Journal articles on the topic 'Lora communication'
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1
Razak, Siti Fatimah Abdul, Sumendra Yogarayan, Muhammad Idil Abdul Rahman, Noor Hisham Kamis, Ibrahim Yusof, Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah, and Afizan Azman. "TRANSMITTING SPEED AND DISTANCE DATA OVER LONG-RANGE COMMUNICATION FOR CONNECTED VEHICLES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.1.
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Long-range (LoRa) technology is vastly developing in a significant country that evolves around the Internet of Things (IoT) interest. Such IoT accomplishments include the development of smart cities, long-range monitoring systems, and M2M industries. LoRa technology is making its mark in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, but it is yet to be fully explored. This study focused on developing and establishing communication between two LoRa powered devices and evaluating their performances upon deploying a prototype in an actual environment. The prototype is designed with bidirectional communication between two LoRa nodes that could exchange data for user references. Moreover, in the context of having V2V communication, speed and distance are involved in determining the exchange of data. The performance is evaluated in terms of data transmission consistency and reliability. The experimental results revealed that LoRa is applicable for V2V communication within a specific condition; however, there is a need for a more extensive experiment to be carried for a major rolled out of deployment.
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Pratiknyo, Gesit, M. Sigit Purwanto, Erpan Sahiri, and Muladiyono Muladiyono. "DESIGN OF THE DATA TRANSMISSION BETWEEN THE EXERSICE SMART MINE WITH GROUND STATION USING LORA." JOURNAL ASRO 11, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.37875/asro.v11i1.217.
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Wireless data communication system through communication radio is one of the important points of informationdelivery process in TNI AL, It relates to the process of delivering information on the field that is difficult to obtaincommunication network via internet. The use of portable and strong communications against jammedinterference and other adjacent frequency interference becomes a fundamental necessity. The use of the UHFfrequency communication system is one of the efficient communication, With the high frequency of positivelyresulting in the physical size of the antenna is increasingly smaller. The purpose of designing datacommunication system devices between exercise smart mine and the ground station using Lora. In planning thiscommunication system uses the Lora SX1278 module as a data transmitter (Tx) and receiver data device (Rx).On the transmitter side (Tx) Lora uses the Arduino Mega 2560 microcontroller as the core or brain system. Onthe side of the receiver (Rx) Lora uses Arduino Uno R3 as the process data unit received by the Lora receiver.The main function of Arduino Uno as an intermediary to be able to transfer data to a PC or laptop device as aground station monitoring through USB communication channels. From the design, testing, and discussion ofresearch results during the preparation and manufacture of this final task obtained the results as expected. Thatthe design of data communication systems using Lora can be obtained a maximum range of 200 meters withthe condition of building obstructed. The ability of the Lora SX1278 module to receive data and transmit datafrom the GPS, pressure sensors and acoustic sensors is well received by the ground station, based on the datatransmitted via the Lora SX1278 module transmitter.Keywords: Lora SX1278, Arduino Mega 2560, Arduino Uno R3
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Ayoub Kamal, Muhammad, Muhammad Mansoor Alam, Aznida Abu Bakar Sajak, and Mazliham Mohd Su’ud. "Requirements, Deployments, and Challenges of LoRa Technology: A Survey." Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience 2023 (January 9, 2023): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/5183062.
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LoRa is an ISM-band based LPWAN communication protocol. Despite their wide network penetration of approximately 20 kilometers or higher using lower than 14 decibels transmitting power, it has been extensively documented and used in academia and industry. Although LoRa connectivity defines a public platform and enables users to create independent low-power wireless connections while relying on external architecture, it has gained considerable interest from scholars and the market. The two fundamental components of this platform are LoRaWAN and LoRa PHY. The consumer LoRaWAN component of the technology describes the network model, connectivity procedures, ability to operate the frequency range, and the types of interlinked gadgets. In contrast, the LoRa PHY component is patentable and provides information on the modulation strategy which is being utilized and its attributes. There are now several LoRa platforms available. To create usable LoRa systems, there are presently several technical difficulties to be overcome, such as connection management, allocation of resources, consistent communications, and security. This study presents a thorough overview of LoRa networking, covering the technological difficulties in setting up LoRa infrastructures and current solutions. Several outstanding challenges of LoRa communication are presented depending on our thorough research of the available solutions. The research report aims to stimulate additional research toward enhancing the LoRa Network capacity and allowing more realistic installations.
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Triwidyastuti, Yosefine, Musayyanah Musayyanah, Fifin Ernawati, and Charisma Dimas Affandi. "Multi-hop Communication between LoRa End Devices." Scientific Journal of Informatics 7, no. 1 (June 5, 2020): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/sji.v7i1.21855.
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Gateway elimination in a LoRa network could highly reduce the network installation cost. However, LoRa end devices could not overcome many obstacles with only a point-to-point communication. Thus, this research implemented a multi-hop communication in a LoRa network. One or more LoRa end devices are placed between the source node and the destination node to act as relay nodes. A simple routing based on the packet length is configured to determine the packet transmission path. As the results, the designed multi-hop communication could improve packet success rate until 2,47 times in indoor environment. Whereas, the optimum delay time for multi-hop communication is 100 ms for each hop to produce high PRR and lowest RTT.
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Liang, Ruobing, Liang Zhao, and Peng Wang. "Performance Evaluations of LoRa Wireless Communication in Building Environments." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 9, 2020): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20143828.
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The Internet of things presents tremendous opportunities for the energy management and occupant comfort improvement in smart buildings by making data of environmental and equipment parameters more readily and continuously available. Long-range (LoRa) technology provides a comprehensive wireless solution for data acquisition and communication in smart buildings through its superior performance, such as the long-range transmission, low power consumption and strong penetration. Starting with two vital indicators (network transmission delay and packet loss rate), this study explored the coverage and transmission performances of LoRa in buildings in detail. We deployed three LoRa receiver nodes on the same floor and eight LoRa receiver nodes on different floors in a 16-story building, respectively, where data acquisition terminal was located in the center of the whole building. The communication performance of LoRa was evaluated by changing the send power, communication rate, payload length and position of the wireless module. In the current research, the metrics of LoRa were quantified to facilitate its practical application in smart buildings. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first academic research evaluating RTT performance of LoRa via practical experiments.
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Janssen, Thomas, Noori BniLam, Michiel Aernouts, Rafael Berkvens, and Maarten Weyn. "LoRa 2.4 GHz Communication Link and Range." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164366.
