Journal articles on the topic 'Loss absorbency'
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Wang, Kun Yan, Ru Feng Cen, and Wen Wen Shu. "Preparation and Performance of Super-Absorbent Resin Using Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Wastes." Advanced Materials Research 1120-1121 (July 2015): 498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1120-1121.498.
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In order to develop a new way for utilizing Polyacrylonitril (PAN) fiber wastes, a super-absorbent resin was prepared using the waste of PAN fibers at alkaline hydrolysis condition with Al3+ as cross-linker. The molecular structure of the super-absorbent resin was confirmed by FTIR. The thermal degradation of super-absorbent resin consisted of one main weight loss step. Factors that can influence absorbencies of the super-absorbent resin were investigated, such as the amount of cross-linker. The super-absorbent resin has the water absorbency of 131g/g in distilled water. The super-absorbent resin can be used as a new material to water retention from the soil in agriculture.
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Jørgensen, Uffe. "Achillodynia and loss of heel pad shock absorbency." American Journal of Sports Medicine 13, no. 2 (March 1985): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/036354658501300209.
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Bashar, Md Mahbubul, Md Abu Bakar Siddiquee, Priti Sarker, Tanzina Tasmina Tohfa, Amjad Hossain, Ibrahim Azad, and Nazma Aktherr. "Comparative study of conventional and enzymatic pretreatment (scouring & bleaching) of cotton knitted fabric." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 3, no. 1 (January 18, 2014): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v3i1.1055.
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The scouring and bleaching performance of conventional process (hydrogen peroxide, sodium hydroxide), was compared to that of enzymatic process using enzyme (arylesterase) which catalyst the discontinuous peroxide reaction. The whiteness and reflectance% indicating bleaching performance and absorbency and weight loss % was used as a measure of the scouring performance. Comparison of these performance and the effects are analyzed by using graphical representation. The weight loss% of enzymatic process was less than conventional process. In conventional process the reflectance % and absorbency increased and whiteness decreased with the increasing of concentration of caustic soda and the aforementioned properties were increased with the increasing of concentration of H2O2. In enzymatic process the reflectance % of cotton fabric increased and whiteness and absorbency fluctuated with the increasing of concentration of enzyme. Meanwhile reflectance %, absorbency and whiteness increased with the increasing of concentration of hydrogen peroxide. Enzymatic process was found eco-friendly process as it was occurred in neutral pH and the COD of this process was less than conventional process. It was found that the enzymatic process was superior to the conventional process under the conditions studied. Keywords: Scouring, bleaching, conventional, enzymatic pretreatment.
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Jørgensen, Uffe, and Finn Bojsen-Møller. "Shock Absorbency of Factors in the Shoe/Heel Interaction—With Special Focus on Role of the Heel Pad." Foot & Ankle 9, no. 6 (June 1989): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107110078900900607.
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The heel pad acts as a shock absorber in walking and in heel-strike running. In some patients, a reduction of its shock-absorbing capacity has been connected to the development of overuse injuries. In this article, the shock absorption of the heel pad as well as external shock absorbers are studied. Individual variation and the effect of trauma and confinement on the heel pad were specifically investigated. Drop tests, imitating heel impacts, were performed on a force plate. The test specimens were cadaver heel pads (n = 10); the shoe sole component consisted of ethyl vinyl acetate (EVA) foam and Sorbothane inserts. The shock absorption was significantly greater in the heel pad than in the external shock absorbers. The mean heel pad shock absorption was 1.1 times for EVA foam and 2.1 times for Sorbothane. The shock absorption varied by as much as 100% between heel pads. Trauma caused a decrease in the heel pad shock absorbency (24%), whereas heel pad confinement increased the shock absorbency (49% in traumatized heel pads and 29.5% in nontraumatized heel pads). These findings provide a biomechanical rationale for the clinical observations of a correlation between heel pad shock absorbency loss and heel strike-dependent overuse injuries. To increase shock absorbency, confinement of the heel pad should be attempted in vivo.
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Adair, Ajaman, Azizon Kaesaman, and Pairote Klinpituksa. "Water-swellable rubber blend from epoxidized natural rubber and superabsorbent polymer composite." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 1 (December 20, 2019): 63–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760619895025.
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Epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and a superabsorbent polymer composite (SAPC) along with other minor components were mechanically blended in an internal mixer (Brabender Plasticorder) at 40°C and 60 r/min rotor speed with 80% fill factor. The SAPC was synthesized by grafting polyacrylamide onto hydroxyethyl cellulose backbones and adding bentonite clay. The first water-swelling behavior was investigated with alternative epoxidation levels of the ENR. Water-swellable rubber (WSR) performed well in terms of water absorbency, and weight loss was achieved with 50 mole% epoxidation level, so this ENR was chosen for the rubber matrix from which WSR was prepared with various contents of SAPC (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 phr). The results indicated that SAPC loading positively affected water absorbency, which was resulted by increasing weight loss and loss of mechanical properties, such as tensile strength and elongation at break. However, the modulus increased with SAPC content. WSR formulated from ENR-50, SAPC, and other ingredients resulting in good water-swelling behaviors and modulus, while the tensile strength and elongation at break had opposition. SAPC was an important factor to control the overall WSR properties.
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Czyż, Anna, and Magdalena Ciechowska. "AUDITORY SYSTEM AIDING DEVICES AND SCHOOL ENVIRONMENT." Educational Discourse: collection of scientific papers, no. 9(11-12) (December 27, 2018): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.33930/ed.2018.5007.9(11-12)-5.
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The paper deals with the problem of hearing loss in the context of condition of society and statistics determining the need for a discussion regarding the school functioning hard of hearing people. The conditions of the acoustic environment were analyzed, including the impact of: noise, reverberation, volume and absorbency of school rooms, on the communication process. Means of modern hearing devices have been analyzed in context of the speech perception supporting.
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Sano, Saburo, Sadatsugu Takayama, and Akira Kishimoto. "Microwave Absorbency Change of Nitride Powders under Vacuum Heating." Advances in Science and Technology 88 (October 2014): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.88.31.
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We measured the microwave and millimeter-wave behaviors of ceramics and metal powders as a basis for developing microwave and millimeter-wave heating technology. In this study, nitride powders were subjected to microwave absorption measurements at elevated temperature. These measurements were performed using a system comprising a vector network analyzer, a circular wave-guide fixture, and a vacuum furnace. The sample’s microwave absorbency was evaluated by the change in reflection power from the sample in the circular wave-guide fixture under vacuum heating. Measurements were performed at approximately 24 GHz and at temperature up to approximately 1100°C. Boron nitride (BN) exhibited almost no absorption of microwaves up to 1100°C, similar to the results of a low-loss oxide powder such as alumina. Dichromium mononitride (Cr2N) powder exhibited a rather high absorption of microwaves at room temperature. During vacuum heating, absorbency of Cr2N started to decrease at 300°C, and became almost zero at temperature greater than 600°C, similar to the behavior of iron powder. This result indicated that roughly packed Cr2N powder absorbs microwave radiation; however, during vacuum heating, the compact body was sintered and the whole sample body became a reflector of microwaves. This change was irreversible, and the sample maintained its reflection behavior upon the cooling. When a mixed powder of Cr2N (20 mass%) and Al2O3 was heated under vacuum, the compact sample exhibited microwave absorption that increased with increasing temperature. This change was reversible upon cooling. These results indicated that the mixed powder did not become reflector of microwaves; Cr2N particles were not electrically connected each other because the Al2O3 particles kept the Cr2N particles separate during the vacuum heating process.
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Borisova, Anna, and Skaidrīte Reihmane. "A Study of Absorption Properties Improvement of Cotton Blended Fabric." Key Engineering Materials 559 (June 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.559.13.
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Successful results of textile materials finishing process in order to gain desired properties to the fabric according to customers’ demands mainly depend on properly-carried pre-treatment stages. The present study covers twill weave cotton/polyester fabric’s modification in alkaline medium at different temperatures and treatment durations through exhaustion (hot and cold treatment) and pad-steam process. An influence of the reduction agent addition was ascertained. Weight loss, water absorbency, vertical wicking, dye uptake, colour measurements, surface morphology and psysicomechanical characteristics were determined. Samples and recommendations of optimal alkaline treatment technologies are developed.
