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Sklar, Elliot Montgomery. "The Relationship of Fear of Intimacy, Body Image Avoidance and Body Mass Index." FIU Digital Commons, 2008. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/15.
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Issues of body image and ability to achieve intimacy are connected to body weight, yet remain largely unexplored and have not been evaluated by gender. The underlying purpose of this research was to determine if avoidant attitudes and perceptions of one’s body may hold implications toward its use in intimate interactions, and if an above average body weight would tend to increase this avoidance. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES, 1999-2002) finds that 64.5% of US adults are overweight, with 61.9% of women and 67.2% of men. The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in men and women shows no reverse trend, nor have prevention and treatment proven effective in the long term. The researcher gathered self-reported age, gender, height and weight data from 55 male and 58 female subjects (determined by a prospective power analysis with a desired medium effect size (r =.30) to determine body mass index (BMI), determining a mean age of 21.6 years and mean BMI of 25.6. Survey instruments consisted of two scales that are germane to the variables being examined. They were (1) Descutner and Thelen of the University of Missouri’s (1991) Fear-of-Intimacy scale and (2) Rosen, Srebnik, Saltzberg, and Wendt’s (1991) Body Image Avoidance Questionnaire. Results indicated that as body mass index increases, fear of intimacy increases (p<0.05) and that as body mass index increases, body image avoidance increases (p<0.05). The relationship that as body image avoidance increases, fear of intimacy increases was not supported, but approached significance at (p<0.07). No differences in these relationships were determined between gender groups. For age, the only observed relationship was that of a difference between scores for age groups [18 to 22 (group 1) and ages 23 to 34 (group 2)] for the relationship of body image avoidance and fear of intimacy (p<0.02). The results suggest that the relationship of body image avoidance and fear of intimacy, as well as age, bear consideration toward the escalating prevalence of overweight and obesity. An integrative approach to body weight that addresses issues of body image and intimacy may prove effective in prevention and treatment.
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Hartman, Elizabeth Maria. "Factors Impacting Body Mass Index of Hispanic Youth in a Weight Loss Program." ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/1601.
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Youth obesity prevalence rates in the United States are trending down; however, for Hispanic youth, rates are increasing despite efforts toward a reduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of a culturally focused intervention program on weight reduction of Hispanic youth age 2 to 19 through examination of body mass index (BMI) percentile outcomes comparing age, gender, distance to program, time in program, and season of enrollment. Review of literature supports ecological and cultural approaches requiring behavior modification tailored to family and community as successful in decreasing youth obesity. However, researchers have yet to establish how various variables impact intervention outcomes making it difficult to determine what aspects of the cultural approach is effective. The epidemiology triangle and the social cognitive theory approach were used to relate to findings. Use of retrospective clinical archival participant data dating from November 7, 2008 to February 23, 2015 was analyzed through the use of various statistical applications. The analyses of this study indicated that only one age variable had significant results. The category for age 8 to12 had a significantly higher change in BMI than the other groups (p <.05) . This research has the potential to contribute to social change since it reveals that interventions tailored for the 8-12 age group may significantly improve the effectiveness of the program in reducing BMI percentile, thus decreasing obesity rates and associated disease along with morbidity and mortality. This knowledge can benefit educators, community collaborative efforts, practitioners, and other researchers.
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Frisk, Ulrika. "Effects of high-altitude trekking on body composition." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för hälsovetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-22219.
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Sojourns at high altitude are often accompanied by weight loss and changes in body composition. The aim was to study body composition before and after 40 days high-altitude exposure. The subjects were four women and six men, non-smoking, healthy and active students and a scientist from Mid Sweden University in Östersund with a mean (SD) age of 26 (10) years. All subjects volunteered for a six-week trek to the Mount Everest Base Camp via Rolwaling in Nepal. Before the sojourn subject’s height was 177 (10) cm and weight was 71.9 (10) kg. Body composition was measured with Lunar iDXA at the Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre in Östersund before and after the trek. Total body mass (SD) decreased from 71.8 (10.0) kg before to 69.7 (9.4) kg after the trek (P=0.00). Total fat mass decreased from 14.7 (5.9) kg to 13.8 (4.6) kg (P=0.01). Fat percent decreased from 21.6 (7.9) % to 21.0 (7.2) % (P=0.03). Total lean mass decreased from 54.0 (10.0) kg to 52.9 (9.7) kg (P=0.01). Bone mineral content was unchanged, 3.04 (0.5) kg before and 3.03 (0.5) after (P=0.13). Thus both total body mass and total lean mass had decreased after a six week trekking in Nepal.
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Veasey, Jake S. "Egg production, flight velocity and predation risk in birds." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.323432.
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Testa, Rylan Jay. "Motivation for Weight Loss Maintenance: Approach and Avoidance." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2011. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/101058.
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PsychologyPh.D.
Currently, two-thirds of adults and one-half of children and adolescents in the United States meet criteria for overweight or obese weight status (Wang & Beydoun, 2007). While weight loss often is desired among these individuals, few achieve sustained weight loss maintenance. A model of motivation, affect, and long-term weight loss maintenance is proposed, based on Carver's model of behavior change (2004b) and related research. This investigation evaluated the model's proposed associations between approach and avoidance motivation, depressive and anxious affect, and caloric consumption within the context of a dietary lapse condition in the laboratory. Findings did not support the hypotheses that avoidance motivation would be negatively related to calorie consumption or that approach motivation would be positively associated with calorie consumption. Conversely, higher avoidance motivation was found to predict higher caloric consumption. Finally, this relationship was not mediated by depressive or anxious affect. Instead, consumption of high calorie foods alone was shown to fully mediate this relationship. Recommendations for future research are presented in the context of these findings.
Temple University--Theses
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Tang, Cheong Wai Acty. "Gazing at horror: body performance in the wake of mass social trauma." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002381.
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This thesis explores various dilemmas in making theatre performances in the context of social disruption, trauma and death. Diverse discourses are drawn in to consider issues of body, subjectivity and spectatorship, refracted through the writer’s experiences of and discontent with making theatre. Written in a fractal-like structure, rather than a linear progression, this thesis unsettles discourses of truth, thus simultaneously intervening in debates about the epistemologies of the body and of theatre in context of the academy. Chapter 1: Methodological Anxieties Psychoanalytic theory provides a way in for investigating the dynamics of theatrical performance and its corporeal presence, by focusing on desire and its implication in the notions of loss and anxiety. The theories of the unconscious and the gaze have epistemological implications, shifting definitions of “presence” and “truth” in theatre performance and writing about theatre. This chapter tries to outline the rationale for, as well as to enact, an alternative methodology for writing, as an ethical response to loss that does not insist on consensus and truth. Chapter 2: (Refusing to) Look at Trauma This chapter examines the politics that strives to make suffering visible. Discursive binaries of public/private, dead/living, and invisible/visible underlie the politics of AIDS and sexuality. These discourses impact on the reception of Bill T. Jones's choreography, despite his use of modernist artistic processes in search of a bodily presence that aims to collapse the binary of representation (text) and its subject (being). The theory of the gaze shows this politics to be a phallocentric discourse; and narrative analysis traces the metanarrative that results in the commodification of oppositional identities, so that spectators participate in the politics as consumers. An ethical artistic response thus needs to shift its focus to the subjectivity of the spectator. Chapter 3: The Screen and the Viewer’s Blindness By appealing to a transcendent reality, and by constituting spectators as a participative community, ritual theatre claims to enact change. The “truth” of ritual rests not on rational knowledge, but on the performer’s competence to produce a shamanic presence, which director Brett Bailey embraces in his early work. Ritual presence operates by identification and belonging to a father/god as the source of meaning; but it represses the loss of this originary wholeness. Spectators of ritual theatre are drawn into an enactment of communion/community, the centre of which is, however, loss/emptiness. The claim of enacting change becomes problematic for its absence of truth. Bailey attempts to perform a hybrid, postcolonial aesthetics; but the problem rests in the larger context of performing the notion of “South Africa”, a communal identity hardened around the metanarrative of suffering, abjecting those that do not belong to the land of the father/god – foreigners that unsettle the meaning of South African identity. Conclusion: Bodies of Discontent The South African stage is circumscribed by political and economic discourses; the problematization of national identity is also a problematization of image-identification in the theatre. In search for a way to unsettle these interrogative discourses, two moments of performing foreignness are examined, one fictional, one theatrical. These moments enact a parallel to the feminine hysteric, who disturbs the phallocentric truth of the psychoanalyst through body performance. These moments of disturbing spectatorship are reflected in the works of performance artist Marina Abramovic. Her explorations into passive-aggression, shamanism and finally theatricality and the morality of spectatorship allow for an overview of the issues raised in this thesis regarding body, viewing, and subjecthood. Sensitivity to the body and its discontent on the part of the viewer becomes crucial to ethical performance.
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Knutsson, Björn. "Lumbar spinal stenosis : Body mass index and the patient's perspective." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Ortopedi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-264589.
