Academic literature on the topic 'LoRaWAN modem'

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Journal articles on the topic "LoRaWAN modem"

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Park, Jean, and Juyeop Kim. "An Implementation Design of Unified Protocol Architecture for Physical Layer of LoRaWAN End-Nodes." Electronics 10, no. 20 (October 19, 2021): 2550. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10202550.

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LoRa Wide Area Networks (LoRaWAN) can provide a connectivity service to Internet of Things (IoT) for an extremely long run-time and with low power consumption. As the LoRaWAN is extensively applied to various IoT scenarios, LoRaWAN solutions face a flexibility issue in terms of inter-operating with various kinds of LoRa modem hardware and protocol scenarios. In this regard, we design a unified protocol architecture for LoRaWAN physical layer, which can flexibly correspond to various deployment and operational cases. The new protocol architecture includes a hardware abstraction sub-layer, which contains generalized handlers for configuring various kinds of the LoRa modem, and a physical procedure sub-layer that structurally models the physical layer procedures of the LoRaWAN based on Finite State Machine(FSM). We illustrate the flexibility of the new protocol architecture by implementing an extensive feature that enhances the packet reception ratio based on the status of preamble detection. For evaluating the new protocol architecture, we implement the LoRaWAN physical layer protocol on real-time embedded systems and conduct experiments. The experimental results show that the proposed protocol robustly transmits and receives packets and generates little amount of additional burden compared with the conventional open source protocol provided by SemTech.
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Kim, Seungku, Heonkook Lee, and Sungho Jeon. "An Adaptive Spreading Factor Selection Scheme for a Single Channel LoRa Modem." Sensors 20, no. 4 (February 13, 2020): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20041008.

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When the low power wide area network (LPWAN) was developed for the internet of things (IoT), it attracted significant attention. LoRa, which is one of the LPWAN technologies, provides low-power and long-range wireless communication using a frequency band under 1 GHz. A long-range wide area network (LoRaWAN) provides a simple star topology network that is not scalable; it supports multi-data rates by adjusting the spreading factor, code rate, and bandwidth. This paper proposes an adaptive spreading factor selection scheme for corresponding spreading factors (SFs) between a transmitter and receiver. The scheme enables the maximum throughput and minimum network cost, using cheap single channel LoRa modules. It provides iterative SF inspection and an SF selection algorithm that allows each link to communicate at independent data rates. We implemented a multi-hop LoRa network and evaluated the performance of experiments in various network topologies. The adaptive spreading factor selection (ASFS) scheme showed outstanding end-to-end throughput, peaking at three times the performance of standalone modems. We expect the ASFS scheme will be a suitable technology for applications requiring high throughput on a multi-hop network.
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Slaný, Vlastimil, Adam Lučanský, Petr Koudelka, Jan Mareček, Eva Krčálová, and Radek Martínek. "An Integrated IoT Architecture for Smart Metering Using Next Generation Sensor for Water Management Based on LoRaWAN Technology: A Pilot Study." Sensors 20, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 4712. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20174712.

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This pilot study focuses on the design, implementation, optimization and verification of a novel solution of smart measuring of water consumption and crisis detection leading to a smart water management platform. The system implemented consists of a modular IoT platform based on a PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design using the M2.COM standard, a LoraWAN modem and a LoraWAN gateway based on the Raspberry Pi platform. The prototype is modular, low-cost, low-power, low-complex and it fully reflects the requirements of strategic technological concepts of Smart City and Industry 4.0, i.e., data integration, interoperability, (I)IoT, etc. The study was produced in cooperation with M.I.S Protivanov and VODARENSKA AKCIOVA SPOLECNOST, a.s. (industry partners distributing drinking water in the Olomouc and South-Moravian regions) to depict the current situation in the Czech Republic, characterized by extreme weather fluctuations and increasingly frequent periods of drought. These drinking water distributors are also constantly placing new demands on these smart solutions. These requirements include, above all, reliability of data transmission, modularity and, last but not least, low cost. However, smart water management (water consumption, distribution, system identification, equipment maintenance, etc.) is becoming an important topic worldwide. The functionality of the system was first verified in laboratory conditions and, then, in real operation. The study also includes checking signal propagation in the municipal area of the village of Zdarna, where the radius of the proposed measuring system was tested. A laboratory test with simulation of water leakage is also part of this work. Subsequently, the system was tested in a residential unit by means of water leakage detection using the MNF method (minimum night flow); the detection success rate was 95%.
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Gu, Chaojie, Linshan Jiang, Rui Tan, Mo Li, and Jun Huang. "Attack-aware Synchronization-free Data Timestamping in LoRaWAN." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474368.