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Zainuri, Mochamad, and Dina Andryani. "Characterization of BaM and PaNi-Based Radar Absorbency (RAM) Behavior with Multilayer Geometry Structure for X-Band Absorption." Materials Science Forum 966 (August 2019): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.966.54.
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Behavioral characterization of radar absorbent material consisting of Polyaniline (PaNi) and Barium M-Hexaferrite (BaM) has been successfully synthesized by solid state method. Polyaniline conductive material was synthesized using the polymerization method with DBSA dopant. A Radar Absorbing Materials (RAM) is characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Four Point Probe (FPP), Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). The ion Zn 2+ is dopping into the BAM structure, where Zn 2+ ions replace Fe2+ ions in Hexaferrite barium so that the phase becomes soft magnetic materials . RAM and PANi particles are combined with ship paint to form radar wave absorbent coatings. The layer is coated with multilayer geometry on AH 36 type A steel, with thicknesses of 2.4 mm, 3.6 mm, 4.8 mm and 6 mm respectively. The X-band wave absorption was identified by VNA testing, where the maximum reflection loss value was found at 6mm thickness with a reflection loss value - 32.6 dB at 8.4 GHz frequency. Reflection loss values of multilayer variations with a thickness of 2.4 mm, 3.6mm and 4.8mm each have reflection loss values of -8.02 dB, -19.13 dB and -28.9 dB respectively in the x band frequency range.
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Jura, Jakub, and Małgorzata Ulewicz. "Wpływ bio-popiołów na wybrane właściwości zapraw cementowych." Przegląd Naukowy Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska 26, no. 2 (June 2, 2017): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/pniks.2017.26.2.22.
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Paper presents the possibility of using fly ash from the combustion of two types biomass in fluidized bed boiler to modifications cement mortars composition. The influence of the use of ashes on their mechanical and physical properties (compressive strength, frost resistance, water absorption) of cement mortars. In research part of standarized sand was replaced by fly ash from the combustion of wood with coconut husks and wood with sunflower in the amount of 10, 20 and 30% by weight of cement. The addition of ash, depending on the composition, increase the compressive strength about 17%, decrease a reduction compressive strength after frost resistance tests to 0,5% and slightly increases weight loss and absorbency.
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Dzhagityan, Eduard, Anastasiya Podrugina, and Sofya Streltsova. "U. S. Investment Banks in the Context of the Post-Crisis International Banking Regulation Reform." Moscow University Economics Bulletin 2020, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 21–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.38050/01300105202012.
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The article looks into the reasons underlying the outspread of the full-scale mechanism of banking regulation over U. S. investment banks. We analyze the effect of the Basel III standards on stress-resilience of investment banks and examine the role of U. S. investment banks in ensuring financial stability. Based on regression analysis we found that minimum capital adequacy standards of Basel III do not have negative effect on ROE of the U. S. investment banks that are G-SIB category-designate; however, additional capital requirements (Higher Loss Absorbency (HLA) surcharge) that depend on G-SIB’s systemic significance according to their bucket as per Financial Stability Board classification do have significant and negative effect on ROE in the post crisis period. Besides, leverage requirements that also depend on G-SIB’s systemic significance have a statistically significant effect on ROE.
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Lin, Chin Kai, Ching Wen Lou, Chao Tsang Lu, Chao Chiung Huang, and Jia Horng Lin. "Novel Manufacturing Process for Tencel/Chitosan/Pectin Composite Dressing." Advanced Materials Research 55-57 (August 2008): 397–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.55-57.397.
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The treatment for wound is a common issue in nursing procedure. Especially in serious wound, the treatment for wound usually spends many costs and time. Generally, wound dressing is used to protect the wound from bacterial infection in the intervening period between hospitalization and grafting. The pectin and chitosan are natural polymers that have biocompatibility and biodegradability, and pectin and chitosan can be easy obtainment and low cost. Tencel is a regenerated fiber. The Tencel fibers are biodegradable and hydrophilic, and have stable capability of dimension. Therefore, if the pectin and chitosan can be properly developed and combine with the tencel fabric for dressing use, the cost and time for wound treatment could be effective reduction. The absorbent cotton fibers were blended with the tencel fibers to create the cotton/Tencel nonwoven substance using nonwoven manufacturing technique. Chitosan will be electrospun on the Tencel nonwoven substance to create chitosan/Tencel composite nonwoven fabric. Furthermore, the surface structure of chitosan/Tencel composite nonwoven was observed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine spinning ability of chitosan. Additionally, the pectin solution was blended with calcium chloride solution. Then pectin blended solution was coated on the optimal chitosan/Tencel composite nonwoven fabric by using mesh printing technique to prepare composite dressing. The result shown the Tencel/chitosan/pectin composite dressing has good capabilities of water absorbency and evaporative water loss. This study showed that a novel process for medical dressing was useful, and the composite dressing had an advantage property on wound healing and protection.
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Dhar, Avik Kumar, Maitry Bhattacharjee, Most Mahfuza Rima, and Muhammad Abdur Rashid. "Eco-Friendly Pretreatment of Cotton Fabric With Banana Ash and Dyeing Using Banana Sap." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 13, no. 27 (September 30, 2017): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2017.v13n27p390.
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The aim of this study is to evaluate environment supportive pretreatment and dyeing process. In this project, pretreatment of cotton fabric was done by using banana ash. Also, dyeing was carried out with banana sap along with different mordants that are eco-friendly and cost saving. Here, all the experiments were carried out on woven (plain) fabric of 141 GSM. Firstly, cotton fabric was scoured by means of banana root’s ash (pH-10.2). It was then dyed with banana sap (pH-5.4). This banana ash scoured cotton fabric was compared with conventionally scoured cotton fabric through weight loss % and absorbency test. In addition, fastness properties and performance of dyeing were measured through CIE L*C*h, K/S value, and different color fastness tests. Banana ash scoured and dyed with banana sap, using mordant (horitoky), provided the best dyeing performance and color fastness to wash, rubbing, and perspiration than the others.
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Szafraniec, Małgorzata, Danuta Barnat-Hunek, Małgorzata Grzegorczyk-Frańczak, and Maciej Trochonowicz. "Surface Modification of Lightweight Mortars by Nanopolymers to Improve Their Water-Repellency and Durability." Materials 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2020): 1350. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13061350.
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The paper explores the possibility of covering the mortar with the lightweight aggregate by the nanopolymer silane and siloxane as surface hydrophobisation. The investigation involved the mortars with two types of hydrophobic agents diluted with water in a ratio of 1:4 and 1:8. Mortar wetting properties were determined by measuring the absorbability, water vapor diffusion, contact angle (CA) and surface free energy (SFE) of their structure. Surface micro-roughness and 2D topography were evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) has shown the microstructure and distribution of pores in mortars. The reduction in absorbency after the first day of testing by 87% was shown. An improvement in frost resistance after 25 cycles by 97% and an 18-fold decrease in weight loss after the sulphate crystallization test were observed. The hydrophobic coating reduces the SFE of mortars and increases the CA. In the case of using silanes, a 9-fold increase CA was observed.
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Vigneswaran, C., M. Ananthasubramanian, N. Anbumani, and P. Kandhavadivu. "Ecofriendly Approach to Improve Pectinolytic Reaction and Process Optimization of Bioscouring of Organic Cotton Textiles." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 8, no. 2 (June 2013): 155892501300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501300800215.
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The present study focused on improvement of the enzymatic bioscouring performance by using specific mixed enzymes such as alkaline pectinase, protease, lipase and cellulase enzymes. An attempt was made to study the pectinolytic activity of degrading rate of pectin on organic cotton fabric and removal of wax at various enzymatic process conditions such as enzyme concentration, temperature, and time. These process variables were selected based on the artificial neural network (ANN) method. Output of the experiment resulted in fabric physical properties such as weight loss, water absorbency, wetting area, whiteness index, yellowness index, brightness index. The enzymatic scoured organic cotton fabric was tested for wax content and pectin degradation rate on the fabric and their results were optimized with minimum error. The test results were analyzed to predict the optimum process parameters to achieve the required bioscouring fabric properties and removal of pectin degrading rate, and their results were compared with actual trials.
