Relevant bibliographies by topics / Loom stimulus

Academic literature on the topic 'Loom stimulus'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Spano, Lauren, Skye M. Long, and Elizabeth M. Jakob. "Secondary eyes mediate the response to looming objects in jumping spiders ( Phidippus audax , Salticidae)." Biology Letters 8, no. 6 (October 17, 2012): 949–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2012.0716.

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Some species have sensory systems divided into subsystems with morphologically different sense organs that acquire different types of information within the same modality. Jumping spiders (family Salticidae) have eight eyes. Four eyes are directed anteriorly to view objects in front of the spider: a pair of principal eyes track targets with their movable retinae, while the immobile anterior lateral (AL) eyes have a larger field of view and lower resolution. To test whether the principal eyes, the AL eyes, or both together mediate the response to looming stimuli, we presented spiders with a video of a solid black circle that rapidly expanded (loomed) or contracted (receded). Control spiders and spiders with their principal eyes masked were significantly more likely to back away from the looming stimulus than were spiders with their AL eyes masked. Almost no individuals backed away from the receding stimulus. Our results show that the AL eyes alone mediate the loom response to objects anterior to the spider.
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Santer, Roger D., F. Claire Rind, Richard Stafford, and Peter J. Simmons. "Role of an Identified Looming-Sensitive Neuron in Triggering a Flying Locust's Escape." Journal of Neurophysiology 95, no. 6 (June 2006): 3391–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00024.2006.

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Flying locusts perform a characteristic gliding dive in response to predator-sized stimuli looming from one side. These visual looming stimuli trigger trains of spikes in the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) neuron that increase in frequency as the stimulus gets nearer. Here we provide evidence that high-frequency (>150 Hz) DCMD spikes are involved in triggering the glide: the DCMD is the only excitatory input to a key gliding motor neuron during a loom; DCMD-mediated EPSPs only summate significantly in this motor neuron when they occur at >150 Hz; when a looming stimulus ceases approach prematurely, high-frequency DCMD spikes are removed from its response and the occurrence of gliding is reduced; and an axon important for glide triggering descends in the nerve cord contralateral to the eye detecting a looming stimulus, as the DCMD does. DCMD recordings from tethered flying locusts showed that glides follow high-frequency spikes in a DCMD, but analyses could not identify a feature of the DCMD response alone that was reliably associated with glides in all trials. This was because, for a glide to be triggered, the high-frequency spikes must be timed appropriately within the wingbeat cycle to coincide with wing elevation. We interpret this as flight-gating of the DCMD response resulting from rhythmic modulation of the flight motor neuron's membrane potential during flight. This means that the locust's escape behavior can vary in response to the same looming stimulus, meaning that a predator cannot exploit predictability in the locust's collision avoidance behavior.
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Lopez-Paniagua, Dan, and Carol A. Seger. "Interactions within and between Corticostriatal Loops during Component Processes of Category Learning." Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23, no. 10 (October 2011): 3068–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00008.

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We examined dynamic interactions between cortex and BG during stimulus–response and feedback processing phases of categorization. First, we dissociated stimulus–response processing from feedback processing using “jittered” intervals of time between response and feedback to examine how each recruits the four primary corticostriatal loops (motor, executive, visual, and motivational). Second, we examined dynamic interactions within and between corticostriatal loops using Granger causality mapping. On each trial, subjects viewed one of six abstract visual stimuli, pressed a button indicating category membership, and then received feedback as to whether the decision was right or wrong. Stimulus–response processing was associated with greater activity in the visual loop, whereas feedback processing resulted in activity in the executive loop that was sensitive to feedback valence. Granger causality mapping showed patterns of directed influence within corticostriatal loops and between loops from the motor to the executive, to the visual, and finally to the motivational loop. These patterns of interaction are consistent with functional integration of motor processing in the motor loop with feedback processing in the executive loop and maintenance of stimulus–response history for future responses in the motivational loop.
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Preciado, Daniel, and Jan Theeuwes. "To look or not to look? Reward, selection history, and oculomotor guidance." Journal of Neurophysiology 120, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 1740–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00275.2018.

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The current eye-tracking study examined the influence of reward on oculomotor performance, and the extent to which learned stimulus-reward associations interacted with voluntary oculomotor control with a modified paradigm based on the classical antisaccade task. Participants were shown two equally salient stimuli simultaneously: a gray and a colored circle, and they were instructed to make a fast saccade to one of them. During the first phase of the experiment, participants made a fast saccade toward the colored stimulus, and their performance determined a (cash) bonus. During the second, participants made a saccade toward the gray stimulus, with no rewards available. On each trial, one of three colors was presented, each associated with high, low or no reward during the first phase. Results from the first phase showed improved accuracy and shorter saccade latencies on high-reward trials, while those from the second replicated well-known effects typical of the antisaccade task, namely, decreased accuracy and increased latency during phase II, even despite the absence of abrupt asymmetric onsets. Crucially, performance differences between phases revealed longer latencies and less accurate saccades during the second phase for high-reward trials, compared with the low- and no-reward trials. Further analyses indicated that oculomotor capture by reward signals is mainly found for saccades with short latencies, while this automatic capture can be overridden through voluntary control with longer ones. These results highlight the natural flexibility and adaptability of the attentional system, and the role of reward in modulating this plasticity. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Typically, in the antisaccade task, participants need to suppress an automatic orienting reflex toward a suddenly appearing peripheral stimulus. Here, we introduce an alternative antisaccade task without such abrupt onsets. We replicate well-known antisaccade effects (more errors and longer latencies), demonstrating the role of reward in developing selective oculomotor biases. Results highlight how reward and selection history facilitate developing automatic biases from goal-driven behavior, and they suggest that this process responds to individual differences in impulsivity.
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Tuma, R. S. "Stimulus Funds Force Hard Look at Comparative Effectiveness Research." JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 101, no. 15 (July 28, 2009): 1036–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djp242.