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Low-power wide-area network technologies such as long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) are promising for collecting low-rate monitoring data from geographically distributed sensors, in which timestamping the sensor data is a critical system function. This article considers a synchronization-free approach to timestamping LoRaWAN uplink data based on signal arrival time at the gateway, which well matches LoRaWAN’s one-hop star topology and releases bandwidth from transmitting timestamps and synchronizing end devices’ clocks at all times. However, we show that this approach is susceptible to a frame delay attack consisting of malicious frame collision and delayed replay. Real experiments show that the attack can affect the end devices in large areas up to about 50,000, m 2 . In a broader sense, the attack threatens any system functions requiring timely deliveries of LoRaWAN frames. To address this threat, we propose a LoRaTS gateway design that integrates a commodity LoRaWAN gateway and a low-power software-defined radio receiver to track the inherent frequency biases of the end devices. Based on an analytic model of LoRa’s chirp spread spectrum modulation, we develop signal processing algorithms to estimate the frequency biases with high accuracy beyond that achieved by LoRa’s default demodulation. The accurate frequency bias tracking capability enables the detection of the attack that introduces additional frequency biases. We also investigate and implement a more crafty attack that uses advanced radio apparatuses to eliminate the frequency biases. To address this crafty attack, we propose a pseudorandom interval hopping scheme to enhance our frequency bias tracking approach. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our approach in deployments with real affecting factors such as temperature variations.
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Gu, Chaojie, Linshan Jiang, Rui Tan, Mo Li, and Jun Huang. "Attack-aware Synchronization-free Data Timestamping in LoRaWAN." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3474368.

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Low-power wide-area network technologies such as long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) are promising for collecting low-rate monitoring data from geographically distributed sensors, in which timestamping the sensor data is a critical system function. This article considers a synchronization-free approach to timestamping LoRaWAN uplink data based on signal arrival time at the gateway, which well matches LoRaWAN’s one-hop star topology and releases bandwidth from transmitting timestamps and synchronizing end devices’ clocks at all times. However, we show that this approach is susceptible to a frame delay attack consisting of malicious frame collision and delayed replay. Real experiments show that the attack can affect the end devices in large areas up to about 50,000, m 2 . In a broader sense, the attack threatens any system functions requiring timely deliveries of LoRaWAN frames. To address this threat, we propose a LoRaTS gateway design that integrates a commodity LoRaWAN gateway and a low-power software-defined radio receiver to track the inherent frequency biases of the end devices. Based on an analytic model of LoRa’s chirp spread spectrum modulation, we develop signal processing algorithms to estimate the frequency biases with high accuracy beyond that achieved by LoRa’s default demodulation. The accurate frequency bias tracking capability enables the detection of the attack that introduces additional frequency biases. We also investigate and implement a more crafty attack that uses advanced radio apparatuses to eliminate the frequency biases. To address this crafty attack, we propose a pseudorandom interval hopping scheme to enhance our frequency bias tracking approach. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of our approach in deployments with real affecting factors such as temperature variations.
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Matni, Nagib, Jean Moraes, Helder Oliveira, Denis Rosário, and Eduardo Cerqueira. "LoRaWAN Gateway Placement Model for Dynamic Internet of Things Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 15 (August 4, 2020): 4336. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154336.

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Extended Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) has recently gained a lot of attention from the industrial and research community for dynamic Internet of Things (IoT) applications. IoT devices broadcast messages for neighbor gateways that deliver the message to the application server through an IP network. Hence, it is required to deploy LoRaWAN gateways, i.e., network planning, and optimization, in an environment while considering Operational Expenditure (OPEX) and Capital Expenditure (CAPEX) along with Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. In this article, we introduced a LoRaWAN gateway placement model for dynamic IoT applications called DPLACE. It divides the IoT devices into groups with some degree of similarity between them to allow for the placement of LoRaWAN gateways that can serve these devices in the best possible way. Specifically, DPLACE computes the number of LoRaWAN gateways based on the Gap statistics method. Afterward, DPLACE uses K-Means and Fuzzy C-means algorithms to calculate the LoRaWAN gateway placement. The simulations’ results proved the benefits of DPLACE compared to state-of-the-art LoRaWAN gateway placement models in terms of OPEX, CAPEX, and QoS.
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Bankov, Dmitry, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "LoRaWAN Modeling and MCS Allocation to Satisfy Heterogeneous QoS Requirements." Sensors 19, no. 19 (September 27, 2019): 4204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19194204.

