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1
Drotar, Istvan, Balazs Lukacs, and Miklós Kuczmann. "LoRaWAN Network Performance Test." Acta Technica Jaurinensis 13, no. 4 (August 11, 2020): 268–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14513/actatechjaur.v13.n4.547.
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There are several types of wireless IoT (Internet of Things) networks based on the connection distance between two communicating devices. For covering wide areas, LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area) networks can provide a good solution. These networks provide big coverage and low power consumption. One of the most popular LPWAN network is LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network). LoRaWAN networks are ideal for sending infrequent, small messages through long distances. In this article the network’s capacity, coverage and energy consumption have been tested. These are the most important attributes when designing a LoRaWAN network, so it can satisfy the requirements of LPWAN networks.
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Vangelista, Lorenzo, and Marco Centenaro. "Worldwide Connectivity for the Internet of Things Through LoRaWAN." Future Internet 11, no. 3 (March 2, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11030057.
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The low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) paradigm is gradually gaining market acceptance. In particular, three prominent LPWAN technologies are emerging at the moment: LoRaWAN™ and SigFox™, which operate on unlicensed frequency bands, and NB-IoT, operating on licensed frequency bands. This paper deals with LoRaWAN™, and has the aim of describing a particularly interesting feature provided by the latest LoRaWAN™ specification—often neglected in the literature—i.e., the roaming capability between different operators of LoRaWAN™ networks, across the same country or even different countries. Recalling that LoRaWAN™ devices do not have a subscriber identification module (SIM) like cellular network terminals, at a first glance the implementation of roaming in LoRaWAN™ networks could seem intricate. The contribution of this paper consists in explaining the principles behind the implementation of a global LoRaWAN network, with particular focus on how to cope with the lack of the SIM in the architecture and how to realize roaming.
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Bankov, Dmitry, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "LoRaWAN Modeling and MCS Allocation to Satisfy Heterogeneous QoS Requirements." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194204.
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LoRaWAN infrastructure has become widely deployed to provide wireless communications for various sensor applications. These applications generate different traffic volumes and require different quality of service (QoS). The paper presents an accurate mathematical model of low-power data transmission in a LoRaWAN sensor network, which allows accurate validation of key QoS indices, such as network capacity and packet loss ratio. Since LoRaWAN networks operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the model takes into account transmission attempt failures caused by random noise in the channel. Given QoS requirements, we can use the model to study how the performance of a LoRaWAN network depends on the traffic load and other scenario parameters. Since in LoRaWAN networks the transmissions at different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) typically do not collide, we use the model to assign MCSs to the devices to satisfy their QoS requirements.
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Cotrim, Jeferson Rodrigues, and João Henrique Kleinschmidt. "LoRaWAN Mesh Networks: A Review and Classification of Multihop Communication." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 31, 2020): 4273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154273.
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The growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) led to the deployment of many applications that use wireless networks, like smart cities and smart agriculture. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) meet many requirements of IoT, such as energy efficiency, low cost, large coverage area, and large-scale deployment. Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) networks are one of the most studied and implemented LPWAN technologies, due to the facility to build private networks with an open standard. Typical LoRaWAN networks are single-hop in a star topology, composed of end-devices that transmit data directly to gateways. Recently, several studies proposed multihop LoRaWAN networks, thus forming wireless mesh networks. This article provides a review of the state-of-the-art multihop proposals for LoRaWAN. In addition, we carried out a comparative analysis and classification, considering technical characteristics, intermediate devices function, and network topologies. This paper also discusses open issues and future directions to realize the full potential of multihop networking. We hope to encourage other researchers to work on improving the performance of LoRaWAN mesh networks, with more theoretical and simulation analysis, as well as practical deployments.
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Polonelli, Tommaso, Davide Brunelli, Achille Marzocchi, and Luca Benini. "Slotted ALOHA on LoRaWAN-Design, Analysis, and Deployment." Sensors 19, no. 4 (February 18, 2019): 838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19040838.
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LoRaWAN is one of the most promising standards for long-range sensing applications. However, the high number of end devices expected in at-scale deployment, combined with the absence of an effective synchronization scheme, challenge the scalability of this standard. In this paper, we present an approach to increase network throughput through a Slotted-ALOHA overlay on LoRaWAN networks. To increase the single channel capacity, we propose to regulate the communication of LoRaWAN networks using a Slotted-ALOHA variant on the top of the Pure-ALOHA approach used by the standard; thus, no modification in pre-existing libraries is necessary. Our method is based on an innovative synchronization service that is suitable for low-cost wireless sensor nodes. We modelled the LoRaWAN channel with extensive measurement on hardware platforms, and we quantified the impact of tuning parameters on physical and medium access control layers, as well as the packet collision rate. Results show that Slotted-ALOHA supported by our synchronization service significantly improves the performance of traditional LoRaWAN networks regarding packet loss rate and network throughput.
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Lin, Jun, Zhiqi Shen, Chunyan Miao, and Siyuan Liu. "Using blockchain to build trusted LoRaWAN sharing server." International Journal of Crowd Science 1, no. 3 (September 4, 2017): 270–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0010.
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Purpose With the rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) market and requirement, low power wide area (LPWA) technologies have become popular. In various LPWA technologies, Narrow Band IoT (NB-IoT) and long range (LoRa) are two main leading competitive technologies. Compared with NB-IoT networks, which are mainly built and managed by mobile network operators, LoRa wide area networks (LoRaWAN) are mainly operated by private companies or organizations, which suggests two issues: trust of the private network operators and lack of network coverage. This study aims to propose a conceptual architecture design of a blockchain built-in solution for LoRaWAN network servers to solve these two issues for LoRaWAN IoT solution. Design/methodology/approach The study proposed modeling, model analysis and architecture design. Findings The proposed solution uses the blockchain technology to build an open, trusted, decentralized and tamper-proof system, which provides the indisputable mechanism to verify that the data of a transaction has existed at a specific time in the network. Originality/value To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that integrates blockchain technology and LoRaWAN IoT technology.
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Kufakunesu, Rachel, Gerhard P. Hancke, and Adnan M. Abu-Mahfouz. "A Survey on Adaptive Data Rate Optimization in LoRaWAN: Recent Solutions and Major Challenges." Sensors 20, no. 18 (September 5, 2020): 5044. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20185044.
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Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a fast-growing communication system for Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) in the Internet of Things (IoTs) deployments. LoRaWAN is built to optimize LPWANs for battery lifetime, capacity, range, and cost. LoRaWAN employs an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR) scheme that dynamically optimizes data rate, airtime, and energy consumption. The major challenge in LoRaWAN is that the LoRa specification does not state how the network server must command end nodes pertaining rate adaptation. As a result, numerous ADR schemes have been proposed to cater for the many applications of IoT technology, the quality of service requirements, different metrics, and radio frequency (RF) conditions. This offers a challenge for the reliability and suitability of these schemes. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the research on ADR algorithms for LoRaWAN technology. First, we provide an overview of LoRaWAN network performance that has been explored and documented in the literature and then focus on recent solutions for ADR as an optimization approach to improve throughput, energy efficiency and scalability. We then distinguish the approaches used, highlight their strengths and drawbacks, and provide a comparison of these approaches. Finally, we identify some research gaps and future directions.