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During recent decades, lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) has become the most common indication for spine surgery, a change that coincides with a higher worldwide prevalence of overweight and obesity. Thus, surgical treatment of LSS in the overweight and obese population is common and increasing in scope. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate whether body mass index (BMI) is related to the development of LSS, and whether BMI is linked to outcome after surgery for LSS. We further evaluated whether there are specific experiences of LSS from a patient perspective. Data were obtained for all patients registered in the Swedish Spine Register who had undergone surgery for LSS between January 1, 2006 and June 30, 2008. After adjusting for differences in baseline characteristics, patients with obesity showed both poorer results after surgery and a higher rate of dissatisfaction than patients with normal weight (odds ratio 1.73; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.36-2.19). Furthermore, patients with obesity in the cohort reported modest weight loss at follow-up (2.0 kg; 95% CI, 1.5-2.4), and only 8% reported a clinical important weight loss 2 years after surgery. Our analysis of 389,132 construction workers, showed that overweight (incidence rate ratio, IRR 1.68; 95% CI, 1.54-1.83) and obesity (IRR 2.18; 95% CI, 1.87-2.53) were associated with an increased future risk in developing LSS when compared with patients with normal weight. To gain insight into the patients' perspective of LSS, we performed interviews with 18 patients who were on a waiting list for LSS surgery. The transcripts, analyzed with content analysis, revealed that living with LSS is a physical, mental and social challenge in which resources to cope with the condition are of major importance. In summary, obesity is associated with poorer results after surgery, and patients with obesity report modest weight loss during follow-up. In addition, obesity is associated with an increased risk to develop LSS. Our findings revealed that being a patient with LSS, naturally involves considerable suffering and pain, but it also implies being a person with his or her own resources who is able to cope with these adverse conditions.
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Barley, Oliver Roland. "The effects of acute dehydration of 5% body mass on performance and physiology of mixed martial arts athletes." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2016. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1768.
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Mixed Martial Arts (MMA) athletes are weighed 24 h prior to competition. In order to compete in a lower weight class MMA athletes will often rapidly lose weight via dehydration. Despite the prevalence, there is currently no known published data examining the effects of acute dehydration on physiology and performance in mixed martial arts athletes. The present study aimed to examine: i) the effects of 5% acute dehydration on performance (vertical jump, medicine ball throw, grip strength and repeated sled push) and physiology (body weight, haematocrit, urine specific gravity, serum osmolality and urine osmolality) of MMA athletes. A total of 14 MMA athletes between the ages of 18 and 40 y with at least 2 y of competitive experience were recruited. Participants performed a familiarisation session, followed by two experimental sessions including a control protocol (CONT) or a dehydration protocol (DHY) in a randomised order. During the DHY athletes cycled for 3 h in a heated chamber (40˚C and 30% relative humidity) wearing a sweat suit in order to lose 5% of their bodyweight (BW). Athletes then underwent a 3 h recovery period, during which they consumed fluids/food ad libitum. Athletes then performed a series of performance tests, including vertical jump, medicine ball throw, wrist grip and repeated sled push. A further 21 h recovery period was allowed before athletes performed the same tests. Prior to weight loss, immediately post weight loss, pre performance testing (3 h post weight loss) and 24 h post weight loss, urine and blood samples were collected and body weight was measured. A lower average speed during the repeat sled push (5.65 ± 1.3 km.h-1) was observed 3 h post DHY compared with 3 h post CONT (6.99 ± 0.85 km.h-1; P-1) when compared with 24 h post CONT (7.12 ± 0.95 km.h-1; P-1 and 9.14 ± 1.1 km.h-1 were observed 3 h post DHY/CONT and 8.82 ± 1.41 km.h-1 and 9.35 ± 1.06 km.h-1 24 h post DHY/CONT. A decreased time to fatigue and increased perceived exertion was also observed. The decrements in performance were observed at both 3 h and 24 h post DHY with the decrements still being present but not as large 24 h. When comparing measures of hydration in the DHY with CONT, significantly lower measures of hydration were observed 30 min post DHY and 3 h post DHY. None of the measured markers of hydration indicated athletes were dehydrated 24 h post DHY. The observations of this present study indicate that current weight loss practices in MMA and other combat sports may not be conducive to the best physical performance possible. Current practices should be reconsidered since performance was compromised even following 24 h of recovery. Future research should investigate possible physiological mechanisms behind the observed decrement in performance.
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Schembre, Susan M. "Development and validation of a weight-related behaviors questionnaire /." View online ; access limited to URI, 2009. http://0-digitalcommons.uri.edu.helin.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI3368004.
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Pearson, Hoover Patricia. "Rates of bone loss in postmenopausal women, relationship to calcium intake, calcium absorption, serum estrogen, body mass and physical activity." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0034/NQ66231.pdf.
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Nishida, Makoto Marcio. "Two-Year Weight Loss but Not Body Mass Index Predicts Mortality and Disability in an Older Japanese Community-Dwelling Population." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253225.
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Wood, Melanee L. "The Effectiveness of Summer Weight Loss Camp in Decreasing Body Mass Index and Increasing Self-Efficacy for Eating and Exercise." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1275679943.
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Carlsson, Maine. "Nutritional status, body composition and physical activity among older people living in residential care facilities." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Geriatrik, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-43780.
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The main purpose of this thesis was to study, whether drinkable yoghurt enriched with probiotic bacteria could have any effect on constipation and body weight (BW) among older people with dementia. Further, it concerns poor nutritional status among older people with physical and cognitive impairments and its relationship with factors commonly occur in older people living in residential care facilities. It also discusses how body composition changes with ageing and the associations between changes in muscle mass and functional balance after a high-intensity weight-bearing exercise program (the HIFE program) and the ingestion of an additional milk-based protein-enriched energy supplement. A six-month feasibility study that included a probiotic drink was performed among 15 old people who were living in special units for people with dementia and who all had constipation. The effects of the probiotic drink on stool habits, and BW were studied. The outcome measures were followed daily for bowel movements and at three and six months for BW. The staff found the study easy to carry out and that the drink was well accepted by the participants. No convincing beneficial effects on stool habits were observed. In addition, a mean BW loss of 0.65 kg/month was registered. A poor nutritional intake, low physical activity level, and an over-night fast of almost 15 hours, 4 hours longer than recommended were also observed. As a part of the FOPANU Study (Frail Older People-Activity and Nutrition Study), a randomized controlled trial was carried out in Umeå - the associations between nutritional status and factors common among old people with physical and cognitive impairments living in residential care facilities was studied. Assessments were made of nutritional status using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale, fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) using both bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) and skinfold thickness measurements. The effects of a high- intensity functional exercise program with an additional protein-enriched milk drink on ability to build muscle mass were evaluated. Analyses were made to investigate whether nutritional status, assessed using the MNA scale, was associated with medical conditions, drugs, activities of daily living (Barthel ADL index), cognitive impairment (Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE)), and depressive symptoms (Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)) at baseline. The associations were assessed with multiple linear regression analyses with additional interaction analyses. An independent association was found between poor nutritional status and having had a urinary tract infection (UTI) during the preceding year and being dependent in feeding for both women and men, and having lower MMSE scores for women. A large proportion of the participants, were at risk of malnutrition or were already malnourished. Women, but not men, had significantly lower Fat-Free Mass Index (FFMI) and Fat Mass Index (FMI) with age. Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy results correlated with skinfold thickness measurements, but on different levels on value for FM%. Despite the high-intensity exercise had long-term effects (at six months, three months after the exercise) on functional balance, walking ability and leg strength. No effects on muscle mass and no additional effects from the protein-enriched drink could be observed after the three months of high intensity exercise. A negative, long-term effect on the amount of muscle mass and BW was revealed at six months (three months after the intervention had ended). The effects from the exercise did not differ for participants who were malnourished. No statistical interactions were observed between sex, depression, dementia disorder, and nutritional status, and the level of functional balance capacity on the outcome at three or six months. In summary, the majority of the included older people with dementia had a low dietary intake, low physical activity level, and lost BW despite receiving a probiotic drink supplement every day for six months. The supplementation had no detectable effect on constipation. Among the participants in the FOPANU Study, UTI during the preceding year was independently associated with poor nutritional status. Being dependent in feeding was associated with poor nutritional status as were lower MMSE scores for women but not for men. Despite the high-intensity exercise program had long-term effects on the fysical function was no effect on the amount of muscle mass at three months observed. The FFM and FM expressed as indexes of body height were inversely related to age for women, but not for men. A high-intensity exercise program did not have any effect on the amount of muscle mass. The ingestion of a protein-enriched drink immediately after exercise produced no additional effect on the outcome and the results did not differ for participants who were malnourished. The negative long-term effect on amount of muscle mass, and BW, indicate that it is necessary to compensate for increased energy demands during a high-intensity exercise program. High age, female sex, depression, mild to moderate dementia syndrome, malnutrition, and severe physical impairment do not seem to have a negative impact on the effect of a high-intensity functional weight-bearing exercise program. Consequently, people with these characteristics in residential care facilities should not be excluded from training and rehabilitation including nutrition. More research is needed in large randomized controlled trials to further explore the association between energy balance and malnutrition among frail old people, with a special focus on UTI and constipation, but also to study how physical exercise affects older people’s nutritional status.Embargo
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Soldi, Christopher John. "What determines weight loss behaviour and body weight satisfaction in Australia? Evidence from the HILDA survey." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2015. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/82371/1/Christopher_Soldi_Thesis.pdf.
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This thesis undertakes an empirical investigation to identify factors that influence the decision to undertake weight loss behaviour using the nationally representative HILDA dataset. Although many factors influenced the decision, the findings suggested that body weight satisfaction was the greatest determinant of weight loss dieting. This thesis therefore conducted a further empirical study to analyse the determinants of body weight satisfaction. A rank-hypothesis was found to better predict variation in body weight satisfaction levels than the absolute value of the individual's Body Mass Index (BMI) or the relative-norm hypothesis, which are commonly reported in the literature.
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Jensen, Melissa A. "Examining the Relationships Among Perceived Parental Support, Hope, Optimism and Weight Status." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1321586300.