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Recently, Semtech has released a Long Range (LoRa) chipset which operates at the globally available 2.4 GHz frequency band, on top of the existing sub-GHz, km-range offer, enabling hardware manufacturers to design region-independent chipsets. The SX1280 LoRa module promises an ultra-long communication range while withstanding heavy interference in this widely used band. In this paper, we first provide a mathematical description of the physical layer of LoRa in the 2.4 GHz band. Secondly, we investigate the maximum communication range of this technology in three different scenarios. Free space, indoor and urban path loss models are used to simulate the propagation of the 2.4 GHz LoRa modulated signal at different spreading factors and bandwidths. Additionally, we investigate the corresponding data rates. The results show a maximum range of 133 km in free space, 74 m in an indoor office-like environment and 443 m in an outdoor urban context. While a maximum data rate of 253.91 kbit/s can be achieved, the data rate at the longest possible range in every scenario equals 0.595 kbit/s. Due to the configurable bandwidth and lower data rates, LoRa outperforms other technologies in the 2.4 GHz band in terms of communication range. In addition, both communication and localization applications deployed in private LoRa networks can benefit from the increased bandwidth and localization accuracy of this system when compared to public sub-GHz networks.
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Cecílio, José, Pedro M. Ferreira, and António Casimiro. "Evaluation of LoRa Technology in Flooding Prevention Scenarios." Sensors 20, no. 14 (July 20, 2020): 4034. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20144034.
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Global climate change originates frequent floods that may cause severe damage, justifying the need for real-time remote monitoring and alerting systems. Several works deal with LoRa (Long Range) communications over land and in the presence of obstacles, but little is known about LoRa communication reliability over water, as it may happen in real flooding scenarios. One aspect that is known to influence the communication quality is the height at which nodes are placed. However, its impact in water environments is unknown. This is an important aspect that may influence the location of sensor nodes and the network topology. To fill this gap, we conducted several experiments using a real LoRa deployment to evaluate several features related to data communication. We considered two deployment scenarios corresponding to countryside and estuary environments. The nodes were placed at low heights, communicating, respectively, over the ground and over the water. Measurements for packet loss, received signal strength indicator (RSSI), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and round-trip time (RTT) were collected during a period of several weeks. Results for both scenarios are presented and compared in this paper. One important conclusion is that the communication distance and reliability are significantly affected by tides when the communication is done over the water and nodes are placed at low heights. Based on the RTT measurements and on the characteristics of the hardware, we also derive a battery lifetime estimation model that may be helpful for the definition of an adequate maintenance plan.
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Nga, Le Cong, Cuong Quoc Pham, and Tran Ngoc Thinh. "Energy-Efficiency Approach for Long Range Wireless Communication." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i3.532.
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According to recent researches, the wireless sensor networks (WSN) which consume low levels of energy become more and more popular nowadays, so the research trend of optimizing energy for WSNs is rapidly increasing. LoRa technology is a modulation technique that provides long-range transfer of information and low power consumes. Besides, LoRaWAN is a network protocol that optimized for battery-powered end devices. The LoRa and LoRaWAN can be considered a suitable candidate for WSNs, which can reduce power consumption and extend the communication range. In this paper, we studied adaptive mechanisms in the transmission parameters of the LoRa network and proposed an energy-optimized solution for the adaptive algorithm. This research not only introduced the reference hardware of a sensor node in WSNs but also conducted experiments on typical LoRa network infrastructure
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Kwon, Ki-Won, and Hae-Yeoun Lee. "Smart IoT Platform Development on LoRa Communication Network." Journal of Korean Institute of Information Technology 20, no. 7 (July 31, 2022): 131–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14801/jkiit.2022.20.7.131.
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Sak, Kwai Yang, and Ahmad Najmuddin Ibrahim. "Field Study of Low-Energy Long-Distance Wireless Communication for IoT Application in Remote Areas." MEKATRONIKA 2, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mekatronika.v2i1.6731.
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Long Range (LoRa) is a wireless radio frequency technology under the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). LoRa is able to communicate long range and low energy consumption. The communication range has become an essential element in the wireless radio frequency technology in the Internet of Things (IoT). The presence of LoRa is able IoT application performs in long communication distances with high noise sensitivity ability. People can operate, monitor, and do a variety of tasks from a remote distance. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance of the LoRa connection between radio transceivers in remote locations. The different environment and structural elements affect the LoRa performance. This thesis will be supported by the experiment that LoRa communication in different environments and tests. This experiment tests in line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). Two sets of LoRa parameters, including Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth, and coding rate, are tested in different environments. The experiment tests the LoRa performance in various aspects: received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet received ratio (PPR) at different coverage ranges. In addition, the LoRa performance is evaluated in university, residential areas and vegetation areas under similar temperature, weather, and time. The LoRa coverage distance in the vegetation area and university area is reached 900 meters in the LOS test. Still, the vegetation area's signal is more stable and able to receive weaker RSSI signals. The LoRa coverage distance in the NLOS test is shorter compared to the LOS test. NLOS test has only one-third of the LOS LoRa communication distance. It is due to the signal penetration on structural elements such as buildings and woods cause the signal power loss and only transmitting a shorter distance. The LoRa parameter with SF9, 31.25kHz bandwidth and 4/8 coding rate has a better coverage range and stable connection.
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Lavric, Alexandru, Adrian I. Petrariu, Eugen Coca, and Valentin Popa. "LoRa Traffic Generator Based on Software Defined Radio Technology for LoRa Modulation Orthogonality Analysis: Empirical and Experimental Evaluation." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 24, 2020): 4123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154123.
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The digital revolution has changed the way we implement and use connected devices and systems by offering Internet communication capabilities to simple objects around us. The growth of information technologies, together with the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), exponentially amplified the connectivity capabilities of devices. Up to this moment, the Long Range (LoRa) communication technology has been regarded as the perfect candidate, created to solve the issues of the IoT concept, such as scalability and the possibility of integrating a large number of sensors. The goal of this paper is to present an analysis of the communication collisions that occur through the evaluation of performance level in various scenarios for the LoRa technology. The first part addresses an empirical evaluation and the second part presents the development and validation of a LoRa traffic generator. The findings suggest that even if the packet payload increases, the communication resistance to interferences is not drastically affected, as one may expect. These results are analyzed by using a novel Software Defined Radio (SDR) technology LoRa traffic generator, that ensures a high-performance level in terms of generating a large LoRa traffic volume. Despite the use of orthogonal variable spreading factor technique, within the same communication channel, the collisions between LoRa packets may dramatically decrease the communication performance level.
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Kolobe, Lone Godfrey Future, Caspar K. Lebekwe, and Boyce Sigweni. "Systematic literature survey: applications of LoRa communication." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 10, no. 3 (June 1, 2020): 3176. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v10i3.pp3176-3183.
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LoRa is a communication scheme that is part of the low power wide are network (LPWAN) technology using ISM bands. It has seen extensive documentation and use in research and industry due to its long coverage ranges of up-to 20Km or more with less than 14dB transmit power. Moreover, some applications report theoretical battery lives of upto 10years for field deployed modules utilising the scheme in WSN applications. Additionally, the scheme is very resilient to losses from noise, as well bursts of interference through its FEC. Our objective is to systematically review the empirical evidence of the use-cases of LoRa in rural landscapes, metrics and the relevant validation schemes. In addition the research is evaluated based on (i) mathematical function of the scheme (bandwidth use, spreading factor, symbol rate, chip rate and nominal bit rate) (ii) use-cases (iii) test-beds, metrics of evaluation and (iv) validation methods. A systematic literature review of published, refereed primary studies on LoRa applications was conducted. Using articles from 2010-2019. We identified 21 relevant primary studies. These reported a range of different assessments of LoRa. 10 out of 21 reported on novel use cases. As an actionable conclusion, the authors conclude that more work is needed in terms of field testing, as no articles could be found on performance/deployment in Botswana or South Africa despite the existence of LoRa networks in both countries. Thus researchers in the region can research propagation models performance, energy efficiency of the scheme and MAC layer as well as the channel access challenges for the region.