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Marini, Riccardo, Konstantin Mikhaylov, Gianni Pasolini, and Chiara Buratti. "LoRaWANSim: A Flexible Simulator for LoRaWAN Networks." Sensors 21, no. 3 (January 20, 2021): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21030695.
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Among the low power wide area network communication protocols for large scale Internet of Things, LoRaWAN is considered one of the most promising, owing to its flexibility and energy-saving capabilities. For these reasons, during recent years, the scientific community has invested efforts into assessing the fundamental performance limits and understanding the trade-offs between the parameters and performance of LoRaWAN communication for different application scenarios. However, this task cannot be effectively accomplished utilizing only analytical methods, and precise network simulators are needed. To that end, this paper presents LoRaWANSim, a LoRaWAN simulator implemented in MATLAB, developed to characterize the behavior of LoRaWAN networks, accounting for physical, medium access control and network aspects. In particular, since many simulators described in the literature are deployed for specific research purposes, they are usually oversimplified and hold a number of assumptions affecting the accuracy of their results. In contrast, our simulator has been developed for the sake of completeness and it is oriented towards an accurate representation of the LoRaWAN at the different layers. After a detailed description of the simulator, we report a validation of the simulator itself and we then conclude by presenting some results of its use revealing notable and non-intuitive trade-offs present in LoRaWAN. Such simulator will be made available via open access to the research community.
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Matni, Nagib, Jean Moraes, Helder Oliveira, Denis Rosário, and Eduardo Cerqueira. "LoRaWAN Gateway Placement Model for Dynamic Internet of Things Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154336.
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Extended Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has recently gained a lot of attention from the industrial and research community for dynamic Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT devices broadcast messages for neighbor gateways that deliver the message to the application server through an IP network. Hence, it is required to deploy LoRaWAN gateways, i.e., network planning, and optimization, in an environment while considering Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) along with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this article, we introduced a LoRaWAN gateway placement model for dynamic IoT applications called DPLACE. It divides the IoT devices into groups with some degree of similarity between them to allow for the placement of LoRaWAN gateways that can serve these devices in the best possible way. Specifically, DPLACE computes the number of LoRaWAN gateways based on the Gap statistics method. Afterward, DPLACE uses K-Means and Fuzzy C-means algorithms to calculate the LoRaWAN gateway placement. The simulations’ results proved the benefits of DPLACE compared to state-of-the-art LoRaWAN gateway placement models in terms of OPEX, CAPEX, and QoS.
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Citoni, Bruno, Shuja Ansari, Qammer Hussain Abbasi, Muhammad Ali Imran, and Sajjad Hussain. "Impact of Inter-Gateway Distance on LoRaWAN Performance." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 2197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182197.
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The large-scale behaviour of LoRaWAN networks has been studied through mathematical analysis and discrete-time simulations to understand their limitations. However, current literature is not always coherent in its assumptions and network setups. This paper proposes a comprehensive analysis of the known causes of packet loss in an uplink-only LoRaWAN network: duty cycle limitations, packet collision, insufficient coverage, and saturation of a receiver’s demodulation paths. Their impact on the overall Quality of Service (QoS) for a two-gateway network is also studied. The analysis is carried out with the discrete-event network simulator NS-3 and is set up to best fit the real behaviour of devices. This approach shows that increasing gateway density is only effective as the gateways are placed at a distance. Moreover, the trade-off between different outage conditions due to the uneven distribution of spreading factors is not always beneficial, diminishing returns as networks grow denser and wider. In particular, networks operating similarly to the one analysed in this paper should specifically avoid SF11 and 12, which decrease the average overall PDR by about 7% at 10% nodes increment across all configurations. The results of this work intend to homogenise behavioural assumptions and setups of future research investigating the capability of LoRaWAN networks and provide insight on the weight of each outage condition in a varying two-gateway network.
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Basford, Philip J., Florentin M. J. Bulot, Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea, Simon J. Cox, and Steven J. Ossont. "LoRaWAN for Smart City IoT Deployments: A Long Term Evaluation." Sensors 20, no. 3 (January 23, 2020): 648. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20030648.
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LoRaWAN is a Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology designed for Internet of Things (IoT) deployments; this paper presents experiences from deploying a city-scale LoRaWAN network across Southampton, UK. This network was deployed to support an installation of air quality monitors and to explore the capabilities of LoRaWAN. This deployment uses a mixture of commercial off-the-shelf gateways and custom gateways. These gateway locations were chosen based on network access, site permission and accessibility, and are not necessarily the best locations theoretically. Over 135,000 messages have been transmitted by the twenty devices analysed. Over the course of the complete deployment, 72.4 % of the messages were successfully received by the data server. Of the messages that were received, 99% were received within 10 s of transmission. We conclude that LoRaWAN is an applicable communication technology for city-scale air quality monitoring and other smart city applications.
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Berto, Riccardo, Paolo Napoletano, and Marco Savi. "A LoRa-Based Mesh Network for Peer-to-Peer Long-Range Communication." Sensors 21, no. 13 (June 24, 2021): 4314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21134314.
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LoRa is a long-range and low-power radio technology largely employed in Internet of Things (IoT) scenarios. It defines the lower physical layer while other protocols, such as LoRaWAN, define the upper layers of the network. A LoRaWAN network assumes a star topology where each of the nodes communicates with multiple gateways which, in turn, forward the collected data to a network server. The main LoRaWAN characteristic is the central role of the gateways; however, in some application scenarios, a much lighter protocol stack, relying only on node capabilities and without the presence of gateways, can be more suitable. In this paper, we present a preliminary study for realizing a LoRa-based mesh network, not relying on LoRaWAN, that implements a peer-to-peer communication between nodes, without the use of gateways, and extends node reachability through multi-hop communication. To validate our investigations, we present a hardware/software prototype based on low-power-consumption devices, and we preliminarily assess the proposed solution.
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Istiana, Tri, R. Yudha Mardyansyah, and G. S. Budhi Dharmawan. "Kajian Pemanfaatan IoT Berbasis LPWAN Untuk Jaringan Akuisisi Data ARG." Elektron : Jurnal Ilmiah 12, no. 1 (May 4, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/eji.12.1.155.
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One of parameters for observing weather elements is the amount of rainfall. The rainfall observation system is using ARG. The existing condition uses cellular network-based IoT. In this study, researchers tried to provide an alternative communication system for ARG data acquisition networks using LPWAN-based IoT technology. Comparison of three LPWAN IoT technologies that can be applied to ARG communication systems, namely NB-IoT, Sigfox, and LoRaWAN. The three LPWAN technologies have followed the Republic of Indonesia Minister of Communication and Information Regulation No. 1 of 2019. These three technologies can be used for ARG data acquisition networks. LoRaWAN technology in rural areas reaches 20 km. LoRaWAN devices that meet frequency requirements have been sold freely on the internet with the 920 MHz frequency band. Of these three technologies, only LoRaWAN can be used to build private or internal communication networks. This is an added value for BMKG to build district or provincial scale LPWA WAN networks in regions that are constrained by the transmission of ARG data through cellular networks.