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Algindan, Yasmin Yussuf. "Estimation of whole body muscle, adipose/fat mass, validation in health and during weight loss : development of prediction equations using MRI as reference method." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2016. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/7661/.
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Background: Body composition is affected by diseases, and affects responses to medical treatments, dosage of medicines, etc., while an abnormal body composition contributes to the causation of many chronic diseases. While we have reliable biochemical tests for certain nutritional parameters of body composition, such as iron or iodine status, and we have harnessed nuclear physics to estimate the body’s content of trace elements, the very basic quantification of body fat content and muscle mass remains highly problematic. Both body fat and muscle mass are vitally important, as they have opposing influences on chronic disease, but they have seldom been estimated as part of population health surveillance. Instead, most national surveys have merely reported BMI and waist, or sometimes the waist/hip ratio; these indices are convenient but do not have any specific biological meaning. Anthropometry offers a practical and inexpensive method for muscle and fat estimation in clinical and epidemiological settings; however, its use is imperfect due to many limitations, such as a shortage of reference data, misuse of terminology, unclear assumptions, and the absence of properly validated anthropometric equations. To date, anthropometric methods are not sensitive enough to detect muscle and fat loss. Aims: The aim of this thesis is to estimate Adipose/fat and muscle mass in health disease and during weight loss through; 1. evaluating and critiquing the literature, to identify the best-published prediction equations for adipose/fat and muscle mass estimation; 2. to derive and validate adipose tissue and muscle mass prediction equations; and 3.to evaluate the prediction equations along with anthropometric indices and the best equations retrieved from the literature in health, metabolic illness and during weight loss. Methods: a Systematic review using Cochrane Review method was used for reviewing muscle mass estimation papers that used MRI as the reference method. Fat mass estimation papers were critically reviewed. Mixed ethnic, age and body mass data that underwent whole body magnetic resonance imaging to quantify adipose tissue and muscle mass (dependent variable) and anthropometry (independent variable) were used in the derivation/validation analysis. Multiple regression and Bland-Altman plot were applied to evaluate the prediction equations. To determine how well the equations identify metabolic illness, English and Scottish health surveys were studied. Statistical analysis using multiple regression and binary logistic regression were applied to assess model fit and associations. Also, populations were divided into quintiles and relative risk was analysed. Finally, the prediction equations were evaluated by applying them to a pilot study of 10 subjects who underwent whole-body MRI, anthropometric measurements and muscle strength before and after weight loss to determine how well the equations identify adipose/fat mass and muscle mass change. Results: The estimation of fat mass has serious problems. Despite advances in technology and science, prediction equations for the estimation of fat mass depend on limited historical reference data and remain dependent upon assumptions that have not yet been properly validated for different population groups. Muscle mass does not have the same conceptual problems; however, its measurement is still problematic and reference data are scarce. The derivation and validation analysis in this thesis was satisfactory, compared to prediction equations in the literature they were similar or even better. Applying the prediction equations in metabolic illness and during weight loss presented an understanding on how well the equations identify metabolic illness showing significant associations with diabetes, hypertension, HbA1c and blood pressure. And moderate to high correlations with MRI-measured adipose tissue and muscle mass before and after weight loss. Conclusion: Adipose tissue mass and to an extent muscle mass can now be estimated for many purposes as population or groups means. However, these equations must not be used for assessing fatness and categorising individuals. Further exploration in different populations and health surveys would be valuable.
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Vincent, Maureen Anne, and edu au jillj@deakin edu au mikewood@deakin edu au wildol@deakin edu au kimg@deakin. "BODY DISSATISFACTION AND BODY CHANGE STRATEGIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS: A LONGITUDINAL INVESTIGATION." Deakin University. School of Psychology, 2000. http://tux.lib.deakin.edu.au./adt-VDU/public/adt-VDU20040906.135500.
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This thesis examined body dissatisfaction and body change behaviors among adolescent girls and boys from a biopsychosocial framework. The contribution of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors were examined in relation to body dissatisfaction, weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors among early adolescent girls and boys. In particular, pubertal maturation, body mass index (BMI), perception of body shape and size and psychological factors, such as depression, anxiety, ineffectiveness, self-esteem and perfectionism, were examined as possible factors that may precipitate or maintain body dissatisfaction and engagement in body change strategies. The sociocultural factors evaluated were the quality of family and peer relationships, as well as the influence of family and peers in predicting the adoption of specific body change strategies. The specific mechanisms by which these influences were transmitted were also examined. These included perceived discussion, encouragement and modelling of various body change strategies, as well as perceived teasing about body shape and size.
A number of separate cross-sectional and longitudinal studies were conducted to examine the above relationships and identify the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors in adolescents. Study 1 examined the psychometric properties and principal components structure of the Bulimia Test Revised (BULIT-R; Thelen, Farmer, Wonderlich, & Smith, 1991) to assess its applicability to adolescent samples. Study 2 investigated the nature of body dissatisfaction and weight loss
behaviors among 603 adolescents (306 girls and 297 boys) using a standardised questionnaire. This preliminary study was conducted to ascertain whether variables previously found to be relevant to adolescent girls, could also be related to the development of body dissatisfaction and weight loss behaviors among adolescent boys.
Studies 3 and 4 described the development and validation of a body modification scale that measured weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Studies 5 and 6 were designed to modify an Excessive Exercise Scale developed by Long, Smith, Midgley, and Cassidy (1993) into a shorter form, and validate this scale with an adolescent sample. Study 7 investigated the factors that contribute to weight loss, weight gain and increased muscle among adolescent girls and boys both cross-sectionally and longitudinally (over one year). Structural equation modelling was used to examine associations among self-reported body dissatisfaction, body change strategies and a range of biological, psychological and sociocultural variables both cross-sectionally and longitudinally.
Overall, the results suggested that both girls and boys experience body dissatisfaction and engage in a number of different body change strategies in order to achieve an ideal size. A number of gender similarities and differences were identified in the expression of body dissatisfaction and the adoption of body change strategies for both girls and boys. Girls were more likely than boys to report body dissatisfaction and engage in weight loss behaviors, while boys were more likely than girls to engage in weight gain and increased muscle tone behaviors. Generally, the same factors were found to contribute to weight
loss, and more specifically, bulimic symptomatology, ad weight gain in both adolescent girls and boys. While a combination of biological, psychological and sociocultural factors contributed to bulimic symptomatology, only biological and psychological factors were found to contribute to weight gain in adolescents. The most notable gender differences were found in the model of increased muscle tone. Sociocultural and biological factors contributed to increased muscle tone behaviors in girls, while sociocultural and psychological factors were implicated in these behaviors in adolescent boys. With the exception of the model of increased muscle tone for boys, body dissatisfaction was a consistent factor in the adoption of body change behaviors. Consistent with previous investigations, the present thesis provides empirical support for the need to examine the etiology and maintenance of such concerns and behaviors from a multifaceted perspective.
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Lorefält, Birgitta. "Weight loss in elderly patients with Parkinson's disease /." Linköping : Univ, 2005. http://www.bibl.liu.se/liupubl/disp/disp2005/med896s.pdf.
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Tôrres, Luísa Helena do Nascimento 1980. "Saúde bucal e sua associação com o estado nutricional em idosos de Campinas, São Paulo." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/288049.
