Academic literature on the topic 'Lord Howe Volcano'

The Thysanoptera diversity of Lord Howe Island comprises 39 known species, of which 13 are considered likely to be endemic to this tiny remnant of an ancient submarine volcano. Three new species are described in Baenothrips, a small but widespread genus of wingless, fungus-feeding species in the Old World tropics. Two new species of Scirtothrips are described that are members of a species-group breeding on the youngest fronds of tree ferns.

The 15 species of Mecyclothorax Sharp precinctive to New Caledonia are revised and shown by cladistic analysis to comprise a monophyletic lineage, here treated as subgenus Phacothorax Jeannel. The New Caledonian species of subgenus Phacothorax include Mecyclothoraxfleutiauxi (Jeannel), M.najtae Deuve, and 13 newly described species: M.jeanneli sp. n., M.laterobustus sp. n., M.laterorectus sp. n., M.laterosinuatus sp. n., M.laterovatulus sp. n., M.manautei sp. n., M.megalovatulus sp. n., M.octavius sp. n., M.paniensis sp. n., M.picdupinsensis sp. n., M.plurisetosus sp. n., and two jointly authored species; M.kanak Moore & Liebherr sp. n., and M.mouensis Moore & Liebherr sp. n.. subgenus Phacothorax is one of five subgenera recognized within genus Mecyclothorax based on cladistic analysis of 65 exemplar taxa utilizing information from 137 morphological characters. The four other monophyletic subgenera include the precinctive Australian Eucyclothorax subgen. n. (type species Mecyclothoraxblackburni [Sloane]), the precinctive Queensland Qecyclothorax subgen. n. (type species Mecyclothoraxstoreyi Moore), the precinctive New Zealand Meonochilus Liebherr & Marris status n., and the geographically widespread and very diverse nominate subgenus, distributed from St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, eastward across Australia and New Guinea, and in the Sundas, Timor Leste, Lord Howe and Norfolk Islands, New Zealand, and the Society and Hawaiian Islands. The biogeographic history of Mecyclothorax can be derived from the parsimony cladogram time-calibrated by times of origin of particular geographic areas inhabited by resident representative species. Based on sister-group status of subgenus Phacothorax and subgenus Mecyclothorax, and occupation of Lord Howe Island–an island originating no earlier than 6 Ma–by the earliest divergent lineage within subgenus Mecyclothorax, the ancestor of present-day Phacothorax spp. is hypothesized to have colonized New Caledonia 6 Ma, subsequent both to Cretaceous Gondwanan vicariance as well as any Oligocene submergence. Area relationships among the New Caledonian Phacothorax point to earliest diversification incorporating the northern massifs, and most recent diversification on the ultramafic volcanic substrates in the south of Grand Terre. Flight wing loss has played an important role in shaping the various island faunas, both in their morphology as well as their diversity. The retention of flight capability in only a few of the many hundred Mecyclothorax spp. is presented in light of how populations evolve from macropterous colonizing propagules to vestigially winged specialists. Interspecific differences in genitalic structures for the sister-species pair M.fleutiauxi + M.jeanneli are shown to involve functional complementarity of male and female structures. Extensive geographic variation of male genitalia is demonstrated for several New Caledonian Mecyclothorax spp. This variation deviates from the geographically uniform male genitalia exhibited by species in the hyperdiverse Mecyclothorax radiation of Haleakalā volcano, Maui, suggesting that extensive sympatry occurring among species in that diverse species swarm selects for stability within this mate recognition system. Conversely, lower levels of sympatry characterizing the depauperate New Caledonian radiation permit the presence of more extensive male genitalic variation, this variation not selected against due to the lower likelihood of interspecific mating mistakes.

