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Academic literature on the topic 'Lord (Firm)'

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Published: 26 July 2024
Last updated: 27 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

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Matheson, Rachel. "Sacramental Vision in Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm." Literature and Theology 34, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 64–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/litthe/frz042.

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Abstract In this article I explore the central motif of vision in Annie Dillard’s short poetic narrative, Holy the Firm. Attention to the book’s tripartite structure reveals a movement through an aesthetic appreciation of creation, to an intellectual contemplation of the Fall, finally culminating in a mystical vision of wholeness in the redemptive descent of Christ. I turn to Julian of Norwich’s parable of the Lord and Servant in order to illuminate their shared attunement to the workings of divine love in the face of human suffering. For Dillard, Christ’s kenotic love is continually revealed in the Christian sacraments of baptism and communion. Finally, I suggest that through the artist, the thinker, and the nun, Dillard leads her reader toward a sacramental vision of the world, which locates the holy in the everyday.
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Hartland, Beth. "Vaucouleurs, Ludlow and Trim: the role of Ireland in the career of Geoffrey de Geneville (c. 1226–1314)." Irish Historical Studies 32, no. 128 (November 2001): 457–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400015212.

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In 1252 Geoffrey de Geneville married Matilda de Lacy, the elder coheiress of Meath and Weobley, thereby becoming lord of Trim in Ireland and Ludlow in the Welsh March. By birth, however, this second son of Simon, lord of Joinville, was the lord of Vaucouleurs in Champagne and was thus an ‘exotic’ figure to find involved in late thirteenth-century Ireland. While Geoffrey was not alone in being a landowner in Ireland with continental origins, since he was part of what Robert Bartlett calls the ‘aristocratic diaspora’ — the movement of western European aristocrats from their homelands into new areas where they settled in order to augment their fortunes — he was exceptional in that he was the most successful figure to emerge in Ireland as a result of Henry III’s tendency to invest foreigners from the court circle with lands in outlying areas. This pattern has been described as a policy by H. W. Ridgeway, who saw an intention to secure potentially troublesome border regions as one reason behind Henry’s distribution of peripheral patronage to ‘aliens’; and, indeed, Geoffrey numbered himself among the upright men of different nationalities placed in Ireland by the descendants of Henry II in order to bring the island to the obedience of the English king and to conserve the peace. The success that Geoffrey made of his grant of Trim related to the ‘secure nature’ of that particular lordship. However, that cannot be the whole story. There is no firm evidence that either William de Valence or Geoffrey de Lusignan, Henry III’s half-brothers, or the Savoyard knight Otto de Grandison, members of the Poitevin and Savoyard entourages of Henry III and the Lord Edward and the recipients of grants in the securely held areas of Wexford, Louth and Tipperary respectively, ever visited the lordship of Ireland in spite of their receipt of valuable lands there.
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Scigliano, Marisa. "Nineteenth Century Literary Society: The John Murray Publishing Archive." Charleston Advisor 22, no. 2 (October 1, 2020): 39–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5260/chara.22.2.39.

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Nineteenth Century Literary Society is drawn from archive of the House of John Murray publishing company, held by the National Library of Scotland. The family-run firm, with Scottish roots, spanned seven generations and flourished in London from 1768 until 2002. John Murray is especially remarkable for publishing seminal English-language works of the 19th century, including those by Charles Darwin, David Livingstone, Charles Lyell, and Samuel Smiles, the father of self-help. The largest collection of Lord Byron’s private writings and manuscripts, assembled by the publisher, form a large part of the resource. Women writers feature prominently in the John Murray’s collection, including Jane Austen, Isabella Bird, Elizabeth Eastlake, and Caroline Lamb.
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Sotomayor, Antonio. "The Triangle of Empire:Sport, Religion, and Imperialism in Puerto Rico's YMCA, 1898–1926." Americas 74, no. 4 (October 2017): 481–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/tam.2017.86.

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In 1891, Luther H. Gulik, a prominent member of the international leadership of the YMCA of the United States, established the triangle as the YMCA symbol. He saw the triangle as a symbol imbued with Christian beliefs that would become the spearhead of a worldwide missionary movement. About the Triangle, Gulik wrote:The triangle stands . . . for the symmetrical man, each part developed with reference to the whole, and not merely with reference to itself. . . . What authority have we for believing that this triangle idea is correct? It is scriptural. . . . Such statements as, “Thou shalt love the Lord Thy God with all they heart and soul and mind and strength,” indicate . . . the scriptural view . . . that the service of the Lord includes the whole man. The words, which in the Hebrew and Greek are translated “strength,” refer in both cases entirely to physical strength.As the YMCA International Committee's first secretary for athletic work (1889–1902), Gulik had strong reason to create a symbol that could be recognized anywhere in the world. He was a firm believer in the expanding Muscular Christianity movement, which glorified patriotic duty and manliness expressed through athletics, and a strong believer in the civilizing agency of missionary Protestantism as it sought to establish a United States Christian righteous empire.
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Qasim, Asifa. "The Truth Behind Voice and Power in My Feudal Lord: A Speech Act Analysis." International Journal of English Linguistics 10, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v10n5p231.

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Female writers use autobiography to express their experiences, deference, and inner-conflicts. They describe their connection to different events and people in domestic or social context to explain their feelings and complexity of their lives. This study analyzes the way Durrani constructs norms of gender and power in her autobiography, My Feudal Lord. The paper imports Searle’s theory of speech act analysis to discover the way the author creates and performs gender in the domain of power through textual interactions. Durrani achieves the effect of patriarchy through frequent use of directives, expressives, and commissives by her husband through employing direct language. The husband openly expresses criticism, blame, complain, and acknowledgement in his interactions which validate his authority over his wife. The striking feature of the wife’s speech is even more frequent use of directives as compared to the husband. However, the major gender distinction was reflected in the use of directives. The husband used more commands and the wife asked more questions. Another major difference was that of commissives which occurred half of the times in the wife’s speech as compared to her husband’s speech. She hardly used any apologies or compliments which shows her diminishing submission to her husband’s authority. Her expressives also reflect her firm attitude and courage to take risk of protesting against her physically and socially more powerful husband.
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Hunt, Chris D. L. "GOOD FAITH PERFORMANCE IN CANADIAN CONTRACT LAW." Cambridge Law Journal 74, no. 1 (March 2015): 4–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197315000112.