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Fox, Jeffrey L. "Healthcare reform looms, firms seek scraps from US stimulus." Nature Biotechnology 27, no. 5 (May 2009): 406–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0509-406.

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Karlsen, Elizabeth A., C. W. Norris, and Ruth S. Hassanein. "The Effect of Stimulus Duration Using the Brookler-Grams Closed-Loop Caloric Irrigator." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 35, no. 3 (June 1992): 718–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3503.718.

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Nystagmic responses to traditional 40-sec, 30 °C water calorics were recorded and compared to those obtained with the Brookler-Grams closed-loop irrigator using 30 °C, 40-, 50-, and 60-sec irrigations. Significant differences were noted between the responses to the water irrigator and the 40- and 50-sec closed-loop irrigations. The 60-sec closed-loop irrigation produced responses that were equivalent to the responses obtained with the water irrigation in slow component velocity, amplitude, frequency, latency, and duration. The 30 °C 60-sec closed-loop irrigation is an acceptable stimulus in electronystagmographic caloric testing.
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Mearns, Duncan S., Joseph C. Donovan, António M. Fernandes, Julia L. Semmelhack, and Herwig Baier. "Deconstructing Hunting Behavior Reveals a Tightly Coupled Stimulus-Response Loop." Current Biology 30, no. 1 (January 2020): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.022.

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Kittmann, R. "Neural mechanisms of adaptive gain control in a joint control loop: muscle force and motoneuronal activity." Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 9 (January 1, 1997): 1383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.9.1383.

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An adaptive gain control system of a proprioceptive feedback system, the femur­tibia control loop, is investigated. It enables the joint control loop to work with a high gain but it prevents instability oscillations. In the inactive stick insect, the realisation of specific changes in gain is described for tibial torque, for extensor tibiae muscle force and for motoneuronal activity. In open-loop experiments, sinusoidal stimuli are applied to the femoral chordotonal organ (fCO). Changes in gain that depend on fCO stimulus parameters (such as amplitude, frequency and repetition rate), are investigated. Furthermore, spontaneous and touch-induced changes in gain that resemble the behavioural state of the animal are described. Changes in gain in motoneurones are always realised as changes in the amplitude of modulation of their discharge frequency. Nevertheless, depending on the stimulus situation, two different mechanisms underlie gain changes in motoneurones. (i) Changes in gain can be based on changes in the strength of the sensorimotor pathways that transmit stimulus-modulated information from the fCO to the motoneurones. (ii) Changes in gain can be based on changes in the mean activity of a motoneurone by means of its spike threshold: when, during the modulation, the discharge of a motoneurone is inhibited for part of the stimulus cycle, then a change in mean activity subsequently causes a change in modulation amplitude and gain. A new neuronal mechanism is described that helps to compensate the low-pass filter characteristics of the muscles by an increased activation, especially by a sharper distribution of spikes in the stimulus cycle at high fCO stimulus frequencies.
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Ford, Kristen A., Herbert C. Goltz, Matthew R. G. Brown, and Stefan Everling. "Neural Processes Associated With Antisaccade Task Performance Investigated With Event-Related fMRI." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 1 (July 2005): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00471.2004.

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One of the hallmarks of cognitive control is the suppression of prepotent but inappropriate responses. Here we used event-related functional MRI to measure functional brain activation during a stimulus-response incompatibility task. Subjects were instructed before a stimulus appeared either to look at the stimulus (prosaccade) or to look away from the stimulus (antisaccade). Eye movements were recorded so that functional brain activation could be grouped into prosaccades, correct antisaccades, and errors (saccades toward the stimulus on antisaccade trials). Correct antisaccade trials were associated with significantly more activation in frontal and parietal cortical areas compared with prosaccade trials during the late preparatory period before stimulus appearance. Correct antisaccades evoked more activation than errors in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and presupplementary eye fields during this period. No significant differences were found for any comparisons early in the preparatory period. Our data suggest that the preparation of an antisaccade activates a large frontal and parietal network that may be involved in presetting the oculomotor system for the antisaccade task. These findings indicate that a large network of frontal and posterior areas is modulated during the latter component of the preparatory period on antisaccade compared with prosaccade trials. The results further suggest that the activation level of frontal cortical areas before stimulus presentation is associated with subjects' performance in the antisaccade task. In contrast, we found no areas that were more active for correct antisaccades than prosaccades or for correct antisaccades than error antisaccades during the stimulus-response period. In fact, a number of posterior cortical areas and a few areas in the superior frontal lobe were more active during the stimulus-response period on prosaccade trials than on antisaccade trials. Error antisaccades showed a larger activation in the ACC during the stimulus-response period compared with correct antisaccades.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Soong, Chia-Wei. "Hardware Implementation of a Stimulus Artifact Rejection Algorithm in Closed-loop Neuroprostheses." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1216397239.

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Limnuson, Kanokwan. "A Bidirectional Neural Interface Microsystem with Spike Recording, Microstimulation, and Real-Time Stimulus Artifact Rejection Capability." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1421939391.