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Prajwal, C. Y., Chandan K S, M. S. Poorna Prajwal, Likith S, and Santhosh B. "Review Paper on LoRa based technologies for Vehicular and Tracking applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40941.
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Abstract: LoRa stands For Long Range. It is a low powered wide area network derived from chirp spread spectrum technology and encodes information through chirp pulses on to the radio waves. The range of LoRa greatly varies from few meters to approximately 100 Kilometers depending on the mode of operation. The main advantage of LoRa against Bluetooth, WiFi and ZigBee is its long range and it is well suited for transmission of small chunks of data with low bit rates. LoRa is generally operated at 915MHz, 868MHz and 433MHz which are Sub-Giga Heartz bands. These are a part of the ISM bands which are reserved for Industrial and Medical Purposes Internationally which are free of cost and do not require any kind of licensing. Vehicular communication is a form of exchanging messages between various vehicular and roadside units regarding their location, speed and much more. The LoRa technology when integrated with Vehicular Communication establishment of green corridors for Emergency vehicles by clearing the traffic and help in reaching the destination with minimal time delay. Keywords: LoRa, ISM Bands, Vehicular Communication
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Tang, Xubo, Shuai Liu, and Chunhua Zang. "Design of tobacco storage environment monitoring system based on Lora technology." ITM Web of Conferences 45 (2022): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/itmconf/20224501064.
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Lora (Long Range) wireless communication technology is unique in IoT communication solutions with its advantages of low power consumption and wide coverage. In the process of cigarette production, the storage environment during storage will affect the quality of tobacco leaves, and the tobacco leaves themselves will cause greater attenuation during signal transmission. By analyzing the storage environment of tobacco leaves, this paper proposes a wireless real-time environmental monitoring system based on Lora communication technology, including data collection nodes, Lora gateways, etc., and introduces their functions in detail. Finally, the feasibility is verified by testing.
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Setiawan, J. D., M. S. Ihsan, R. Saputro, M. Munadi, P. Paryanto, and S. Alimi. "Evaluation and development of wireless monitoring systems for an autonomous sailboat." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2193, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2193/1/012050.
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Abstract In this study, the performance of the Long-Range (LoRa) communication and 3DR Radio Telemetry modules was evaluated. The suitability of these two communication options was assessed for the application on an autonomous sailboat prototype. The communication range and power consumption of each module are the primary factors for selection. The test results found that LoRa technology can send data stably with a range of up to 10.5 km, while the 3DR Radio Telemetry module can only send data stably up to 300 m. The LoRa technology consumes 9.56 Wh of electrical energy per day for the autonomous sailboat application, while the 3DR Radio Telemetry consumes 11.07 Wh of electrical energy per day. It was decided that LoRA technology would be implemented on the autonomous sailboat.
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Ameloot, Thomas, Marc Moeneclaey, Patrick Van Torre, and Hendrik Rogier. "Characterizing the Impact of Doppler Effects on Body-Centric LoRa Links with SDR." Sensors 21, no. 12 (June 12, 2021): 4049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21124049.
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Long-range, low-power wireless technologies such as LoRa have been shown to exhibit excellent performance when applied in body-centric wireless applications. However, the robustness of LoRa technology to Doppler spread has recently been called into question by a number of researchers. This paper evaluates the impact of static and dynamic Doppler shifts on a simulated LoRa symbol detector and two types of simulated LoRa receivers. The results are interpreted specifically for body-centric applications and confirm that, in most application environments, pure Doppler effects are unlikely to severely disrupt wireless communication, confirming previous research, which stated that the link deteriorations observed in a number of practical LoRa measurement campaigns would mainly be caused by multipath fading effects. Yet, dynamic Doppler shifts, which occur as a result of the relative acceleration between communicating nodes, are also shown to contribute to link degradation. This is especially so for higher LoRa spreading factors and larger packet sizes.
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Akram, Shaik Vaseem, Rajesh Singh, Mohammed A. AlZain, Anita Gehlot, Mamoon Rashid, Osama S. Faragallah, Walid El-Shafai, and Deepak Prashar. "Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082774.
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Long-range radio (LoRa) communication is a widespread communication protocol that offers long range transmission and low data rates with minimum power consumption. In the context of solid waste management, only a low amount of data needs to be sent to the remote server. With this advantage, we proposed architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway based on LoRa technology for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption. We evaluated the energy consumption of the proposed architecture by simulating it on the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) simulation by varying distinct fundamental parameters of LoRa communication. This paper also provides the distinct evaluation metrics of the the long-range data rate, time on-air (ToA), LoRa sensitivity, link budget, and battery life of sensor node. Finally, the paper concludes with a real-time experimental setup, where we can receive the sensor data on the cloud server with a customized sensor node and gateway.
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Liu, Zhibin, Yuxin Li, Liang Zhao, Ruobing Liang, and Peng Wang. "Comparative Evaluation of the Performance of ZigBee and LoRa Wireless Networks in Building Environment." Electronics 11, no. 21 (October 31, 2022): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics11213560.
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ZigBee and LoRa are communication technologies widely used in the application of the Internet of things (IoT), especially in the field of smart building environmental monitoring. The main purpose of this study is to compare and analyze the transmission performance of ZigBee and LoRa wireless communication networks in the building. Through two indicators of packet loss rate (PLR) and round-trip time (RTT), this paper discusses in detail the transmission performance of ZigBee and LoRa technologies in whole buildings under the same working conditions. We set up three experimental scenarios of line-of-sight, horizontal and vertical to evaluate the communication performance of these two networks by changing the baud rate and packet length, and cost and power consumption were considered. Experiments have shown that LoRa networks outperform ZigBee networks in most cases and are the best choice for building communication networks. The experimental results provide basic data support and engineering reference for the application of these two technologies in buildings, especially for the deployment of communication networks throughout buildings. The innovation and contribution of this paper are to discuss the effect of packet length, baud rate, distance, and different locations within a building on the performance of ZigBee and LoRa transmissions, using RTT and PLR as metrics through three experimental scenarios.
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Noor-A-Rahim, Md, M. Omar Khyam, Apel Mahmud, Xinde Li, Dirk Pesch, and H. Vincent Poor. "Hybrid Chirp Signal Design for Improved Long-Range (LoRa) Communications." Signals 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/signals3010001.