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Ugwuanyi, Stephen, Greig Paul, and James Irvine. "Survey of IoT for Developing Countries: Performance Analysis of LoRaWAN and Cellular NB-IoT Networks." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 10, 2021): 2224. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182224.
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Recently, Internet of Things (IoT) deployments have shown their potential for aiding the realisation of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Concerns regarding how the IoT can specifically drive SDGs 6, 11 and 9 in developing countries have been raised with respect to the challenges of deploying licensed and unlicensed low-power wide area network (LPWAN) IoT technologies and their opportunities for IoT consumers and service providers. With IoT infrastructure and protocols being ubiquitous and each being proposed for different SDGs, we review and compare the various performance characteristics of LoRaWAN and NB-IoT networks. From the performance analysis of our networks, NB-IoT, one of the standardised promising cellular IoT solutions for developing countries, is more expensive and less energy-efficient than LoRaWAN. Utilising the same user equipment (UE), NB-IoT consumed an excess of 2 mAh of power for joining the network and 1.7 mAh more for a 44-byte uplink message compared to LoRaWAN. However, NB-IoT has the advantage of reliably and securely delivering higher network connection capacity in IoT use cases, leveraging existing cellular infrastructure. With a maximum throughput of 264 bps at 837 ms measured latency, NB-IoT outperformed LoRaWAN and proved robust for machine-type communications. These findings will help IoT consumers and service providers understand the performance differences and deployment challenges of NB-IoT and LoRaWAN and establish new research directions to tackle IoT issues in developing countries. With Nigeria as a case study, for consumers and organisations at a crossroads in their long-term deployment decisions, the proposed LPWAN integrated architecture is an example of the deployment opportunities for consumer and industrial IoT applications in developing countries.
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Habaebi, Mohamed Hadi, Israth Jahan Chowdhury, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Nur Aishah Binti Zainal. "Effects of Shadowing on LoRa LPWAN Radio Links." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 7, no. 6 (December 1, 2017): 2970. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v7i6.pp2970-2976.
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LoRaWAN is a long-range, low-power, wireless telecommunications method; expected to play a big role for the Internet of Things. End appliances use LoRaWAN through a single wireless hop to communicate with gateways linked to the Internet that function as transparent bridges relaying messages amongst these end-devices and a central network server. This technology youtes a combination of extended range, low power utilization and protected data communication and is gaining significant traction in IoT networks being deployed by wireless network operators. However, no comprehensive evaluation of the technology exists in the open literature. The main intention of this paper is to investigate the effects of shadowing on LoRaWAN links and analyze the performance in terms of packet loss ratio for different physical layer settings. Results indicate large differences in performance when shadowing is taken into consideration upsetting the expected performance tremendously.
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Dovbnya, Vitaly G., Sergey N. Frolov, Konstantin P. Sulima, and Alexey N. Schitov. "SPECIFICS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF CONTROL SYSTEMS BASED ON LORAWAN TECHNOLOGY." T-Comm 14, no. 9 (2020): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2020-14-9-24-30.
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In the context of the rapid growth of various areas of the Internet of things, there is currently no unified approach to building networks based on low-power Wide-area Network (LPWAN) wireless networks, taking into account the general requirements for them as automated control systems (ACS). There are the following areas of use of the Internet of things: industry and production; transport and transportation; control of the technical condition of building structures, air quality, background noise and energy consumption; waste management; smart Parking and providing data on traffic jams; smart street lighting and use in everyday life. Networks based on LoRaWAN technology provide low-cost energy-efficient wireless communications for modern ACS in a variety of industries. It is cost-effective for designing hardware and software for telemetry and controlling, such as a system of control and monitoring engineering systems of buildings and facilities (SMES) and automated outdoor lighting control systems. The article presents a structural and functional analysis of approaches to the construction of hardware and software complex elements based on LoRаWAN, taking into account the specifics and logic of the SMES and ASUS. It also provides calculations of network bandwidth and capacity for a single LoRaWAN gateway in a different mode of operation of ACS. A parametric analysis of existing implementations was carried out to design the management server (SU), which is the main element of the LoRaWAN network. The results allowed to obtain seventeen indicators that determine the functionality of a network server (NS). Network server software development. Major structures and the mechanisms of interaction of its elements are determined during the process of designing the original implementation of NS software.
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Bravo-Montoya, Andrés F., Jefersson S. Rondón-Sanabria, and Elvis E. Gaona-García. "Development and Testing of a Real-Time LoRawan Sniffer Based on GNU-Radio." TecnoLógicas 22, no. 46 (September 20, 2019): 185–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22430/22565337.1491.
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This paper shows the vulnerabilities present in a wireless sensor network implemented over a long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) LoRaWAN, and identifies possible attacks that could be made to the network using sniffing and/or replay. Attacks on the network were performed by implementing a protocol analyzer (Sniffer) to capture packets. The Sniffer was implemented using the RTL2832U hardware and visualized in Wireshark, through GNU-Radio. Tests showed that data availability and confidentiality could be threatened through replay attacks with LoRa server verification using HackRF One and GNU-Radio hardware. Although the LoRaWAN specification has, frame counters to avoid replay attacks, under given the right conditions, this measure could be violated even deny service to the node on the server.
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Stellin, Marco, Sérgio Sabino, and António Grilo. "LoRaWAN Networking in Mobile Scenarios Using a WiFi Mesh of UAV Gateways." Electronics 9, no. 4 (April 10, 2020): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9040630.
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Immediately after a disaster, such as a flood, wildfire or earthquake, networks might be congested or disrupted and not suitable for supporting the traffic generated by rescuers. In these situations, the use of a traditional fixed-gateway approach would not be effective due to the mobility of the rescuers. In the present work, a double-layer network system named LoRaUAV has been designed and evaluated with the purpose of finding a solution to the aforementioned issues. LoRaUAV is based on a WiFi ad hoc network of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) gateways acting as relays for the traffic generated between mobile LoRaWAN nodes and a remote Base Station (BS). The core of the system is a completely distributed mobility algorithm based on virtual spring forces that periodically updates the UAV topology to adapt to the movement of ground nodes. LoRaUAV has been successfully implemented in ns-3 and its performance has been comparatively evaluated in wild area firefighting scenarios, using Packet Reception Ratio (PRR) and end-to-end delay as the main performance metrics. It is observed that the Connection Recovery and Maintenance (CRM) and Movement Prediction (MP) mechanisms implemented in LoRaUAV effectively help improve the PRR, with the only disadvantage of a higher delay affecting a small percentage of packets caused by buffer delays and disconnections.
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Cuomo, Francesca, Domenico Garlisi, Alessio Martino, and Antonio Martino. "Predicting LoRaWAN Behavior: How Machine Learning Can Help." Computers 9, no. 3 (July 31, 2020): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/computers9030060.