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LoRaWAN infrastructure has become widely deployed to provide wireless communications for various sensor applications. These applications generate different traffic volumes and require different quality of service (QoS). The paper presents an accurate mathematical model of low-power data transmission in a LoRaWAN sensor network, which allows accurate validation of key QoS indices, such as network capacity and packet loss ratio. Since LoRaWAN networks operate in the unlicensed spectrum, the model takes into account transmission attempt failures caused by random noise in the channel. Given QoS requirements, we can use the model to study how the performance of a LoRaWAN network depends on the traffic load and other scenario parameters. Since in LoRaWAN networks the transmissions at different modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) typically do not collide, we use the model to assign MCSs to the devices to satisfy their QoS requirements.
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Mukhamejanova, Almira D., Elans A. Grabs, Kumyssay K. Tumanbayeva, and Eleonora M. Lechshinskaya. "Traffic simulation in the LoRaWAN network." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 1117–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v11i2.3484.

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LoRaWAN is one of the most commonly used technologies serving the internet of things (IoT) and machine-to-machine (M2M) devices. The traffic growth in the LoRaWAN network gives rise to many problems, which are solved using mathematical modelling. The actual task, in this case, is the development of a traffic simulation model in the LoRaWAN network. This article discusses the issues of traffic simulation in the LoRaWAN network and its research using the MATLAB system. The authors have developed a LoRaWAN network server model as a queuing system with incoming self-similar traffic in the MATLAB system using a separate subsystem for the input traffic modelling allowing to change the number of sources in the LoRaWAN network. The simulation results made it possible to establish the dependences of the network server’s buffer memory, the probability of packet loss from the incoming self-similar traffic parameters, and reveal the possibilities of traffic modelling in the MATLAB system.
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Al mojamed, Mohammad. "On the Use of LoRaWAN for Mobile Internet of Things: The Impact of Mobility." Applied System Innovation 5, no. 1 (December 24, 2021): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asi5010005.

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A long-range wide-area network (LoRaWAN) targets both mobile and static Internet of Things (IoT) applications; it is suited to IoT applications, which require a large coverage area while consuming less power at a low data rate; it provides a solution for transferring data between IoT devices with a minimum cost in terms of power, at the expense of higher latency. LoRaWAN was designed for static low-power long-range networks. However, several IoT solution applications involve the use of mobility. Therefore, this study investigates the usage of LoRaWAN in the field of mobile Internet of Things applications such as bike rentals, fleet monitoring, and wildlife and animal tracking applications. Using the OMNeT++ simulator, two different well-known mobility models are used to investigate the influence of mobility on the performance of mobile LoRaWAN. The results show that intense LoRaWAN networks can operate under a high velocity and varying traffic load. It can be observed that the random waypoint model combination yields a better performance, but at the cost of higher collisions and energy consumption. As a consequence, the results suggest the reconsideration of mobile IoT solutions over LoRaWAN.
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Maudet, Sébastien, Guillaume Andrieux, Romain Chevillon, and Jean-François Diouris. "Refined Node Energy Consumption Modeling in a LoRaWAN Network." Sensors 21, no. 19 (September 25, 2021): 6398. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21196398.

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LPWAN technologies such as LoRa are widely used for the deployment of IoT applications, in particular for use cases requiring wide coverage and low energy consumption. To minimize the maintenance cost, which can become significant when the number of sensors deployed is large, it is essential to optimize the lifetime of nodes, which remains an important research topic. For this reason, it is necessary that it is based on a fine energy consumption model. Unfortunately, many existing consumption models do not take into account the specifications of the LoRaWAN protocol. In this paper, a refined energy consumption model based on in-situ measurements is provided for a LoRaWAN node. This improved model takes into account the number of nodes in the network, the collision probability that depends on the density of sensors, and the number of retransmissions. Results show the influence of the number of nodes in a LoRaWAN network on the energy consumption of a node and demonstrate that the number of sensors that can be integrated into a LoRaWAN network is limited due to the probability of collision.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "LoRaWAN modem"

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Lamberg-Liszkay, János, and Tadas Lisauskas. "An alternative roaming model inLoRaWAN." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-79427.

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LoRaWAN is an open networking technology designed for IoT devices that al-lows wireless data transmission over longer ranges than some other wireless tech-nologies, like Wi-Fi or Bluetooth, for devices that are constrained in terms of size,price, and available power. The current design of roaming among networks in LoRaWANis heavily inspired by that of mobile networks, as the use of roaming agreementsis mandated. Roaming agreements create unnecessary administrative overhead thathinders deployments. A roaming model that is quicker and simpler to deploy couldsave money for current users, and could even attract new users to the technology.To circumvent the necessity of roaming agreements, a new, scalable and agreement-less roaming model should be proposed. In this thesis project a literature survey isconducted, investigating similar technologies to find hints or inspiration for a newroaming model. It is found that the broker software architecture pattern put in thecontext of roaming in LoRaWAN suits the requirements quite well, so the new roam-ing model has been developed based on that. A software simulation has been imple-mented to gather data regarding the scalability of the model. It has been found thatthe proposed model is both scalable, and agreement-less.
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Forsblom, Findlay, and Lars Petter Ulvatne. "Snow depth measurements and predictions : Reducing environmental impact for artificial grass pitches at snowfall." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DM), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-96395.