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Long-range (LoRa) communication has attracted much attention recently due to its utility for many Internet of Things applications. However, one of the key problems of LoRa technology is that it is vulnerable to noise/interference due to the use of only up-chirp signals during modulation. In this paper, to solve this problem, unlike the conventional LoRa modulation scheme, we propose a modulation scheme for LoRa communication based on joint up- and down-chirps. A fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based demodulation scheme is devised to detect modulated symbols. To further improve the demodulation performance, a hybrid demodulation scheme, comprised of FFT- and correlation-based demodulation, is also proposed. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated through extensive simulation results. Compared to the conventional LoRa modulation scheme, we show that the proposed scheme exhibits over 3 dB performance gain at a bit error rate of 10−4.
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Ben Temim, Mohamed Amine, Guillaume Ferré, and Romain Tajan. "A New LoRa-like Transceiver Suited for LEO Satellite Communications." Sensors 22, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 1830. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22051830.
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LoRa is based on the chirp spread spectrum (CSS) modulation, which has been developed for low power and long-range wireless Internet of Things (IoT) communications. The structure of LoRa signals makes their decoding performance extremely sensitive to synchronization errors. To alleviate this constraint, we propose a modification of the LoRa physical layer, which we refer to as differential CSS (DCSS), associated with an original synchronization algorithm. Based on this modification, we are able to demodulate the received signals without performing a complete frequency synchronization and by tolerating some timing synchronization errors. Hence, our receiver can handle ultra narrow band LoRa-like signals since it has no limitation on the maximum carrier frequency offset, as is actually the case in the deployed LoRa receivers. In addition, in the presence of the Doppler shift varying along the packet duration, DCSS shows better performance than CSS, which makes our proposed receiver a good candidate for communication with a low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite.
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Kim, Dong-Hoon, Eun-Kyu Lee, and Jibum Kim. "Experiencing LoRa Network Establishment on a Smart Energy Campus Testbed." Sustainability 11, no. 7 (March 30, 2019): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071917.
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The fundamental properties of long-range (LoRa) performance have been revealed by previous research, but advanced issues remain unresolved. This paper tackles three technical challenges that are confronted when establishing a LoRa network on a smart energy campus testbed in Korea. First, the communication range of LoRa in a combined indoor and outdoor environment has yet to be determined. To address this problem, this study builds a LoRa testbed from which we measure the propagation properties of radio signals in a combined environment. Then, we establish a simplified path loss model for LoRa PHY and compute the communication range. Next, national regulations enforce the use of the Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) scheduling scheme, but its performance has never been examined. This paper enumerates the impacts of LBT, threshold values, back-off algorithms, and application parameters on LoRa Medium Access Control (MAC) performance. Last, the application parameters required by the smart energy scenario influence LoRa performance, but their impacts have been scarcely reported. Based on the application parameters and experimental results, this paper proposes a strategy to deploy LoRa gateway(s) and nodes on the campus. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first work that considers performance issues when establishing a LoRa network on a real-world application testbed.
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Shi, Junyang, Di Mu, and Mo Sha. "Enabling Cross-technology Communication from LoRa to ZigBee via Payload Encoding in Sub-1 GHz Bands." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3470452.
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Low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications. Although LPWMNs work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research, they are often complex, inelastic to change, and difficult to manage once the networks are deployed. Moreover, the deliveries of control commands, especially those carrying urgent information such as emergency alarms, suffer long delay, since the messages must go through the hop-by-hop transport. Recent studies show that adding low-power wide-area network radios such as LoRa onto the LPWMN devices (e.g., ZigBee) effectively overcomes the limitation. However, users have shown a marked reluctance to embrace the new heterogeneous communication approach because of the cost of hardware modification. In this article, we introduce LoRaBee, a novel LoRa to ZigBee cross-technology communication (CTC) approach, which leverages the energy emission in the Sub-1 GHz bands as the carrier to deliver information. Although LoRa and ZigBee adopt distinct modulation techniques, LoRaBee sends information from LoRa to ZigBee by putting specific bytes in the payload of legitimate LoRa packets. The bytes are selected such that the corresponding LoRa chirps can be recognized by the ZigBee devices through sampling the received signal strength. Experimental results show that our LoRaBee provides reliable CTC communication from LoRa to ZigBee with the throughput of up to 281.61 bps in the Sub-1 GHz bands.
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Shi, Junyang, Di Mu, and Mo Sha. "Enabling Cross-technology Communication from LoRa to ZigBee via Payload Encoding in Sub-1 GHz Bands." ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks 18, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3470452.
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Low-power wireless mesh networks (LPWMNs) have been widely used in wireless monitoring and control applications. Although LPWMNs work satisfactorily most of the time thanks to decades of research, they are often complex, inelastic to change, and difficult to manage once the networks are deployed. Moreover, the deliveries of control commands, especially those carrying urgent information such as emergency alarms, suffer long delay, since the messages must go through the hop-by-hop transport. Recent studies show that adding low-power wide-area network radios such as LoRa onto the LPWMN devices (e.g., ZigBee) effectively overcomes the limitation. However, users have shown a marked reluctance to embrace the new heterogeneous communication approach because of the cost of hardware modification. In this article, we introduce LoRaBee, a novel LoRa to ZigBee cross-technology communication (CTC) approach, which leverages the energy emission in the Sub-1 GHz bands as the carrier to deliver information. Although LoRa and ZigBee adopt distinct modulation techniques, LoRaBee sends information from LoRa to ZigBee by putting specific bytes in the payload of legitimate LoRa packets. The bytes are selected such that the corresponding LoRa chirps can be recognized by the ZigBee devices through sampling the received signal strength. Experimental results show that our LoRaBee provides reliable CTC communication from LoRa to ZigBee with the throughput of up to 281.61 bps in the Sub-1 GHz bands.
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Rus, Cosmin, Monica Leba, Răzvan Marcuş, Lilla Pellegrini, and Alin Costandoiu. "LoRa communication and geolocation system for sensors network." MATEC Web of Conferences 305 (2020): 00043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030500043.
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The Internet of Things (IoT) has developed tremendously over the past few years and has proven its worth in many areas of activity. With regard to environmental air quality monitoring, there are more and more products and applications that try to gather as much data as possible about all the pollution factors in a given area. This paper aims to present a new method of using devices capable of communicating with each other using the LoRa communication protocol to report to a real-time central server on environmental air quality. The innovation of this paper is the fact that it is implemented using a developed LoRa localization protocol, which connects an air quality sensor network, using only the low power of the LoRa technology by applying a multilayer algorithm to the gateway timestamps from received packages. The so created LoRaWAN tracking system is able to exploit transmitted packets to calculate the current position without using GPS or GSM that are high power consumers.
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Lazaro, Marc, Antonio Lazaro, and Ramon Villarino. "Feasibility of Backscatter Communication Using LoRAWAN Signals for Deep Implanted Devices and Wearable Applications." Sensors 20, no. 21 (November 6, 2020): 6342. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20216342.