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IN Mellish v Motteux (1792) 170 E.R. 113, 157, Lord Kenyon observed that “in contracts of all kinds, it is of the highest importance that courts of law should compel the observance of honesty and good faith”. This passage echoes a similar statement by Lord Mansfield 25 years earlier in Carter v Boehm (1766) 97 E.R. 1162, 1910. Despite these early statements of principle, the modern common law has been notoriously hostile to the notion that contracting parties are under a general duty of good faith in the performance of their obligations (see W.P. Yee, “Protecting Parties' Reasonable Expectations: A General Principle of Good Faith” (2001) 1 Oxford U. Commonwealth L.J. 195), and there is certainly “no firm line of modern cases to support such an obligation” in English law (see L.E. Trakman and K. Sharma, “The Binding Force of Agreements to Negotiate in Good Faith” [2014] C.L.J. 598). Nevertheless, some recent decisions in Australia, Canada, and England have begun to imply obligations to perform certain types of promises, in certain classes of contracts, in an honest manner, crafting, in the words of Lord Bingham, “piecemeal solutions in response to piecemeal problems” (Interfoto Picture Library v Stiletto Visual Programmes Ltd. [1989] 1 QB 433, 439 (CA)). A recent English example is Yam Seng Pte Ltd. v International Trade Corporation Ltd. [2013] EWHC 111 (QB) in which Leggatt J. found there to be an implied duty of “honesty” and “fidelity to the bargain” in the context of a long-term distribution contract. Importantly, His Lordship emphasised that whether such obligations can be implied is a matter of construction, which involves ascertaining the parties' objective intentions through conventional techniques such as the principle of business efficacy. As implying such obligations depends entirely on the context of each contract (at paras [137]–[143]) there is, at present, no general principle of good faith performance in English contract law, despite some case-by-case recognition (see Mid-Essex Hospital Services N.H.S. Trust v Compass Group UK and Ireland Ltd. [2013] EWCA Civ 200, at [105], [150]).
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Kekäläinen, Markku. "‘I felt a noble shock’: James Boswell in German Princely Courts." Sjuttonhundratal 10 (August 31, 2013): 87. http://dx.doi.org/10.7557/4.2622.

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The article deals with James Boswell’s (1740–1795) attitudes towards the courtly milieu in the context of eighteenth-century British court discourse. The central argument is that, strongly contrary to the anti-court ethos of his intellectual and social milieu, Boswell had an affirmative and enthusiastic attitude towards the court. Moreover, the fact that he was neither an Addisonian moralist ‘spectator’ nor a cynical court aristocrat like Lord Chesterfield, but in many senses a highly affective ‘man of feeling’ of the age, did not diminish the uniqueness of his positive view of court culture. On the one hand, Boswell’s appreciation of the court was connected with his firm monarchism and belief in hereditary rank; on the other hand, he was aesthetically fascinated by the splendour and magnificence of the courtly milieu. His appraisal of the court did not include the common-sense moralism of the moral weeklies or the cynical observations of the aristocratic court discourse; rather his attitude was immediate, emotional, and enthusiastic in the spirit of the cult of sensibility.
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Bayley, Christine, Christina Cheng, and Michael Lynch. "Pathological and Microbiological Study of Mortality in a Captive Breeding Colony of the Endangered Lord Howe Island Stick Insect (Dryococelus australis)." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 5 (April 16, 2018): 719–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985818766210.

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The authors describe pathological and microbiological features of mortalities in a captive breeding colony of Lord Howe Island stick insects ( Dryococelus australis) over a period of 18 months. There were 2 peaks of mortality in this period. In the first, insects presented dead with minimal premonitory signs of illness. In the second, affected insects were ataxic with contracted limbs and inability to climb or right themselves. Gross lesions were uncommon but included pigmented plaques on the gut and cloacal prolapse. Histological lesions in both outbreaks indicated a cellular innate immune response including nodulation characterized by Gram-negative bacterial bacilli entrapped within nodules of pigmented hemocytes, and melanization characterized by melanin within hemocyte nodules and around bacteria. Hemolymph culture findings varied and often yielded a mixed growth. Pure growth of Serratia marcescens was cultured in 44% of animals in Outbreak 1, while pure growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was cultured in 30% of animals in Outbreak 2. Cases with S. marcescens-positive culture often showed inflammation at the foregut-midgut junction. The frequency of mixed bacterial culture results did not allow firm conclusions about causality to be made, and may indicate primary bacterial infection or increased susceptibility to hemolymph colonization with an opportunistic pathogen. These findings highlight the utility of histopathology combined with ancillary testing when investigating mortality in captive insect colonies.
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Kusaeri, Kusaeri, Ali Ridho, and Noor Wahyudi. "The Use of Stocking-Lord and Haebara Methods in Horizontal Equating: A Case of Indonesian Madrasah Competence Assessment." JP3I (Jurnal Pengukuran Psikologi dan Pendidikan Indonesia) 13, no. 1 (May 30, 2024): 57–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jp3i.v13i1.38300.

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Indonesian Madrasah Competence Assessment (AKMI) is a national assessment implemented each year held by the Ministry of Religious Affairs. One of the uniqueness of the AKMI is the use of different tests every year. AKMI focuses on capturing the development of learning in Madrasa by comparing the test scores of the current year with the previous year. An equating process is crucial for valid results when comparing scores. Therefore, this research aims to (a) equate the scientific literacy assessment tools at AKMI in 2022 with 2023 and (b) evaluate the business process of developing AKMI scientific literacy instruments (along with the MSAT design), which has implications for the equating process. This study adopted a Non-Equivalent Anchor Test (NEAT) design because the two test sets were parallel years, and the participants were from a diverse population. The data is from the AKMI Science Literacy of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, with 303,987 participants in 2022 and 342,987 in 2023 from the Islamic elementary school level. A total of 674 scientific literacy instrument items in 2022 and 1,392 items in 2023, with 90 items used as anchor items. There are 3 stages of analysis: pre-equalization, equalization calibration, and post-equalization analysis. The results show that there are differences in item parameter estimation results between 2022 and 2023, where 2022 has a higher level of item difficulty. Furthermore, the Stocking-Lord and Haebara methods had proven to be effective and had produced estimates with minimal differences in the equating process. In addition, the anchor items used as the basis for the equating do not represent the items as a whole in the item pool. These findings indicate the need for firm, careful standardization based on psychometric principles of the process at AKMI, from developing items to assembling items, testing, determining anchor items, and assembling items in the MSAT application.
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Kirkus, M. Geoffrey. "‘Yes, My Lord’: Some Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Bishops and the Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary." Recusant History 24, no. 2 (October 1998): 171–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0034193200002466.