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Orientadores: Maria da Luz Rosário de Sousa, Fernando Neves HugoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba
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Resumo: Uma saúde bucal precária, representada pela perda dentária parcial ou total, provoca significativas mudanças na seleção do alimento a ser consumido pelos idosos. Tal escolha acarreta a exclusão de certos alimentos, geralmente os de alto valor nutricional como frutas e vegetais, e, em alguns casos, a substituição destes por outros de alto valor calórico e de fácil mastigação pode levar os indivíduos a baixo peso ou a sobrepeso/obesidade. Pode-se observar na literatura uma associação entre saúde bucal precária e má nutrição, porém a importância da atividade física como confundidor nessa relação, até o presente momento é desconhecida. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo transversal é avaliar se o estado de saúde bucal precário é indicador de risco à baixo peso ou sobrepeso/obesidade medido por meio do Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) nos idosos de Campinas, SP, considerando a prática de atividade física, dentre outras variáveis. Para este estudo foram utilizados dados coletados por um projeto maior da Rede FIBRA, que estuda fragilidade em idosos independentes. A amostra foi composta por 900 idosos e as medidas utilizadas neste estudo transversal incluíram um questionário com informações sociodemográficas, auto-relato de uso de medicação, hábito de tabagismo, auto-relato da presença de dificuldades na alimentação, sintomas depressivos, atividade física, condição bucal (número de dentes e presença de prótese dentária) e perfil antropométrico seguindo os critérios da OPAS, disponível para 875 idosos. A idade média dos idosos foi de 72.7 anos (±5.81), a mediana da escolaridade foi de 4 anos, a prevalência de edentulismo na amostra foi de 47.7% e a média de dentes presentes de 7.21 (±9.13). Ser edêntulo sem prótese apresentou maior chance para baixo peso (OR=3.94, 95%IC 1.14-13.64) e sobrepeso/obesidade (OR=2.88, 95%IC 1.12- 7.40). Gênero feminino (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.71) e uso de três ou mais medicações (OR=2.41, 95%CI 1.41-4.12) apresentaram maior chance de obesidade. Idosos que fumam (OR=2.62, 95%CI 1.26-5.44) apresentaram maior chance de baixo peso e os com renda familiar entre 3.1 a 5 salários mínimos em reais (OR=1.69, 95%CI 1.00- 2.87) apresentaram maior chance de obesidade. Este é um dos primeiros trabalhos que verificaram a associação entre saúde bucal precária, representada por edentulismo sem reabilitação dentária protética, e índice de massa corporal desfavorável, independentemente de dois confundidores, atividade física e depressão. Portanto, a manutenção de uma dentição natural e a presença de reabilitação com prótese dentária, quando necessária, podem contribuir para um estado nutricional satisfatório em idosos, com valores de IMC dentro do padrão eutrófico
Abstract: A poor oral health status, represented by partial or complete tooth loss, imposes important modifications in food choice by the elderly. It promotes the avoidance of hard to chew food, usually fruits and vegetables rich in nutrients, and eventually the selection of food with inadequate energy value and easy to chew, inducing them to underweight or overweight/obesity. The literature has shown an association between poor oral health and poor nutrition, although their relationship with important confounders, mainly physical activity is still unknown The aim of this cross-sectional study is to evaluate whether poor oral health status might be a contributing factor to underweight or obesity assessed with the body mass index (BMI) in older adults, adjusting for physical activity and other variables in Campinas, Brazil. It was used data collected in a major project - the FIBRA study, about frailty among independent-living older adults. Complete data that included a sociodemographic data, self-reported intake of medications, smoking habit, self-reported eating difficulties questionnaire, depressive symptoms assessment, physical activity assessment, oral status (number of teeth and presence of dental prosthesis) and anthropometric assessments following the WHO criteria was available for 875 persons. The mean age of the sample was 72.7 years (±5.81), the median schooling was 4.0 years, the prevalence of the edentulism in the sample was 47.7% and the mean of present teeth was 7.21 (±9.13). The mean age of the sample was 72.7 years (±5.81) and the prevalence of edentulism was 47.7%. Edentate individuals not wearing dentures were more likely to be underweight (OR=3.94, 95%CI 1.14-13.64) and overweight/obese (OR=2.88, 95%CI 1.12-7.40). Females (OR=1.78, 95%CI 1.17-2.71) and those using 3 or more medications (OR=2.41, 95%CI 1.41-4.12) were more likely to be overweight/obese. Individuals who smoke (OR=2.62, 95%CI 1.26-5.44) were more likely to be underweight. Older individuals with family income between 3.1 and 5 Minimum Wage (OR=1.69, 95%CI 1.00-2.87) were more likely to be overweight/obese. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies that associated poor oral health, represented by edentulism not rehabilitated with dentures, with unfavorable body mass, regardless of two major confounders, physical activity and depression symptoms. Thus, the maintenance of a natural dentition and the presence of dental prosthesis rehabilitation, when necessary, can contribute to a satisfactory nutritional status into old age and to an eutrophic BMI value
Mestrado
Saude Coletiva
Mestre em Odontologia
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Ottosson, Sandra. "Impact of disease and treatment on body weight and eating in patients with head and neck cancer : experiences from a multicenter study." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Öron- näs- och halssjukdomar, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-82562.
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Background Nutritional deterioration in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) has a multifactorial etiology mainly associated with tumor and treatment related factors. The objective of the present thesis was to investigate the impact of the disease and treatment on body weight and eating in patients with HNC treated with radiation therapy (RT) as the single modality treatment or as preoperative RT by analyzing body weight and body mass index (BMI) over time, predictive factors for weight loss and BMI, weight loss and BMI as prognostic factors for survival, and by studying the patients’ own experience of food and eating. Methods ARTSCAN is a randomized prospective multicenter trial conducted between the years of 1998 - 2006. Data were collected during and after RT with a total follow-up time of five years. Nutritional data from the whole study cohort (n = 712), from patients with oropharyngeal cancer (n = 232) and from two of the participating treatment centers (n = 101) were retrospectively analyzed in the present thesis. In addition, interviews (n = 13) were conducted nine months after the termination of RT as part of a care development project. Results On a group level, the patients lost weight during and after RT with a nadir at five months after the termination of RT. Factors related to a higher weight loss were oropharyngeal cancer, a high BMI at the start of RT, post-treatment aspiration, no tube feeding at the start of RT, and larger treated volumes. Furthermore, a high BMI at the start of RT was shown to be significantly related to a better five-year overall survival in patients with oropharyngeal cancer, whereas weight loss was not. The patients’ own narratives showed that all aspects of food, eating and meals were affected by the remaining sequelae, and that the patients found ways to accept and cope with the changes that had to be done to facilitate eating. Conclusions and clinical implications The disease and treatment gave persistent effects on the HNC patients’ weight and BMI which calls for a prolonged nutritional follow-up. The predictive factors found for weight loss can be used during patient history to find patients at risk for nutritional deterioration. In oropharyngeal cancer, patients with a high BMI at the start of RT had the best survival. This finding indicates that patients with a low BMI should be encouraged to gain weight before RT start. All aspects of food, eating and meals were affected during and after RT, and therefore the nutritional treatment should be given with a holistic approach to meet the multifaceted need patients with HNC experience.
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Holzapfel, Christina [Verfasser], Johann Josef [Akademischer Betreuer] Hauner, Thomas [Akademischer Betreuer] Illig, and Martin [Akademischer Betreuer] Halle. "Search for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for weight loss and lifestyle factors associated with body mass index / Christina Holzapfel. Gutachter: Johann J. Hauner ; Thomas Illig ; Martin Halle. Betreuer: Johann J. Hauner." München : Universitätsbibliothek der TU München, 2011. http://d-nb.info/101433053X/34.
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Curi, Daniella de Grande. "Comparação entre o tratamento com metformina e orientação dietética associada a exercícios físicos em mulheres com síndrome dos ovários policísticos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5139/tde-04102007-121316/.
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INTRODUÇÃO: A metformina tem sido amplamente utilizada no tratamento da síndrome dos ovários policísticos (SOP), porém poucos estudos comparam a metformina e a dieta associada a exercícios físicos. O objetivo deste estudo é comparar parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais de mulheres com SOP em uso de metformina ou através de dieta e exercícios físicos. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliadas 30 mulheres com SOP, com idades entre 18 a 34 anos, as quais foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo A- tratamento com metformina 1.800mg/dia e grupo B- dieta hipocalórica associada a exercícios físicos. Avaliações clínica e laboratorial foram feitas antes dos tratamentos e a cada três meses, por período de seis meses. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos quanto à regularização do ciclo menstrual (p=0,711), acne (p=0,271), hirsutismo (p=0,146) e índice de massa corpórea (IMC) p=0,328; assim como nas dosagens laboratoriais de LH (p=0,147), FSH (p=0,891), testosterona total (p=0,226) e livre(p=0,455), androstenediona (p=0,066), 17alfa-hidroxiprogesterona (p=0,914), SHBG (p=0,791), colesterol total (p=0,692) e frações, triglicérides (0,291) e nos índices de avaliação de resistência insulínica HOMA-R (p=0,111) e relação glicemia/insulina (p=0,976). Os dois tratamentos apresentaram melhora do ciclo menstrual (76%) e do IMC (p<0,001). A diminuição da circunferência abdominal foi maior no grupo B (p=0,006). CONCLUSÕES: Comparando os dois tratamentos não houve diferença nos parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais avaliados. Ambos foram eficazes na redução do peso corpóreo e na regularização do ciclo menstrual.Metformin has been widly used in treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) but only few studies compare metformin with diet and exercises. The aim of this study is to compare clinical and laboratorial parameters of women with PCOS using metformin or under diet and exercises. Methods: Thirty women with PCOS were evaluated with ages between 18- 34 years old, who were divided in two groups: group A- treatment with metformin 1.800mg/day and group B- hypocaloric diet and exercises. Clinical and laboratorial evaluations were done before treatment and each three months during a period of six months. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between treatments for menstrual disturbances (p=0,711), acne (p=0,271), hirsutism (p=0,146) and body mass index (BMI), p=0,328; in laboratorial parameters there were no significant differences for LH (p=0,147); FSH (p=0,891), total testosterone (p=0,226), free testosterone (p=0,455), androstenedione (p=0,066), 17alfa-hidroxiprogesterone (p=0,914), SHBG (p=0,791), total cholesterol (p=0,692) and fractions and indexes for evaluation of insulin resitence HOMA-IR (p=0,111) and glycemia and insulin ratio (p=0,976). Both treatments improved menstrual disturbances (76%) and BMI (p<0,001). The abdominal circunference decreasing was greater in group B (p<0,006). CONCLUSIONS: Comparing both treatments there were no differences in clinical and laboratorial parameters evaluated. Both were efficient in improving body mass index and menstrual disturbances.
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Harbron, Janetta. "The association between genotype and BMI, health and lifestyle indicators as well as weight loss outcomes in overweight/obese Caucasian adults." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6478.