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This paper presents a method for low data rate transmission for devices implanted in the body using backscattered Long Range (LoRa) signals. The method uses an antenna loaded with a switch that changes between two load impedances at the rate of a modulating oscillator. Consequently, the LoRa signal transmitted by a LoRa node is reflected in the adjacent channels and can be detected with a LoRa gateway tuned to the shifted channels. A prototype developed to operate at Medical Implant Communication Service (MICS) and the Industrial Scientific and Medical (ISM) 433 MHz band is presented. The prototype uses a commercial ceramic antenna with a matched network tuned to the frequency band with high radiation efficiency. The effect of the coating material covering the antenna was studied. Simulated and experimental results using a phantom show that it is feasible to read data from deep implanted devices placed a few meters from the body because of the high sensitivity of commercial LoRa receivers.
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Paul, Biswajit. "An Overview of LoRaWAN." WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS 19 (January 13, 2021): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/23204.2020.19.27.
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LoRa is an IoT enabling technology which is particularly suitable for low data rate applications. The technology can achieve extended network coverage while operating in unlicensed ISM band and falls into the category of LowPowerWideAreaNetworks (LPWANs) technologies. Among the noncellular based LPWAN enabling technologies, LoRa has got remarkable attention due to its fast adoption by industries. LoRa through wireless modulation enables the endnodes to establish long distance communication while LoRaWAN refers to the communication protocol and system architecture. In this paper, an overview of LoRaWAN is presented.
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Carosso, Lorenzo, Luca Mattiauda, and Marco Allegretti. "A Survey on Devices Exploiting Lora Communication." Acta Marisiensis. Seria Technologica 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amset-2020-0016.
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AbstractInformation and Communication Technologies (ICT) have experienced a large application in many fields, such as smart homes, health monitoring, environmental monitoring, and a great number of studies is present in literature. In particular, it is expected that the Internet of Things (IoT) will become increasingly pervasive in everyday life. Among different technologies, devices based on Long Range (LoRa) and LoRaWAN stand out due to their relative low cost, low power consumption and large cover range. In this survey, recent papers investigating applications of LoRa modules have been selected. The different use-cases are presented with a comparison between communication parameters and results obtained.
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Kim, Deok Keun, Hyun Sik Son, and Seung Hwan Yang. "LoRa Communication and Smartphone Technology to Share Locations of Drones." Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers - A 43, no. 12 (December 31, 2019): 903–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3795/ksme-a.2019.43.12.903.
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Sarkar, Nurul I., Asish Thomas Kavitha, and Md Jahan Ali. "A Secure Long-Range Transceiver for Monitoring and Storing IoT Data in the Cloud: Design and Performance Study." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218380.
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Due to the high demand for Internet of Things (IoT) and real-time data monitoring and control applications in recent years, the long-range (LoRa) communication protocols leverage technology to provide inter-cluster communications in an effective manner. A secure LoRa system is required to monitor and store IoT data in the cloud. This paper aims to report on the design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a low-cost LoRa transceiver interface unit (433 MHz band) for the real-time monitoring and storing of IoT sensor data in the cloud. We designed and analyzed a low-cost LoRa transceiver interface unit consisting of a LoRa communication module and Wi-Fi module in the laboratory. The system was built (prototype) using radially available hardware devices from the local electronics shops at about USD 150. The transmitter can securely exchange IoT sensor data to the receiver node at about 10 km using a LoRa Wi-Fi module. The receiver node accumulates the sensor data and stores it in the cloud for processing. The performance of the proposed LoRa transceiver was evaluated by field experiments in which two transmitter nodes were deployed on the rooftop of Auckland University of Technology’s Tower building on city campus (New Zealand), and the receiver node was deployed in Liston Park, which was located 10 km away from the University Tower building. The manual incident field tests examined the accuracy of the sensor data, and the system achieved a data accuracy of about 99%. The reaction time of the transmitter nodes was determined by the data accumulation of sensor nodes within 2–20 s. Results show that the system is robust and can be used to effectively link city and suburban park communities.
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Muekdang, Sittikorn, and Wimol San-Um. "Intelligent RF-Based Indoor Localization through RSSI of LoRa Communication Technology." International Journal of Future Computer and Communication 7, no. 4 (December 2018): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijfcc.2018.7.4.525.
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Gupta, Gunjan, Robert Van Zyl, and Vipin Balyan. "Evaluation of LoRa nodes for long-range communication." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0236.
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Abstract The Internet of Things concept can be implemented using Long-range wireless access network protocol. The work in this article is done to implement LoRa terrestrial network which will be connected to a satellite in future. The work mainly studies the number of collisions and the impact of it on the network. The work is simulated and is done to determine the number of LoRa nodes which can successfully transmit at a given time. Different combinations of spreading factor and bandwidth at different duty cycles are used to assess the performance of the network.
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Wang, Kun. "Application of Wireless Sensor Network based on LoRa in City Gas Meter Reading." International Journal of Online Engineering (iJOE) 13, no. 12 (December 11, 2017): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.3991/ijoe.v13i12.7887.
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 10pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: DE; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">At present, the common meter reading method in gas meter reading system is manual. The meter reader enters the meter reading system to calculate the cost after getting the reading. This work is not only labour-intensive, but also inefficient. In addition, incorrect reading may occur due to human errors. With the development of the wireless communication technology, a wireless communication technology named LoRa for long-distance and low-power-consumption devices appeared. LoRa is a wireless communication technology with long transmission distance, low power consumption, low transmission speed, low complexity and low cost. It is mainly used in automatic control and internet of things. Through the comparison and analysis of several wireless communication technologies, a gas meter reading platform based on LoRa spread spectrum and wireless sensors is proposed. First of all, this paper briefly introduces the LoRa wireless communication technology and machine vision technology. Secondly, it gives a detailed introduction to the overall design of the system which includes system architecture design, information acquisition terminal, image acquisition module and wireless sensor module. Finally, an experiment is carried out in a residential area. The results show that the gas meter reading platform based on LoRa and wireless sensor network has a high practical value.</span>
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Recioui, AEM, Yasser Mokhbi, and Aymen Mecheri. "Wide-Area Network State Monitoring System Based On LoRa Communication." Algerian Journal of Signals and Systems 6, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.51485/ajss.v6i4.144.
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To meet the requirements of long range, small amount of data transmission, better data correctnessand less delay,a wide-Area Network State Monitoring System approach based on LoRa communication is discussed in our Project. The objective is to study and test the performance of Two communication techniques used in wide area monitoring system, a single input single output (SISO) system and a multiple input multiple output system (MIMO) in terms ofBit Error Rate(BER) with varying the signal to noise Ratio(SNR).In addition, we study the Wide Area Monitoring system based on LoRa communication. The IEEE 14-bus power system with Phasor Measurement Units(PMUs) placed at selected buses is considered. The simulation results demonstrate that the MIMO system outperform the SISO system in terms of Bit Error Rate. Furthermore, the value of the reporting rate has been varied for both systems in MATLAB to see the effect on the data correctness and the results show that the Bit Error Rate value decreases with the increase of reporting rate.Finally, we dealt with a modified LoRa MATLAB code emulator to investigate the data error and delay. The results show that LoRa Technology has better performance in terms of delay and error.