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That we may freely and consistently persevere in our intention … we will that … all and each of ours shall make a vow never to seek directly or indirectly nor to allow others to seek … that except the Chief Pontiff to whom alone we humbly beg to be subject, any religious order whatsoever or any person whomsoever or any bishop or any one else appointed by the Pope to visit us, should have us so committed to his charge as to exercise over us authority, power, or jurisdiction.(Memorial of Mary Ward, translated from the Latin original, Archivum Romanum Societatis Jesu, Anglia 31, 11, pp. 675-685).The above are strong words, even from a forthright Yorkshirewoman, and they are almost startling when one considers how submissive, personally, was their author to all authority in the Church. But, in this Memorial, Mary Ward describes the constitution she envisages for her Institute. The firm lines she draws are even more accentuated in her Third Plan of 1622: ‘We most humbly beg that the entire hierarchical structure of this work should depend entirely on the Holy See and not on any other authority’. Another document headed Reasons why we may not alter makes it clear that the proposals admit of no compromise. The genesis of this attitude is not far to seek. Mary Ward considered she had received divine intimation that she was to undertake some new work to the greater glory of God and for this she was to follow St. Ignatius’ Society of Jesus with its direct responsibility to the Holy See. Sr. Immolata Wetter points out that Mary Ward’s ideas were further sharpened by the contemporary situation of the Catholic Church in England: ‘adherence to the primacy of the Pope distinguished the English martyrs and confessors of the faith. For their loyalty to the Vicar of Christ these brave men and women suffered restrictions both in public and private life.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

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Catalim, Esmeralda da Conceição Cunha. "trilogy of the Lord of the rings : from book to film, The." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/2803.

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Mestrado em Línguas , Literaturas e Culturas
Este trabalho é estudo comparativo e analítico da trilogia literária do J.R.Tolkien O Senhor dos Anéis, assim como da produção cinematográfica do director Peter Jackson quarenta anos depois da publicação dos livros. O objectivo é demonstrar que apesar de uma adaptação cinematográfica não conseguir substituir a obra literária, pode contudo, com a tecnologia de hoje, ser o seu complemento visual. Igualmente importante neste trabalho é o estudo sobre os grupos de fãs organizados, o franchisado publicitário cinematográfico e marketing criado à volta de uma publicidade virtual e de estreia global na nova era de filmes para uma audiência em massa. ABSTRACT: This is a comparative and analytical work of J.R.R. Tolkien literary trilogy The Lord of the Rings as well as the cinematographic production of Peter Jackson forty years after the publication of the books. The goal is to demonstrate that though a film adaptation will never replace the original literary work, it can be, however, its visual compliment or extension. Equally important, is the study of the organised fans and fandom, the publicity, marketing and film franchise that involves an online publicity andglobal release in a new cinematographic era for mass audiences.
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Eriksson, Martina. "Kvinnornas roller i jämförelse med männen i The Lord of the Rings : med inriktning på specialversionerna av filmerna." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Humanities, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2557.

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Sammanfattning: The Lord of The Rings-trilogin slog världen med storm då första filmen kom ut år 2001. J.R.R Tolkiens böcker var väldigt omtyckta och framförallt omtalade men det hade aldrig funnits icke-animerade filmer på dem. Peter Jackson tog på sig att skapa filmerna och klarade detta åtagande väldigt bra.

Däremot var kvinnorollerna, precis som i böckerna, väldigt små och inaktiva. Detta är därför någonting jag valt att ta upp i min uppsats. Kvinnornas roller i jämförelse med männens. Uppsatsen jämför de olika rollfigurerna mot varandra och deras roller överlag i specialversionerna av filmerna.

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SOLTANI, GHULAM H. "BUCKLING AND POST-BUCKLING RESPOSNE OF SINGLE CURVATUE BEAM-COLUMNS UNDER THERMAL (FIRE) LOADS." OpenSIUC, 2017. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2147.

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The main objective of this research was to study the buckling and post-buckling response of axially restrained beam-columns under thermal loading. Also the effects of slenderness ratios on pre-buckling and post-buckling behavior which is neglected in AISC specification was examined. The results of this study indicate that: a) Both the deflection and end moment amplification factors are significantly smaller for the restrained beam-columns subjected to temperature increase than the corresponding unrestrained beam-columns subjected to (mechanical) axial loads. b) The deflection amplification factors tend to decrease with decreasing ratio of end moments. However, reverse seems to occur for the moment amplification factors and as the moment amplification factors tend to increase with decreasing moment ratio particularly in the pre-buckling and the initial post-buckling range (0.1 < T/Tcr < 1.5). c) The thermal amplification factors tend to be smaller than the AISC values even in the pre-buckling range with those for the slender beam-columns significantly smaller than those for the shorter beam-columns.
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Mussack, Elisa-Marie. "Das Böse im Mythos - Vergleich der Darstellung und Wirkung in Roman und Film dargestellt anhand eines Beispiels /." St. Gallen, 2005. http://www.biblio.unisg.ch/org/biblio/edoc.nsf/wwwDisplayIdentifier/01665959001/$FILE/01665959001.pdf.

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Ferreira, Michael J. "Barrier Performance Utilizing Normalized Heat Load as Part of an Engineering Based Building Fire Protection Analysis Method." Digital WPI, 2004. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/1074.