AbstractOne of the world’s most notable intraplate volcanic regions lies on the eastern Australian plate and includes two age-progressive trails offshore (Tasmantid and Lord Howe seamount chains) and the world’s longest continental hotspot trail (Cosgrove Track). While most studies agree that these chains formed by the rapid northward motion of the Australian plate over a slowly moving mantle source, the volcanic output along these trails, their plate–mantle interactions and the source of the magmatism remain unconstrained. A geophysical mapping and dredging campaign on the RV Southern Surveyor (ss2012_v06) confirmed the prolongation of the Lord Howe Seamount Chain to the South Rennell Trough, ∼200 km further north than previously sampled. Radiometric dating of these new samples at 27–28 Ma, together with previously published results from the southern part of the chain, indicate straightforward northward motion of the Australian plate over a quasi-stationary hotspot as predicted by Indo-Atlantic and Pacific hotspot models. A peak in Lord Howe Seamount Chain magmatism in late Oligocene time, also seen in the Tasmantid and Cosgrove trails, matches a 27–23 Ma slowdown of Australian plate motion. The average magma flux of the Lord Howe hotspot is estimated at 0.4 m3 s−1, similar to rates of crustal production at the South Rennell Trough prior to cessation of spreading in middle Oligocene time, supporting a potential genetic relationship to this spreading system. In addition, plate tectonic modelling suggests that the seamounts and plateaus in the Coral Sea may host the earliest evidence of plume activity in the area.

U–Pb detrital zircon ages (LAM-ICPMS) are reported for 20 greywackes and sandstones from seven major tectono-stratigraphic terranes of the Eastern Province of New Zealand (Cretaceous to Carboniferous) to constrain sediment provenances. Samples are mainly from three time horizons: Late Permian, Late Triassic and Late Jurassic. Age datasets are analysed as percentages in geological intervals, and in histogram and cumulative probability diagrams. The latter discriminate significant zircon age components in terms of terrane, sample stratigraphic age, component age, precision and percentage (of total set). Zircon age distributions from all samples have persistent, large Triassic–Permian, and very few Devonian–Silurian, populations, features which exclude a sediment provenance from the early Palaeozoic, Lachlan Fold Belt of southeast Australia or continuations in New Zealand and Antarctica. In the accretionary terranes, significant Palaeozoic (and Precambrian) zircon age populations are present in Torlesse and Waipapa terranes, and variably in Caples terrane. In the fore-arc and back-arc terranes, a unimodal character persists in Murihiku and Brook Street terranes, while Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane is more variable, and with Caples terrane, displays a hybrid character. Required extensive Triassic–Permian zircon sources can only be found within the New England Fold Belt and Hodgkinson Province of northeast Australia, and southward continuations to Dampier Ridge, Lord Howe Rise and West Norfolk Ridge (Tasman Sea). Small but significant Palaeozoic (and Precambrian) age components in the accretionary terranes (plus Dun Mountain–Maitai terrane), have sources in hinterlands of the New England Fold Belt, in particular to mid-Palaeozoic granite complexes in NE Queensland, and Carboniferous granite complexes in NE New South Wales. Major and minor components place sources (1) for the older Torlesse (Rakaia) terrane, in NE Queensland, and (2) for Waipapa terrane, in NE New South Wales, with Dun Mountain–Maitai and Caples terrane sources more inshore and offshore, respectively. In Early Jurassic–Late Cretaceous, Torlesse (Pahau) and Waipapa terranes, there is less continental influence, and more isolated, offshore volcanic arc sources are suggested. There is local input of plutonic rock detritus into Pahau depocentres from the Median Batholith in New Zealand, or its northward continuation on Lord Howe Rise. Excepting Murihiku and Brook Street terranes, all others are suspect terranes, with depocentres close to the contemporary Gondwanaland margin in NE Australia, and subsequent margin-parallel, tectonic transport to their present New Zealand position. This is highlighted by a slight southeastward migration of terrane depocentres with time. Murihiku and Brook Street terrane sources are more remote from continental influences and represent isolated offshore volcanic depocentres, perhaps in their present New Zealand position.

