic nature of EPB shield tunneling. In this work, a multivariate time-series (MTS) model for ground loss is proposed based on an analysis of factors and processes related to ground loss combined with the characteristics of original time-series data involving multiple parameters recorded by EPB shield machines in real time. A method of visualizing MTS features based on a residual network and multichannel fully convolutional neural network is also presented. The validity of the proposed ground-loss model is verified via calculation and comparison with 13 EPB shield construction projects carried out in typical urban areas featuring soft soil. Thermal maps are thus obtained to visualize the classification contributions, which provide a visual basis for feature analysis.

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Sanjari, Gholamreza, Bofu Yu, Hossein Ghadiri, Cyril A. A. Ciesiolka, and Calvin W. Rose. "Effects of time-controlled grazing on runoff and sediment loss." Soil Research 47, no. 8 (2009): 796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09032.

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The time-controlled rotational grazing (TC grazing) has become popular in Australia and elsewhere in the world to provide graziers and ranchers with improved productivity over traditional practices. However, this grazing system, which involves short periods of intensive grazing, has raised concerns about sustainability and environmental impacts on water and soil resources, and ecosystem health generally. A runoff experiment at the catchment scale was established on the grazing property ‘Currajong’ in the south-east region of Queensland, Australia, to investigate the effects of continuous and TC grazing on runoff and sediment generation from 2001 to 2006. Sediment loss was reduced significantly under TC grazing compared with continuous grazing irrespective of the size of runoff events. This effect was more pronounced in the catchments with soils of gentler slopes and greater depths. The reduction in soil erosion was achieved despite the fact that the increase in ground cover under TC grazing had little effect on runoff coefficient or runoff depth. Decrease in runoff in relation to the increase in surface cover only occurred for small events, whereas for large rainfall events, runoff generated irrespective of the level of ground cover. This study showed that ground cover is a key driver in reducing sediment concentration, resulting in a significantly lower sediment loss under TC grazing. In the study area a minimum of 70% of surface cover as a threshold appeared to be needed to efficiently protect the soil surface from erosive forces of rain and runoff and to control soil erosion. The results also indicate that TC grazing has a superior capability to produce and maintain a higher level of ground cover (up to 90%) than continuous grazing (up to 65%). The long rest periods in TC grazing are seen as the major contributor to soil and pasture recovery after intensive defoliations by grazing animals, leading to an increase in above-ground organic material and thus surface cover over time.

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Kim, Jong-Min, Ki-Hoon Nam, Jung-Rae Ha, Ki-Jae Song, and Wan-Soo Na. "Modeling of the Power/Ground Plane Noise Including Dielectric Substrate Loss." Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science 21, no. 2 (February 28, 2010): 170–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5515/kjkiees.2010.21.2.170.

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Liu, Jian Jun, Gui Hong Pei, and You Jun Ji. "Analysis of Heat Loss of Ground Pipeline of Thermal Production Oilfield." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 3057–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.3057.

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Steam stimulation is one of the main methods used in heavy oil reservoir development. How to inject high temperature and high dryness steam is a key factor to enhance heavy oil recovery. It is significant to evaluate heat transfer of steam pipeline and optimize thermal insulation layer for heavy oil exploitation. Based on fluid mechanics, heat transfer theory, considered phase change, mathematical model to calculate heat transfer and heat loss of steam pipeline was derived. Using COMSOL Multiphysics, a finite element based program for simulating unlimited multiphysics and single physics applications, the author simulated heat transferring in ground steam pipeline and analyzed the effect of thermal insulation layer. From the simulation results, it was known that, (1) Along with the pipeline distance increases, the steam dryness decreases, the decrease rate decreases with the distance increases. (2) At the same transmission distance, the bigger the thermal insulation layer thickness is, the smaller the heat loss of the steam is. The heat loss of steam transmission mainly center on the first half pipeline. (3) With the thickness of thermal insulation layer increases, the heatloss declines. After the thickness of thermal insulation layer increases 90 mm, increasing the thickness has no obvious effect on reducing the heat loss. So, it is suggested that the thermal insulation layer thickness should be 75-80mm.

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WANG Dai-hua, 王代华, 宋林丽 SONG Lin-li, 孔祥善 KONG Xiang-shan, and 张志杰 ZHANG Zhi-jie. "Path loss modeling for near-ground wireless channel in grassland environment." Optics and Precision Engineering 20, no. 6 (2012): 1406–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/ope.20122006.1406.

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Kuttippurath, J., F. Goutail, J. P. Pommereau, F. Lefèvre, H. K. Roscoe, A. Pazmiño, W. Feng, and M. P. Chipperfield. "Estimation of Antarctic ozone loss from Ground-based total column measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, no. 3 (March 24, 2010): 7641–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-7641-2010.

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Abstract. The passive ozone method is used to estimate ozone loss from ground-based measurements in the Antarctic. A sensitivity study shows that the O3 loss can be estimated within an accuracy of ~4%. The method is then applied to the observations from Amundsen-Scott/South Pole, Arrival Heights, Belgrano, Concordia, Dumont d'Urville, Faraday, Halley, Marambio, Neumayer, Rothera, Syowa and Zhongshan for the diagnosis of ozone loss in the Antarctic. On average, the five-day running mean of the vortex averaged ozone column loss deduced from the ground-based stations shows about 53% in 2009, 59% in 2008, 55% in 2007, 56% in 2006 and 61% in 2005. The observed O3 loss and loss rates are in very good agreement with the satellite observations (Ozone Monitoring Instrument and Sciamachy) and are well reproduced by the model (Reprobus and SLIMCAT) calculations. The historical ground-based total ozone measurements show that the depletion started in the late 1970s, reached a maximum in the early 1990s, stabilising afterwards at this level until present, with the exception of 2002, the year of an early vortex break-up. There is no indication of significant recovery yet. At southern mid-latitudes, a total ozone reduction of 40–50% is observed at the newly installed station Rio Gallegos and 25–35% at Kerguelen in October–November of 2008–2009 and 2005–2009 (except 2008) respectively, and of 10–20% at Macquarie Island in July–August of 2006–2009. This illustrates the significance of measurements at the edges of Antarctica.

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Zhang, Xin, and Dan N. Ing. "Computational analysis of a single jet impingement ground effect lift loss." Journal of Aircraft 31, no. 2 (March 1994): 256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/3.46482.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Loss of ground'

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