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"The objective of this thesis is to examine the methods of barrier analysis used in the Building Fire Safety Engineering Method (BFSEM), and to develop the areas of the analysis which currently rely almost exclusively on subjective judgment rather than quantitative measures. The use of the Normalized Heat Load to quantify heat energy impact on a barrier is examined in detail. Procedures are developed which apply the properties of a normal statistical distribution to barrier failures times, for use in simplifying the construction of barrier catalog curves. A framework is also developed to help standardize the selection of barrier effectiveness factors. Finally, this thesis outlines the procedure for developing barrier performance curves to allow easy implementation of the barrier analysis into the general framework of the BFSEM. A design example is presented to illustrate the analysis procedures."
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Tangvald, Lars. "Implementing LOD for physically-based real-time fire rendering." Thesis, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Computer and Information Science, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-8814.

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In this paper, I present a framework for implementing level of detail (LOD) for a 3d physically based fire rendering running on the GPU. While realistic fire rendering that runs in real time exists, it is generally not used in real-time applications such as game, due to the high cost of running such a rendering. Most research into the rendering of fire is only concerned with the fire itself, and not how it can best be included in larger scenes with a multitude of other complex objects. I present methods for increasing the efficiency of a physically based fire rendering without harming its visual quality, by dynamically adjusting the detail level of the fire according to its importance for the current view. I adapt and use methods created both for LOD and for other areas to alter the detail level of the visualization and simulation of a fire rendering. The desired detail level is calculated by evaluating certain conditions such as visibility and distance from the viewpoint, and then used to adjust the detail level of the visualization and simulation of the fire. The implementation of the framework could not be completed in time, but a number of tests were run to determine the effect of the different methods used. These results indicate that by making adjustments to the simulation and visualization of the fire, large boosts in performance are gained without significantly harming the visual quality of the fire rendering.

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Almgren, Emma. "Flashback eller Backlash? : En strukturanalys av genusordningen i J.R.R Tolkiens och Peter Jacksons Lord of the Rings." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Ethnology, Comparative Religion and Gender Studies, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-383.

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Le, Heron Erena. "Making film-landscapes and exploring the geographical resonances of The Lord of the Rings and Whale Rider." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2008. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/14936/.

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This thesis explores film resonances and film-landscape interactions. Film resonances refer to the multiple and varied ways people respond to films. Film-landscape describes the interaction between film and people's experience of landscape, containing a notion that landscape is always-in-the-making. Film resonances and film-landscape . interactions are explored in the contemporary New Zealand context, focusing on The Lord of the Rings and Whale Rider. The thesis explores film resonances at several levels: analysing film-tours in terms of film-landscape interactions; exploring how the same films have different resonances and reactions in different places; interrogating the relationship between popular, government and business responses to films; and examining the relationship between film and national identity narratives. Together, The Lord of the Rings and Whale Rider can be used as a prism through which to highlight particular elements ofthe New Zealand contemporary moment. A multiple method approach is used, including in-depth interviews, focus groups, conversational interviews, participant observation and analysis of newspaper articles and internet movie databases. This thesis adds to and extends current literature by considering The Lord of the Rings and Whale Rider with a more-than-film approach. It draws on a mixture of theories, arguing that considered separately, current literature does not fully address the potential of film-landscape and film resonances. Through a more-than-film approach, the thesis engages with film resonances and film-landscape interactions in ways that acknowledge the work film does outside of production or viewing. The thesis will also be of interest to all those concerned with the power of film and how it has the potential to influence our landscapes, our imaginations and our identities.
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Bisha, James Victor. "Correlation of the Elastic Properties of Stretch Film on Unit Load Containment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27992.

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The purpose of this research was to correlate the applied material properties of stretch film with its elastic properties measured in a laboratory setting. There are currently no tools available for a packaging engineer to make a scientific decision on how one stretch film performs against another without applying the film. The system for stretch wrap comparison is mostly based on trial and error which can lead to a significant loss of product when testing a new film or shipping a new product for the first time. If the properties of applied stretch film could be predicted using a tensile test method, many different films could be compared at once without actually applying the film, saving time and money and reducing risk. The current method for evaluating the tensile properties of stretch film advises the user apply a hysteresis test to a standard sample size and calculate several standard engineering values. This test does not represent how the material is actually used. Therefore, a new tensile testing method was developed that considers the film gauge (thickness) and its prestretch. The results of this testing method allowed for the calculation of the material stiffness (Bisha Stiffness) and were used to predict its performance in unit load containment. Applied stretch film is currently compared measuring containment force, which current standards define as the amount of force required to pull out a 15.2cm diameter plate, 10.1cm out, located 25.4cm down from the top and 45.7cm over from the side of a standard 121.9cm width unit load. Given this definition, increasing the amount of force required to pull the plate out can be achieved by manipulating two different stretch film properties, either increasing the stiffness of the film or increasing the tension of the film across the face of the unit load during the application process. Therefore, for this research, the traditional definition of containment force has been broken down into two components. Applied film stiffness was defined as the amount of force required to pull the film a given distance off the unit load. Containment force was defined as the amount of force that an applied film exerts on the corner of the unit load. The applied stretch film was evaluated using two different methods. The first method used the standard 10.1cm pull plate (same plate as ASTM D 4649) to measure the force required to pull the film out at different increments from the center on the face of the unit load. This measurement force was transformed into a material stiffness and film tension (which were subsequently resolved into containment force). The second, newly developed, method involved wrapping a bar under the film, on the corner of the unit load, and pulling out on the bar with a tensile testing machine. This method allowed for the direct measurement of the containment force and material stiffness. The results indicated that while some statistically significant differences were found for certain films, the material stiffness and containment were relatively consistent and comparable using either method.The use of the Bisha Stiffness to predict the applied stiffness and containment force yielded a statistically significant correlation but with a very low coefficient of determination. These results suggest that while film thickness and prestretch are key variables that can predict applied stiffness and containment force, more research should be conducted to study other variables that may allow for a better. High variability of the predictions observed were caused by the differences in film morphology between the different method of elongation (tensile vs application). This study was the first that attempted to define and correlate the tensile properties of stretch film and the applied properties of stretch film. From this research many, terms have been clarified, myths have been dispelled, formulas have been properly derived and applied to the data collected and a clear path forward had been laid out for future researchers to be able to predict applied stiffness and containment force from the elastic properties of stretch film.
Ph. D.
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Lilja, Andreas. "Temperature analysis of fire exposed load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Byggkonstruktion och brand, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-81730.