ABSTRACTSilicic and minor intermediate and mafic pyroclastics, lavas, and dykes occupy a NW-trending zone through the Whitsunday, Cumberland and Northumberland Island groups, and locally areas on the adjacent mainland, over a distance of more than 300 km along the central Queensland coast. K-Ar and Rb-Sr data indicate an age range of 95–132 Ma, with the main activity approximately between 105–120 Ma; there is, however, evidence for easterly increasing ages. Comagmatic granites, some clearly intrusive into the volcanics, occur together with two localised areas of Triassic potassic granites (229 Ma), that form the immediate basement.The volcanics are dominantly rhyolitic to dacitic lithic ignimbrites, with intercalated surge and bedded tuffs, accretionary lapilli tuffs, and lag deposits. Associated rock types include isolated rhyolitic and dacitic domes, and volumetrically minor andesite and rare basalt flows. The sequence is cut by abundant dykes, especially in the northern region and adjacent mainland, ranging from dolerite through andesite, dacite and rhyolite. Dyke orientations show maxima between NW-NNE. Isotope data, similarities in petrography and mineralogy, and alteration patterns all suggest dyke intrusion to be broadly contemporaneous with volcanism. The thickness of the volcanics is unconstrained, although in the Whitsunday area, minimum thicknesses of >1 km are inferred. Eruptive centres are believed to occur throughout the region, and include at least two areas of caldera-style collapse. The sequences are thus considered as predominantly intracaldera.The phenocryst mineralogy is similar to modern “orogenic” volcanics. Phases include plagioclase, augite, hypersthene (uralitised), magnetite, ilmenite, with less common hornblende, and even rarer quartz, sanidine, and biotite. Fe-enriched compositions only develop in some high-silica rhyolites. The granites range from quartz diorite to granite s.s., and some contain spectacular concentrations of partially disaggregated dioritic inclusions.Chemically, the suite ranges continuously from basalt to high-silica rhyolite, with calc-alkali to high-K affinities, and geochemical signatures similar to modern subduction-related magmas. Only the high-silica rhyolites and granites exhibit evidence of extensive fractional crystallisation (e.g. pronounced Eu anomalies). Variation within the suite can only satisfactorily be modelled in terms of two component mixing, with superimposed crystal fractionation. Nd and Sr isotope compositions are relatively coherent, with εNd + 2·2 to +7·3, and ISr (calculated at 110 and 115 Ma) 0·7031-0·7044. These are relatively primitive, and imply mantle and/or newly accreted crustal magma sources.The two end-members proposed are within-plate tholeiitic melt, and ?low-silica rhyolitic melts generated by partial fusion of Permian (to ?Carboniferous) arc and arc basement. The arc-like geochemistry is thus considered to be source inherited. The tectonic setting for Cretaceous volcanism is correlated with updoming and basin rifting during the early stages of continental breakup, culminating in the opening of the Tasman Basin. Cretaceous volcanism is also recognised in the Maryborough Basin (S Queensland), the Lord Howe Rise, and New Caledonia, indicating the regional extent of volcanism associated with the complex breakup of the eastern Australasian continent margin.

Hydrochemical analysis has emerged as a powerful methodology in geothermal system profiling. Indonesia is the capital of geothermal energy with its more than 100 active volcanoes. Therefore we need to have an analytical, data-driven, and user-focused online application of geothermal water quality. Proudly we introduce Thermostats (https://aswansyahputra.shinyapps.io/thermostats/). We collected water quality from 416 geothermal sites across Indonesia. Three main objectives are to provide an online open-free to use data repository, to visualize the dataset to suit user’s needs, and to help users understand the geothermal system of each particular site. At the end, we hope they like this system and donate their own dataset to make it better for future users. We designed this online app using Shiny, because it’s open source, lightweight and portable. It’s very intuitive to load our descriptive, bivariate and multivariate statistics. We selected Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis as two strong statistics for water sample classification. Users could add their own dataset by making a pull request on Github (https://github.com/dasaptaerwin/thermostats) or sending it to us by email to make it visible in the application and included in the visualization. We make this application portable, so it can be installed on a local computer or a server, to enable an easy and fluid way of data sharing between collaborators.