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Dang, Chi Van, Khoat Duc Nguyen, Luc The Nguyen, Dung Ngoc Le, Quan Hong Luu, and Son Thanh Huynh. "Applying AES algorithm for secure data transmission between Sensor node and LoRa Gateway to Web Server." Journal of Mining and Earth Sciences 63, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 105–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.46326/jmes.2022.63(1).10.
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Lora Gateway is an intermediary device that can connect devices in the IoT system. IoT is the Internet of Things, consisting of a system of interrelated digital and mechanical devices and machines, capable of transmitting data over a network without requiring human-computer interaction. Lora is a long distance wireless communication technology that enables communication over a wide range between devices. Through this device, the Sensor nodes in the IoT system can transmit and receive data by LoRa waves to the Gateway and by Wifi/3G to the web server via the Internet. Data communicates in the internet environment, so important information needs to be protected by data encryption. This paper presents research and application of 128-bit AES symmetric encryption algorithm in LoRa wide area sensor network to secure data transmission between IoT devices and web server through LoRa Gateway device. The research team has designed and built models for testing sensor stations with integrated humidity and temperature sensors, LoRa Gateway integrating Lora module and wifi/3G module, developing the interface on web server with decoding, monitoring, and data storage features, and proposing a solution with AES encryption algorithm and architecture applied in the development of embedded software for LoRa module. The research results are tested on the model to test the encryption, data transmission, and decryption functions in applications for IoT LoRa Gateway systems. With this initial research, it is possible to apply the AES algorithm to secure data transmission in IoT Gateway systems.
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Jiang-Yi Qin, Jiang-Yi Qin, Kai Wang Jiang-Yi Qin, Xian-Bin Li Kai Wang, Yong Jiang Xian-Bin Li, and Yuan Zuo Yong Jiang. "A Dynamic and Reconfigurable Satellite-to-ground Communication System Research Based on LoRa Technology." 電腦學刊 32, no. 5 (October 2021): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.53106/199115992021103205013.
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A dynamic and reconfigurable satellite-to-ground communication system research based on LoRa technology is proposed in this paper. Starting from the application background of the internet of things (IoT) on the low earth orbit (LEO) satellite, this paper proposes a modulation parameter dynamic and reconfigurable technology for the Long Range (LoRa) signal, so as to improve the reliability of the IoT used in the satellite-to-ground communication system. Then, a parameter reconstitution method is designed in detail according to the satellite-to-ground communication link budget, and this method has the advantages of low complexity and less resources. Meanwhile, in this communication system, a desired bit rate can be selected based on the parameter reconstitution method to support different application. Simulation results show that the dynamic and reconfigurable satellite-to-ground communication system can work as expected, and this research possesses a great guidance in making the space-based IoT.
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Gallego-Madrid, Jorge, Alejandro Molina-Zarca, Ramon Sanchez-Iborra, Jorge Bernal-Bernabe, José Santa, Pedro Miguel Ruiz, and Antonio F. Skarmeta-Gómez. "Enhancing Extensive and Remote LoRa Deployments through MEC-Powered Drone Gateways." Sensors 20, no. 15 (July 23, 2020): 4109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20154109.
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The distribution of Internet of Things (IoT) devices in remote areas and the need for network resilience in such deployments is increasingly important in smart spaces covering scenarios, such as agriculture, forest, coast preservation, and connectivity survival against disasters. Although Low-Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) technologies, like LoRa, support high connectivity ranges, communication paths can suffer from obstruction due to orography or buildings, and large areas are still difficult to cover with wired gateways, due to the lack of network or power infrastructure. The proposal presented herein proposes to mount LPWAN gateways in drones in order to generate airborne network segments providing enhanced connectivity to sensor nodes wherever needed. Our LoRa-drone gateways can be used either to collect data and then report them to the back-office directly, or store-carry-and-forward data until a proper communication link with the infrastructure network is available. The proposed architecture relies on Multi-Access Edge Computing (MEC) capabilities to host a virtualization platform on-board the drone, aiming at providing an intermediate processing layer that runs Virtualized Networking Functions (VNF). This way, both preprocessing or intelligent analytics can be locally performed, saving communications and memory resources. The contribution includes a system architecture that has been successfully validated through experimentation with a real test-bed and comprehensively evaluated through computer simulation. The results show significant communication improvements employing LoRa-drone gateways when compared to traditional fixed LoRa deployments in terms of link availability and covered areas, especially in vast monitored extensions, or at points with difficult access, such as rugged zones.
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Satyavathi, D. Monica, B. Vandana Mala, Ch Veera Vamsi, Ch Chiranjeevi Chiranjeevi, and Ch Neeraj Neeraj. "Real-Time Hidden Data Transmission Using Lora." International Journal of Advanced Science Computing and Engineering 4, no. 2 (August 17, 2022): 130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.30630/ijasce.4.2.88.
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Nowadays, it has become a crucial task in transferring confidential data for military departments, many multinational companies, etc. The important requirement is that the data that has been transmitted should not be visible to hackers or third parties from another end. To satisfy this requirement a wireless technology LoRa is used. Long-distance and low-power wireless communication technologies such as LoRa, Sigfox, and Narrowband-Internet of Things (NB-IoT) were developed in recent years. These technologies can contribute to indoor and outdoor smart applications with minimal power consumption. In this study, the LoRa wireless communication technique was used as the primary data communication method, enabling the device to communicate without requiring an Internet connection or a SIM card. This technology can be implemented in military and defense areas.
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Susila, I. Putu, Agung Alfiansyah, Istofa Istofa, Sukandar Sukandar, Budi Santoso, and Suratman Suratman. "DEVELOPMENT OF MOBILE DEVICE FOR GAMMA RADIATION MEASUREMENT UTILIZING LORA AS THE COMMUNICATION MEANS." JURNAL TEKNOLOGI REAKTOR NUKLIR TRI DASA MEGA 21, no. 2 (July 30, 2019): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17146/tdm.2019.21.2.5432.
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Public protection is one of important issues when operating nuclear facility. In case of accident occurs, the facility owner and related organizations shall make decision whether to evacuate people or not, based on the level of the accident and radiation dose rate released to the environment. In this study, as part of the decision support system for nuclear emergency response, a prototype of mobile radiation measurement system has been developed. The device consists of Geiger-Muller (GM)-based radiation measurement board, Global Positioning System (GPS) module, microcontroller board, and low power LoRa module for communication. Radiation dose rate along with its geoposition were recorded and sent to base station equipped with LoRa gateway for connecting LoRa network to TCP/IP-based network. The measurement data is then published to storage server using Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol. Power consumption, measurement of counter/timer accuracy, communication ranges testing, and radiation dose rate measurement were performed around Puspiptek area to demonstrate the functionality of the system.Keywords: Radiation monitoring, Decision Support System, Mobile, LoRa, GPS
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Guo, Qingjie, Fengxu Yang, and Jianming Wei. "Experimental Evaluation of the Packet Reception Performance of LoRa." Sensors 21, no. 4 (February 4, 2021): 1071. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21041071.