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Thesis (PhD (Physiological Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.Includes bibliography.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Genetic screening to improve obesity treatment outcomes is available despite the lack of conclusive evidence, specifically for Caucasian South Africans, in this regard. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between genotype (seven polymorphisms) and body mass index (BMI), health and lifestyle indicators in a cross-sectional sample of overweight/obese Caucasian adults (n=133), as well as the association between genotype and weight loss outcomes following an intervention (n=88) using a quasi experimental study design (time-series). The intervention consisted of a 24-week conservative weight loss programme that included dietary, physical activity and behavioural components. The primary null hypothesis for the cross-sectional sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and BMI, has not been rejected. A number of the secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected of which the most plausible associations (based on support by the literature and a physiological basis for the findng) are: 1) the mutant TT homozygotes of the GNB3 C825T polymorphism may have a higher risk to develop the metabolic syndrome (MetS) as they had significantly higher fasting triglyceride and glucose levels, a higher number of traits that met the diagnostic cut-off criteria for MetS and higher number of these subjects was diagnosed with MetS compared to the wild-type C-allele carriers; and 2) subjects with mutant alleles of either the FTO rs1421085 or rs17817449 polymorphisms may have poorer eating behaviours (a higher rigid control, habitual and emotional disinhibition, perceived hunger and internal locus for hunger) and higher intake of high-fat foods. The primary null hypothesis for the intervention sample, namely that there is no association between genotype and weight loss outcome, was not rejected for the FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg and GNB3 C825T polymorphisms. However, it was rejected in some instances indicating the following associations: 1) The wild-type TT homozygotes of the FTO rs17817449 polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first two months of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this is a novel finding); 2) The wild-type Arg16Arg homozygotes of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly more weight during the first month of the program compared to the mutant allele carriers (this finding is supported by one other intervention study); 3) Subjects with a mutant C-allele of the INSIG2 rs7566605 polymorphism and a mutant Gly16-allele of the ADRB2 Arg16Gly polymorphism lost significantly less weight over the six month intervention period (this is a novel genegene interaction finding). A number of secondary/exploratory hypotheses were rejected, of which the most plausible finding include that the improvement in emotional disinhibition in the wild-type TT subjects of the FTO rs1421085 polymorphism was associated with a more pronounced decrease in BMI over the six month weight loss period. The integration of the results from this study with the literature indicates that there is insufficient evidence at this stage for genetic screening of the polymorphisms investigated in this study and the provision of evidence-based personalized recommendations for weight loss in obese individuals. It is recommended that these associations should be viewed as priority in future research.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Genetiese sifting om die resultate van vetsug behandeling te verbeter is beskikbaar ten spyte van ‘n tekort aan genoegsame bewyse, spesifiek ten opsigte van Kaukasiërs van Suid-Afrika. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die assosiasie tussen genotipe (sewe polimorfismes) en liggaamsmassa indeks (LMI), gesondheid en lewenstyl indikatore in ‘n dwarssnit (cross-sectional) steekproef van oorgewig/vetsugtige Kaukasiër volwassenes (n=133) te ondersoek, asook die assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste na afloop van ‘n intervensie (n=88) in ‘n kwasi-eksperimentele studie ontwerp (tydreeks). Die intervensie het bestaan uit ‘n 24-week konserwatiewe gewigsverlies program met dieet, fisieke aktiwiteit en gedragskomponente. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die dwarsnit steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en LMI is nie, is nie verwerp nie. ‘n Aantal sekondêre/spekulatiewe hipotesis is verwerp waarvan die mees geloofwaardige assosiasies (gebasseer op ondersteuning van die literatuur en ‘n fisiologiese basis vir die bevinding) die volgende insluit: 1) die mutante TT homosigote van die GNB3 C825T polimorfisme het moontlik ‘n hoër risiko vir die ontwikkeling van die metaboliese sindroom (MetS) aangesien hulle betekenisvolle hoër vastende trigliseriede en glukose vlakke gehad het, ‘n grooter aantal kenmerke gehad het wat aan die diagnostiese afsnykriteria vir MetS voldoen en ‘n grooter aantal van hierdie persone was met MetS gediagnoseer in vergelyking met die wilde-tipe C-alleel draers; en 2) persone met die mutante allele van die FTO rs1421085 of rs17817449 polimorfismes het moontlik ‘n swakker eetgedrag (‘n hoër rigiede kontrole, gewoonte en emosionele disinhibisie, waarneembare honger en interne lokus van honger) en ‘n hoër inname van hoë-vet voedsel. Die primêre nul hipotese vir die intervensie steekproef, naamlik dat daar geen assosiasie tussen genotipe en gewigsverlies uitkomste is nie, is nie vir die FABP2 Ala54Thr, INSIG2 rs7566605, FTO rs1421085, ADRB3 Trp64Arg en GNB3 C825T polimorfismes verwerp nie. Dit was egter in sommige gevalle vir die volgende assosiasies verwerp: 1) Die wilde-tipe TT homosigote van die FTO rs17817449 polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig in die eerste twee maande van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (dit is ‘n nuwe bevinding); 2) Die wilde-tipe Arg16Arg homosigote van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het betekenisvol meer gewig gedurende die eerste maand van die program verloor in vergelyking met die mutante alleel draers (hierdie bevinding word ondersteun deur een ander intervensie studie); 3) Persone met ‘n mutante C-alleel van die INSIG2 rs7566605 polimorfisme en ‘n mutante Gly16-allele van die ADRB2 Arg16Gly polimorfisme het minder gewig tydens die ses maande intervensie periode verloor (dit is ‘n nuwe geen-geen interaksie bevinding). ‘n Aantal sekondêre/ spekulatiewe hipoteses is verwerp, waarvan die mees geloofwaardigste bevinding insluit dat ‘n verbetering in emosionele disinhibisie van die wild-tipe TT persone van die FTO rs1421085 polimorfisme geassosieer was met ‘n meer prominente daling in LMI oor die ses maande gewigsverlies periode. Die integrasie van die resultate van hierdie navorsing met die literatuur dui aan dat daar op hierdie stadium onvoldoende bewyse vir genetiese sifting en die voorsiening van bewys-gebasseerde persoonlike aanbevelings vir gewigsverlies in vetsugtig individue bestaan vir die polimorfismes wat ondersoek is. Dit word aanbeveel dat hierdie assosiasies as prioriteit in toekomstige navorsing beskou moet word.
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Barbosa, Emília Maria Wanderley de Gusmão. "Impacto de um programa de cirurgia bariátrica sobre o perfil metabólico e antropométrico de mulheres segundo diferentes graus de obesidade." Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2009. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/666.
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Incidence of obesity-related diseases is greater in cases of morbid obesity, which leads to higher health risks. Primarily for those patients in whom clinical intervention proved unsuccessful, bariatric surgery has become viable for the treatment of severe obesity. Starting with a review of the medical literature, the discussion herein involves obesity and its magnitude in adults, placing emphasis on diagnostic criteria, epidemiological data, especially in obese women, etiology, comorbidities, and treatment. It also looks into the complexity of the surgical treatment, its techniques, indication and contraindication criteria, benefits, complications, and nutritional deficiencies. Lastly, women who underwent Capella surgery at the Alberto Antunes University Hospital at the Federal University of Alagoas and who were enrolled in its Bariatric Surgery Program had their metabolic and anthropological profiles assessed and discussed afterwards. One hundred and thirty-five women took part in this prospective study and were assessed preoperatively (T1) and between 12 and 24 months postoperatively (T2). They all underwent Fobi-Capella surgery and were divided into three 45-patient groups, according to different preoperative body mass index (BMI) terciles. Age, body mass (BMI), waist circumference, metabolic profile (total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglycerides, fasting glucose), comorbidities, and the use of medication were all taken into account. Patients signed an informed consent form. Statistical tests were employed when evaluating the groups. Mean age was 33.9 ± 9.3 years. Post-operative results showed a respective decrease of 38.1%, 37.9%, and 28.9% in body mass, BMI, and waist circumference. Serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-c dropped 21.4%, 19.0%, 48.1%, and 28.1%, respectively. The HDL-c level rose 15.6%. Glycemic levels were brought to normal in all groups. Mean weight loss for the groups was 36.7%, 39.0%, and 38.4%. Patients in groups 1 and 2, preoperatively classified as having class 3 obesity, were deemed overweight at endpoint, whereas those in group 3 came down to class 1 obesity. As to waist circumference, all of them had shown much greater risk for metabolic complications, and only those patients in group 1 progressed to increased risk. The others remained unchanged. The most prevalent comorbidity was dyslipidemia, followed by gastric disorders, joint diseases, hepatic steatosis, systemic arterial hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Hypertension decreased in 91.8% of the patients, and the remission of diabetes and dyslipidemia stood at 95.7% and 41.5% of the cases, respectively. Cardiovascular risk factors were significantly reduced and the use of medication fell 57.1%. Despite the different pre-operative BMI categories, there were no significant differences across the groups regarding the assessed variables. The three groups showed equally positive results in the follow-up period.A incidência de doenças secundárias à obesidade é maior em obesos mórbidos, o que implica em grandes riscos à saúde. A cirurgia bariátrica constitui-se em opção de tratamento da obesidade severa com índice de sucesso consistente, especialmente para aqueles em que a intervenção clínica não alcançou resultados positivos. Este estudo discute a problemática e a magnitude da obesidade em adultos, com revisão da literatura, enfatizando critérios diagnósticos, dados epidemiológicos - especialmente em mulheres obesas - etiologia, comorbidezes e tratamento. Evidencia a complexidade do tratamento cirúrgico, as técnicas de cirurgia, critérios de indicação e contra-indicação, benefícios, complicações e deficiências nutricionais. Por fim, analisa e discute o impacto sobre o perfil metabólico e antropométrico de mulheres inseridas no Programa de Cirurgia Bariátrica do Hospital Universitário Profº Alberto Antunes da Universidade Federal de Alagoas, submetidas à cirurgia de Capella. Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo com cento e trinta e cinco mulheres em períodos pré-operatório (T1) e entre 12 a 24 meses de pós-operatório (T2), submetidas à cirurgia de Fobi-Capella e alocadas em três grupos de 45 componentes, segundo diferentes tercis de índice de massa corporal (IMC) pré-operatório. Foram avaliados idade, massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, perfil metabólico (colesterol total, HDL-c, LDL-c, triglicerídios, glicemia de jejum), comorbidades e uso de medicamentos. Os indivíduos selecionados assinaram o termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido. Testes estatísticos foram usados para analisar os grupos. A idade média foi de 33,9 ± 9,3 anos. Após a cirurgia houve diminuição de 38,1% da massa corporal, 37,9% do IMC e de 28,9% da circunferência da cintura, com redução dos níveis séricos de glicose, colesterol, triglicerídios e LDL-c em 21,4%; 19,0%; 48,1% e 28,1%, respectivamente. O HDL-c aumentou 15,6%. Os níveis glicêmicos normalizaram em todos os grupos. A perda ponderal média dos grupos foi de 36,7%; 39,0% e 38,4%. Os grupos 1 e 2, classificados no pré-operatório como obesidade classe 3, evoluíram para sobrepeso e o grupo 3 para obesidade classe 1. Quanto à circunferência da cintura, todos apresentavam risco muito aumentado para complicações metabólicas e apenas o grupo 1 evoluiu para risco aumentado, com os demais permanecendo na classificação anterior. Dentre as comorbidades, a dislipidemia foi prevalente, seguida de doenças gástricas, doenças articulares, esteatose hepática, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus. A hipertensão regrediu em 91,8%; houve remissão de 95,7% do diabetes e de 41,5% da dislipidemia. Observou-se evolução satisfatória dos fatores de risco cardiovasculares e redução de 57,1% do uso de medicamentos. Embora apresentassem diferentes categorias de IMC no período pré-operatório, não houve diferenças significantes quanto às variáveis analisadas entre os grupos, os quais se beneficiaram igualmente do acompanhamento e procedimento cirúrgico.