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Previous to the now acting construction regulations EKS and Eurocode, the fire resistance of the load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies were designed with a fire test called the SP fire 105. In 2011, when EKS replaced the previous construction regulations called Boverkets konstruktionsregler, BKR, the SP fire 105 was no longer the requirement for mono glazed balconies. Instead, EKS prescribed that the load-bearing structures of mono glazed balconies should be determined by the use of nominal fire exposure or a natural fire model. EKS and Eurocode have previously prescribed that the standard temperature-time curve (ISO 834) was to be used when determining the fire resistance of structural elements according to nominal temperature-time curves. But an agreement made between Balkongföreningen and Boverket in 2011, established that the external temperature-time curve could be used for determination of the fire resistance of the structural elements of mono glazed balconies. The external temperature-time curve means a design temperature of the structural members of approximately 680 °C for a fire-resistance class R30, instead of a temperature of 842 °C for the standard temperature-time curve. In 2019, EKS 11 was introduced with a slight change in the regulation. The new regulation specifically implies that building parts placed within glazed balconies should not be considered as external. Due to the formulation in EKS 11, it is no longer possible to use the external temperature-time curve for verification of the fire resistance of structural elements of mono glazed balconies. The formulation says that building parts placed within glazed balconies should not be considered as external, which means that the standard temperature-time curve must be applied. The present research tries to clarify the more reasonable temperature-time curve of the standard fire curve and the external fire curve, or if neither of the curves is realistic. 16 scenarios were analysed in this study. Using CFD simulations in FDS, the adiabatic surface temperature of the structural parts could be established. The adiabatic surface temperatures were then used as input in the FEM calculation program TASEF to calculate the temperatures of structural elements of a mono glazed balcony during a fire. The results imply that the max temperatures of the steel members of the mono glazed balcony analysed are generally lower than the temperatures of the external temperature-time curve. In a worst-case scenario where the structural member is located just adjacent to the fire source, the max temperature can be higher than the temperature of the standard temperature-time curve. The balcony slab reaches max temperatures between the external temperature-time curve and the standard temperature-time curve. The temperature within the slab is below 500 °C at a depth of 15 mm and according to the 500 °C isotherm method presented in SS-EN 1992-1-2, concrete that has a temperature lower than 500 °C has not been damaged by the fire. Further studies are needed to establish whether the external temperature-time curve or the standard temperature-time curve is to be used when designing the fire resistance of the load-bearing structure of mono glazed balconies. A suggestion for further studies is to conduct fire tests of a fire within a mono glazed balcony. Such results could then be compared to the results of this study and hopefully, lead to conclusions that are needed for a complete establishment of which temperature-time curve that should be used.
Under det tidigare gällande regelverket boverkets konstruktionsregler, BKR, dimensionerades brandmotståndet för den bärande konstruktionen av enkelinglasade balkonger med testmetoden SP fire 105. När BKR ersattes av boverkets föreskrifter och allmänna råd om tillämpning av europeiska konstruktionsstandarder, EKS, tillsammans med Eurokoderna, slutade man att använda SP fire 105 och började istället använda nominella temperatur-/tidförlopp. I tidigare versioner av EKS föreskrevs det att dimensionering enligt klassificering ska utföras med en brandexponering enligt standardtemperatur/-tidkurvan (ISO 834). Men i och med upphörandet av BKR år 2011, genomfördes en överenskommelse mellan Balkongförening och Boverket där man bestämde att den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger och öppna balkonger skulle få dimensioneras med exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand istället för standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Dimensionering enligt exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand resulterar i en dimensionerande temperatur på 680 °C för brandteknisk klass R30, istället för en temperatur på 842 °C vid dimensionering med standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Vid införandet av EKS 11 år 2019 skedde en förändring i föreskrifterna gällande branddimensionering av bärande konstruktioner. I EKS 11 framgår det explicit att byggnadsdelar vilka är placerade inom inglasade balkonger inte bör betraktas som utvändiga byggnadsdelar. Detta medför att den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger inte längre kan dimensioneras enligt exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand, utan måste dimensioneras enligt standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Denna studie syftar till att klargöra vilken temperatur som är rimlig att använda vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger. Är den tidigare exponeringskurvan för utvändig brand mer rimlig, eller är föreskriften om att använda standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan motiverad? I studien har 16 scenarion analyserats med hjälp av CFD beräkningar i simuleringsprogrammet FDS, och med hjälp av FEM beräkningar i simuleringsprogrammet TASEF. Med FDS beräknades den adiabatiska yttemperaturen för den bärande konstruktionen, vilken sedan användes som indata i TASEF för att beräkna temperaturen i den bärande konstruktionen. Maxtemperaturen på konstruktionselementen som utgörs av stål uppnår generellt temperaturer som understiger temperaturen för exponeringskurvan vid utvändig brand. I ett ”worst-case” scenario där brandkällan står i direkt anslutning till en stålkonstruktion, kan temperaturer uppnås vilka överstiger temperaturen i standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. Maxtemperaturen på balkongplattan är högre än temperaturen i exponeringskurvan vid utvändig brand, men lägre än temperaturen i standardtemperatur-/tidkurvan. 15 mm in i balkongplattan understiger temperaturen på betongen 500 °C. Enligt 500 °C isotermmetoden som är publicerad i SS-EN 1992-1-2 innebär detta förenklat att all betong på ett djup överstigande 15 mm har kvar sin fulla bärförmåga. En slutsats är att det krävs vidare studier för att kunna fastställa vilket nominellt temperatur-/tidförlopp som borde användas vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger. Ett förslag på vidare studier är att utföra brandtester på en enkelinglasad balkong, varav resultaten sedan kan jämföras med resultaten i denna studie. Sådana resultat skulle förhoppningsvis möjliggöra ett fastställande av vilket nominellt temperatur-/tidförlopp som bör användas vid dimensionering av den bärande konstruktionen för enkelinglasade balkonger.
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Books on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

1

Biswanger, Ray. Music in the marketplace: The story of Philadelphia's historic Wanamaker organ : from John Wanamaker to Lord & Taylor. Bryn Mawr, Pa: Friends of the Wanamaker Organ, 1999.