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Rubber granulates, used at artificial grass pitches, pose a threat to the environment when leaking into the nature. As the granulates leak to the environment through rain water and snow clearances, they can be transported by rivers and later on end up in the marine life. Therefore, reducing the snow clearances to its minimum is of importance. If the snow clearance problem is minimized or even eliminated, this will have a positive impact on the surrounding nature. The object of this project is to propose a method for deciding when to remove snow and automate the information dispersing upon clearing or closing a pitch. This includes finding low powered sensors to measure snow depth, find a machine learning model to predict upcoming snow levels and create an application with a clear and easy-to-use interface to present weather information and disperse information to the responsible persons. Controlled experiments is used to find the models and sensors that are suitable to solve this problem. The sensors are tested on a single snow quality, where ultrasonic and infrared sensors are found suitable. However, fabricated tests for newly fallen snow questioned the possibility of measuring snow depth using the ultrasonic sensor in the general case. Random Forest is presented as the machine learning model that predicts future snow levels with the highest accuracy. From a survey, indications is found that the web application fulfills the intended functionalities, with some improvements suggested.
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Černohorský, Vilém. "Sledování polohy s využitím GPS a PDA." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-235933.

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This work presents steps in creation of remote position tracking application. Document introduces history of geographical positioning and navigation, and describes development of navigation from primitive utilities to complex radio navigation systems. Global Positioning System is described in more detail including NMEA protocol used by GPS receivers. This work also presents several current navigation applications. Based on obtained information work presents analysis, object-oriented design and implementation of remote position tracking system.
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Novoselov, S., and O. Sychova. "Methods of Organizing Communication Between Microcontrollers in the System of Monitoring Energy Consumption." Thesis, 2020. https://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/17539.

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This paper discusses the principles of building networks based on modern LoRaWAN modems. The basics of implementation of data exchange in these networks are given. Experimental studies have been carried out which showed that in the case of “floating window” it is possible to increase the capacity of the network up to 10…15 packets per second without loss of data transmission speed.
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LIN, YI-CHENG, and 林義程. "RSSI-Based Channel Model for Wide Range Localization Using LoRaWAN." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/3nv9zr.

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碩士
國立虎尾科技大學
電機工程系碩士班
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Due to the technology of the Internet of Things (IoT) has flourished in recent years, there are many popular applications in different fields such as smart life. The development of network technology is growing for the trend toward wider coverage range and lower power consumption. LoRa system is one of the most considered use in Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) as an auxiliary role of IoT to assist the transmission between devices in various applications. In order to make more received information for the smart applications of IoT, it often needs to increase the positioning technology to obtain the location information of the devices. The Global Positioning System (GPS) with the high positioning accuracy is the most popular choice for positioning on the markets. Meanwhile, the expensive hardware cost and the high power consumption are existed. Therefore, GPS are often used for navigation applications. In contrast to the cost, GPS is not valuable for applications that do not require real-time tracking and high accuracy of positioning, such as to record the stay duration and place of the staff, students or visitors to be present at their factories (campus) or to record the vehicle information of parking duration and its parking lot. In such cases, we choose LoRa system which belongs to the LPWAN to estimate the end-device location by RSSI value when it transmits data between LoRa gateway without extra equipment. Indeed, due to the low-power feature of LoRa, the RSSI is not sensitively varied to its distance change. Refer to the ZigBee RSSI cycle collection method proposed in our previous study, we first create a related curve between RSSI and distance for the environment where exists LoRa system, named channel model. To observe the curve of the channel model, it is not a monotone decreasing function but a vibration decreasing one. The curve is hard to estimate a reasonable distance. We then propose a channel model curve correction method to solve the variation error of the original measured curve, and name it as an effective environmental channel model curve. Furthermore, the modified curve is adopted to estimate the location of the end-device by using the trilateral positioning method with the self-adjustment error method proposed in our previous study to improve the error between the estimated and actual position of the node (end-device). Finally, the total coverage of positioning is classified into different areas of error levels by using the statistical results. In the future, we can decide the suitable positioning size to perform positioning applications according to the provided different error levels.
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Book chapters on the topic "LoRaWAN modem"

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Ballinger, Marcia. "The “Community” in Community College: Lorain County Community College’s Strategic Visioning Model." In Re-envisioning Higher Education’s Public Mission, 119–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55716-4_7.