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Côté, Jean-Charles. "Cartographie T¦1 par séquences d'échos stimulés et Look-Locker avec pulses pseudo-adiabatiques en imagerie par résonance magnétique." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape9/PQDD_0022/NQ48758.pdf.

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Heck, Katharina Lieselotte [Verfasser]. "Targeted memory reactivation during sleep with closed-loop auditory stimuli : Comparing the effects of slow oscillatory up-phase and down-phase cueing on sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation / Katharina Lieselotte Heck." Tübingen : Universitätsbibliothek Tübingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/122159690X/34.

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Keith, Tūreiti. "On the Speed of Neuronal Populations." Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0023-3F22-C.

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Kent, Alexander Rafael. "Characterization of Evoked Potentials During Deep Brain Stimulation in the Thalamus." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10161/8195.

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Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is an established surgical therapy for movement disorders. The mechanisms of action of DBS remain unclear, and selection of stimulation parameters is a clinical challenge and can result in sub-optimal outcomes. Closed-loop DBS systems would use a feedback control signal for automatic adjustment of DBS parameters and improved therapeutic effectiveness. We hypothesized that evoked compound action potentials (ECAPs), generated by activated neurons in the vicinity of the stimulating electrode, would reveal the type and spatial extent of neural activation, as well as provide signatures of clinical effectiveness. The objective of this dissertation was to record and characterize the ECAP during DBS to determine its suitability as a feedback signal in closed-loop systems. The ECAP was investigated using computer simulation and in vivo experiments, including the first preclinical and clinical ECAP recordings made from the same DBS electrode implanted for stimulation.

First, we developed DBS-ECAP recording instrumentation to reduce the stimulus artifact and enable high fidelity measurements of the ECAP at short latency. In vitro and in vivo validation experiments demonstrated the capability of the instrumentation to suppress the stimulus artifact, increase amplifier gain, and reduce distortion of short latency ECAP signals.

Second, we characterized ECAPs measured during thalamic DBS across stimulation parameters in anesthetized cats, and determined the neural origin of the ECAP using pharmacological interventions and a computer-based biophysical model of a thalamic network. This model simulated the ECAP response generated by a population of thalamic neurons, calculated ECAPs similar to experimental recordings, and indicated the relative contribution from different types of neural elements to the composite ECAP. Signal energy of the ECAP increased with DBS amplitude or pulse width, reflecting an increased extent of activation. Shorter latency, primary ECAP phases were generated by direct excitation of neural elements, whereas longer latency, secondary phases were generated by post-synaptic activation.

Third, intraoperative studies were conducted in human subjects with thalamic DBS for tremor, and the ECAP and tremor responses were measured across stimulation parameters. ECAP recording was technically challenging due to the presence of a wide range of stimulus artifact magnitudes across subjects, and an electrical circuit equivalent model and finite element method model both suggested that glial encapsulation around the DBS electrode increased the artifact size. Nevertheless, high fidelity ECAPs were recorded from acutely and chronically implanted DBS electrodes, and the energy of ECAP phases was correlated with changes in tremor.

Fourth, we used a computational model to understand how electrode design parameters influenced neural recording. Reducing the diameter or length of recording contacts increased the magnitude of single-unit responses, led to greater spatial sensitivity, and changed the relative contribution from local cells or passing axons. The effect of diameter or contact length varied across phases of population ECAPs, but ECAP signal energy increased with greater contact spacing, due to changes in the spatial sensitivity of the contacts. In addition, the signal increased with glial encapsulation in the peri-electrode space, decreased with local edema, and was unaffected by the physical presence of the highly conductive recording contacts.

It is feasible to record ECAP signals during DBS, and the correlation between ECAP characteristics and tremor suggests that this signal could be used in closed-loop DBS. This was demonstrated by implementation in simulation of a closed-loop system, in which a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller automatically adjusted DBS parameters to obtain a target ECAP energy value, and modified parameters in response to disturbances. The ECAP also provided insight into neural activation during DBS, with the dominant contribution to clinical ECAPs derived from excited cerebellothalamic fibers, suggesting that activation of these fibers is critical for DBS therapy.


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Koetting, Michael Clinton. "Stimulus-responsive delivery systems for enabling the oral delivery of protein therapeutics exhibiting high isoelectric point." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/30484.

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Protein therapeutics offer numerous advantages over small molecule drugs and are rapidly becoming one of the most prominent classes of therapeutics. Unfortunately, they are delivered almost exclusively by injection due to biological obstacles preventing high bioavailability via the oral route. In this work, numerous approaches to overcoming these barriers are explored. PH-Responsive poly(itaconic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) (P(IA-co-NVP)) hydrogels were synthesized, and the effects of monomer ratios, crosslinking density, microparticle size, protein size, and loading conditions were systematically evaluated using in vitro tests. P(IA-co-NVP) hydrogels demonstrated up to 69% greater equilibrium swelling at neutral conditions than previously-studied poly(methacrylic acid-co-N-vinylpyrrolidone) hydrogels and a 10-fold improvement in time-sensitive swelling experiments. Furthermore, P(IA-co-NVP) hydrogel microparticles demonstrated up to a 2.7-fold improvement in delivery of salmon calcitonin (sCT) compared to methacrylic acid-based systems, with a formulation comprised of a 1:2 ratio of itaconic acid to N-vinylpyrrolidone demonstrating the greatest delivery capability. Vast improvement in delivery capability was achieved using reduced ionic strength conditions during drug loading. Use of a 1.50 mM PBS buffer during loading yielded an 83-fold improvement in delivery of sCT compared to a standard 150 mM buffer. With this improvement, a daily dose of sCT could be provided using P(IA-co-NVP) microparticles in one standard-sized gel capsule. P(IA-co-NVP) was also tested with larger proteins urokinase and Rituxan. Crosslinking density provided a facile method for tuning hydrogels to accommodate a wide range of protein sizes. The effects of protein PEGylation were also explored. PEGylated sCT displayed lower release from P(IA-co-NVP) microparticles, but displayed increased apparent permeability across a Caco-2 monolayer by two orders of magnitude. Therefore, PEG-containing systems could yield high bioavailability of orally delivered proteins. Finally, a modified SELEX protocol for cellular selection of transcellular transport-initiating aptamers was developed and used to identify aptamer sequences showing enhanced intestinal perfusion. Over three selection cycles, the selected aptamer library showed significant increases in absorption, and from an initial library of 1.1 trillion sequences, 5-10 sequences were selected that demonstrated up to 10-fold amplification compared to the naïve library. These sequences could provide a means of overcoming the significant final barrier of intestinal absorption.
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Elliott, Rickie-Leigh. "When I look into my baby's eyes...emotion recognition of infant face stimuli by mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1039283.