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Zambrano, Judith, Sagrario Briceño, Clara Mendez, and Eliseo Castellano. "Response of Mango Fruit to Potassium Permanganate as an Ethylene Absorbent during Storage." HortScience 31, no. 4 (August 1996): 638c—638. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.31.4.638c.
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Mango fruit of `Palmer' and `Keitt' were harvested at the preclimacteric stage. An inexpensive ethylene absorbent was made by mixing aqueous KMnO4 with vermiculite and silicagel as support material. Fruits were treated with the mixture of vermiculite–KMnO4 and silicagel–KMnO4 as ethylene absorbents and stored at 10 and 15°C for 18 days. Fruits were evaluated for skin and pulp color, total soluble solids, titratable acidity and weight loss at interval of 3 days. Ethylene absorbents had no significant effect on skin color parameters (lightness, hue, and chroma). However differences due to ethylene absorbents and temperature storage were evident on pulp color parameters. Soluble solids content and titratable acidity were affected by ethylene absorbent and temperature storage. The percent of weight loss increased with temperature and with duration of storage.
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Muteba Mwamba, John Weirstrass, and Ehounou Serge Eloge Florentin Angaman. "Modeling System Risk in the South African Insurance Sector: A Dynamic Mixture Copula Approach." International Journal of Financial Studies 9, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs9020029.
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In this paper, a dynamic mixture copula model is used to estimate the marginal expected shortfall in the South African insurance sector. We also employ the generalized autoregressive score model (GAS) to capture the dynamic asymmetric dependence between the insurers’ returns and the stock market returns. Furthermore, the paper implements a ranking framework that expresses to what extent individual insurers are systemically important in the South African economy. We use the daily stock return of five South African insurers listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange from November 2007 to June 2020. We find that Sanlam and Discovery contribute the most to systemic risk, and Santam turns out to be the least systemically risky insurance company in the South African insurance sector. Our findings defy common belief whereby only banks are systemically risky financial institutions in South Africa and should undergo stricter regulatory measures. However, our results indicate that stricter regulations such as higher capital and loss absorbency requirements should be required for systemically risky insurers in South Africa.
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Zhou, Wen Hua, Bei Hai He, Chun Xiu Zhang, and Yue Han. "Analysis on Ink Layer Rub Resistance for Coated Paper Prints." Advanced Materials Research 380 (November 2011): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.380.173.
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Having been coated, the surface unevenness and pores on paper were covered by a coating layer composed of fine particles and binders, which can absorb ink well, thereby a good uniformity and smoothness of paper could be obtained, consequently, the reproducing capability for printing dot and good whiteness, gloss and opacity can be improved. In theory, the ink rub resistance for coated paper print is mainly affected by the ink absorbance property of paper, printing conditions, ink components, rub medium and so on. In this study, seven different kinds of coated papers, the viscosities of the inks were adjusted with a viscosity adjusting agent, and then the prints were prepared by proofing with the ink with different viscosities. After drying, the prints were used for rub testing. The impact of the basic properties of coated paper and the content of reducer in inks on rub resistance were discussed on the basis of a comparative analysis of the experimental data. Printing color density loss rate and print color difference were exploited in this paper to characterize the ink rub resistance for coated paper prints. In this study, it was found that ink rub resistance was mainly influenced by ink absorbency and smoothness of the paper. Under the similar conditions, the color density of coated paper print decreases with the rub strength increasing, color difference increased gradually, but not linearly. With the increase of ink viscosity reducer content, printing density loss rates as well as color difference changed, but not be linearly.
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Ochiai, Bungo, and Yohei Shimada. "Reversible Gelation System for Hydrazine Based on Polymer Absorbent." Technologies 6, no. 3 (August 20, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/technologies6030080.
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Reversible absorbents for safe storage of toxic hydrazine were developed. Various cross-linked polar polymers were examined as absorbents for hydrazine and its 35% aqueous solution, and structurally similar polymers were found to be suitable for effective absorption. Namely, cross-linked polyacrylamide (CPAM) was most effective among examined various hydrophilic polymers. CPAM absorbed 43- and 31-fold heavier amounts of absolute hydrazine and 35% aqueous solution, respectively, by simple soaking. Absorbed hydrazine could be quantitatively released either by N2 gas flow and compression, and the resulting absorbent reabsorbed hydrazine without loss of the absorption ability. The absorption ability was higher than conventional covalent storages, and the release protocol, without dissolution of the absorbent, are suitable for storage systems in hydrazine fuel cells.
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Ketema, Asnake, and Amare Worku. "Antibacterial Finishing of Cotton Fabric Using Stinging Nettle (Urtica dioica L.) Plant Leaf Extract." Journal of Chemistry 2020 (April 21, 2020): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4049273.
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Natural organic fibers such as cotton, linen, and wool are readily attacked by microorganisms. Microbial growth on a textile fabric causes loss of strength and elongation, discoloration, and changes in appearance. The antibacterial finishing agents extracted from nettle plant leaf have been used to impart finish to the cotton fabric by using the Pad-Dry-Cure application method. The antibacterial activity of the finish was assessed quantitatively using the AATCC 100:2004 test method, and the antibacterial activity against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria was measured. There was a 100 to 99.75 percent reduction in the count of test bacteria. Physical properties of treated and untreated cotton fabrics such as absorbency, fabric stiffness, air permeability, and strength were analyzed. To evaluate the laundering effect of stinging nettle leaf finished fabric, samples were subjected to laundry with 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, and 40 washing cycles using standard AATCC test method 61, and bacterial count of treated samples was tested. The results showed gradual decrease in antibacterial property, with a 100 to 44% reduction in the bacterial count for Staphylococcus aureus and a 100 to 30% reduction in the bacterial count for Escherichia coli. The results of this investigation suggested that nettle leaf, a low-cost abundant plant in Ethiopia, can be used for antibacterial activity in woven cotton fabric.
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Aris, Noor Fatheyah, Rohah A. Majid, Wan Hasamudin Wan Hassan, Mohd Faizal Abd Rahman, and Yik Mun Ng. "Effects of Stone Powder on Water Absorption and Biodegradability of Low Density Polyethylene/Palm Pressed Fibre Composite Film." Applied Mechanics and Materials 554 (June 2014): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.554.123.
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This study was aimed to develop semi-biodegradable low density polyethylene (LDPE)/oil palm pressed fibre (PPF) composite film for agriculture applications such as nursery bag and plastic mulch. Biodegradability and water absorbency are among the properties need to be considered. Biocomposite plastic that rich with cellulose normally takes faster time to biodegrade as the fibres become the food source of microbes in soil. It also absorbs water easily due to hydrogen bonding formation between the cellulose and the water molecules. To have a balance between these properties is important to determine the service life of the film. Inorganic filler, stone powder with particle size of 37 micron was incorporated at 5, 10 and 15 phr into a mixture of LDPE/PPF, in order to improve both properties. The stone has undergone a catalytic transmuted process to produce fine powder using technology patented by Blapol Sdn Bhd. The mixture was compounded using twin screw extruder and palletized prior to blown into a sheet of film. The effects of stone powder onto water absorption and biodegradability were studied. The percentage of water absorption was decreased about 13 % with addition of 15 phr stone powder, which is thought due to the ability of stone powder to interfere the formation of hydrogen bonding between hydroxyl groups of cellulose and water molecules. Meanwhile, the weight loss in biodegradability test has been slow down, probably due to inorganic nature of stone powder that takes longer time to be digested by microbes in soil.
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Knobloch, Alois Paul, and Felix Krauß. "Reconsidering the Prudential Filter for the Cash Flow Hedge Reserve in View of the Purpose of Banking Regulation." Credit and Capital Markets – Kredit und Kapital 54, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 265–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/ccm.54.2.265.