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Wagner, Sarah Elizabeth. "Personal Listening Device Use, Hearing, Health and Fitness." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1366908170.
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Santos, Luana Caroline dos. "Efeitos da perda de peso na massa óssea e alterações metabólicas em adolescentes obesos pós-púberes." Universidade de São Paulo, 2007. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/6/6133/tde-11042008-162645/.
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A obesidade encontra-se associada a uma série de alterações metabólicas que podem elevar o risco de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis. Em contraste, o excesso de peso apresenta-se como um fator protetor para a ocorrência de fraturas e baixa densidade óssea. Considerando que a adolescência é um período crucial para aquisição da massa óssea e minimização do risco de osteoporose na maturidade e os efeitos da perda de peso sobre a massa óssea, neste estágio de vida, não são completamente elucidados, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido. Objetivou-se investigar os efeitos da perda de peso sobre a massa óssea e as alterações metabólicas em adolescentes obesos pós-púberes. Realizou-se a revisão bibliográfica sobre o tema e um estudo longitudinal contemplando um período de 9 meses de intervenção baseada em dieta hipocalórica e orientações nutricionais. Foram incluídos 55 adolescentes pós-púberes, 43 meninas, com média de idade de 16,6 (1,4) anos, com índice de massa corporal por idade superior ao percentil 95. Os participantes foram monitorados a cada três semanas por meio de avaliação antropométrica (aferição do peso, estatura e circunferência) e do consumo alimentar (recordatório alimentar de 24 horas). Realizaram-se avaliações da composição corporal e da densidade mineral óssea de corpo total por meio da DXA (dual energy X-ray absorptiometry), do consumo alimentar (registro alimentar de 3 dias) e de parâmetros metabólicos (colesterol total e frações, tricilgliceróis, glicemia de jejum, insulina, leptina e grelina) no início do estudo, após 3 meses e ao fim da intervenção. Verificou-se que 44,4 por cento dos participantes não apresentavam redução do peso. O grupo que respondeu à intervenção apresentou média de perda de peso de 6,2 (4,6) por cento ao fim do estudo. Neste grupo, houve significativa redução do consumo energético, de 2105,4 (537,6) Kcal/dia na primeira avaliação para 1738,8 (608,4) Kcal/dia ao fim do estudo. Observou-se incremento da atividade física entre os participantes e melhora dos parâmetros metabólicos entre adolescentes que perderam peso.Obesity is associated with several metabolic changes that may increase the risk of chronic diseases. Body weight is recognized as a protective factor against fractures and lower bone density. Considering that adolescence is a crucial period for bone mass acquisition and osteoporosis risk reduction in maturity and the effects of weight loss on bone mass in this life stage are not completely elucidated, the present study was performed. The objective was to investigate the effects of weight loss as well the metabolic changes related to bone mass in post-puberal adolescents. Bibliographic review and a longitudinal study, with adolescents submitted to nutritional intervention based on hipocaloric diet and nutritional advice during 9 months, were realized. Fifty-five subjects, 43 girls, mean age of 16.6 (1.4) years, with body mass index by age superior than 95 percentile, were recruited. Subjects were monitored every three weeks with anthropometric (weight, height and circumferences) and dietary intake (24h food intake recall) evaluation. Body composition and total-body bone mineral density. (assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), metabolic parameters (plasma lipids, glucose, insulin, leptin and ghrelin concentrations) and dietary intake (3-day food records) were evaluated at the baseline, after 3-months and at the end of the study. Sixteen participants thatcompleted the study did not lost weight. The group that adhered to intervention nutritional had mean weight loss of 6.2 (4.6) %. In this group, there was a significant decrease in energy intake, from 2105.4 (537.6) Kcal/day to 1738.8 (608.4) Kcal/day. Physical activity pratice increased between participants and there were metabolic parameters improvement in adolescents who lose weight. In these subjects, hypercholesterolemia and insulin resistance decreased, 7,9% and 27.2% (p<0.05) respectively, after 3 months of intervention. There was a significant increase of total bone mineral density and bone mineral content (BMC) in adolescents did not lost weight. Increased BMC and bone area was verified in participants that adhered to intervention nutritional. Bone parameters changes were associated with body fat alterations. The increment in bone mineral density even under weight loss showed no negative effect of bone mass. Dietary intake change and weight control contributed to metabolic parameters improvement of obese adolescents.
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Vink, J. S., P. Benaglia, B. Davies, Koter A. de, and R. D. Oudmaijer. "Advances in mass-loss predictions." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1794/.
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We present the results of Monte Carlo mass-loss predictions for massive stars covering a wide range of stellar parameters. We critically test our predictions against a range of observed massloss rates – in light of the recent discussions on wind clumping. We also present a model to compute the clumping-induced polarimetric variability of hot stars and we compare this with observations of Luminous Blue Variables, for which polarimetric variability is larger than for O and Wolf-Rayet stars. Luminous Blue Variables comprise an ideal testbed for studies of wind clumping and wind geometry, as well as for wind strength calculations, and we propose they may be direct supernova progenitors.
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Tout, Christopher Adam. "Binary stars and mass loss." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316766.
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Payne, Stephanie. "Phenotypic variation and thermoregulation of the human hand." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/285561.
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The hand has the highest surface area-to-volume ratio of any body part. This property offers the potential for the hand to serve an important function in thermoregulation through radiative heat loss. Theoretically, the capacity for heat loss may be influenced by hand and digit proportions, but the extent to which these proportions influence the hand's radiative properties remains under-investigated. Although hand morphology is highly constrained by both integration and functional dexterity, phenotypic variation in hand and digit proportions across human populations shows broad ecogeographic patterns. These patterns have been associated with climate adaptation. However, the theory linking climate adaptation to such ecogeographic patterns is based on underlying assumptions relating to thermodynamic principles, which have not been tested in vivo. This study sought to determine the influence of hand and digit proportions on heat loss from the hands directly, the additional anthropometric factors that may affect this relationship, and the impact of variation in hand proportions on dexterity in the cold. The relationship between hand proportions and thermoregulation was tested through both laboratory-based investigation and a field study. The laboratory investigation assessed the relationship between hand proportions and heat loss, the influence of body size and composition on this relationship, and the effect of morphological variation on manual dexterity. Participants (N=114; 18-50 years of age), underwent a 3-minute ice-water hand-immersion. Thermal imaging analysis was used to quantify heat loss. Hand and digit proportions were quantified using 2D and 3D scanning techniques; body size and composition were measured using established anthropometric methods and bio-impedance analysis. After accounting for body size, hand width, digit-to-palm length ratio, and skeletal muscle mass were significant predictors of heat loss from the hand, whilsthand length and fat mass were not. A separate set of participants (N=40) performed a Purdue pegboard dexterity test before and after the immersion test, which demonstrated that digit width alone negatively correlated with dexterity. The field study tested whether phenotypic variation in upper limb proportions could be attributed to cold adaptation or selection for dexterity in living populations exposed to significant energetic stress. Upper limb segment lengths were obtained from participants (N=254; 18-59 years of age), from highland and lowland regions of the Nepalese Himalayas using established anthropometric methods, and relative hand proportions were assessed in relation to severe energetic stress associated with life at high altitude. Relative to height, hand length and hand width were not reduced with altitude stress, whilst ulna length was. This indicates that cold adaptation is not shaping hand proportions in this case, although phenotypic variation in other limb segments may be attributed to cold adaptation or a thrifty phenotype mechanism. The current study provides empirical evidence to support the link between surface area-to-volume ratio, thermodynamic principles and ecogeographical patterns in human hand morphology. However, this research also demonstrates the complexity of the hand's role in thermoregulation; not only do other factors such as muscularity affect heat loss from the hand, but hand morphology is also highly constrained by integration and dexterity.
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Massa, D. L. "Discussion: Spectroscopy and Mass-Loss Diagnostics." Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1782/.
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McDonald, Iain. "Stellar mass loss in globular clusters." Thesis, Keele University, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.505654.