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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Clinical Psychology (DCP)
Background: Sensitive emotional interaction with one’s parent during infancy is recognised as fundamental to healthy infant cognitive, social, emotional and physical development. Mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) are known to have disturbed relationships with their infant(s), characterised by high levels of maternal stress, low parental self-efficacy, intrusiveness, hostility, avoidance, and in some cases, abuse. These relational difficulties may be related to problems perceiving their infant’s nonverbal emotional cues. Previous studies have found impaired facial emotion recognition in individuals with BPD using adult face stimuli; however, the exact nature of this abnormality is not yet established. No research has examined the ability of mothers with BPD to accurately identify their infant’s facial expressions of emotion. In light of the plethora of research highlighting the social and emotional disturbances associated with BPD, this research is important for furthering scientific understanding of the socio-emotional deficits underlying the disorder, and to identify targets for treatment and remediation in at-risk mother-infant dyads. Scope: This research extends existing knowledge by examining face emotion recognition ability in women with BPD using adult face stimuli of varying emotional intensities, and is the first to use novel infant face emotion stimuli to examine the relationship between infant emotion perception and key clinical and parenting variables associated with BPD. Purpose: The purpose of this research is to examine emotion recognition performance in women with BPD and the underlying mechanisms associated with emotion recognition disturbances observed previously in this group. Study 1 will focus on adult face perception and processing. The eye movements (visual scanpaths) of participants will be recorded while they view adult face emotion stimuli to examine visuo-cognitive performance. Affect recognition will be assessed concurrently. Study 2 will focus on infant face emotion recognition accuracy using the women’s own, as well as unknown, infant face images depicting three emotions (happy, sad and neutral) to examine relationships between infant face emotion recognition and key clinical and parental variables associated with BPD. Methodology: The total sample consisted of 14 women diagnosed with BPD and 16 control women. Women were recruited from parenting and mental health services within Hunter New England Area Health Service (HNEAHS). The women participated in Study 1 and 2 concurrently, and completed two assessment phases within each study. Of this sample, 14 women diagnosed with BPD and 16 control women participated in Study 1. In Phase One of this study, participants completed a clinical assessment and a set of self-report questionnaires. In Phase Two, approximately one month after completing Phase One, participants completed two visual scanpath tasks: the Adult Emotion Recognition Task (AERT) and the Adult Emotion Intensity Task (AEIT). In the AERT, stimuli consisted of male and female adult posers depicting one of five emotions (angry, sad, happy, fearful and neutral). In the AEIT, stimuli consisted of male and female adult images depicting happy, sad, neutral, angry or fearful expressions at varying intensity levels of 20%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Affect recognition was assessed concurrently in both tasks using verbal report by participants. In Study 2, the sample consisted of 13 mothers diagnosed with BPD and 13 healthy control mothers who completed both the clinical and parenting questionnaires and the infant emotion recognition task (IERT) that comprised images of the mothers’ own, as well as unknown (control), infant faces depicting happy, neutral and sad expressions. Results: In Study 1, participants with BPD were found to be significantly less accurate in overall face emotion recognition ability than controls, but not so for visual scanpath performance where they performed similarly to controls, suggesting that emotion recognition deficits in BPD are not associated with an underlying facial information processing impairment. Some tentative support was also observed for a negative misattribution bias in the BPD group for neutral expressions, which were more often reported as being sad, followed equally by angry and fear. However, this trend dissipated after more rigorous follow-up analyses. In Study two examining infant face emotion recognition, mothers with BPD were found to display significantly poorer overall infant emotion recognition accuracy compared to control mothers. Recognition of neutral facial expressions provided greatest between-group discrimination, with mothers with BPD displaying significantly poorer accuracy for neutral infant expressions, negatively misattributing neutral for sad in the majority of cases. However, unexpectedly, the negative misattribution was not associated with key clinical and parenting variables in this cohort, although mothers’ age and duration of the BPD were related, suggesting that chronicity of illness, rather than severity of symptoms, impacted greatest on mothers’ perceptions of infants’ emotions. As expected, mothers with BPD did not show enhanced accuracy for recognising their own infant’s emotions compared with that of unknown infants. However, in contrast to expectations and previous literature, the healthy control mothers in this study also did not demonstrate enhanced accuracy when viewing their own infant’s emotions. General Conclusions and Implications: The findings from this research (both Study 1 and 2) show that while women with BPD have impaired emotion recognition ability, their visual processing of facial information appears intact. The research findings also highlight an important trend of negative misattribution of neutral affect in women with BPD, which may have significant impact on their parenting of infants, perhaps perceiving them to display more negative emotions than they actually do. Older mothers with greater BPD chronicity are particularly vulnerable and the findings highlight the need for both further research and early intervention in this sub-group of mothers with BPD. The development of specific remediative interventions that target infant face recognition deficits in mothers with chronic BPD with the aim of improving the outcomes for at risk mother-infant dyads are required.
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Huang, Hui Yu. "Studies of stimuli-responsive hydrogel nanoparticle containing membranes and the development of a closed-loop glucose-responsive insulin delivery device /." 2008. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdlink?did=1659961721&sid=4&Fmt=2&clientId=12520&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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(9356939), Jui-wei Tsai. "Digital Signal Processing Architecture Design for Closed-Loop Electrical Nerve Stimulation Systems." Thesis, 2020.