Since 1976, and more so since 1985, the Antarctic ozone level has suffered considerable depletion (termed as Antarctic ozone hole), attributed to the destructive effects of CFC compounds leaking into the atmosphere from man-made gadgets. The 12-month running means of South Pole Dobson ozone (monthly means, upto 1999 end only) were subjected to spectral analysis, which showed considerable, significant amplitudes for QBO (Quasi-biennial, 2-3 years) and QTO (Quasi-triennial, 3-4 years) oscillations, with a total range of 20-30 DU. When subtracted from the original values, a fairly smooth variation was seen, with a decrease from ~260 DU in 1986 to ~230 DU in 1996 (~12% decrease in 12-month running means), and an almost steady level thereafter. Thus, the net ozone variation at South Pole consists of two parts, (i) a long-term monotonically downward trend upto 1996 and a steady level thereafter and (ii) a superposed QBO-QTO oscillation. The chemical destruction effect is not likely to disappear soon, and may even increase if greenhouse effects, major volcanic eruptions or enhanced stratospheric cooling intervene. If the long-term level (i) remains steady, an extrapolation of the QBO-QTO patterns indicates that the ozone level is due for an increase from about 1999 end to about 2001 beginning. The purpose of the present analysis is to point out that, if such an increase of 20-30 DU occurs, it should not be misinterpreted as due to a decrease in chemical destruction, which scientists are eagerly awaiting due to the indication of a reduction in the halogen load in recent years due to adherence to the Montreal Protocol. After one or two years (in 2002), the extrapolated QBO-QTO oscillation may bring down the ozone level back again to the 1999 end level, and the apparent recovery may turn out to be a false signal.

The problem in this research relates to the learning theory that rarely considered as a basis in learning in Indonesia. learning plans and syllabus structure in the national curriculum is not included learning theory point. learning theory only has been less studied in the subjects in geography education undergraduate. This makes learning theory material less explored. Learning theory is also often forgotten in educational research undergraduate and postgraduate programs. Many research did not allude to the relevance of learning theory in learning. After graduating, they less develop or linking learning theory with the teaching profession. That condition makes learning essence should be strengthened to become weak or even disappear.This research aims to describe the compatibility when applying outdoor study environment subjects with the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning theory in senior high school. This research used a qualitative methodology with the type of descriptive exploitative research. Data sources are students and geography teachers. The process of collecting data uses the method of observation and interviews. Data were analyzed with the 6 Cresswell's qualitative analyzing steps. The results show that the application of outdoor study is suitable both the psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning. The compatibility is reflected in the learning activities, there are: before, during, and after working in the outdoor. The teacher's ability to implement the basis of psychological theories of intelligence and meaningful learning makes learning more easily understood and meaningful for students. Keywords: meaningful learning, outdoor study, psychological theories. References Agra et al. (2019). Analysis of The Cocept of Meaningful Learning in Light of The Ausubel’s Theory. Rev Bras Enferm 72(1), 248-255. Anderson, L.W., & Krathwohl, D.R. (2015). 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Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

Phasmid is the amazing true story of the Lord Howe Island Phasmid, or Stick Insect. Believed to be extinct for nearly 80 years, the phasmids were rediscovered on Balls Pyramid, a volcanic outcrop 23 kilometres off the coast of Lord Howe Island, Australia. News of their unbelievable survival made headlines around the world and prompted an extraordinary conservation effort to save this remarkable invertebrate. This wonderful tale captures the life of one of the world's most critically endangered invertebrates, from beginning life as an egg to surviving harsh environments and the hopeful return to their homeland, Lord Howe Island. With a captivating narrative by Rohan Cleave, invertebrate zookeeper at Melbourne Zoo, and stunning watercolour illustrations by renowned artist Coral Tulloch, Phasmid is a positive story about one species' incredible survival in a time of worldwide species decline. Phasmid is perfect for primary aged readers. Honour Book, The CBCA Eve Pownall Award for Information Books 2016 Shortlisted for The Wilderness Society's Annual Environment Award for Children's Literature 2016 Recipient of a 2016 Whitley Award commendation for Children's Conservation Book