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Sotheby, Parke-Bernet, London. Fine English furniture: Including property from the collection of the late Lord Samuel of Wych Cross : days of sale, Friday 23rd February and Friday 2nd March, 1990. London: Sotheby's, 1990.

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Copyright Paperback Collection (Library of Congress), ed. Fire lord. New York, NY: DAW Books, 1989.

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Foley, Gaelen. Lord of fire. London: Piatkus, 2005.

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The Lord of Fire. Edinburgh: Barrington Stoke, 2010.

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The Lord of Fire. Edinburgh: Stoke Books, 2013.

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Duncan, Dave. Lord of the Fire Lands. New York: HarperCollins, 2005.

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Meriggi, Maria Grazia. Gli operai della Dalmine e il loro sindacato: Momenti della pratica sindacale della FIOM in una zona bianca. [Bergamo]: Il filo di Arianna, 2002.

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(Firme), Louis Deschênes. Grand encan de livres, 1500 volumes, par L. Deschênes, au Palais de justice de Québec, jeudi 3 décembre 1908 ...: Droit, littérature, histoire, ent'autres ouvrages, les suivants : Canada Supreme Court reports, Quebec law reports, Lower Canada jurist, Rapports judiciaires officiels, Pothier, Demolombe, Durantor, Marcadé, Troplong, Cugnet : Extraits des registres, 1775, Perrault : Arrêts du Conseil supérieur, et de la prévosté de Québec, 1824, state of government in Quebec in 1787, London, 1789, Gazette de Quebec, de 1820, Perrault : Questions de droit criminel, 1814, memorial from att'y gen. Stuart to Lord Goderich, 1831, Howard : Laws of British colonies, 2 v., London, 1827 ... [Québec?: s.n., 1995.

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Jöckel, Sven. Der Herr der Ringe im Film: Event-Movie, postmoderne Ästhetik, aktive Rezeption. München: Reinhard Fischer, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

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Fontana, Mario, Jochen Kohler, Katharina Fischer, and Gianluca De Sanctis. "Fire Load Density." In SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, 1131–42. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0_35.

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Rosenthal, M. Sara. "Collegiality and Racism in Something the Lord Made (2004)." In Healthcare Ethics on Film, 355–80. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-48818-5_9.

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Saint-Pierre, Marie-Josée. "Motherhood, Mental Load and Mystification." In Women and Film Animation, 119–38. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781032694382-9.

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Just, Alar, Anthony Abu, David Barber, Christian Dagenais, Michael Klippel, and Martin Milner. "Load-bearing timber structures." In Fire Safe Use of Wood in Buildings, 227–76. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003190318-7.

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Thompson, Kristin. "Stepping out of Blockbuster Mode: The Lighting of the Beacons in The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003)." In Film Moments, 144–48. London: British Film Institute, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-92455-4_32.

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Cochran, Timothy B. "“I'm afraid you're just too darn loud”." In Musical Sincerity and Transcendence in Film, 132–54. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429464126-5.

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Pheasant-Kelly, Frances. "Settings, Spectacle, and the Other: Picturing Disgust in Jackson’s The Lord of the Rings Trilogy." In Fantasy Film Post 9/11, 23–45. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230392137_2.

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Brunkhorst, Sven, and Jochen Zehfuß. "Experimental and Numerical Analysis of Fire Development in Compartment Fires with Immobile Fire Load." In Wood & Fire Safety, 185–90. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41235-7_28.

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Krajňáková, Jana, and Hely Häggman. "Somatic Embryogenesis of Greek Fir (Abies cephalonica Loud.)." In Step Wise Protocols for Somatic Embryogenesis of Important Woody Plants, 197–209. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89483-6_15.

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Zhao, Han, Qingsong Wang, Yanfei Su, Yu Wang, Guangzheng Shao, Haodong Chen, and Jinhua Sun. "Experimental Investigation on Glass Cracking for Wind Load Combined with Radiant Heating." In Fire Science and Technology 2015, 255–60. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0376-9_25.

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Conference papers on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

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Cecchi, G., L. Pantani, B. Radicati, A. Barbaro, and P. Mazzinghi. "Oil Film Detection and Characterization by Lidar Fluorosensors." In Laser and Optical Remote Sensing: Instrumentation and Techniques. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lors.1987.mc19.

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The use of lidar fluorosensors in the detection of oil films over the water surface is well known and laboratory and field experiments were done by different authors in the past years. A systematic analysis of fluorosensor performances in detection and characterization of oil films was carried out as a part of the IROE program of environmental remote sensing. The investigation concerned the definition of the best laser wavelengths, the measurement of film thickness, the identification of the minimum detectable film thickness, the identification of the oil which composes the film. The results of this analysis were the base of the development of IROE FLIDAR-2 hardware and software.
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He, Xuechao, Yuanyi Xie, Keheng Chen, Yanqiu Chen, Jing Liu, and Peng Wang. "The Influence of Fire Load Density and Smoke Curtain on Smoke Exhaust Efficiency of Commercial Complex." In 2019 9th International Conference on Fire Science and Fire Protection Engineering (ICFSFPE). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icfsfpe48751.2019.9055828.

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"The Anatomy of the Buncefield Independent Major Incident Investigation—The Right Honourable Lord Newton of Braintree." In Sixth International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Singapore: Research Publishing Services, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3850/978-981-08-7724-8_01-01.

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Bozhkov, Anatoly. "THIN-FILM COPPER COATINGS HAVE ANTIBACTERICIDAL EFFECT." In RICERCHE SCIENTIFICHE E METODI DELLA LORO REALIZZAZIONE: ESPERIENZA MONDIALE E REALTÀ DOMESTICHE, Chair Valentin Bobkov, Anatolii Skrypnyk, Tetiana Osolodchenko, and Svitlana Ponomarenko. European Scientific Platform, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36074/logos-29.09.2023.27.

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Dubinsky, R., W. Hunt, J. Moore, and M. Osborn. "Lidar Detection of Sub-Visible Cirrus Clouds." In Laser and Optical Remote Sensing: Instrumentation and Techniques. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lors.1987.mc11.