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Electrical nerve stimulation (ENS) is an emerging therapy for many neurological disorders. Compared with conventional one-way stimulations, closed-loop ENS approaches increase the stimulation efficacy and minimize patient's discomfort by constantly adjusting the stimulation parameters according to the feedback biomarkers from patients. Wireless neurostimulation devices capable of both stimulation and telemetry of recorded physiological signals are welcome for closed-loop ENS systems to improve the quality and reduce the costs of treatments, and real-time digital signal processing (DSP) engines processing and extracting features from recorded signals can reduce the data transmission rate and the resulting power consumption of wireless devices. Electrically-evoked compound action potential (ECAP) is an objective measure of nerve activity and has been used as the feedback biomarker in closed-loop ENS systems including neural response telemetry (NRT) systems and a newly proposed autonomous nerve control (ANC) platform. It's desirable to design a DSP engine for real-time processing of ECAP in closed-loop ENS systems.

This thesis focuses on developing the DSP architecture for real-time processing of ECAP, including stimulus artifact rejection (SAR), denoising, and extraction of nerve fiber responses as biomedical features, and its VLSI implementation for optimal hardware costs. The first part presents the DSP architecture for real-time SAR and denoising of ECAP in NRT systems. A bidirectional-filtered coherent averaging (BFCA) method is proposed, which enables the configurable linear-phase filter to be realized hardware efficiently for distortion-free filtering of ECAPs and can be easily combined with the alternating-polarity (AP) stimulation method for SAR. Design techniques including folded-IIR filter and division-free averaging are incorporated to reduce the computation cost. The second part presents the fiber-response extraction engine (FREE), a dedicated DSP engine for nerve activation control in the ANC platform. FREE employs the DSP architecture of the BFCA method combined with the AP stimulation, and the architecture of computationally efficient peak detection and classification algorithms for fiber response extraction from ECAP. FREE is mapped onto a custom-made and battery-powered wearable wireless device incorporating a low-power FPGA, a Bluetooth transceiver, a stimulation and recording analog front-end and a power-management unit. In comparison with previous software-based signal processing, FREE not only reduces the data rate of wireless devices but also improves the precision of fiber response classification in noisy environments, which contributes to the construction of high-accuracy nerve activation profile in the ANC platform. An application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) version of FREE is implemented in 180-nm CMOS technology, with total chip area and core power consumption of 19.98 mm2 and 1.95 mW, respectively.

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Books on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Coburn, Tom A. Stimulus checkup: A closer look at 100 projects funded by the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act. [Washington, DC: U.S. Senate], 2009.

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Full committee hearing on economic stimulus for small business: A look back and assessing need for additional relief. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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Palter, John T. COBRA provisions in the stimulus plan: An immediate look at the effects of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act on COBRA benefits. [Boston, MA]: Aspatore Books, 2009.

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Full committee hearing on economic recovery: Tax stimulus items that benefitted small business with a look ahead : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, hearing held July 15, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Business, United States Congress House Committee on Small. Full committee hearing on economic recovery: Tax stimulus items that benefitted small business with a look ahead : hearing before the Committee on Small Business, United States House of Representatives, One Hundred Eleventh Congress, first session, hearing held July 15, 2009. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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Committee on Small Business (house), Congress of the United States, and United States House of Representatives. Full Committee Hearing on Economic Recovery: Tax Stimulus Items That Benefitted Small Business with a Look Ahead. Independently Published, 2019.

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House Committee on Small Busine (house), United States House of Representatives, and United States United States Congress. Full Committee Hearing on Economic Stimulus for Small Business: A Look Back and Assessing Need for Additional Relief. Independently Published, 2019.

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Donkin, Chris, Babette Rae, Andrew Heathcote, and Scott D. Brown. Why Is Accurately Labeling Simple Magnitudes So Hard? A Past, Present, and Future Look at Simple Perceptual Judgment. Edited by Jerome R. Busemeyer, Zheng Wang, James T. Townsend, and Ami Eidels. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.013.6.

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Absolute identification is a deceptively simple task that has been the focus of empirical investigation and theoretical speculation for more than half a century. Since Miller’s (1956) seminal paper the puzzle of why people are severely limited in their capacity to accurately perform absolute identification has endured. Despite the apparent simplicity of absolute identification, many complicated and robust effects are observed in both response latency and accuracy, including capacity limitations, strong sequential effects and effects of the position of a stimulus within the set. Constructing a comprehensive theoretical account of these benchmark effects has proven difficult, and existing accounts all have shortcomings. We review classical empirical findings, as well as some newer findings that challenge existing theories. We then discuss a variety of theories, with a focus on the most recent proposals, make some broad conclusions about general classes of models, and discuss the challenges ahead for each class.
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Troisi, Alfonso. Pleasure. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199393404.003.0002.