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"A Revised Search Algorithm of Loran C Based on Clock Drift Model." In International Conference on Information Technology and Computer Science, 3rd (ITCS 2011), 315–18. ASME Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.859742.paper78.

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Conference papers on the topic "LoRaWAN modem"

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Bankov, Dmitry, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "Mathematical model of LoRaWAN channel access." In 2017 IEEE 18th International Symposium on " World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wowmom.2017.7974300.

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Kamyod, Chayapol. "CIA Analysis for LoraWAN Communication Model." In 2021 Joint International Conference on Digital Arts, Media and Technology with ECTI Northern Section Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Computer and Telecommunication Engineering. IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ectidamtncon51128.2021.9425745.

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Ferrari, Paolo, Emiliano Sisinni, Dhiego Fernandes Carvalho, Gabriel Signoretti, Marianne D da Silva, Ivanovitch Silva, and Diego Silva. "Using LoRaWAN smart city infrastructure as backup network for Industry 4.0 enabled vehicles." In IX Simpósio Brasileiro de Engenharia de Sistemas Computacionais. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/sbesc_estendido.2019.8646.

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Intelligent vehicles are the very next future of the automotive sector, which is renewing itself following Industry 4.0 paradigms. Today, car manufacturers are rapidly increasing the number of vehicles that continuously transmit data to the Internet, in order to enable the virtuous feedback paths foreseen by Industry 4.0. Such data are used to improve production (and products) during the entire lifetime of plants (and cars, also). A data link between on board devices and Internet must be created. Currently, the OBD (On Board Diagnostic) interface is available in the majority of cars and trucks. Some Edge devices with OBD and 3G/4G modems have been created, enabling easy Internet connection. However, congestion situation, as well as temporary outages, may create significant holes in the 3G/4G coverage. Recently, the transformation of city into Smart City is begun. An impressive number of new sensors are deployed in urban area. New wireless technologies are on the rise and, among them, LoRaWAN is the most used. If a vehicle is considered like a mobile sensor, then a viable option to fill 3G/4G gaps is the use of LoRaWAN infrastructure inside a Smart City. This paper deals with the creation of the prototype of an embedded platform which includes both OBD-II interface, 3G/4G connectivity and also LoRaWAN for backup situation. Considering the Smart City use cases, the application constrains regarding intelligent vehicles are discussed in order highlight design directions for the correct integration with the LoRaWAN infrastructure.
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Khan, Furqan Hameed, Raja Jurdak, and Marius Portmann. "A Model for Reliable Uplink Transmissions in LoRaWAN." In 2019 15th International Conference on Distributed Computing in Sensor Systems (DCOSS). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcoss.2019.00042.

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Bankov, Dmitry, Evgeny Khorov, and Andrey Lyakhov. "Mathematical model of LoRaWAN channel access with capture effect." In 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/pimrc.2017.8292748.

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AK, Elif, Kiymet Kaya, Yusuf Yaslan, and Sema Fatma Oktug. "LoRaWAN-aided Waste-to-Energy Concept Model in Smart Cities." In 2021 International Conference on Computer, Information and Telecommunication Systems (CITS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cits52676.2021.9618578.

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Bezerra, Nibia Souza, Christer Ahlund, Saguna Saguna, and Vicente A. de Sousa. "Propagation Model Evaluation for LoRaWAN: Planning Tool Versus Real Case Scenario." In 2019 IEEE 5th World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT'19). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wf-iot.2019.8767299.

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Mason, Federico, Federico Chiariotti, Martina Capuzzo, Davide Magrin, Andrea Zanella, and Michele Zorzi. "Combining LoRaWAN and a New 3D Motion Model for Remote UAV Tracking." In IEEE INFOCOM 2020 - IEEE Conference on Computer Communications Workshops (INFOCOM WKSHPS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/infocomwkshps50562.2020.9162730.

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Kongsavat, Akekapong, and Chalakorn Karupongsiri. "Path Loss Model for Smart Meter on LoRaWAN Technology with Unidirectional Antenna in an Urban Area of Thailand." In 2020 IEEE International Conference on Computational Electromagnetics (ICCEM). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccem47450.2020.9219522.

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Mosin, Sergey. "A Model of LoRaWAN Communication in Class A for Design Automation of Wireless Sensor Networks Based on the IoT Paradigm." In 2018 IEEE East-West Design & Test Symposium (EWDTS). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ewdts.2018.8524618.

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