One of the greatest dangers to properly working aircraft engines, apart from human error, is the ingestion foreign objects into the compressor. These objects may be birds, dust, hail, volcanic ash, ice on wings but also aircraft parts or simply garbage. Modern jet engines can suffer major damage from even small objects being sucked into the engine. We want to show how foreign object debris affects the dynamic stress level of a rotor blade. A comparison between an undisturbed engine inlet and one with an ingested foreign object is carried out. The analysis will focus on the first stage compressor blade of an aircraft engine with a partially blocked radial inlet. The main subject of this paper concerns transferring a CFD analysis pressure field as a surface load to the structural model of a blade. First a CFD calculation of a nominal and disturbance regime was conducted. In both cases an unsteady pressure was calculated. Calculations were carried out on a first stage compressor blade. Ansys 12.1 was used to calculate the entire structure. Unsteady CFD calculations used Fluent for a 1.5 stage axial compressor model. A non-viscous flow was used for the numerical calculations. The unsteady forces were calculated on 10 control cross-sections of a rotor blade. The transient results obtained from the CFD calculations were transferred onto a structural rotor blade model using APDL language script.

Parlare di tempo geologico è un modo di contestualizzare i processi materiali della terra nella sua storia. La scala dei tempi geologici suddivide la lunga storia della terra in eoni, ere, periodi ed epoche, non omogenei tra loro, ma in relazione l'un l'altro a seconda di ciò che emerge dall'analisi dei dati stratigrafici o dallo studio della stratificazione dei diversi livelli della crosta terrestre. Recentemente negli studi relativi a territorio e paesaggio è stata introdotta l'idea che l'epoca dell'Olocene, iniziata circa 11.700 anni fa, sia terminata e che sia stata sostituita da una nuova epoca geologica chiamata Antropocene, ovvero, 'l'era della razza umana'. Per confermare o meno questa ipotesi, siamo partiti da due categorie concettuali di paesaggio: il paesaggio terrestre ed il paesaggio costruito. Il caso studio della città di Catania, in Sicilia, ben si applica a questa ricerca: il suolo della città si è costruito sia tramite l'intensa opera dell'uomo -negli ultimi 40 anni fino a risalire al XVII secolo ed al nucleo greco antico- sia tramite una non indifferente attività geologica, rappresentata dalle molteplici eruzioni vulcaniche e dai frequenti terremoti che hanno colpito la conurbazione nel corso dei secoli. L'analisi -tramite sezioni e carotaggi- della stratigrafia storica ha evidenziato come la forma non solo della città ma del paesaggio di Catania abbia risentito in maniera eccezionale delle mutazioni geologiche intercorse, più di ogni altra città europea, e la rende un oggetto di studio privilegiato per esaminare la correlazione tra paesaggio, tempo ed usi. Geologic time is a way of contextualizing the material processes of the Earth within its long history. The geologic time scale divides the long history of the earth in eons, eras, periods and epochs, not separately, but in relation to each other depending on what emerges from the analysis of stratigraphic data and the different levels of the crust of the earth.Recently, studies related to territory and landscape have introduced the idea that the current Holocene epoch that began 11,700 years ago has ended and has been replaced by a new geological epoch called the Anthropocene, or, 'the era of human race'. To confirm or reject this hypothesis, we started from two conceptual categories of landscape: the terrestrial landscape and the constructed landscape. We apply this research using the case study of Catania, Sicily. The soil of the city of Catania is built is through both the intense work of man – in the last 40 years going back to the seventeenth century and to antiquity with the ancient Greeks – and, through substantial geological activity – by the many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes over the centuries. The analysis is defined by a sectioning and dissection of the historical stratigraphy of the ground of Catania. It reveals how the form of the city and landscape of Catania has undergone exceptional change and mutation evolving slowly in geologic time, more so than any other European city. It is therefore an interesting object of study to examine the relationship between landscape, time and use.