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Cloud measurements using a ground based NdYAG Lidar operating at a wavelength of 0.53 um showed important backscatter returns from an altitude of approximately 12 km. during visually clear atmospheric conditions. The Lidar return signal is attributed to sub-visible cirrus clouds having backscatter ratios of 6.1 to 7.6 and a backscatter coefficient of 2.64 to 3.43 x 10(E-03) /km/sr. The measurements were taken during the FIRE (First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment), IFO (Intensive Field Observations) in Wisconsin during October and November 1986. The results are compared with collaborative measurements (eg. satellite, air sampling, radiometric etc. during the FIRE trials), Lidar data from Langley Research Center (LaRC) and literature results.
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Savenkov, Gleb G. "Multi-Element Film Microwave Load." In 2018 19th International Conference of Young Specialists on Micro/Nanotechnologies and Electron Devices (EDM). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/edm.2018.8435059.

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Razdolsky, Leo. "Probability Based Structural Fire Load." In Structures Congress 2013. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784412848.224.

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Wang, Bin, Ziyan Jiang, Yang Liu, Yuzhi Zhang, Ke Xu, and Zhuang Yuan. "LoRa-based Fire Monitoring System." In 2021 IEEE 21st International Conference on Software Quality, Reliability and Security Companion (QRS-C). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/qrs-c55045.2021.00145.

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Wang, Zhiming, Guangpu Wei, and Zhengbang Gong. "Mechanics analysis of the multi-point-load process for the thin film solar cell." In Sixth International Conference on Thin Film Physics and Applications. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.792383.

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Ito, Yushi, Yasushi Oka, and Yukihisa Kuriyama. "Ealuation method of firefighters’ cardiopulmonary load by heart rate variability analysis." In 12th Asia-Oceania Symposium on Fire Science and Technology (AOSFST 2021). Brisbane, Australia: The University of Queensland, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.14264/90572eb.

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Reports on the topic "Lord (Firm)"

1

Eriksen, Christine. Indigenous lore and the fire knowledge we ignore. Edited by Sara Phillips. Monash University, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/473f-5e30.

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Eriksen, Christine. Indigenous lore and the fire knowledge we ignore. Edited by Sara Phillips. Monash University, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/4908-faa1.

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Kerber, Steve, Daniel Madrzykowski, James Dalton, and Robert Backstrom. Improving Fire Safety by Understanding the Fire Performance of Engineered Floor Systems and Providing the Fire Service with Information for Tactical Decision Making. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/zcoq6988.

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This research project was a collaboration of several research organizations, product manufacturers and fire service representatives to examine hazards associated with residential flooring systems to improve firefighter safety. Funding for this project was provided through the National Institute of Standards and Technology’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Grant Program. The main objective of this study was to improve firefighter safety by increasing the level of knowledge on the response of residential flooring systems to fire. Several types (or series) of experiments were conducted and analyzed to expand the body of knowledge on the impact of fire on residential flooring systems. The results of the study have been prepared to provide tactical considerations for the fire service to enable improved decision making on the fire scene. Experiments were conducted to examine several types of floor joists including, dimensional lumber, engineered I-joists, metal plate connected wood trusses, steel C-joists, castellated I-joists and hybrid trusses. Experiments were performed at multiple scales to examine single floor system joists in a laboratory up through a full floor system in an acquired structure. Applied load, ventilation, fuel load, span and protection methods were altered to provide important information about the impact of these variables to structural stability and firefighter safety. There are several tactical considerations that result from this research that firefighters can use immediately to improve their understanding, safety and decision making when sizing up a fire in a one or two family home. This report summarizes the results from each of the experimental series and provides discussion and conclusions of the results.
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Regan, Jack, and Robin Zevotek. Evaluation of the Thermal Conditions and Smoke Obscuration of Live Fire Training Fuel Packages. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/karu4002.

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Firefighters routinely conduct live fire training in an effort to prepare themselves for the challenges of the fire ground. While conducting realistic live fire training is important, it also carries inherent risks. This is highlighted by several live fire training incidents in which an inappropriate fuel load contributed to the death of participants. NFPA 1403: Standard on Live Fire Training Evolutions was first established in response to a live fire training incident in which several firefighters died. Among the stipulations in NFPA 1403 is that the fuel load shall be composed of wood-based fuels. The challenge of balancing safety with fidelity has led instructors to explore a variety of different methods to create more realistic training conditions. A series of experiments was conducted in order to characterize common training fuels, compare these training fuels to furnishings, and examine the performance of these training fuels in a metal container prop. Heat release rate (HRR) characterization of training fuels indicated that wood-based training fuels had a constant effective heat of combustion. Depending on the method used, this value was between 13.6 and 13.9 MJ/kg. This indicates that, even in engineered wood products, wood is the primary material responsible for combustion. In order to further explore the conclusions from the HRR testing, additional experiments were conducted in an L-shaped metal training prop. The results of these experiments highlighted a number of considerations for firefighter training. Thermal conditions consistent with “realistic fires” could be produced using NFPA 1403 compliant fuels, and in fact the thermal conditions produced by larger wood-based fuel packages were more severe than those produced by fuel packages with a small amount of synthetic fuel. The fuel package used in training evolutions should reflect the training prop or building being used, the available ventilation, and the intended lesson. Fuel load weight and orientation are both important considerations when designing a fuel package. The training considerations drawn from this report will help to increase firefighters’ understanding of fire dynamics, and help instructors better understand fuel packages and the fire dynamics that they produce.
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Regan, Jack, and Robin Zevotek. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety and Fidelity in Concrete Live Fire Training Buildings. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, July 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/wxtw8877.