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Large scale deployments of Internet of Things (IoT) networks are becoming reality. From a technology perspective, a lot of information related to device parameters, channel states, network and application data are stored in databases and can be used for an extensive analysis to improve the functionality of IoT systems in terms of network performance and user services. LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is one of the emerging IoT technologies, with a simple protocol based on LoRa modulation. In this work, we discuss how machine learning approaches can be used to improve network performance (and if and how they can help). To this aim, we describe a methodology to process LoRaWAN packets and apply a machine learning pipeline to: (i) perform device profiling, and (ii) predict the inter-arrival of IoT packets. This latter analysis is very related to the channel and network usage and can be leveraged in the future for system performance enhancements. Our analysis mainly focuses on the use of k-means, Long Short-Term Memory Neural Networks and Decision Trees. We test these approaches on a real large-scale LoRaWAN network where the overall captured traffic is stored in a proprietary database. Our study shows how profiling techniques enable a machine learning prediction algorithm even when training is not possible because of high error rates perceived by some devices. In this challenging case, the prediction of the inter-arrival time of packets has an error of about 3.5% for 77% of real sequence cases.
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Ribeiro, Victor, Raimir Holanda, Alex Ramos, and Joel J. P. C. Rodrigues. "Enhancing Key Management in LoRaWAN with Permissioned Blockchain." Sensors 20, no. 11 (May 29, 2020): 3068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20113068.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) is one of the enabling technologies of the Internet of Things (IoT), and focuses on providing long distance connectivity for a vast amount of smart devices. Currently, LoRa is one of the leading LPWAN solutions available for public use. In LPWANs, especially in LoRa, security is a major concern due to the resource constraints of the devices, the sensitivity level of the transmitted data, the large amount of connected devices, among other reasons. This paper studies the key management mechanism of LoRaWAN environments. A secure architecture for key management based on smart contracts and permissioned blockchain to enhance security and availability in LoRaWAN networks is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed blockchain-based LoRaWAN architecture, a working prototype has been created using open-source tools and commodity hardware. Performance analysis shows that the prototype presents similar execution time and latency values, when compared to a traditional system, especially for small and medium-sized LoRaWAN networks. We also discuss why the proposed solution can be used in environments with a large number of end-devices.
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Navarro-Ortiz, Jorge, Juan J. Ramos-Munoz, Juan M. Lopez-Soler, Cristina Cervello-Pastor, and Marisa Catalan. "A LoRaWAN Testbed Design for Supporting Critical Situations: Prototype and Evaluation." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (February 21, 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1684906.
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The Internet of Things is one of the hottest topics in communications today, with current revenues of $151B, around 7 billion connected devices, and an unprecedented growth expected for next years. A massive number of sensors and actuators are expected to emerge, requiring new wireless technologies that can extend their battery life and can cover large areas. LoRaWAN is one of the most outstanding technologies which fulfill these demands, attracting the attention of both academia and industry. In this paper, the design of a LoRaWAN testbed to support critical situations, such as emergency scenarios or natural disasters, is proposed. This self-healing LoRaWAN network architecture will provide resilience when part of the equipment in the core network may become faulty. This resilience is achieved by virtualizing and properly orchestrating the different network entities. Different options have been designed and implemented as real prototypes. Based on our performance evaluation, we claim that the usage of microservice orchestration with several replicas of the LoRaWAN network entities and a load balancer produces an almost seamless recovery which makes it a proper solution to recover after a system crash caused by any catastrophic event.
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Han, Jialuo, and Jidong Wang. "An Enhanced Key Management Scheme for LoRaWAN." Cryptography 2, no. 4 (November 2, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryptography2040034.
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The LoRaWAN is one of the new low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) standards applied to Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The key features of LPWAN are its low power consumption and long-range coverage. The LoRaWAN 1.1 specification includes a basic security scheme. However, this scheme could be further improved in the aspect of key management. In this paper, LoRaWAN 1.1 security is reviewed, and enhanced LoRaWAN security with a root key update scheme is proposed. The root key update will make cryptoanalysis of security keys in LoRaWAN more difficult. The analysis and simulation show that the proposed root key update scheme requires fewer computing resources compared with other key derivation schemes, including the scheme used in the LoRaWAN session key update. The results also show the key generated in the proposed scheme has a high degree of randomness, which is a basic requirement for a security key.
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Pospisil, Jan, Radek Fujdiak, and Konstantin Mikhaylov. "Investigation of the Performance of TDoA-Based Localization Over LoRaWAN in Theory and Practice." Sensors 20, no. 19 (September 23, 2020): 5464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20195464.
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The paper deals with the localization in a low-power wide-area-network (LPWAN) operating long-range wide-area-network (LoRaWAN) technology. The LoRaWAN is, today, one of the most widely used connectivity-enabling technologies for the battery-powered smart devices employed in a broad range of applications. Many of these applications either require or can benefit from the availability of geolocation information. The use of global positioning system (GPS) technology is restrained by the bad propagation of the signal when the device is hidden indoors, and by energy consumption such a receiver would require. Therefore, this paper focuses on an alternative solution implying the use of the information readily available in the LoRaWAN network and application of the time difference of arrival (TDoA) method for the passive geolocation of end-devices in the network. First, the limits of geolocation services in networks that use narrow-band communication channels are discussed, as well as the relevant challenges faced by the TDoA approach. Then, we select five classic TDoA algorithms and evaluate their performance using simulation. Based on these results, we select the two providing the best accuracy (i.e., Chan’s and Foy’s). These algorithms were tested by the field measurements, using the specially designed low-cost gateways and test devices to estimate their real-life performance.
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Kim, Jaehyu, and JooSeok Song. "A Dual Key-Based Activation Scheme for Secure LoRaWAN." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2017 (2017): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/6590713.
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With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, we are experiencing rapid technological progress. Billions of devices are connected to each other, and our homes, cities, hospitals, and schools are getting smarter and smarter. However, to realize the IoT, several challenging issues such as connecting resource-constrained devices to the Internet must be resolved. Recently introduced Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies have been devised to resolve this issue. Among many LPWAN candidates, the Long Range (LoRa) is one of the most promising technologies. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a communication protocol for LoRa that provides basic security mechanisms. However, some security loopholes exist in LoRaWAN’s key update and session key generation. In this paper, we propose a dual key-based activation scheme for LoRaWAN. It resolves the problem of key updates not being fully supported. In addition, our scheme facilitates each layer in generating its own session key directly, which ensures the independence of all layers. Real-world experimental results compared with the original scheme show that the proposed scheme is totally feasible in terms of delay and battery consumption.
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Nga, Le Cong, Cuong Quoc Pham, and Tran Ngoc Thinh. "Energy-Efficiency Approach for Long Range Wireless Communication." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i3.532.