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Common Equity Tier 1 capital of credit institutions is adjusted by the prudential filter for the cash flow hedge reserve according to art. 33(1)(a) CRR. Thereby, fair value changes of hedging instruments, especially of derivatives, are neutralized by imputed fair value changes of future cash flows that are part of a cash flow hedge. However, these future cash flows are (mostly) expected to occur under market conditions and, thus, imputed fair value changes are not reflected in changes of present values derived from real transactions that exist at the time of the regulatory capital calculation. As a result, positive effects on Common Equity Tier 1 capital can be viewed critically in regard to the prudence principle of banking supervision if an initial reduction in Common Equity Tier 1 capital due to losses from hedging instruments is corrected. Furthermore, the adjustment is case specific and depends on the hedge effectiveness, which is questionable because of consistency reasons. To solve these weaknesses, we suggest to eliminate the prudential filter for the cash flow hedge reserve as a whole. This would lead to a better quality of Common Equity Tier 1 capital by improving its loss absorbency and as a side effect to a reduction in complexity enhancing supervision through regulatory authorities and market discipline. Furthermore, we demonstrate the impact that the proposed abolishment of the prudential filter for the cash flow hedge reserve would have on the Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratios of the largest European banks in 2014–2019
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Giampietro-Ganeco, Aline, Hirasilva Borba, Aline Mary Scatolini-Silva, Marcel Manente Boiago, Pedro Alves de Souza, and Juliana Lolli Malagoli de Mello. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF EGGS PACKED UNDER MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE." Ciência e Agrotecnologia 39, no. 1 (February 2015): 82–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1413-70542015000100010.
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Eggs are perishable foods and lose quality quickly if not stored properly. From the moment of posture to the marketing of egg, quality loss occurs through gas exchange and water through the pores of the shell with the external environment and thus, studies involving modified atmosphere packaging are extremely important. The aim of the present study is to assess the internal quality of eggs packed under modified atmosphere and stored at room temperature. Six hundred and twelve fresh commercial eggs from 38-week old Hisex White laying hens were used. The present study was conducted in a completely randomized experimental design in a 4 x 4 + 1 factorial arrangement [vacuum, vacuum with oxygen gas (O2) absorbent, vacuum with oxygen gas (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) absorbents, vacuum with oxygen gas (O2) absorbent and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas generator; storage times (7, 14, 21 and 28 days), control group (fresh eggs)], with three repetitions (12 eggs each). The following factors were assessed: weight maintenance during storage; Haugh unit; color and yolk index. The modified atmosphere packaging maintained the weight of the eggs during a period of 28 days. Vacuum packaging with O2 absorbent and CO2 gas generator was more efficient in maintenance of egg quality, based on the values of Haugh unit and yolk index. The luminosity of the yolk was preserved during the 28 storage days in all of the packaging types used. The vacuum packaging with O2 gas absorbent and CO2 gas generator provide an increase in internal egg quality.
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Azanaw, Aklilu, and Asnake Ketema. "Process Optimization for Biosingeing of 100% Cotton Terry Towel Fabric Using Box–Behnken Design." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2022 (March 8, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6920864.
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In the present day, numerous researchers have paid more attention to the dyeing and finishing quality of environmentally friendly textile products in the world because the lack of outstanding products is an alarming problem. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to treat the fabric with cellulase enzymes to improve the dyeing and finishing quality. The effects of varying chemical concentrations, temperatures, and processing times were examined in the model and different process parameters were optimized in the preparation biosingeing process. The results of the Box–Behnken design were obtained as R2 = 0.7243, 0.9027, and 0.9966 for optimum absorbency, weight loss, and tensile strength, respectively. The treated fabric was analyzed using FTIR to know the unknown functional group and the chemical bonds on the fabric molecule. Testing of physical properties of the treated fabric was done and the result was comparable with other untreated fabrics. The treated fabric performance was studied at 40, 50, and 60 minutes and at temperatures of 30, 55, and 80°C. The experimental investigation has been carried out to determine the effect of biosingeing on different physical parameters, such as the tensile strength of treated cotton fabric (437 N), which was almost similar to that of the untreated fabric (443 N), with almost no significant differences. K/S value for the biosingeing fabric of treated fabric was 17.58, but the that of the untreated fabric was 15.6, which was significantly different. Thus, the enzymatically treated fabric is of good quality because the protruding fiber was removed in biosingeing process. This ecofriendly singeing preparatory process is an alternative process for terry towel fabrics.
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Johnson, P. N. "The effect of sugar beet pulp and rolled barley as absorbents on effluent production, silage fermentation and animal performance." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020419.
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Silage effluent represents a potential pollutant and a loss of ensiled nutrients. An absorbent provides the possibility of absorbing effluent, aiding fermentation and increasing the feeding value of the silage. Sugar beet pulp (SBP) nuts and rolled barley (RB) were evaluated as absorbents with direct cut grass silage.Perennial ryegrass swards of 222 g/kg average dry matter were direct cut between 10 and 12 July 1989. Grass was ensiled with the following rates of absorbent per tonne of fresh material:1.20 kg SBP (S20).2.40 kg SBP (S40).3.40 kg RB (B40).4.Untreated (U).Production of silage effluent was measured with a tippler mechanism attached to an electronic logger and recorded daily until 22 September. The silages were individually fed through Calan Broadbent doors to 48 x 12 month old Friesian steers between 24 October and 19 December.
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Krikštanavičienė, Kira, Sigitas Stanys, and Vaida Jonaitienė. "Comparative Investigation of Mechanical–Physical Characteristics of Biodegradable and Non-Degradable Yarns." Autex Research Journal 14, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aut-2014-0001.
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Abstract This article presents the results from investigations of tensile tests, absorbency test and degradation test of biodegradable and non- or partly biodegradable yarns produced from pure poly hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate (PHBV), poly (lactide acid) (PLA), isotactic polypropylene (iPP) polymers and their blends. The results indicate that mechanical-physical properties of PHBV are improved by adding PLA and iPP to PHBV. The main results indicate that the PHBV/PLA and PHBV/iPP (70/30) blends had better mechanical properties than pure PHBV, as well as improved immiscibility and the same or lower degradation in sodium chloride solution, respectively. The PHBV/PLA and PHBV/iPP blends showed a tendency for lower crystallinity and stiffness of the yarns, rendering them less stiff and fragile. The absorption tests showed that absorption dynamic process depends on the structure and raw materials of the yarns. The disinfectant in all samples is absorbed faster than blood. Research results showed that pure PHBV yarns have good hydrophobic properties, compared with pure PLA and iPP yarns. The use of additional PLA and iPP polymers changed the wetting behaviour of yarns. Absorption time of blended yarns in disinfectant liquid decreases and absorption time in the case of blood significantly increases in comparison with PLA and iPP yarns and decreases compared with PHBV yarns. The degradation tests (within 90 days in a solution of sodium chloride) showed that pure PHBV and PHBV/PLA blends degraded at different rates but with the loss of the same weight, while pure PHBV and PHBV/iPP blends degraded at the same rate, but PHBV/iPP blends had worse destruction results. Such improvements are expected to be important for the practical application of PHBV in some fields
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Abdelazeem, Shimaa, Ken-ichi Takeda, Kazuhiro Kurosu, and Yutaka Uyeno. "Fermentative Quality and Animal Acceptability of Ensiled Persimmon Skin with Absorbents for Practical Use in Ruminant Feed." Animals 10, no. 4 (April 2, 2020): 612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10040612.