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LoRa technology is currently one of the most popular Internet of Things (IoT) technologies. A substantial number of LoRa devices have been applied in a wide variety of real-world scenarios, and developers can adjust the packet reception performance of LoRa through physical layer parameter configuration to meet the requirements. However, since the important details of the relationship between the physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa remain unknown, it is a challenge to choose the appropriate parameter configuration to meet the requirements of the scenarios. Moreover, with the increase in application scenarios, the requirements for energy consumption become increasingly high. Therefore, it is also a challenge to know how to configure the parameters to maximize the energy efficiency while maintaining a high data rate. In this work, a complex evaluation experiment on the communication capability under a negative Signal to Noise Ratio is presented, and the specific details of the relationship between physical layer parameters and the packet reception performance of LoRa are clarified. Furthermore, we study the impact of the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, and the experimental results show that when there is a large amount of data to be transmitted, it is better to choose long packets instead of short packets. Finally, considering the influence of physical layer parameters and the packet length on the packet reception performance of LoRa, the optimal parameter combination is explored, so as to propose a transmission scheme with a balanced reliability, delay, and energy consumption. This scheme is the first to consider the physical layer parameters and packet length together to study the communication transmission scheme, which reduces the communication time by 50% compared with the traditional transmission scheme and greatly reduces the energy consumption.
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Choi, Rocksan, SeungGwan Lee, and Sungwon Lee. "Reliability Improvement of LoRa with ARQ and Relay Node." Symmetry 12, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12040552.
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In our modern world, many Internet of Things (IoT) technologies are being researched and developed. IoT devices are currently being used in many fields. IoT devices use Wi-Fi and Bluetooth, however, communication distance is short and battery consumption is high. In areas such as smart cities and smart farms, IoT technology is needed to support a wide coverage with low power consumption. Low Power Wide Area (LPWA), which is a transmission used in IoT supporting a wide area with low power consumption, has evolved. LPWA includes Long Range (LoRa), Narrowband (NB-IoT), and Sigfox. LoRa offers many benefits as it communicates the longest distances, is cheap and consumes less battery. LoRa is used in many countries and covers a range of hundreds of square kilometers (km2) with a single gateway. However, if there are many obstacles to smart cities and smart farms, it causes communication problems. This paper proposes two (2) solutions to this problem: the relay method which is a multi-hop method and the Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) system that detects packet loss in real-time and requests retransmission for LoRa. In this study, the actual performance of LoRa in the problematic environment was measured and the proposed method was applied. It was confirmed that the transmission rate of LoRa dropped when there were many obstacles such as trees. To use LoRa in a smart farm with a lot of space, multi-hop was observed to be better. An ARQ system is needed to compensate for the unexpected drop in the forward rate due to the increase in IoT devices. This research focused on reliability, however, additional network methods and automatic repeat request (ARQ) systems considering battery time should be researched in symmetry. This study covers the interdisciplinary field of computer science and wireless low power communication engineering. We have analyzed the LoRa/LoRaWAN technology in an experimental approach, which has been somewhat less studied than cellular network or WiFi technology. In addition, we presented and improved the performance evaluation results in consideration of various local and climatic environments.
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Arbab-Zavar, Babak, Emilio J. Palacios-Garcia, Juan C. Vasquez, and Josep M. Guerrero. "LoRa Enabled Smart Inverters for Microgrid Scenarios with Widespread Elements." Electronics 10, no. 21 (November 2, 2021): 2680. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10212680.
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The introduction of low-power wide-area networks (LPWANs) has changed the image of smart systems, due to their wide coverage and low-power characteristics. This category of communication technologies is the perfect candidate to be integrated into smart inverter control architectures for remote microgrid (MG) applications. LoRaWAN is one of the leading LPWAN technologies, with some appealing features such as ease of implementation and the possibility of creating private networks. This study is devoted to analyze and evaluate the aforementioned integration. Initially, the characteristics of different LPWAN technologies are introduced, followed by an in-depth analysis of LoRa and LoRaWAN. Next, the role of communication in MGs with widespread elements is explained. A point-by-point LoRa architecture is proposed to be implemented in the grid-feeding control structure of smart inverters. This architecture is experimentally evaluated in terms of latency analysis and externally generated power setpoint, following smart inverters in different LoRa settings. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LoRa architecture, while the settings are optimally configured. Finally, a hybrid communication system is proposed that can be effectively implemented for remote residential MG management.
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Micheletti, Jose Antonio, and Eduardo Paciencia Godoy. "Improved Indoor 3D Localization using LoRa Wireless Communication." IEEE Latin America Transactions 20, no. 3 (March 2022): 481–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tla.2022.9667147.
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Madona, E., Yulastri, A. Nasution, and Prayogi. "Implementation of Lora for Controlling and Monitoring Broiler Cage Temperature." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2406, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2406/1/012009.
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Abstract A system for controlling the temperature of broilers cages has been made with LoRa data communication. The purpose of this research is to make a prototype of a control system for monitoring and controlling the temperature of broiler controlled by a microcontroller with LoRa communication. The results of measuring system performance are indicated by the DHT11 sensor reading error occurs when the temperature is 36,37 °C and 38 °C by 1.03%. The device that can connect to LoRa is 320 m in Line of Sight (LOS) conditions and 52 m in Non Line of Sight (NLOS) conditions. Overall the tool can function well. Suggestions for further research, an Internet of Things (IoT) based monitoring system can be added using a mobile application.
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Zhang, Fusang, Zhaoxin Chang, Jie Xiong, and Daqing Zhang. "Exploring LoRa for Sensing." GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications 25, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3486880.3486890.
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Wireless sensing received a great amount of attention in recent years and various wireless technologies have been exploited for sensing, including WiFi [1], RFID [2], ultrasound [3], 60 GHz mmWave [4] and visible light [5]. The key advantage of wireless sensing over traditional sensing is that the target does not need to be equipped with any sensor(s) and the wireless signal itself is being used for sensing. Exciting new applications have been enabled, such as passive localization [6] and contactless human activity sensing [7]. While promising in many aspects, one key limitation of current wireless sensing techniques is the very small sensing range. This is because while both direct path and reflection path signals are used for communication, only the weak target-reflection signals can be used for sensing. Take Wi-Fi as an example: the communication range can reach 20 to 50 meters indoors but its sensing range is merely 4 to 8 meters. This small range further limits the through-wall sensing capability of Wi-Fi. On the other hand, many applications do require long-range and through-wall sensing capability. In a fire rescue scenario, the sensing device cannot be placed close to the building, and the long-range through-wall sensing capabilities are critical for detecting people deep inside the building. Table I summarizes the sensing range of existing wireless technologies. We can see that long-range through-wall sensing is still missing with wireless sensing.