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According to recent researches, the wireless sensor networks (WSN) which consume low levels of energy become more and more popular nowadays, so the research trend of optimizing energy for WSNs is rapidly increasing. LoRa technology is a modulation technique that provides long-range transfer of information and low power consumes. Besides, LoRaWAN is a network protocol that optimized for battery-powered end devices. The LoRa and LoRaWAN can be considered a suitable candidate for WSNs, which can reduce power consumption and extend the communication range. In this paper, we studied adaptive mechanisms in the transmission parameters of the LoRa network and proposed an energy-optimized solution for the adaptive algorithm. This research not only introduced the reference hardware of a sensor node in WSNs but also conducted experiments on typical LoRa network infrastructure
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Paul, Biswajit. "An Overview of LoRaWAN." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 19 (January 13, 2021): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2020.19.27.
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LoRa is an IoT enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rate applications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM band and falls into the category of LowPowerWideAreaNetworks (LPWANs) technologies. Among the noncellular based LPWAN enabling technologies, LoRa has got remarkable attention due to its fast adoption by industries. LoRa through wireless modulation enables the endnodes to establish long distance communication while LoRaWAN refers to the communication protocol and system architecture. In this paper, an overview of LoRaWAN is presented.
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Haiahem, Rahim, Pascale Minet, Selma Boumerdassi, and Leila Azouz Saidane. "An Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring Method (OAPM) Based on LoRaWAN." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 9, no. 3 (September 9, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan9030042.
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High accuracy air pollution monitoring in a smart city requires the deployment of a huge number of sensors in this city. One of the most appropriate wireless technologies expected to support high density deployment is LoRaWAN which belongs to the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) family and offers long communication range, multi-year battery lifetime and low cost end devices. It has been designed for End Devices (EDs) and applications that need to send small amounts of data a few times per hour. However, a high number of end devices breaks the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions, which was one of the main advantages of LoRaWAN. Hence, network performances are strongly impacted. To solve this problem, we propose a solution called OAPM (Orthogonal Air Pollution Monitoring) which ensures the orthogonality of LoRaWAN transmissions and provides accurate air pollution monitoring. In this paper, we show how to organize EDs into clusters and sub-clusters, assign transmission times to EDs, configurate and synchronize them, taking into account the specificities of LoRaWAN and the features of the air pollution monitoring application. Simulation results corroborate the very good behavior of OAPM.
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Hakeem, Shimaa A. Abdel, Sherine M. Abd El-Kader, and HyungWon Kim. "A Key Management Protocol Based on the Hash Chain Key Generation for Securing LoRaWAN Networks." Sensors 21, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 5838. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21175838.
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Recently, many Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) protocols have been proposed for securing resource-constrained Internet of Things (IoT) devices with negligible power consumption. The Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is a low power communication protocol that supports message authentication, integrity, and encryption using two-session preshared secret keys. However, although the LoRaWAN supports some security functions, it suffers from session key generation and key update problems. This motivates us to introduce a new key management protocol that resolves the LoRaWAN problems and supports key updates. The proposed protocol is based on hash chain generation using a one-way hash function. Network entities share a common hash chain of n key elements to allow using a unique signing key per message. We also propose a salt hashing algorithm that encrypts the original keys into a different form to avoid the physical attacks at the end device side. We analyzed the proposed key generation performance in terms of the computation time, the required storage, and the communication overhead. We implemented and tested the proposed key generation protocol using the NS-3 network simulator. The proposed lightweight key generation protocol significantly enhances the security of the original LoRaWAN at a negligible overhead. The proposed protocol reduces the power consumption and transmission time by two times compared with some previous protocols. In addition, the proposed key generation protocol can resist attacks, such as key compromising attacks and replay attacks, and it supports the Perfect Forward Secrecy, which was not supported by LoRaWAN.
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Dai, Rushi, Orwa Diraneyya, and Sigrid Brell-Çokcan. "Improving data communication on construction sites via LoRaWAN." Construction Robotics 5, no. 2 (May 4, 2021): 87–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s41693-021-00059-8.
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AbstractEasily-accessible and reliable data communication in construction processes ensures high building quality, efficient workflow and secure working environments. The setup of network infrastructure on construction sites provides the necessary condition for timely and effective data communication. This paper researches a solution for on-site networking by implementing an IoT network on a reference construction site in Germany. In contrast to high-cost and high-bandwidth network infrastructure, a Long Range Wide Area Network–LoRaWAN with low cost and low bandwidth was deployed on the site. With additional IoT servers and LoRa-enabled devices, the reference construction site is able to communicate remotely with a robotic lab. In order to validate this concept of LoRaWAN on construction sites, an intra-site logistics and task scheduling system was developed to test the network performance. This paper conducts a preliminary study on the application of the IoT network technology–LoRaWAN in the logistics automation in construction. The test results can be used as references for other automation applications, such as internet of robot, intelligent process management, decision making system, etc.
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Butun, Ismail, Nuno Pereira, and Mikael Gidlund. "Security Risk Analysis of LoRaWAN and Future Directions." Future Internet 11, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11010003.
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LoRa (along with its upper layers definition—LoRaWAN) is one of the most promising Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies for implementing Internet of Things (IoT)-based applications. Although being a popular technology, several works in the literature have revealed vulnerabilities and risks regarding the security of LoRaWAN v1.0 (the official 1st specification draft). The LoRa-Alliance has built upon these findings and introduced several improvements in the security and architecture of LoRa. The result of these efforts resulted in LoRaWAN v1.1, released on 11 October 2017. This work aims at reviewing and clarifying the security aspects of LoRaWAN v1.1. By following ETSI guidelines, we provide a comprehensive Security Risk Analysis of the protocol and discuss several remedies to the security risks described. A threat catalog is presented, along with discussions and analysis in view of the scale, impact, and likelihood of each threat. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this work is one of the first of its kind, by providing a detailed security risk analysis related to the latest version of LoRaWAN. Our analysis highlights important practical threats, such as end-device physical capture, rogue gateway and self-replay, which require particular attention by developers and organizations implementing LoRa networks.
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Fraga-Lamas, Paula, Mikel Celaya-Echarri, Peio Lopez-Iturri, Tiago Fernández-Caramés, Leyre Azpilicueta, Erik Aguirre, Manuel Suárez-Albela, Francisco Falcone, and Luis Castedo. "Analysis, Design and Empirical Validation of a Smart Campus Based on LoRaWAN." Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 14, 2018): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsa-5-05740.
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Internet of Things (IoT) applications for smart environments demand challenging requirements for wireless networks in terms of security, coverage, availability, power consumption, and scalability. The technologies employed so far to cope with IoT scenarios are not yet able to manage simultaneously all these demanding requirements, but recent solutions like Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) have emerged as a promising alternative to provide low-cost and low-power consumption connectivity to nodes spread throughout a wide area. Specifically, the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) standard is one of the most recent developments, receiving attention from both industry and academia. This work presents a comprehensive case study on the use of LoRaWAN under a realistic scenario within a smart city: a smart campus. Such a medium-scale scenario has been implemented through an in-house-developed 3D ray launching radio planning simulator that takes into consideration traffic lights, vehicles, people, buildings, urban fixtures, and vegetation. The developed tool is able to provide accurate radio propagation estimations within the smart campus scenario in terms of coverage, capacity, and energy efficiency of the network. These results are compared with an empirical validation in order to assess the operating conditions and the system accuracy. Moreover, the presented results provide some guidelines for IoT vendors, network operators, and city planners to investigate further deployments of LoRaWAN for other medium-scale smart city applications.