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Persimmon skin (PS), while representing an attractive feed source, requires an appropriate preservation procedure to increase its shelf life. We assessed the fermentation quality, in vitro ruminal incubation, and intake of persimmon skin silage ensiled with different dry absorbents. We prepared the silage on a table scale (Experiment 1) and evaluated five different mixtures: PS without an additive, PS plus Lactobacillus buchneri inoculum (LB), and PS plus LB plus each of the absorbents kraft pulp, wheat bran, or beet pulp. We opened the laboratory bags, kept at 25 °C, at 0, 14, 28, and 60 days for fermentation quality and chemical analysis (n = 3 for each measurement). Further, with an in vitro rumen simulated cultivation study (Experiment 2), we evaluated the fermentation pattern of PS with a mixture of two absorbents (kraft pulp and wheat bran) either raw (no fermentation) or ensiled (n = 4 for each treatment). Finally, we conducted an in vivo experiment using six dry ewes assigned based on their body weight to two experimental groups in a crossover design of two periods (Experiment 3). We fed a control group a 100% basal diet (tall fescue hay and concentrate mixture) and ensiled PS (PSS) group, a 20% dry matter substitution of tall fescue with PS silage mixed with kraft pulp as the sole absorbent. The results of Experiment 1 show, regardless of the absorbents used, the effluent volume of the lab bags was lower in absorbent-treated groups (p < 0.001). In Experiment 2, the condition of the PS with absorbents (raw or ensiled) did not affect the total gas production (p > 0.05), but we observed an increased propionate proportion in PSS with absorbents compared to basal diet (p = 0.019). The proportion of methane to the total gas in PSS group was considerably reduced compared with that in the other groups (p < 0.001). As we did this incubation study with a single run, a more detailed evaluation in the future would verify these observations. In the animal trial (Experiment 3), dry matter intake was similar between groups (p > 0.05), but ewes spent a shorter time eating in the PSS-fed group (p = 0.011). Here we present the practical use of PSS as part of ruminant feed in which dry absorbents prevented dry matter loss.
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Shao, Rui, Fang Wang, Shenglin Yang, Junhong Jin, and Guang Li. "Preparation of Hollow Porous Carbon Nanofibers and Their Performance and Mechanism of Broadband Microwave Absorption." Materials 15, no. 20 (October 18, 2022): 7273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15207273.
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Developing microwave absorbing composites with lightweight and wide absorption bands is an essential direction for electromagnetic wave stealth and shielding application. In this article, PAN/PMMA blend fibers and sheath-core blend fibers with PAN/PMMA as the sheath and PMMA as the core were spun by uniaxial and coaxial electrostatic spinning, respectively. Porous carbon nanofiber (PCNF) and hollow porous carbon nanofiber (HPCNF) were obtained after pre-oxidation and carbonization of the corresponding two precursor fibers. The microwave absorption composite samples with PCNF and HPCNF as absorbents and paraffin as matrix were prepared, respectively. Their electromagnetic parameters were investigated by the reflective-transmission network parameter method. The microwave absorption properties of the corresponding composites were calculated based on a model for a single-layer planewave absorber from electromagnetic parameters. The results showed diversity between the microwave absorbing performance of the composites filled with PCNF and HPCNF. HPCNF performs better than PCNF as an absorbent; that is, the lowest reflection loss of composite filled with HPCNF is −20.26 dB and the effective bandwidth (lower than −10 dB) is to 4.56 GHz, while the lowest reflection loss of a composite filled with PCNF is −13.70 dB, and the effective bandwidth (lower than −10 dB) is 2.68 GHz when the absorbent content is 7%, and the thickness is 3 mm. Much lower reflection loss and a wider absorption band could be expected from HPCNF. The presence of a hollow structure in HPCNF, which may increase the degree of polarization and provide more interfaces for the interference phase extinction of reflected electromagnetic waves, might help to improve the attenuation of electromagnetic waves and broaden the absorption band.
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Degani, Ofir. "Synergism between Cutinase and Pectinase in the Hydrolysis of Cotton Fibers’ Cuticle." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010084.
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Scouring is one of the initial steps in the processing of natural textile fibers (e.g., cotton), performed to remove waxes and pectins, together with spinning oils and other impurities of the plant cell cuticle. Traditional chemical bleaching with boiling NaOH led to harsh removal of the entire fabric’s cuticle waxy layer accompanied by an unwanted alkaline waste. Extracellular lytic enzymes such as lipases, cellulases and pectinases play an essential role in host plant-pathogen interactions. They degrade the plant cuticle and tissue and enable pathogen invasion. Such enzymes, specifically cutinase and pectinase, have been considered potential bio-scouring agents to degrade the cotton fabric cuticle’s outer layer at low temperature and alleviate environmental pollution. In this work, the combined effect of cutinase, pectin lyase, or polygalacturonase on the scouring of cotton fabrics was studied using evaporative light-scattering reverse-phase HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the reaction components, and measuring changes in the cotton fabrics’ properties. The traditional method of cotton fabrics’ scouring with NaOH resulted in decreased pectin content and increased cellulose fibers accessibility, evaluated by specific staining. Treating the cotton fibers’ cuticle with cutinase led to the acidification of the reaction mixture, a decrease in enzyme-specific activity, and elevation in hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acids in the reaction fluid. These two saturated fatty acids are the main wax constituents of raw cotton fabrics, identified using GC-MS after dichloromethane reflux overnight. Treating cotton fabrics with each of the three enzymes, cutinase, pectin lyase, or polygalacturonase, increased their pectin removal, as measured by high concentrations of D-galacturonic acid and other pectin constituents in the reaction fluid. A synergistic effect was found in the combined treatment of cutinase and pectin lyase in the hydrolysis of the cotton fibers’ cuticle. This effect was expressed in high water absorbency of the treated fibers, increased fabric weight loss and sharp elevation of a cutin and pectin monomer’s related peaks (retention time [RT] = 4.1 min and 2.9, 4.5 min, respectively). A model was suggested for the synergistic action between cutinase and pectin lyase. It assumes that the cuticle’s digestion by cutinase results in the enlargement and formation of outer layer micropores, which enables the rapid penetration of pectinase into the inner pectin layer.
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Degani, Ofir. "Synergism between Cutinase and Pectinase in the Hydrolysis of Cotton Fibers’ Cuticle." Catalysts 11, no. 1 (January 9, 2021): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11010084.
Full textAbstract:
Scouring is one of the initial steps in the processing of natural textile fibers (e.g., cotton), performed to remove waxes and pectins, together with spinning oils and other impurities of the plant cell cuticle. Traditional chemical bleaching with boiling NaOH led to harsh removal of the entire fabric’s cuticle waxy layer accompanied by an unwanted alkaline waste. Extracellular lytic enzymes such as lipases, cellulases and pectinases play an essential role in host plant-pathogen interactions. They degrade the plant cuticle and tissue and enable pathogen invasion. Such enzymes, specifically cutinase and pectinase, have been considered potential bio-scouring agents to degrade the cotton fabric cuticle’s outer layer at low temperature and alleviate environmental pollution. In this work, the combined effect of cutinase, pectin lyase, or polygalacturonase on the scouring of cotton fabrics was studied using evaporative light-scattering reverse-phase HPLC and GC-MS analysis of the reaction components, and measuring changes in the cotton fabrics’ properties. The traditional method of cotton fabrics’ scouring with NaOH resulted in decreased pectin content and increased cellulose fibers accessibility, evaluated by specific staining. Treating the cotton fibers’ cuticle with cutinase led to the acidification of the reaction mixture, a decrease in enzyme-specific activity, and elevation in hexadecanoic acid and octadecanoic acids in the reaction fluid. These two saturated fatty acids are the main wax constituents of raw cotton fabrics, identified using GC-MS after dichloromethane reflux overnight. Treating cotton fabrics with each of the three enzymes, cutinase, pectin lyase, or polygalacturonase, increased their pectin removal, as measured by high concentrations of D-galacturonic acid and other pectin constituents in the reaction fluid. A synergistic effect was found in the combined treatment of cutinase and pectin lyase in the hydrolysis of the cotton fibers’ cuticle. This effect was expressed in high water absorbency of the treated fibers, increased fabric weight loss and sharp elevation of a cutin and pectin monomer’s related peaks (retention time [RT] = 4.1 min and 2.9, 4.5 min, respectively). A model was suggested for the synergistic action between cutinase and pectin lyase. It assumes that the cuticle’s digestion by cutinase results in the enlargement and formation of outer layer micropores, which enables the rapid penetration of pectinase into the inner pectin layer.