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This work investigates stellar mass loss in globular clusters. It comprises of optical and infra-red photometric imaging and spectroscopy, plus radio interferometry observations. I present mid-infrared spectroscopic observations of stars in the globular clusters 47 Tucanae and u Centauri, finding 47 Tuc VI (and possibly V18) and ω Cen V6 surrounded by circumstellar silicate dust. ω Cen V42 may also be surrounded by carbon-rich dust. Much of this work is devoted to finding the threshold for dust production and the mass-loss rates from cluster stars with both chromospherically- and dust- or pulsation driven winds. Using very-high-resolution optical photometry, I have identified the transition between the two driving regimes as being at earlier spectral types than in solar-metallicity stars, suggesting that pulsation and continuum-driving become the dominant wind drivers at around K5~M3, or ~1500 L.
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Burnley, Adam Warwick. "Mass loss from hot, luminous stars." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.408417.
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Clayton, Matthew. "Dynamical mass loss from unstable giants." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2018. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3aa54f27-e13e-4b16-bafd-28b3e7059e8d.
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Giant stars are believed to lose significant fractions of their total mass over their lifetimes, but the mechanisms responsible for this are ill-understood. One possible mechanism is dynamical mass loss - a hydrodynamical process in which matter is ejected from the stellar surface in ballistic outflows. In this thesis, dynamical mass loss is studied in three stellar regimes: common-envelope objects, asymptotic giant branch stars, and red supergiants. Using hydrodynamical simulations performed with the stellar evolution code MESA, we examine the dynamical behaviour and stability of stars in each of these regimes. We examine the dynamical properties of common-envelope objects during the slow spiral-in phase using a parameterised 1-dimensional model of orbital dissipatory heating. We find that the envelope becomes unstable to high-amplitude dynamical pulsations that can lead to repeated mass-ejection events capable of removing the entire envelope and terminating the common-envelope phase. We estimate this process's α efficiency value and suggest how these results might be employed in parameterised common-envelope models. We employ coupled evolutionary and hydrodynamical simulations of AGB stars to study their dynamical properties as they traverse the TP-AGB and examine their dependence on basic stellar properties and on the thermal pulse cycle. We find that these models experience large amounts of dynamical mass loss, and we construct a parameterised model to estimate its strength. We find that this model is successful at locating the termination of the AGB. We apply a similar approach to a study of RSGs, and find that dynamical mass loss also emerges in this regime. We estimate the conditions under which this occurs and discuss how this mechanism may resolve theoretical problems relating to the Humphreys-Davidson limit and the progenitors of SNe IIn. We conclude that dynamical mass loss is likely to form a vital part of the mass-loss histories of cool giant stars.
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Lee, Sonia Jean. "Body mass regulation in birds." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336929.
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Garlie, Todd Norman. "Stature, mass, and body mass index of Canadian children /." *McMaster only, 2000.
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Al-Hadithy, Nada. "Evaluation of massive weight loss body contouring." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/21037.
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Introduction: There is proven therapeutic benefit in bariatric surgery for obese patients. Consequently the National Institute of Clinical Excellence UK has provided referral guidelines for bariatric surgery. Successful bariatric surgery will result in massive weight loss and ptotic skin, which can cause significant functional and psychological problems. As the number of cases of bariatric surgery increases, a corresponding number of massive weight loss patients will require plastic surgery. In this novel field of post massive weight loss surgery there is a lack of understanding of the demographics, physical symptoms and psychological health of this new group of patients. The tools to assess them are few and not validated, the patient pathway is disjointed and there is no consensus on standardised provision. Method: A prospective multicentre, observational study of outcomes in 100 patients undergoing bariatric and post massive weight loss plastic surgery at 2 clinical sites was performed. Each patient followed a standard operating protocol. This included undergoing a semi structured interview, completing five patient-report outcome measures, having anthropometric measurements and clinical photographs taken. Conclusion: This observational study identified key psychosocial themes prevalent in massive weight loss patients, during their weight loss journey. It identified there are no validated patient reported outcome measures available specific to this cohort of patients. This work led to the development of a new validated tool for massive weight loss body contouring.
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Coté, Jacqueline. "Formation and mass loss of be stars." Amsterdam : Amsterdam : Sterrenkundig Instituut " Anton Pannekoek" ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 1993. http://dare.uva.nl/document/91638.
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Vaughan, Christine Anne. "Ethnic differences in body mass index." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2006. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0001697.
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Tolonen, P. (Pekka). "Laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding for morbid obesity:primary, intermediate, and long-term results including quality of life studies." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288722.
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Abstract
Morbid obesity is the most rapidly increasing health threat of developed countries, and the costs caused by it are already higher than those of smoking. In an increasing number of developing countries both starvation and morbid obesity are increasing simultaneously. Obesity in children and adolescents is also increasing rapidly. Conservative treatment almost invariably fails when treating morbid obesity. Results of pharmacotherapy have been disappointing after great expectations. Laparoscopic gastric banding has been used in the treatment of morbid obesity since 1993. The method was first used mostly in Europe. In the USA either an open or laparoscopic gastric bypass have been the most common methods of surgery.
The aim of this study was to investigate the operation results of 280 patients operated in Vaasa Central Hospital during the 11 years after March 1996. Of these patients, 123 have been followed at least 5 years. The results have been analyzed with BAROS that measures the quality of life.
Quality of life was measured prospectively 1 year after surgery with the 15D questionnaire that is validated in the Finnish population. The effect of gastric banding in esophageal motility and reflux was studied prospectively in 31 patients. Late results were analyzed in 123 patients 11 years after the first operation. Mean excess weight loss (EWL) was 56% in patients who had their band in place 7 years after surgery, and 46% in all patients.
There was no mortality related to the operation, and there was only one serious complication. Disease-specific quality of life improved in 78.8% of the patients in 28 months of follow-up. Health-related quality of life was significantly improved 12 months after surgery, but improvement was not connected to the amount of weight loss. The band inhibited reflux 19 months after surgery.
Complications, failures, and reoperations increase with longer follow-up. Weight loss is moderate 9 years after a gastric banding operation, and in carefully selected patients this operation is still a good option in the treatment of morbid obesity.
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Fitzpatrick, Benedict John Russell. "Binary hypotheses for bipolar mass loss in transients." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2012. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:d3546d77-db00-456b-8bbd-7b3f075ef4a0.
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We investigate binary hypotheses for the formation of bipolar nebulae using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics code Gadget-2. In the general case, we present a parameter study of mass loss from very simple common envelope models, which seems to show a strongly bipolar trend for sufficiently oblate envelopes and low enough spiral-in injection energy. The density profiles of the envelopes produce differing structure within the ejecta. We also investigate 3 specific bipolar mass loss events. In the case of the outer nebula of SN 1987A, we study the effects of fast polar jets interacting with a pre- existing progenitor wind and find that these are consistent with the observed light echoes from the nebula, in particular for the feature known as ’Napoleon’s Hat’. In the case of Cas A, we briefly study the effects of close binarity on supernova ejecta and suggest the influence of a close, compact companion may lead to at least one jet-like disturbance that may be observable in a supernova remnant. Finally, we study whether a fast bipolar wind, similar to that of Eta Car’s present wind, may inflate ejecta similar to that produced in the common envelope models to a shape consistent with that of Eta Car’s Homunculus Nebula.
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Young, Patrick Allen. "Hydrodynamics, nucleosynthesis, and mass loss in massive stars." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280579.
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I test the predictive power of the stellar evolution code TYCHO. Systematic errors are present in the predictions for double-lined eclipsing binary stars when only standard physics common to the majority of stellar evolution codes is included. A mechanism for driving slow circulation and mixing in the radiative regions of stars is identified in numerical simulations of convection and a physical theory developed. Mixing is caused by dissipation of inertial waves driven by the interaction of convective fluid motions with the boundary of the convection zone. Evolutionary calculations incorporating this physics are tested in several observational regimes. Light element depletion in young clusters, turnoff ages of young clusters with brown dwarf Li depletion ages, and evolution of carbon stars on the asymptotic giant branch are all predicted satisfactorily. Tests of solar models yield good agreement with surface observables, chemical abundances, helioseismological data, and neutrino fluxes. The predictive accuracy of a non-calibrated, state-of-the-art stellar evolution code is ∼7% for surface observables. The main sequence sun is relatively easy to model, so this gives an estimate of our minimum predictive error. The solar models also highlight problems with uniqueness of evolutionary tracks converging on a given point and the potential for avoiding the effects of missing physics by calibration. A reanalysis of the binary sample with the more complete physics shows a dramatic improvement in the accuracy of the models. The potential for avoiding the effects of missing physics by calibration is explored. A TYCHO model for a late AGB star is used for the boundary conditions on a hydrodynamic simulation of proto-planetary nebula evolution as an illustration of the unified technique. NaCl and NaCn are observed at large radii in the Egg Nebula. These molecules require high densities to form, which are difficult to explain at large distances from the star. The 2-D simulation of a fast wind interacting with earlier mass loss produces clumps of material through a thermal instability with the necessary conditions for formation of the molecules. In conclusion, the effects of the more complete physics on the core size and abundance profiles of a massive star during core Si burning are examined as an example of future developments.
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Gautam, Kumar. "Computer Vision-based Estimation of Body Mass Distribution, Center of Mass, and Body Types| Design and Comparative Study." Thesis, California State University, Long Beach, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10838305.