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Barro, Pape, Marco Zennaro, Jules Degila, and Ermanno Pietrosemoli. "A Smart Cities LoRaWAN Network Based on Autonomous Base Stations (BS) for Some Countries with Limited Internet Access." Future Internet 11, no. 4 (April 8, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi11040093.
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An increasing number of implementations of IoT for development use the LoRaWAN protocol as many of them leverage the free network and application servers provided by The Things Networks (TTN) to fulfill their needs. Unfortunately, in some countries in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, Internet access cannot be taken for granted, therefore, TTN might not be available. Moreover, low-cost and low-power consumption options devices are the most sustainable ones. In this paper, we propose a LoRaWAN network with autonomous base stations that can work without Internet connectivity for essential services, while being able to provide additional features whenever Internet access becomes available, even in an intermittent fashion. Security and privacy are preserved, with support for mobile nodes.
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Chinchilla-Romero, Natalia, Jorge Navarro-Ortiz, Pablo Muñoz, and Pablo Ameigeiras. "Collision Avoidance Resource Allocation for LoRaWAN." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 1218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041218.
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The number of connected IoT devices is significantly increasing and it is expected to reach more than two dozens of billions of IoT connections in the coming years. Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) have become very relevant for this new paradigm due to features such as large coverage and low power consumption. One of the most appealing technologies among these networks is LoRaWAN. Although it may be considered as one of the most mature LPWAN platforms, there are still open gaps such as its capacity limitations. For this reason, this work proposes a collision avoidance resource allocation algorithm named the Collision Avoidance Resource Allocation (CARA) algorithm with the objective of significantly increase system capacity. CARA leverages the multichannel structure and the orthogonality of spreading factors in LoRaWAN networks to avoid collisions among devices. Simulation results show that, assuming ideal radio link conditions, our proposal outperforms in 95.2% the capacity of a standard LoRaWAN network and increases the capacity by almost 40% assuming a realistic propagation model. In addition, it has been verified that CARA devices can coexist with LoRaWAN traditional devices, thus allowing the simultaneous transmissions of both types of devices. Moreover, a proof-of-concept has been implemented using commercial equipment in order to check the feasibility and the correct operation of our solution.
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Anwar, Khola, Taj Rahman, Asim Zeb, Yousaf Saeed, Muhammad Adnan Khan, Inayat Khan, Shafiq Ahmad, Abdelaty Edrees Abdelgawad, and Mali Abdollahian. "Improving the Convergence Period of Adaptive Data Rate in a Long Range Wide Area Network for the Internet of Things Devices." Energies 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2021): 5614. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14185614.
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A Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is one of the most efficient technologies and is widely adopted for the Internet of Things (IoT) applications. The IoT consists of massive End Devices (EDs) deployed over large geographical areas, forming a large environment. LoRaWAN uses an Adaptive Data Rate (ADR), targeting static EDs. However, the ADR is affected when the channel conditions between ED and Gateway (GW) are unstable due to shadowing, fading, and mobility. Such a condition causes massive packet loss, which increases the convergence time of the ADR. Therefore, we address the convergence time issue and propose a novel ADR at the network side to lower packet losses. The proposed ADR is evaluated through extensive simulation. The results show an enhanced convergence time compared to the state-of-the-art ADR method by reducing the packet losses and retransmission under dynamic mobile LoRaWAN network.
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Luvisotto, Michele, Federico Tramarin, Lorenzo Vangelista, and Stefano Vitturi. "On the Use of LoRaWAN for Indoor Industrial IoT Applications." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/3982646.
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Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) have recently emerged as appealing communication systems in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT). Particularly, they proved effective in typical IoT applications such as environmental monitoring and smart metering. Such networks, however, have a great potential also in the industrial scenario and, hence, in the context of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT), which represents a dramatically growing field of application. In this paper we focus on a specific LPWAN, namely, LoRaWAN, and provide an assessment of its performance for typical IIoT employments such as those represented by indoor industrial monitoring applications. In detail, after a general description of LoRaWAN, we discuss how to set some of its parameters in order to achieve the best performance in the considered industrial scenario. Subsequently we present the outcomes of a performance assessment, based on realistic simulations, aimed at evaluating the behavior of LoRaWAN for industrial monitoring applications. Moreover, the paper proposes a comparison with the IEEE 802.15.4 network protocol, which is often adopted in similar application contexts. The obtained results confirm that LoRaWAN can be considered as a strongly viable opportunity, since it is able to provide high reliability and timeliness, while ensuring very low energy consumption.
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Cruz, Nuno, Nuno Cota, and João Tremoceiro. "LoRaWAN and Urban Waste Management—A Trial." Sensors 21, no. 6 (March 18, 2021): 2142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21062142.
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The city of Lisbon, as any other capital of a European country, has a large number of issues regarding managing waste and recycling containers spread throughout the city. This document presents the results of a study promoted by the Lisbon City Council for trialing LPWAN (Low-Power Wide-Area Network) technology for the waste management vertical under the Lisbon Smart City initiative. Current waste management is done using GSM (Global System for Mobile communications) sensors, and the municipality aims to use LPWAN in order to improve range and reduce costs and provisioning times when changing the communications provider. After an initial study, LoRa (Long Range) and LoRAWAN (LoRa Wide Area Network) as its network counterpart, were selected as the LPWAN technology for trials considering several use cases, exploring multiple distances, types of recycling waste containers, placements (underground or surface) and kinds of commercially available waste level measurement LoRa sensors. The results showed that the underground waste containers proved to be, as expected, the most difficult to operate correctly, where the container itself imposed attenuation levels of 26 dB on the LoRa link budget. The successful results were used to promote the deployment of a city-wide LoRa network, available to all the departments inside the Lisbon City Council. Considering the network capacity, the municipality also decided to make the network freely available to citizens.
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Sendra, Sandra, Laura García, Jaime Lloret, Ignacio Bosch, and Roberto Vega-Rodríguez. "LoRaWAN Network for Fire Monitoring in Rural Environments." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 531. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030531.
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The number of forest fires that occurred in recent years in different parts of the world is causing increased concern in the population, as the consequences of these fires expand beyond the destruction of the ecosystem. However, with the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) industry, solutions for early fire detection should be developed. The assessment of the fire risk of an area and the communication of this fact to the population could reduce the number of fires originated by accident or due to the carelessness of the users. This paper presents a low-cost network based on Long Range (LoRa) technology to autonomously evaluate the level of fire risk and the presence of a forest fire in rural areas. The system is comprised of several LoRa nodes with sensors to measure the temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and CO2 of the environment. The data from the nodes is stored and processed in a The Things Network (TTN) server that sends the data to a website for the graphic visualization of the collected data. The system is tested in a real environment and, the results show that it is possible to cover a circular area of a radius of 4 km with a single gateway.