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Ali Seyed, Mohamed, and Kavitha Vijayaraghavan. "Evaluation of an Improved Chitosan Scaffold Cross-Linked With Polyvinyl Alcohol and Amine Coupling Through 1-Ethyl-3-(3-Dimethyl Aminopropyl)-Carbodiimide (EDC) and 2 N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) for Corneal Applications." Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 6, no. 9 (September 18, 2018): 1561–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2018.322.
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BACKGROUND: Corneal blindness resulting from various medical conditions affects millions worldwide. The rapid developing tissue engineering field offers design of a scaffold with mechanical properties and transparency similar to that of the natural cornea.
AIM: The present study aimed at to prepare and investigate the properties of PVA/chitosan blended scaffold by further cross-linking with 1-Ethyl-3-(3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-carbodiimide (EDC) and 2 N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) as potential in vitro carrier for human limbal stem cells delivery.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: Acetic acid dissolved chitosan was added to PVA solution, uniformly mixed with a homogenizer until the mixture was in a colloidal state, followed by H2SO4 and formaldehyde added and the sample was allowed to cool, subsequently it was poured into a tube and heated in an oven at 60°C for 50 minutes. Finally, samples were soaked in a cross-linking bath with EDC, NHS and NaOH in H2O/EtOH for 24 h consecutively stirred to cross-link the polymeric chains, reduce degradation. After soaking in the bath, the samples were carefully washed with 2% glycine aqueous solution several times to remove the remaining amount of cross-linkers, followed by washed with water to remove residual agents. Later the cross-linked scaffold subjected for various characterization and biological experiments.
RESULTS: After viscosity measurement, the scaffold was observed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). The water absorbency of PVA/Chitosan was increased 361% by swelling. Compression testing demonstrated that by increasing the amount of chitosan, the strength of the scaffold could be increased to 16×10−1 MPa. Our degradation results revealed by mass loss using equation shows that scaffold degraded gradually imply slow degradation. In vitro tests showed good cell proliferation and growth in the scaffold. Our assay results confirmed that the membrane could increase the cells adhesion and growth on the substrate.
CONCLUSION: Hence, we strongly believe the use of this improved PVA/chitosan scaffold has potential to cut down the disadvantages of the human amniotic membrane (HAM) for corneal epithelium in ocular surface surgery and greater mechanical strength in future after successful experimentation with clinical trials.
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L’Espérance, André, Jean Nicolas, and G. A. Daigle. "Insertion loss of absorbent barriers on ground." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 86, no. 3 (September 1989): 1060–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.398097.
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DESOBRY, S., and J. HARDY. "Camembert Cheese Water Loss through Absorbent Packaging." Journal of Food Science 59, no. 5 (September 1994): 986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb08173.x.
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International Monetary Fund. "Australia: Addressing Systemic Risk Through Higher Loss Absorbency�Technical Note." IMF Staff Country Reports 12, no. 311 (2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781475542776.002.
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Ferris, C. P., and C. S. Mayne. "An investigation of factors influencing nutrient loss from absorbent materials during ensiling." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1991 (March 1991): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600020432.
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Including dry feed materials (absorbents) with grass at ensiling has been shown to reduce effluent output and improve silage fermentation (Offer and Al-Rwidah, 1989) although the effects of this practice on animal performance have been somewhat variable (Ferris and Mayne, 1990; Jones, Jones and Moseley, 1990). However little is known about the fate of these absorbents during ensilage or the effects of ensiling upon their chemical composition. The aim of this investigation, which was part of a large scale dairy cow production study was to examine the nutrient recovery and compositional changes occurring with unmolassed sugar-beet pulp (SBP) when ensiled with grass at three levels of inclusion.
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Cao, Qi, Jie Zhang, Huibin Zhang, Junzhou Xu, and Renchao Che. "Dual-surfactant templated hydrothermal synthesis of CoSe2 hierarchical microclews for dielectric microwave absorption." Journal of Advanced Ceramics 11, no. 3 (February 11, 2022): 504–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40145-021-0545-3.
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AbstractCobalt diselenide (CoSe2) hierarchical clew-like structure is synthesized via a dual-surfactant templated hydrothermal process, and for the first time, its microwave absorption capability has been established. Specifically, the as-synthesized hierarchical interconnected structure is assembled by numerous dense nanobelts. Meticulous tuning of the synthetic conditions which could influence the hierarchical architecture indicates that, in this system, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) plays a dominate role of “balling” while protonated diethylenetriamine (DETA) plays the role of “stringing”. As a novel absorbent, the microwave absorption performance of CoSe2 microstructure is evaluated in 2–18 GHz band. Particularly, 3D hierarchical CoSe2 microclews exhibit superior minimum reflection loss of −26.93 dB at 7.28 GHz and effective absorption bandwidth of 3.72 GHz, which are ∼120% and ∼104% higher than those of simple CoSe2 nanosheets, respectively. Such drastic enhancement could be attributed to the large specific surface area, and more dissipation channels and scattering sites enabled by the unique clew-like microstructure. The versatile dual-surfactant templated assembly of hierarchical CoSe2 microstructure, along with its appreciable dielectric microwave absorption performance, provides new inspirations in developing novel microwave absorbents for mitigation of electromagnetic pollution.
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Qiu, Yue, Qing Zhang, Qian Yang, Chanlan Tan, and Lu Zhang. "Determination of 11 kinds of ultraviolet absorbents in plastic food contact materials by high performance liquid chromatography." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2194, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2194/1/012004.
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Abstract A method for the determination of 11 kinds of ultraviolet (UV) absorbents in food contact materials was established based on high performance liquid chromatography. The target compounds were separated on a Agilent SB C18 (250 mm×4.6 mm×5 μm) column with gradient elution using acetonitrile and water as mobile phase, which analyzed by diode array detector and quantified by external standard method. The results showed that the linear range of the 11 UV absorbents was between 0.2 and 50.0 mg/L (R2≥0.9985), the limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.01-0.05 mg/L, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 0.05-0.20 mg/L. The recoveries (R) of blank samples at 0.2, 10 and 50 mg/kg were from 80.2% to 97.5%, and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were ranged from 0.37% to 4.15%. The method had low detection limit, high stability and good repeatability, which could be used for daily detection of UV absorbents in food contact materials.
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Lu, Honglong, Aibo Zhang, Yanping Zhang, Lichao Ding, and Yaping Zheng. "The effect of polymer polarity on the microwave absorbing properties of MWNTs." RSC Advances 5, no. 80 (2015): 64925–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra11528k.
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Zhang, Qiancheng, Zuojuan Du, Zi Zhao Ding, Yu Liu, Jianling Yue, Xiaozhong Huang, and Aililang Chen. "Clathrate-like porous graphene/ TiO2 composite with strong dielectric polarization for electromagnetic microwave absorption." Applied Physics Letters 122, no. 3 (January 16, 2023): 031901. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0135240.
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Porous carbon frameworks functionalized with multi-scale particles are an important approach in highly efficient microwave absorbent design since impedance matching and polarization/conductivity loss are well balanced. The absorbent with a versatile structure that is not easily deformed within application is still in need. In this work, open-cell porous graphene (PG) functionalized with [Formula: see text] nanorods is synthesized by the solvothermal method, creating a high specific surface area structure. Complex electromagnetic parameters indicate that the introduction of [Formula: see text] nanorods improves the microwave absorption (MA) performance by optimizing the impedance matching and enhancing the polarization relaxation due to the large numbers of PG@[Formula: see text] interfaces. Polarization loss plays a dominant role in microwave attenuation. In addition, the designed clathrate-like structure is anticipated to further attenuate the MA wave by multiple reflections and scatterings. Interface polarization and dipole polarization can be identified with frequencies in Cole–Cole plotting. The optimized PG@[Formula: see text] composite with a thickness of 1.92 mm exhibits a minimum reflection loss of −55.10 dB at 14.29 GHz with a low filler ratio of 10 wt. %. This work is heuristic in the absorbent structure design and is helpful in enhancing and identification of polarization relaxation loss.