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Contemporary neurobiological research has greatly improved our understanding of brain mechanisms that regulate hedonic response and the environmental stimuli that trigger physical and mental pleasure. However, to explain what purpose pleasure serves, we need to look at the problem from the perspective of evolutionary biology. Focusing on a specific type of pleasure, sexual pleasure, this chapter introduces several evolutionary studies that show how the variation in pleasurable experiences becomes understandable when hedonic capacity is viewed as an inner navigator that evolved to guide individuals toward the most adaptive behavioral choices. As a case in point, the alternative hypotheses that have been advanced to explain the evolution of female orgasm (the adaptive versus the byproduct hypothesis) are discussed. The findings of recent studies exploring the complexity of human sexual response and the striking sex differences that distinguish male and female responses to sexual stimuli are also presented.
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Browning, Birch P. How Students Acquire Musical Understanding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199928200.003.0007.

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The chapter describes how initial musical learning occurs as infants are exposed to motherese, or infant-directed speech, and react to aural stimuli by encoding information. The aural-oral feedback loop by which babies learn sounds is illustrated. The chapter also covers children’s acquisition of an understanding of local musical culture through acculturation. Subsequent formal instruction enables students to perceive, think about, perform, and create music. The developmental process for understanding music notation is shown to be remarkably similar to thatfor learning oral and written language. The outcomes of formal instruction are covered, including the ability to understand music from a variety of perspectives, which enables the rapid acquisition of new repertoire. Musical understanding is described as the synthesis of and interaction between musical knowledge and musical skill, with the goal of self-regulation in learning
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Book chapters on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Bruce, Eugene N., Mohammad Modarreszadeh, and Kenneth Kump. "Identification of Closed-Loop Chemoreflex Dynamics Using Pseudorandom Stimuli." In Control of Breathing and Its Modeling Perspective, 137–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9847-0_24.

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Smith, Melissa A., and Eva Wiese. "Look at Me Now: Investigating Delayed Disengagement for Ambiguous Human-Robot Stimuli." In Social Robotics, 950–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47437-3_93.

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Cerf, Moran, Jonathan Harel, Alex Huth, Wolfgang Einhäuser, and Christof Koch. "Decoding What People See from Where They Look: Predicting Visual Stimuli from Scanpaths." In Attention in Cognitive Systems, 15–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00582-4_2.

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Bosch, María José. "Conclusion: What We Have Learnt From Multidisciplinary Views on Human Flourishing." In Human Flourishing, 225–34. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-09786-7_15.

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AbstractWellbeing and flourishing are two interconnected concepts. Usually both are studied from just one discipline. In this book we combine research from academics look to combine the evidence on how flourishing has an impact and is influenced by health, art, entrepreneurship, and work life, among other factors. These influences and impact can be categorized in three groups. First, the interconnection with the self that is how we construction the image of ourselves impacts how we interpret and perceive different stimuli or experiences, and this has an impact on our flourishing. Second, the interconnection with others impacts the relationship we build with them, and this relationship impacts our flourishing. Finally, the interconnection with the environment shows us that being aware of the impact that our behaviors and traditions the environment can foster behaviors and changes that look to promote flourishing.
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Nicolau, Lurdes. "Roma at School: A Look at the Past and the Present. The Case of Portugal." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_10.

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AbstractThe schooling process has become more widespread among the Portuguese Roma population since 1974, with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. Nevertheless, the Roma nomadism or semi-nomadism, financial shortcomings and the absence of social/cultural/family stimuli are some of the reasons that explain their low school attendance rates. Only in the last decades has such attendance increased, as a result of the implementation of several public policies, particularly of the Social Integration Income. This social policy, implemented in 1996, introduced important changes in this population, especially in areas such as schooling, personal hygiene, housing, health, or sedentism.Recent research has shown an increase in the educational level of the Roma population, but school dropouts and failure remain high. This tendency was also studied in the northeast of Portugal, in a PhD thesis about the relationships between the Roma and school. In the present research work, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using direct and participant observation, as well as interviews to some Roma parents and non-Roma teachers. Both groups emphasize the main difficulties of Roma children at school.The conclusions show that several factors affect these students’ schooling nowadays, especially poor housing conditions, parents’ illiteracy or low schooling, lack of daily study monitoring at home, absence of models in their environment, non-attendance of pre-school, and discrimination against them.
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McComas, Alan J. "Benjamin Libet’s Big Experiment." In Sherrington's Loom, 186–99. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190936549.003.0011.

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This chapter describes Benjamin Libet’s finding that electrical activity in the brain precedes conscious awareness. Libet’s work had shown that, no matter how brief it was, a sensory stimulus evoked responses in the cortex that lasted hundreds of milliseconds. He also suggested that, just as the somatosensory cortex was able to refer sensations to a particular point on the opposite side of the body (“spatial reference”) so it could refer sensations to an earlier moment—the time when impulse activity had first been initiated in the cortex following the stimulus (“temporal reference”). These were important conclusions and inevitably became the subjects of debate following their publication. But Libet was soon to deliver a greater surprise when he discovered that a decision only entered consciousness when the underlying neural activity was already far advanced. Rather than the mind controlling the brain—thought by thought—it was the other way round and “free will,” seemingly so self-evident, was an illusion.
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Noë, Alva. "Art at the Limits of Neuroscience." In Learning to Look, 183–90. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928216.003.0047.