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Manzano, L. Gallego, Hamza Boukabache, Salvatore Danzeca, Natalie Heracleous, Fabrizio Murtas, Daniel Perrin, Vasja Pirc, Alejandro Ribagorda Alfaro, Alessandro Zimmaro, and Marco Silari. "An IoT LoRaWAN Network for Environmental Radiation Monitoring." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 70 (2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2021.3089776.
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Parri, Lorenzo, Stefano Parrino, Giacomo Peruzzi, and Alessandro Pozzebon. "Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) at Sea: Performance Analysis of Offshore Data Transmission by Means of LoRaWAN Connectivity for Marine Monitoring Applications." Sensors 19, no. 14 (July 23, 2019): 3239. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19143239.
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In this paper the authors discuss the realization of a Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network infrastructure to be employed for monitoring activities within the marine environment. In particular, transmission ranges as well as the assessment of parameters like Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) are analyzed in the specific context of an aquaculture industrial plant, setting up a transmission channel from an offshore monitoring structure provided with a LoRaWAN transmitter, to an ashore receiving device composed of two LoRaWAN Gateways. A theoretical analysis about the feasibility of the transmission is provided. The performances of the system are then measured with different network parameters (in particular the Spreading Factor—SF) as well as with two different heights for the transmitting antenna. Test results prove that efficient data transmission can be achieved at a distance of 8.33 km even using worst case network settings: this suggests the effectiveness of the system even in harsher environmental conditions, thus entailing a lower quality of the transmission channel, or for larger transmission ranges.
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Kaushal, N. V. "Precision Agriculture using LoRaWAN." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 30, 2021): 3867–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35818.
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The growing world population as well as increased awareness of the stress, agriculture places on the atmosphere has put farmers beneath intense pressure. Its value is noting that the farmers have long leveraged the technological breakthroughs and to adapt agricultural practices to ever-changing in times and this era is no exception, significantly with the emergency of fine Agriculture. Advanced commercial enterprise is fully dependent on power to efficiently manage resources so as to cut back the environmental impact, minimize the price and maximize the yield. Farmers are facing the associate degree interconnected to host of challenges and thus, having interest in incorporating the innovative technological solutions. Harnessing technology to alter precision agriculture has emerged to produce farmers with the tools they need to serve a half-hour larger population within the future in a very property approach that's harmonical with nature. The wireless sensor network (WSN) is a technology that has quickly been evolved over the years by enabling the spectrum of applications like industry, military, and agriculture. The LoRa devices have provided the ability to mechanically monitor the crops and the animals, which further provides the profitable knowledge which has been collected manually. During this project we tend to come up with a technology, to form a wireless network and alter the irreversible consequences of poor irrigation management. By dispersing the sensors that are connected to the phones or computers of the farmers will instantly receive the data on soil moisture and temperature, weather and rain, crop growth, and also receive the alerts on fire or theft and will activate irrigation instrumentation. All the data collected can feed into call management tools that helps the farmers to take the correct call at the correct time to get optimized results and will guarantee the property of his farm so high price knowledge are often transmitted over distances of up to fifteen metric linear unit from the sensors whose batteries which is lasting up to 10 years, leading to lower the maintenance and in operation prices beside the larger operational visibility, that successively empowers farmers to build their businesses.
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Zaraket, Carine, Panagiotis Papageorgas, Michel Aillerie, and Kyriakos Agavanakis. "LoRaWAN IoT Technology for Energy Smart Metering Case Study Lebanon." Key Engineering Materials 886 (May 2021): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.886.30.
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Internet of things (IoT) technology is based on connecting each real object to the internet. Every single object is uniquely recognized and reachable over the network. IoT last mile connectivity is based on different communication technologies and protocols, where the majority is categorized as short-range networks that operate in ISM band like Zigbee, Wifi and Bluetooth. Short-range technologies were successfully tested and deployed in different industrial sectors. However, in the energy sectors its deployment is challenging in certain hard to reach areas where a reliable last mile connectivity is required between the home area network (HAN) smart meters and the meter data management system (MDMS). Therefore recently, Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technology, which offers a long range connectivity, has emerged as a promising technology for IoT. Within LPWAN, variety of platforms exist and operate in licensed and unlicensed spectrum respectively like NB-IoT, and LoRaWAN, Sigfox. In this paper we discuss both the performance of LoRaWAN in a real-world environment and its deployment as a low cost, long range and reliable last mile solution for energy smart metering in urban area scenario where short range solution may not work the best. Furthermore, a prototype that is adapted to the existing Lebanese traditional energy sector was developed to test LoRaWAN usefulness in Lebanon.
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Jung, Ji-Young, and Jung-Ryun Lee. "Throughput and Packet Loss Probability Analysis of Long Range Wide Area Network." Applied Sciences 11, no. 17 (August 31, 2021): 8091. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11178091.
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Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) is the one of the promising low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies at present and is expected to grow in the foreseeable future as a tool to provide connectivity among small things. In this paper, we present a simple analytical model to compute the throughput and packet loss probability of Medium Access Control (MAC) for Class-A of LoRaWAN. This analysis results can be used as a reference for deploying the appropriate number of end-devices (EDs) that can be accepted in a gateway (GW) while maximizing network throughput or guaranteeing the packet loss rate of EDs.
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Haxhibeqiri, Jetmir, Eli De Poorter, Ingrid Moerman, and Jeroen Hoebeke. "A Survey of LoRaWAN for IoT: From Technology to Application." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 16, 2018): 3995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113995.
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LoRaWAN is one of the low power wide area network (LPWAN) technologies that have received significant attention by the research community in the recent years. It offers low-power, low-data rate communication over a wide range of covered area. In the past years, the number of publications regarding LoRa and LoRaWAN has grown tremendously. This paper provides an overview of research work that has been published from 2015 to September 2018 and that is accessible via Google Scholar and IEEE Explore databases. First, a detailed description of the technology is given, including existing security and reliability mechanisms. This literature overview is structured by categorizing papers according to the following topics: (i) physical layer aspects; (ii) network layer aspects; (iii) possible improvements; and (iv) extensions to the standard. Finally, a strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) analysis is presented along with the challenges that LoRa and LoRaWAN still face.
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Johnston, Steven J., Philip J. Basford, Florentin M. J. Bulot, Mihaela Apetroaie-Cristea, Natasha H. C. Easton, Charlie Davenport, Gavin L. Foster, Matthew Loxham, Andrew K. R. Morris, and Simon J. Cox. "City Scale Particulate Matter Monitoring Using LoRaWAN Based Air Quality IoT Devices." Sensors 19, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19010209.
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Air Quality (AQ) is a very topical issue for many cities and has a direct impact on citizen health. The AQ of a large UK city is being investigated using low-cost Particulate Matter (PM) sensors, and the results obtained by these sensors have been compared with government operated AQ stations. In the first pilot deployment, six AQ Internet of Things (IoT) devices have been designed and built, each with four different low-cost PM sensors, and they have been deployed at two locations within the city. These devices are equipped with LoRaWAN wireless network transceivers to test city scale Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) coverage. The study concludes that (i) the physical device developed can operate at a city scale; (ii) some low-cost PM sensors are viable for monitoring AQ and for detecting PM trends; (iii) LoRaWAN is suitable for city scale sensor coverage where connectivity is an issue. Based on the findings from this first pilot project, a larger LoRaWAN enabled AQ sensor network is being deployed across the city of Southampton in the UK.