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Bramantya, Bramantya, Losendra Primamas Yonando, Muhammad Rifaldi, and Rama Oktavian. "Sintesis dan Karakterisasi Silika Aerogel Hidrofobik dan Oliofilik dari Pasir Laut sebagai Absorben Tumpahan Minyak." Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan 2, no. 2 (October 24, 2018): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33795/jtkl.v2i2.69.
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Proses pengolahan minyak di Indonesia sangat menguntungkan untuk perekonomian negara. Tetapi disamping itu, terdapat hal yang meyebabkan kerugian yaitu terjadinya tumpahan minyak. Tumpahan minyak bisa diatasi salah satunya dengan menggunakan absorben. Silika aerogel dapat digunakan sebagai absorben. Bahan baku utama sintesis silika aerogel adalah silika. Pada pasir laut di Indonesia rata-rata mengandung silika yang cukup tinggi yaitu sebesar 70%. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh precursor dalam modifikasi material silika aerogel yang bersifat oliofilik dan hidrofobik. Pembuatan silika aerogel terbagi menjadi beberapa bagian yaitu pembuatan waterglass (sodium metasilikat) dari pasir laut, kemudian pembuatan silika aerogel dari waterglass. Dalam metode ini digunakan beberapa variabel pembanding yaitu dengan penambahan TEOS (tetraetil ortosilikat) dan heksana dengan perbandingan volume 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3 sedangkan untuk penambahan etanol divariabelkan konsentrasi volumenya dengan rincian 10%, 20%, dan 30%. Bahan baku pasir laut dan produk silika aerogel dilakukan karakterisasi yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui sifat-sifatnya. Bahan baku pasir laut diuji dengan metode XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) bertujuan mengetahui komponen yang terkandung dalam pasir silika dengan hasil SiO2 98,9%, K2O 1,2%, CaO 0,6%, TiO2 0,766%, V2O5 0,007%, MnO 0,028%, Fe2O3 0,431%, NiO 0,01%, CuO 0,035%, Yb2O3 0,03%. Sedangkan produk silika aerogel dilakukan uji sudut kontak dan uji serapan minyak, dari hasil uji sudut kontak didapat hasil pada sampel dua dengan penambahan TEOS dan heksana sebanyak 1:2 dan etanol 20% memiliki sudut kontak sebesar 143,95o sedangkan untuk uji serapan minyak sampel dua memiliki kemampuan menyerap minyak sebesar 13,98 g/g silika aerogel.Oil processing in Indonesia is very profitable for the economy of the country. However, in the exploration process there might be an oil spill which can cause a loss in oil production. Oil spill can be overcome by using absorbent. Silica aerogel can be used as absorbent. The main raw material of silica absorbent is silica. Sea sand in Indonesia contains high enough silica reaches 70% on average. This research was conducted to determine the effect of precursors in the modification of silica aerogel which is oliophilic and hydrophobic. The synthesys of silica aerogel was divided into several parts, namely synthesys waterglass from the sea sand and synthesys silica aerogel from waterglass. In this method, several variables were used with addition of TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate) and hexane with volume ratio 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, while for addition of ethanol was varied with volume concentration of 10%, 20%, and 30%. Sea sand as raw material and silica aerogel as product was characterized in order to determine their properties. Sea sand were characterized using XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) method contains SiO2 98.9%, K2O 1.2%, CaO 0.6%, TiO2 0.766%, V2O5 0.007%, MnO 0.028%, Fe2O3 0.431%, NiO 0.01%, CuO 0.035%, Yb2O3 0.03%. While the silica aerogel was characterixed by contact angle method and oil absorption test. In result, sample with addition of TEOS:hexane as much as 1:2 and ethanol 20% have contact angle of 143.95oand has ability to absorb oil 13.98 g/g silica aerogel.
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Li, Guomin, Lutao Mao, Baoshun Zhu, Xin Chang, Yake Wang, Guizhen Wang, Kewei Zhang, Yuming Tian, and Liping Liang. "Novel ceramic-based microwave absorbents derived from gangue." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 40 (2020): 14238–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc03633a.
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Wang, De Zhi, Yin Yan Zhang, and Yun Fang Meng. "Study on Adding Super Absorbent Polymer to Improve the Frost Resistance of Concrete." Applied Mechanics and Materials 584-586 (July 2014): 960–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.584-586.960.
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Internal curing was especially beneficial to improve concrete performance. The super absorbent polymer and fly ash were used in the concrete and the frost resistance of concrete was studied. The result indicated that the super absorbent polymer changed the pore structure, increased the quantity of the pore, decreased the strength loss 5-10% after 250 freeze-thaw cycles and improved the frost resistance of concrete.
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Fu, Ziwen, Zhihong Chen, Rui Wang, Hanyan Xiao, Jun Wang, Hao Yang, Yueting Shi, Wei Li, and Jianguo Guan. "Deformation-Thermal Co-Induced Ferromagnetism of Austenite Nanocrystalline FeCoCr Powders for Strong Microwave Absorption." Nanomaterials 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 2263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12132263.
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Nanocrystalline soft magnetic alloy powders are promising microwave absorbents since they can work at diverse frequencies and are stable in harsh environments. However, when the alloy powders are in austenite phase, they are out of the screen for microwave absorbents due to their paramagnetic nature. In this work, we reported a strategy to enable strong microwave absorption in nanocrystalline austenite FeCoCr powders by deformation-thermal co-induced ferromagnetism via attritor ball milling and subsequent heat treatment. Results showed that significant austenite-to-martensite transformation in the FeCoCr powders was achieved during ball milling, along with the increase in shape anisotropy from spherical to flaky. The saturation magnetization followed parabolic kinetics during ball milling and rose from 1.43 to 109.92 emu/g after milling for 4 h, while it exhibited a rapid increase to 181.58 emu/g after subsequent heat treatment at 500 °C. A considerable increase in complex permeability and hence magnetic loss capability was obtained. With appropriate modulation of complex permittivity, the resultant absorbents showed a reflection loss of below −6 dB over 8~18 GHz at thickness of 1 mm and superior stability at 300 °C. Our strategy can broaden the material selection for microwave absorbents by involving Fe-based austenite alloys and simply recover the ferromagnetism of industrial products made without proper control of the crystalline phase.
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Boiko, Julie R., Bita Sahaf, and David B. Miklos. "Allotype Reagents Distinguish Donor and Recipient Antibodies after Hematopoietic Transplantation." Blood 108, no. 11 (November 16, 2006): 2906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.2906.2906.
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Abstract Allogeneic immune responses provide beneficial graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) and detrimental graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To characterize allogeneic B cells and their antibodies in relation to GVHD and GVL, antigen specific assays are required to distinguish donor and recipient antibodies. Inherited polymorphisms in heavy chain constant regions of immunoglobulin can be recognized by allotype specific monoclonal antibodies. We hypothesize that B cell reconstitution differs after myeloablative and nonmyeloablative (NMA) HCT with clinical implications. To test this, we developed allotype ELISAs to quantify donor and recipient antibody responses for specific infectious and allogeneic antigens. Human sera were screened by ELISA coating monoclonal antibodies specific for human allotypes (IgG1m(f), m(z), m(a), IgG2m(n), and IgG3m(g1)) at titers providing shared dynamic ranges. Pre-transplant sera from 48 patients and their donors were serially diluted, and allotype-specific immunoglobulin was detected by alkaline phosphatase-conjugated polyclonal anti-human IgG. Allotype-null sera clearly segregated from wild-type sera with 10-fold absorbency differences. Each null phenotype was confirmed by total IgG and isotype-specific quantification. Overall, IgG1m(f) was null in 8 of 96 sera (null allele frequency 29%), and IgG2m(n) was null in 23 of 96 (null allele frequency 48%). Six patients were null for both, and overall 17 of 48 donor/recipient transplant pairs were informative for either allotype. Nulls for the remaining three allotypes were infrequently recognized limiting their clinical utility. Additionally, we measured monoclonal IgG1 purified from 5 multiple myeloma patients identifying three null alleles, one wild-type, and a single intermediate polymorphism. Labeled conjugation of the wild-type monoclonal IgG1 enables competitive inhibition analysis of null allotype improving null allotype sensitivity for engraftment less than 5%. Sera were collected monthly from all HCT patients informative for allotype antibody. Three NMA HCT patients who underwent total lymphoid irradiation and anti-thymoglobulin (TLI/ATG) conditioning have donors that are null for IgG2m(n) and are being prospectively assessed for recipient antibody loss. Their recipient allotype-specific IgG persists at pretransplant recipient levels in all three patients measured six months after NMA HCT, and the lead patient expresses 100% pretransplant recipient allotype antibody ten months after HCT. Conversely, a single NMA patient null for IgG2m(n) with a wild-type donor has no detectable IgG2m(n) donor antibodies four months after HCT despite having 100% donor peripheral B cell engraftment measured 30 days after NMA HCT. In contrast, an informative patient undergoing myeloablative HCT developed 25% IgG2m(n) donor specific antibodies 3 months post-transplant, and 50% at 7 months. Others have reported donor allotype specific antibody achieves full engraftment by 6 months after myeloablative HCT (Van Tol et al. Blood 1996). Our ongoing preliminary studies suggest NMA HCT patients experience delayed donor antibody onset and prolonged recipient antibodies as compared to patients undergoing myeloablative HCT. In order to confirm this, we are measuring antigen-specific donor allotype antibody reconstitution for infectious antigens (EBV and tetanus) and allogeneic H-Y antigens.