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Body mass distribution and center of mass (CoM) are important topics in the field of human biomechanics and the healthcare industry. Increasing global obesity has led researchers to measure body parameters. This project focuses on developing an automatic computer vision approach to calculate the body mass distribution and CoM, as well as identify body types with a minimum setup cost.
In this project, a 3-D calibrated experimental setup was devised to take images of four male subjects in three views: front view, left side view, and right side view. First, a method was devised to separate the human subject from the background. Second, a novel approach was developed to find the CoM, percentage body mass distribution, and body types using two models: Simulated Skeleton Model (SSM) and Simulated Skeleton Matrix (SSMA). The CoM using this method was 94.36% of the CoM calculated with a reaction board experiment. Total body mass using this method was 96.6% of the total body mass calculated with the weighing balance. This project has three components: (1) finding the body mass distribution and comparing the results with the weighing balance, (2) finding the CoM and comparing the results with the reaction board experiment, and (3) offering new ways to conceptualize the three body types that are ectomorph, endomorph, and mesomorph with ratings in the range of 0 to 5.
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Stanek, Kelly Marie. "Body Mass Index, Age, and Neurocognitive Functioning." Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1308527788.
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St-Louis, N., and Anthony F. J. Moffat. "Do clumping corrections increase with decreasing mass-loss rates?" Universität Potsdam, 2007. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2008/1769/.
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We report on new mass-loss rate estimates for O stars in six massive binaries using the amplitude of orbital-phase dependent, linear-polarimetric variability caused by electron scattering off free electrons in the winds. Our estimated mass-loss rates for luminous O stars are independent of clumping. They suggest similar clumping corrections as for WR stars and do not support the recently proposed reduction in mass-loss rates of O stars by one or two orders of magnitude.
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Gilheany, Sheila. "Investigations of stellar mass loss and the interstellar medium." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334623.
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Hattori, Maki. "Mass Loss of Highly Irradiated Extra-Solar Giant Planets." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/193323.
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We present theoretical calculations for the evolution of highly-irradiated extrasolar giant planets. The value of the energy-limited escape rates are taken from Watson et al. (1981), Lammer et al. (2003) and Yelle (2004) which vary by two orders of magnitude. The lowest rate is from Watson et al., while the highest rate comes from Lammer et al., which predicts that all highly-irradiated planets are remnants of much larger planets. We find that for cases with lower mass loss rates, the tidal effects, such as the planet exceeding the Roche Lobe are more effective at removing mass than stellar radiation. We also compare our theories with observations to show observational evidence for mass loss.
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Schwartz, Sari D. "Atypical depression, body mass, and left vetricular mass analysis of data from CARDIA /." Download the thesis in PDF, 2005. http://www.lrc.usuhs.mil/dissertations/pdf/Schwartz2005.pdf.
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Shakoor, Jenan Akbar. "Raised maternal body mass index and caesarean section." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/1800.
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Introduction Maternal obesity (defined as a body mass index (BMI) ≥30kg/m2) and overweight (defined as BMI 25-29.9kg/m2) have adverse implications for both the mother and the baby, including an increased risk of caesarean section. The prevalence of caesarean section among the UK obstetric population has been increasing in recent years. Evidence suggests that caesarean section in obese women may carry a higher risk of postoperative complications, such as haemorrhage, wound infection and delayed healing. These complications may result in a longer length of stay in hospital after caesarean delivery. To date, UK evidence on the association between maternal BMI and caesarean section has been limited. Aim The overall aim of my PhD was to investigate the association between maternal BMI and caesarean section within the North East of England. Methods and Results My PhD consists of three phases: Phase one: a review of the available published literature that investigated the association between maternal BMI and caesarean section rate. The review found that most studies been carried out in the US with only six from the UK. The review highlighted the need for further research in the UK. Phase two: an investigation of the association between maternal early pregnancy BMI and caesarean section using an existing dataset of 42,362 deliveries in five hospitals in the North East of England. The objectives of this phase were; to identify the caesarean section rate among five hospitals in the North East of England; to describe the caesarean section rate by booking BMI; and to examine the independent impact of BMI on caesarean section, adjusting for potentially confounding variables including maternal age, gestational age, birth weight, ethnicity and socio-economic status in overweight and obese pregnant women compared to pregnant women with recommended BMI. In phase two, the overall caesarean section rate was 20.6%; 28.4% of obese and 21.9% of overweight women delivered by caesarean section, compared to 17.8% of women with recommended BMI. After adjusting for available confounding factors, the adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for caesarean section among obese women was 1.81 (95%CI: 1.67-1.97; p<0.0005) and 1.29 (95%CI: 1.20-1.39; p<0.0005) among overweight women compared to women with recommended BMI. Thus, there was an almost two-fold increased risk of delivery by caesarean section among women who were obese at the start of pregnancy and an increased risk for women who were overweight. Phase three: a case note review of 205 women with a singleton pregnancy in 2008, aged ≥16 years and delivered by caesarean section in a district general hospital in the North East of England. The study hypothesis was that overweight and obese pregnant women have more post-caesarean section complications than pregnant women with recommended BMI, resulting in a longer length of stay in hospital. The results of this study showed that from 205 cases (28% of all caesarean section deliveries in 2008), 86 (42.0%) were to women with recommended BMI, 54 (26.3%) to overweight and 65 (31.7%) to obese women. The median length of maternal stay in hospital was three days, with an inter quartile range (IQR) of 2-3. Twelve (18.5%) obese women stayed in hospital after caesarean section for four days compared to five (9.3%) overweight and eight (9.4%) women with recommended BMI, (p=0.44) but this was not significant. There were no significant differences in postoperative complications or length of stay in hospital between overweight and obese pregnant women compared to women with recommended BMI. Conclusion Overall, my study confirms that obese and overweight women in the North East of England are at increased risk of caesarean section. Among women delivered by caesarean section, however, there was no association between maternal BMI and post-operative complications or length of stay in hospital.
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Li, Shengxu. "Genome-wide association studies of body mass index." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.608974.
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Ferreira, Mariane Dias. "“Espelho, espelho meu, existe alguém mais bela do que eu?”: um grupo focal de mulheres obesas com enfoque na psicologia analítica." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, 2017. https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/20423.
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In Brazil, according to the Ministry of Health in 2014, 50.8% of Brazilians were overweight, therefore, more than half of the population. Of these, 17.5% were obese, of which 54.7% were men and 47.4% were women. Obesity and overweight (which can lead to obesity) are disorders whose appearance and maintenance indicate the existence of several correlated factors, presenting, therefore, a multidimensional cause. Aside from health problems, being overweight also leads to a "negative view of the body," especially for women. This causes them to associate fitness with acceptance, social success and happiness. In general, studies on body image and self-esteem in obese women point to losses related to dissatisfaction, depreciation, distortion and concern with self-image in a way that is dissociated from the sense of identity. The present study sought to identify expectations of weight loss and examine body image and self-esteem through a focus group of six women between the ages of 36 and 50, who were overweight and obese, without distinguishing how much, through their narratives and the use of photographs. In the group narrative they tried to determine subjects related to body image, self-esteem and expectation of weight loss; such narrative was completed with a case study of each participant, in which the interlocution between symbols emerged from photos brought by each participant along with their personal narratives. The results indicated that, influenced by individual and collective factors, the participants experienced little expectation of weight loss along with the alienation of self-esteem which operated in the service of compensatory defenses. The functional aspects of the group, of the photographs and their clinical and symbolic potential within the framework of analytical psychology, enabled participants to reflect on their symptomatic and individual conditions by translating the conflict from measurement to mythical, or from number to narrative, so that they were able to initially reflect on individual demands and self-image rather than maintaining massive projections in the collective
No Brasil, segundo o Ministério da Saúde em 2014, 50,8% dos brasileiros estavam acima do peso, ou seja, mais da metade da população. Destes, 17,5% eram obesos, dos quais 54,7% homens e 47,4% mulheres. A obesidade e o sobrepeso (que pode levar à obesidade) são uma doença que indica a existência de diversos fatores que se correlacionam para seu aparecimento e manutenção, portanto, tem uma causa multidimensional. Fora os problemas de saúde, há particularmente nas mulheres uma “visão negativa do corpo” perante o sobrepeso, levando-as a associar a forma física com a aceitação, o sucesso social e a felicidade. De uma forma geral, os estudos sobre imagem corporal e autoestima em obesas apontam para prejuízos relacionados à insatisfação, depreciação, distorção e preocupação com a autoimagem de modo dissociado ao senso de identidade. O estudo presente buscou identificar expectativas de emagrecimento e investigar imagem corporal e autoestima a partir de um grupo focal com seis mulheres entre 36 e 50 anos com sobrepeso e obesidade, sem distinção de grau, por meio de narrativas e do uso de fotografias. Na narrativa grupal procurou-se determinar temas relativos à imagem corporal, autoestima e expectativa de emagrecimento; tal narrativa completou-se com um estudo de caso de cada participante, no qual se buscou a interlocução entre símbolos emergidos de fotos trazidas por cada participante e suas narrativas pessoais. Os resultados indicaram que, influenciadas por fatores individuais e coletivos, as participantes experimentavam baixa expectativa de emagrecimento aliada ao alheamento da autoestima que operava a serviço de defesas compensatórias. Os aspectos funcionais do grupo, das fotografias e de seu potencial clínico e simbólico dentro do enquadre da psicologia analítica, possibilitaram às participantes refletirem sobre suas condições sintomáticas e individuais traduzindo o conflito da métrica à mítica, ou do número para a narrativa, de modo que elas puderam de maneira inicial refletir sobre demandas individuais e autoimagem ao invés de manter projeções maciças no coletivo