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Yasmin, Rumana, Konstantin Mikhaylov, and Ari Pouttu. "LoRaWAN for Smart Campus: Deployment and Long-Term Operation Analysis." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 24, 2020): 6721. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236721.
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The recent years have gradually increased the value of wireless connectivity, making it the de facto commodity for both human users and the machines. In this paper, we summarize our experiences of deploying and managing for over two years the extensive indoor sensor network composed of more than three hundred devices connected over LoRaWAN low power wide area network (LPWAN) technology. We start by detailing the background and methodology of our deployment and then present the results of analyzing the network’s operation over a period of two years, focusing specifically on identifying the reasons after the packet losses. Our results reveal that despite the common assumptions, in a real-life network, the packets are lost not only during the on-air transmission but also within the backbone. Among the other interesting findings are the observed nonuniform distribution of the packet transmissions by the nodes in the networks, the seasonal effects on the packet delivery, and the observed effects of the interferences on network performance. The empirical results presented in the paper provide valuable insight into the performance of a real-life extensive LoRaWAN network deployed in an indoor environment and thus may be of interest both to the practitioners and academics.
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Jung, Tack-hyun, Seung-ho Lee, and Kee-cheon Kim. "Implement Detecting Network Attack through Machine Learning in LoRaWAN Environment." Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences 44, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 1547–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7840/kics.2019.44.8.1547.
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Milani, Stefano, and Ioannis Chatzigiannakis. "Design, Analysis, and Experimental Evaluation of a New Secure Rejoin Mechanism for LoRaWAN Using Elliptic-Curve Cryptography." Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks 10, no. 2 (June 18, 2021): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jsan10020036.
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LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) is a Low-Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) technology with very rapid uptake during the previous years, developed by the LoRa (Long Range) Alliance as an open standard operating over the unlicensed band. Current LoRaWAN architecture foresees specific techniques for bootstrapping end-to-end encryption during network initialization. In particular, this work focuses on the Over-The-Air Activation (OTAA) method, which uses two keys (Network key (NwkKey) and Application key (AppKey)) that are hard-coded into the device and do not change throughout the entire lifetime of the deployment. The inability to refresh these two keys is as a weak point in terms of the overall security of the network especially when considering deployments that are expected to operate for at least 10–15 years. In this paper, the security issues of OTAA are presented in detail highlighting the vulnerabilities against the specific type of attacks. A new scheme for network activation is proposed that builds upon the current LoRaWAN architecture in a way that maintains backwards compatibility while resolving certain vulnerabilities. Under the new mechanism, the devices periodically negotiate new keys securely based on elliptic-curve cryptography. The security properties of the proposed mechanism are analyzed against a specific type of attacks. The analysis indicates that the new secure rejoin mechanism guarantees (i) computational key secrecy, (ii) decisional key secrecy, and (iii) key independence, forward and backward, for both root keys thus properly addressing the considered security vulnerabilities of LoRaWAN. Moreover, the method is implemented in software using the RIOT-OS, a hardware-independent operating system that supports many different architectures for 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit and 64 bit processors. The resulting software is evaluated on the FIT IoT-Lab real-world experimentation facility under a diverse set of ARM Cortex-M* devices targeting a broad range of IoT applications, ranging from advanced wearable devices to interactive entertainment devices, home automation and industrial cyber-physical systems. The experiments indicate that the overall overhead incurred in terms of energy and time by the proposed rejoin mechanism is acceptable given the low frequency of execution and the improvements to the overall security of the LoRaWAN1.1 OTAA method.
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Perković, Toni, Hrvoje Rudeš, Slaven Damjanović, and Antun Nakić. "Low-Cost Implementation of Reactive Jammer on LoRaWAN Network." Electronics 10, no. 7 (April 5, 2021): 864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10070864.
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The Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWA) has already started to gain a notorious adoption in the Internet of Things (IoT) landscape due to its enormous potential. It is already employed in a wide variety of scenarios involving parking lot occupancy, package delivery, smart irrigation, smart lightning, fire detection, etc. If messages from LPWA devices can be manipulated or blocked, this will violate the integrity of the collected information and lead to unobserved events (e.g., fire, leakage). This paper explores the possibility that violates message integrity by applying a reactive jamming technique that disrupts a Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) network. As shown in this paper, using low-cost commodity hardware based on Arduino platform, an attacker can easily mount such an attack that would result in completely shutting down the entire LoRaWAN network with high probability. Several countermeasures are introduced to reduce the possibility of jamming attacks.
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Masek, Pavel, Martin Stusek, Ekaterina Svertoka, Jan Pospisil, Radim Burget, Elena Simona Lohan, Ion Marghescu, Jiri Hosek, and Aleksandr Ometov. "Measurements of LoRaWAN Technology in Urban Scenarios: A Data Descriptor." Data 6, no. 6 (June 10, 2021): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data6060062.
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This work is a data descriptor paper for measurements related to various operational aspects of LoRaWAN communication technology collected in Brno, Czech Republic. This paper also provides data characterizing the long-term behavior of the LoRaWAN channel collected during the two-month measurement campaign. It covers two measurement locations, one at the university premises, and the second situated near the city center. The dataset’s primary goal is to provide the researchers lacking LoRaWAN devices with an opportunity to compare and analyze the information obtained from 303 different outdoor test locations transmitting to up to 20 gateways operating in the 868 MHz band in a varying metropolitan landscape. To collect the data, we developed a prototype equipped with a Microchip RN2483 Low-Power Wide-Area Network (LPWAN) LoRaWAN technology transceiver module for the field measurements. As an example of data utilization, we showed the Signal-to-noise Ratio (SNR) and Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) in relation to the closest gateway distance.
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Farhad, Arshad, Dae-Ho Kim, and Jae-Young Pyun. "Resource Allocation to Massive Internet of Things in LoRaWANs." Sensors 20, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 2645. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20092645.
Full textAbstract:
A long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) adapts the ALOHA network concept for channel access, resulting in packet collisions caused by intra- and inter-spreading factor (SF) interference. This leads to a high packet loss ratio. In LoRaWAN, each end device (ED) increments the SF after every two consecutive failed retransmissions, thus forcing the EDs to use a high SF. When numerous EDs switch to the highest SF, the network loses its advantage of orthogonality. Thus, the collision probability of the ED packets increases drastically. In this study, we propose two SF allocation schemes to enhance the packet success ratio by lowering the impact of interference. The first scheme, called the channel-adaptive SF recovery algorithm, increments or decrements the SF based on the retransmission of the ED packets, indicating the channel status in the network. The second approach allocates SF to EDs based on ED sensitivity during the initial deployment. These schemes are validated through extensive simulations by considering the channel interference in both confirmed and unconfirmed modes of LoRaWAN. Through simulation results, we show that the SFs have been adaptively applied to each ED, and the proposed schemes enhance the packet success delivery ratio as compared to the typical SF allocation schemes.