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This chapter assesses the limitations of neuroscience in bringing art into focus. Neuroscientists working on art almost universally assume what can be called the trigger conception of art. According to the trigger conception, artworks are stimuli that trigger a special kind of event—the aesthetic experience—in us. But artworks do not trigger aesthetic experiences, because aesthetic experiences are not episodes in consciousness like sensory episodes that start and stop, anchored in exposure to a stimulus. In a sense, they are not experiences as the term is used in consciousness research and philosophy. Aesthetic experience, insofar as it is a phenomenon at all, is critical. It unfurls in a space of thought and talk—that is, a space of criticism—and so, in an important sense, in a shared space. Aesthetic experiences are not private or individual; they are social. Indeed, aesthetic experience is something persons, not brains, undertake, and they do so always in the setting of others and against the background of a culture and a history.
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"A Brief Look at Some Biological and Psychological Evidence." In Linguistic Nativism and the Poverty of the Stimulus, 193–203. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781444390568.ch11.

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MacElveen-Hoehn, Patrici. "Sexual Responses to the Stimulus of Death." In Personal Care in an Impersonal World: A Multidimensional Look At Bereavement. Baywood Publishing Company, Inc., 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pcic8.

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MacElveen-Hoehn, Patricia. "Sexual Responses to the Stimulus of Death." In Personal Care in an Impersonal World: A Multidimensional Look at Bereavement, 95–119. Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315223926-9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Worthey, James A. "Light Source Size and the Stimulus to Vision." In Applied Vision. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/av.1989.fb4.

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Non-luminous objects present a stimulus to vision that depends on their optical interaction with the sources that illuminate them. "Sources" in this context means all other objects, as may be seen if the main object of interest is a plane mirror, or a mirrored sphere, for example. Such examples show that contrast in an object can depend on contrasts elsewhere in the environment. An important and highly variable feature of the optical environment is the size of the primary light source. This paper will look at light source sizes and their effect on the appearance of shiny objects. (Obviously, source size affects the appearance of matte objects also.) Table 1 shows that familiar lights vary in the bright solid angle that they present by a factor of 105 or 106.
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Kuczenski, Brandon, William C. Messner, and Philip R. LeDuc. "Controlled Waveform Chemical Stimulus of Cellular Subdomains for System Identification." In ASME 2008 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2008-193053.

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The dynamic behavior of cells is a subject of extensive investigation. Current attempts to model and describe cell behavior show similarity to traditional engineering models of dynamic systems, often making use of the same vocabulary and principles (e.g. amplification, feedback, regulation, instability). A significant difference between biological dynamic systems and engineered ones is that the latter often feature a designed compensator whose dynamic behavior modulates the dynamic response of the system through closed-loop feedback control. In biological systems, by contrast, the feedback is often implicit, and the investigator has no direct control over modulations which are internal to the system. Although disruptive techniques like synthetic siRNA [1] or genetic modification can certainly change cellular behavior, in some cases it is desirable to probe the dynamics of cellular processes without changing their essential operation, or without substantial delay between applying a perturbation and observing its effects.
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Gillet, Vincent, Jan Verspecht, Jean-Pierre Teyssier, Michel Prigent, and Raymond Quere. "Arbitrary wideband open-loop active load-pull measurement using Unequally Spaced Multi-Tone stimulus." In 2020 94th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium (ARFTG). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/arftg47584.2020.9071709.

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Chen, Kai, Yongqiang Ma, Mingyang Sheng, and Nanning Zheng. "Foreground-attention in neural decoding: Guiding Loop-Enc-Dec to reconstruct visual stimulus images from fMRI." In 2022 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn55064.2022.9892276.

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Bachelder, Edward, and Bimal Aponso. "A Theoretical Framework Unifying Handling Qualities, Workload, Stability and Control." In Vertical Flight Society 77th Annual Forum & Technology Display. The Vertical Flight Society, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4050/f-0077-2021-16797.

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The concepts and principle developed in this work offer a novel and integrative approach for exploring fundamental issues surrounding pilot performance, handling qualities (HQs), and workload. Fundamental laws of sensory perception are extended to multi-input sensing, showing that multiple sensory inputs add logarithmically. It is proposed rather than being just a sensational response, a pilot’s perception of workload is a skill that is acquired and used for the purpose of modulating system stability (i.e., phase margin) during a tracking task. Evidence is presented indicating than an operator perceives workload and behaves such that workload is linearly related to phase margin (PM). It is also shown that this behavior associated with PM linearization serves to reduce workload. PM-workload linearization would enable a straightforward transformation of workload to PM, allowing PM to be set by the pilot to facilitate loop control. A perceptual transformation of the variables available to the pilot (control activity, error) couples with the behavioral conditioning to complete the linearization between PM and sensed workload. Two contrasting sets of experimental data were used to examine pilot response, indicating that pilot compensation is conducted via both frequency modulation (lead-lag) and temporal modulation (pure time delay). HQ sensing is treated as multi-input perception, where time delay and the lead-lag ratio are the stimuli for compensation sensing, and tracking error is the stimulus for performance sensing. A HQ metric arising from the logarithmic addition of these two sensations is shown to yield promising results. A cost function representing pilot behavioral objectives is developed that serves to modulate the following four items: 1) Tracking error; 2) Workload; 3) Linearity between workload and PM; and 4) Setting a reference PM. The pilot cost function was implemented in an optimal pilot which produced pilot time delay and pilot compensation estimates that closely matched the actual pilot data.
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Moody, Cody B., Alan A. Barhorst, and Lawrence Schovanec. "A Neuro-Muscular Elasto-Dynamic Model of the Human Arm." In ASME 2003 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2003-43045.