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Jebril, Akram, Aduwati Sali, Alyani Ismail, and Mohd Rasid. "Overcoming Limitations of LoRa Physical Layer in Image Transmission." Sensors 18, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 3257. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18103257.
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As a possible implementation of a low-power wide-area network (LPWAN), Long Range (LoRa) technology is considered to be the future wireless communication standard for the Internet of Things (IoT) as it offers competitive features, such as a long communication range, low cost, and reduced power consumption, which make it an optimum alternative to the current wireless sensor networks and conventional cellular technologies. However, the limited bandwidth available for physical layer modulation in LoRa makes it unsuitable for high bit rate data transfer from devices like image sensors. In this paper, we propose a new method for mangrove forest monitoring in Malaysia, wherein we transfer image sensor data over the LoRa physical layer (PHY) in a node-to-node network model. In implementing this method, we produce a novel scheme for overcoming the bandwidth limitation of LoRa. With this scheme the images, which requires high data rate to transfer, collected by the sensor are encrypted as hexadecimal data and then split into packets for transfer via the LoRa physical layer (PHY). To assess the quality of images transferred using this scheme, we measured the packet loss rate, peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity (SSIM) index of each image. These measurements verify the proposed scheme for image transmission, and support the industrial and academic trend which promotes LoRa as the future solution for IoT infrastructure.
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Ndukwe, Cherechi, M. Tariq Iqbal, Jahangir Khan, and Mohsin Jamil. "Analysis of LoRa Transmission Delay on Dynamic Performance of Standalone DC Microgrids." Journal of Energy and Power Technology 4, no. 2 (April 18, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21926/jept.2202022.
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One important aspect toward proper and stable functioning of a communication-based controlled microgrid is data transmission. Consequently, an analysis of the effect of data transmission delay is of significance for any chosen communication protocol. This paper focuses on the effect of employing LoRa for data transfer at the secondary control level of a standalone DC microgrid. It analyses the effect of LoRa transmission delay on the dynamic performance of DC microgrids. This paper simulates a community DC microgrid that operates in three modes: PV mode, battery mode and generator mode. This microgrid operates as a centralized communication-based controlled microgrid, with the secondary control level operating as an event-driven level. The system incorporates a hierarchical system where data is transferred between the various distributed energy resources (DERs) local controllers and the microgrid central controller (MGCC). Simulations for three scenarios are presented. In the first scenario, the microgrid is designed and simulated without a communication delay to observe the system behavior. Then LoRa transmission delay is calculated for the various signals transferred between the MGCC and the local controllers. This delay is introduced into the simulation as transport delays and the system exhibits a level of stability degradation. Subsequently, a time delay compensation system is incorporated into the system for more robust operation. The delay compensation is applied in two simulation scenarios. In the first scenario, the system inductor (L) and capacitor (C) components are re-calculated, and the system is re-simulated to get a stable system even with the applied communication delay. In the second scenario, the proportional integrator (PI) controller in the microgrid central controller is re-designed to a more robust form to compensate for the delay caused by the LoRa transmission. The results obtained from the two modified simulations realize a stable DC microgrid. This system modification allows for system stability again, similar to the simulation when the microgrid operated without any communication delay. This, therefore, demonstrates that with proper system design and implementation, low bandwidth communication systems such as LoRa can be effectively employed for data transfer in event-driven communication-based controlled DC microgrids.
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Chenhui, Wang, and Meng Qingjia. "Design of rapid monitoring system of geological disaster based on LoRa." MATEC Web of Conferences 306 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202030603006.
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According to the characteristics of the geological environment and disasters, this paper uses microelectronics, wireless communication, thin-film solar power supply and other technologies, combined with lightweight process design, a new scheme for rapid geological disaster monitoring system based on LoRa is proposed. The system is based on embedded microprocessor of STM32F103 and SX1278 module of LoRa, which uses self-organizing network design of star-type and constructs a monitoring system with long communication distance and stable and reliable data transmission. The system can realize real-time data collection of multiple monitoring parameters of the disaster body and transmit the monitoring data to the data center or dedicated data receiving terminal through LoRa/GPRS/BeiDou satellite, which can provide data support for expert analysis and decision-making. The system has the features of low power consumption, long transmission distance, ad hoc network, stable and reliable communication, which has wide application prospect in the field of geological disaster monitoring.
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Gaitan, Nicoleta Cristina. "A Long-Distance Communication Architecture for Medical Devices Based on LoRaWAN Protocol." Electronics 10, no. 8 (April 15, 2021): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10080940.
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Recent market studies show that the market for remote monitoring devices of different medical parameters will grow exponentially. Globally, more than 4 million individuals will be monitored remotely from the perspective of different health parameters by 2023. Of particular importance is the way of remote transmission of the information acquired from the medical sensors. At this time, there are several methods such as Bluetooth, WI-FI, or other wireless communication interfaces. Recently, the communication based on LoRa (Long Range) technology has had an explosive development that allows the transmission of information over long distances with low energy consumption. The implementation of the IoT (Internet of Things) applications using LoRa devices based on open Long Range Wide-Area Network (LoRaWAN) protocol for long distances with low energy consumption can also be used in the medical field. Therefore, in this paper, we proposed and developed a long-distance communication architecture for medical devices based on the LoRaWAN protocol that allows data communications over a distance of more than 10 km.
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Truong, Truong Van, Anand Nayyar, and Mehedi Masud. "A novel air quality monitoring and improvement system based on wireless sensor and actuator networks using LoRa communication." PeerJ Computer Science 7 (September 16, 2021): e711. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj-cs.711.
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In this paper, we study the air quality monitoring and improvement system based on wireless sensor and actuator network using LoRa communication. The proposed system is divided into two parts, indoor cluster and outdoor cluster, managed by a Dragino LoRa gateway. Each indoor sensor node can receive information about the temperature, humidity, air quality, dust concentration in the air and transmit them to the gateway. The outdoor sensor nodes have the same functionality, add the ability to use solar power, and are waterproof. The full-duplex relay LoRa modules which are embedded FreeRTOS are arranged to forward information from the nodes they manage to the gateway via uplink LoRa. The gateway collects and processes all of the system information and makes decisions to control the actuator to improve the air quality through the downlink LoRa. We build data management and analysis online software based on The Things Network and TagoIO platform. The system can operate with a coverage of 8.5 km, where optimal distances are established between sensor nodes and relay nodes and between relay nodes and gateways at 4.5 km and 4 km, respectively. Experimental results observed that the packet loss rate in real-time is less than 0.1% prove the effectiveness of the proposed system.
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Oh, Bong S., Sang C. Park, Joong S. Jang, and Jung J. Lee. "LoRa Communication Field Conformity Test for Functional Safety of Smart Sensor Systems." Journal of Applied Reliability 22, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 132–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33162/jar.2022.6.22.2.132.
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