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Pettersen, Marit Kvalvåg, Julie Nilsen-Nygaard, Anlaug Ådland Hansen, Mats Carlehög, and Kristian Hovde Liland. "Effect of Liquid Absorbent Pads and Packaging Parameters on Drip Loss and Quality of Chicken Breast Fillets." Foods 10, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10061340.
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Visible liquid inside food packages is perceived as unattractive to consumers, and may result in food waste—a significant factor that can compromise sustainability in food value chains. However, an absorber with overdimensioned capacity may cause alterations in texture and a dryer product, which in turn may affect consumers’ satisfaction and repurchase. In this study we compared the effect of a number of liquid absorbent pads in combination with headspace gas composition (60% CO2/40% N2 and 75% O2/25% CO2) and gas-to-product volume ratio (g/p) on drip loss and quality of fresh chicken breast fillets. A significant increase in drip loss with an increasing number of liquid absorbent pads was documented. The increase was more pronounced in 60% CO2/40% N2 compared to 75% O2/25% CO2. By comparing packaging variants with a different number of liquid absorbent pads, a higher drip loss for all tested was found at g/p 1.8 compared to g/p 2.9. Total viable counts (TVC) were independent of whether there was free liquid in contact with the product, and TVC was independent of gas composition. Differentiation between the gas compositions was seen for specific bacterial analyses. While significant changes were observed using texture analysis, sensory evaluation of the chicken breast fillets did not show any negative effect in texture related attributes. This study demonstrates the importance of optimized control of meat drip loss, as product-adjusted liquid absorption may affect economy, food quality, and consumer satisfaction, as well as food waste.
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Sun, Zhihao, Zhaoqian Yan, Anran Li, Kaicheng Yue, Lanling Zhao, and Lei Qian. "Dual heteroatoms co-doping strategy of graphene-based dielectric loss electromagnetic absorbent." Applied Surface Science 564 (October 2021): 150380. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.150380.
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Vlasceanu, Ioana Nicoleta, Ameni Gharzouni, Olivier Tantot, Edson Martinod, and Sylvie Rossignol. "Geopolymer Carbon-Based for Ultra-Wideband Absorbent Applications." Molecules 25, no. 18 (September 14, 2020): 4218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184218.
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Dimension reduction, cost efficiency, and environmental sustainability are important factors in absorbent designs. Geopolymers represent an eco-friendly and cost-efficient solution for such applications, and the objective of this study is to develop new geopolymer-based composites with tailored dielectric properties. To develop such composites, different formulations based on three types of carbon and various surfactants are tested. The nonionic surfactant is preferred over the anionic surfactant. Dielectric investigations between 2 and 3.3 GHz are performed. The results reveal that the carbon content and its type (origin) have significant effects on the dielectric characteristics and less on the magnetic characteristics. Indeed, an increase in permittivity from 2 to 24 and an increase from 0.09 to 0.6 for loss tangent are shown with changes in the carbon content and type. A permittivity (ε) of 2.27 and loss (tan δ) of 0.19 are obtained for a pore size of 1.6 mm, for the carbon type with the lowest purity, and with a nonionic surfactant. Finally, it is shown that the addition of magnetite has little impact on the overall magnetic properties of the geopolymer.
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Han, Wei, and You Hong Tang. "Water-Swelling Rubber Containing Small Amount of Nanofillers with Enhanced Water Swelling Durability." Advanced Materials Research 774-776 (September 2013): 544–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.774-776.544.
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A series of water-swelling rubbers (WSR) were prepared by directly mixing room temperature vulcanization-2 components silicone rubber (RTV-2 SR) with superabsorbent polymer (SAP) and nanofiller (s) (halloysite nanotube or/and CaCO3). The effects of component on its mechanical behaviours and water-absorbent properties such as degree of swelling, swelling ratio, and weight loss ratio were investigated. The equilibrium swelling ratio increased with increasing amounts of water-absorbent resin. Well-dispersed nanofiller (s) increased the mechanical properties of WSR and prevented SAP breaking off from the elastomer network to effectively enhance the water-swelling durability of WSR.
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Li, Simeng, Han Li, Yanmei Yu, and Jian Chen. "Simulation and Performance Comparison for CO2 Capture by Aqueous Solvents of N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) Piperazine and Another Five Single Amines." Processes 9, no. 12 (December 3, 2021): 2184. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9122184.
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N-(2-Hydroxyethyl) piperazine (HEPZ) has a chemical structure similar to PZ and has less volatility. It is not easy to volatilize in a continuous operation device. It is studied to replace PZ as a promotor to increase the CO2 capture rate. This paper researches the lowest energy consumption and absorbent loss of HEPZ/H2O in the absorption-regeneration process, and compares it with another five amines, including PZ, MEA, 1-MPZ, AMP and DMEA. Based on the thermodynamic model, this work establishes a process simulation based on the equilibrium stage, assuming that all stages of the absorption and desorption towers reach thermodynamic equilibrium and CO2 recovery in the absorption tower is 90%. By optimizing the process parameters, the lowest thermodynamic energy consumption and absorbent loss of process operation are obtained. Our results show that HEPZ as a promotor to replace PZ and MEA has significant economic value. The lowest reboiler energy consumption of HEPZ with the optimal process parameters is 3.018 GJ/tCO2, which is about 35.2% lower than that of PZ and about 11.6% lower than that of MEA, and HEPZ has the lowest solvent loss. The cyclic capacity is 64.7% higher than PZ and 21.6% lower than primary amine MEA.
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Gao, Cheng, Yangsheng Jiang, Dayong Cai, Jinyong Xu, and Weiyao Xiao. "Effect of Temperature on the Microwave-Absorbing Properties of an Al2O3–MoSi2 Coating Mixed with Copper." Coatings 11, no. 8 (August 5, 2021): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11080940.
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To obtain a high temperature-resistant microwave absorbing coating, an Al2O3–MoSi2/Cu composite coating was prepared by atmospheric plasma spraying. Compared with a normal temperature environment, there are a few reports on Cu as an absorbent for high temperature microwave absorbing coatings. Therefore, in this regard, wave absorbing property can be improved by using a Cu absorbent. The microstructure of a Al2O3–MoSi2/Cu coating was observed, and the dielectric properties of the composite coating in the high-temperature environment of the X-band were tested. The experimental results show that with the increase in temperature, Cu transforms Cu2O in the high-temperature environment and improves the coating’s wave absorption performance with MoSi2. In addition, a 1.4 mm-thick coating showed best microwave absorbing performance at 700 °C. The reflection loss was −19.09 dB, and the effective microwave absorbing bandwidth was 2.83 GHz (Reflection Loss < −10 dB). It was found that the Al2O3–MoSi2/Cu composite coating has good wave-absorbing performance in a 700 °C high-temperature environment.