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The goal of fire service training is to prepare students for the conditions and challenges that they face on the fireground. Among the challenges that firefighters routinely face on the fireground are ventilation-controlled fires. The hazard of these fires has been highlighted by several line-of-duty deaths and injuries in which a failure to understand the fire dynamics produced by these fires has been a contributing factor. The synthetic fuels that commonly fill contemporary homes tend to result in ventilation-controlled conditions. While synthetic fuels are common on the residential fireground, the fuels that firefighters use for fire training are more often representative of natural, wood-based fuels. In order to better understand the fire dynamics of these training fires, a series of experiments was conducted in a concrete live fire training building in an effort to evaluate the fidelity and safety of two training fuels, pallets and OSB, and compare the fire dynamics created by these fuels to those created by a fuel load representative of a living room set with furniture items with a synthetic components. Additionally, the effects of the concrete live fire training building on the fire dynamics were examined. The two training fuel loads were composed of wooden pallets and straw, and pallets, straw, and oriented strand board (OSB). The results indicated that the high leakage area of the concrete live fire training building relative to the fuel load prevented the training fuel packages from becoming ventilation-controlled and prevented the furniture package from entering a state of oxygen-depleted decay. The furniture experiments progressed to flashover once ventilation was provided. Under the conditions tested, the wood based fuels, combined with the construction features of this concrete live fire training building, limited the ability to teach ventilation-controlled fire behavior and the associated firefighting techniques. Additionally, it was shown that the potential for thermal injury to firefighters participating in a training evolution existed well below thresholds where firefighter PPE would be damaged.
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Villacis, Alexis, Victor Barrera, Jeffrey Alwang, Carlos Caicedo, and James Quiroz. Strategies to strengthen Ecuador's high-value cacao value chain. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003960.

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Since the early nineteenth century, cacao has been an important export earner for Ecuador. Today the importance of this sector remains, as Ecuador is the main producer and exporter of Fine and Flavor cacao worldwide. Motivated by the main transformations of the global food systems and the increasing demand for multidimensional credence attributes, this study examines the present state of Ecuador's cacao industry, identifies areas of opportunity, and discusses how the private and public sectors can work together to meet existing and emerging challenges. Findings are supported by interviews conducted with the principal actors in the Ecuadorian cacao industry and two case studies. The first case study focuses on how associativity can help cacao farmers producing high-quality beans to differentiate themselves and succeed in modern agri-food markets. The second case study explores the success of a local chocolate firm and its links with local cacao farmers. Findings suggest that market trends have created new business opportunities for cacao producers and chocolate processors. These opportunities are most open to firms who can personalize and differentiate their products, for example, through the use of quality certifications such as organic, fair trade, reduced carbon load, etc. More importantly, market developments are driving exporters to enhance the performance of cacao value chains in the country, but the sector requires coordination to capture reputation and credence-based demands for the local cacao.
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Zevotek, Robin, and Steve Kerber. Fire Service Summary Report: Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ncck4947.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
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Zevotek, Robin, and Steve Kerber. Study of the Effectiveness of Fire Service Positive Pressure Ventilation During Fire Attack in Single Family Homes Incorporating Modern Construction Practices. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, May 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/gsph6169.

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There is a continued tragic loss of firefighter and civilian lives, as shown by fire statistics. One significant contributing factor is the lack of understanding of fire behavior in residential structures resulting from the use of ventilation as a firefighter practice on the fire ground. The changing dynamics of residential fires as a result of the changes in home construction materials, contents, size and geometry over the past 30 years compounds our lack of understanding of the effects of ventilation on fire behavior. Positive Pressure Ventilation (PPV) fans were introduced as a technology to increase firefighter safety by controlling the ventilation. However, adequate scientific data is not available for PPV to be used without increasing the risk to firefighters. This fire research report details the experimental data from cold flow experiments, fuel load characterization experiments and full scale fire experiments. During the project it was identified that the positive pressure attack (PPA) and positive pressure ventilation (PPV) were often used interchangeably. For the purpose of this report they have been defined as PPA for when the fan is utilized prior to fire control and PPV for when the fan is used post fire control. The information from the full scale tests was reviewed with assistance from our technical panel of fire service experts to develop tactical considerations for the use of PPV fans in residential single family structures.
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Stakes, Keith, and Joseph Willi. Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure -- Acquired Structures. UL Firefighter Safety Research Institute, March 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.54206/102376/ceci9490.

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Previous FSRI led research projects have focused on examining the fire environment with regards to current building construction methods, synthetic fuel loading, and best-practices in firefighting strategies and tactics. More than 50 experiments have been previously conducted utilizing furniture to produce vent-limited fire conditions, replicating the residential fire environment, and studying the methods of horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack. Tactical considerations generated from the research are intended to provide fire departments with information to evaluate their standard operating procedures and make improvements, if necessary, to increase the safety and effectiveness of firefighting crews. Unfortunately, there still exists a long standing disconnect between live-fire training and the fireground as evident by continued line of duty injury and death investigations that point directly to a lack of realistic yet safe training, which highlights a continued misunderstanding of fire dynamics within structures. The main objective of the Study of the Fire Service Training Environment: Safety, Fidelity, and Exposure is to evaluate training methods and fuel packages in several different structures commonly used across the fire service to provide and highlight considerations to increase both safety and fidelity. This report is focused on the evaluation of live-fire training in acquired structures. A full scale structure was constructed using a similar floor plan as in the research projects for horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack to provide a comparison between the modern fire environment and the training ground. The structure was instrumented which allowed for the quantification of fire behavior, the impact of various ventilation tactics, and provided the ability to directly compare these experiments with the previous research. Twelve full scale fire experiments were conducted within the test structure using two common training fuel packages: 1) pallets, and 2) pallets and oriented strand board (OSB). To compare the training fuels to modern furnishings, the experiments conducted were designed to replicate both fire and ventilation location as well as event timing to the previous research. Horizontal ventilation, vertical ventilation, and positive pressure attack methods were tested, examining the proximity of the vent location to the fire (near vs. far). Each ventilation configuration in this series was tested twice with one of the two training fuel loads. The quantification of the differences between modern furnishings and wood-based training fuel loads and the impact of different ventilation tactics is documented through a detailed comparison to the tactical fireground considerations from the previous research studies. The experiments were compared to identify how the type of fuel used in acquired structures impacts the safety and fidelity of live-fire training. The comparisons in this report characterized initial fire growth, the propensity for the fire to become ventilation limited, the fires response to ventilation, and peak thermal exposure to students and instructors. Comparisons examined components of both functional and physical fidelity. Video footage was used to assess the visual cues, a component of the fire environment that is often difficult to replicate in training due to fuel load restrictions. The thermal environment within the structure was compared between fuel packages with regards to the potential tenability for both students and instructors.
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Hoehler, Matthew S., and Christopher M. Smith. Influence of fire on the lateral load capacity of steel-sheathed cold-formed steel shear walls - report of test. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, December 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.ir.8160.

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