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In this paper we develop a neuro-muscular elasto-dynamic model of the human arm. The generality of the approach provides a method for relating effects of neural and muscular control on stress development in skeletal structures. The humerus is pinned parallel to the body and allowed to rotate in the plane. The radius and ulna are free to move in the sagittal plane. The bones are modeled as elastic elements, allowing large transverse deflections and elongations. Standard Hill-type models of the musculotendon actuators are used to generate the joint torques. Simulations are presented that correspond to both open and closed loop neural stimulus, and stresses and strains that result from both types of control are compared.
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Olivari, Mario, Frank Nieuwenhuizen, Joost Venrooij, Heinrich Bülthoff, and Lorenzo Pollini. "Multi-loop Pilot Behavior Identification in Response to Simultaneous Visual and Haptic Stimuli." In AIAA Modeling and Simulation Technologies Conference. Reston, Virigina: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/6.2012-4795.

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Jiang, Zhihao, and Rahul Mangharam. "Multi-Scale Modeling of the Heart for Closed-Loop Evaluation of Pacemaker Software." In ASME 2013 Conference on Frontiers in Medical Devices: Applications of Computer Modeling and Simulation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fmd2013-16192.

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Implantable cardiac pacemakers restore normal heart rhythm by delivering external electrical pacing to the heart. The pacemaker software is life-critical as the timing of the pulses determine its ability to control the heart rate. Recalls due to software issues have been on the rise with the increasing complexity of pacing algorithms. Open-loop testing remains the primary approach to evaluate the safety of pacemaker software. While this tests how the pacemaker responds to stimulus, it cannot reveal pacemaker malfunctions which drive the heart into an unsafe state over multiple cycles. The safety and efficacy of pacemaker software should be considered in closed-loop with the physical environment of the heart. Formal Methods-based Model Checking has been an effective method for mathematically verifying all possible executions of the closed-loop system against safety properties. In this work, we used Timed automata to develop a series of heart models at different abstraction levels, which capture the timing behavior of the heart. By maintaining the Timed Simulation relation between each abstraction level, properties satisfied by the abstract model also hold in the actual system. With a Counter-Example-Guided Abstraction and Refinement (CEGAR) framework we can verify pacemaker efficiently without sacrificing accuracy.
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Schwarzhuber, Thomas, Lukas Wörle, Michael Graf, and Arno Eichberger. "Validity Quantification of Driver-in-the-Loop Simulation in Motorsport." In FISITA World Congress 2021. FISITA, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46720/f2020-vdc-047.

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Driving simulators are indispensable tools to be competitive in motorsport, for drivers as well as engineers. Fidelity and validity of a driver-in-the-loop simulator determine its utility for car setup development, drivers' training and race strategy investigations. The conclusions drawn from race preparations at a driving simulator take its validity at the vehicle's dynamic limits as a basis. A high level of simulator fidelity does not necessarily imply validity of research outcomes. Actuators, ergonomics and screen size as well as track model, vehicle model and motion cueing algorithms could influence simulator validity. Whereas the impact of track and vehicle model can be quantified, the impact of simulator motion on simulator validity is not yet holistically defined as objective data. Therefore, a method which quantifies the overall validity and the impact of individual simulator components is of high interest for further development. The methodology to quantify simulator validity is based on driving style identification. A method was introduced earlier in our department to categorize race drivers, driving at the limit of a vehicle's dynamic capabilities. From a motorsport engineer's point of view the overarching objective of simulator development is to have minimum deviation in driving style between track and simulator tests. Race drivers' driving style is defined, but not readily apparent, by their interactions with steering wheel and pedals. Recorded data of simulator and track operation is processed to calculate metrics during specific vehicle states. In this work the resulting driver metrics are further processed to driving style deviation metrics which describe discrepancies between race track and simulator operation. An evaluation of the derived metrics allows simulator validity quantification. The impact of motion stimuli on simulator validity is compiled using the introduced method to prove its relevance. As a result, the here presented method serves as a measure of motorsport simulator validity. Additionally, the method allows to quantify driving style deviation at variable simulator setups. The impact of various simulator components on simulator validity can be analyzed consequently. A limitation of the developed methodology is that the driver metrics are only validated for the classification of professional race drivers, driving the cars at the limit of their dynamic capabilities. Furthermore, validated track and vehicle models are mandatory requirements to evaluate the impact of motion stimuli on absolute validity of the simulator. Knowledge about the impact of various components on simulator validity will provide objective guidance for future driving simulator development. In this particular case, research on evaluation and optimization of motion cueing algorithms will be carried out which is motivated by the obtained findings. Special focus will be on the motion stimuli while driving the simulated vehicle close to its dynamic limits.
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Lloyd, J. V., S. E. Rodgers, D. M. Siebert, F. Bochner, G. H. McIntosh, and M. James. "PRESYSTEMIC DEACETYLATION OF LOW DOSES OF ENTERIC COATED ASPIRIN IN A PIG MODEL." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643856.

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The antithrombotic effect of aspirin might be enhanced if platelet cyclooxygenase could be inhibited in the portal ciculation while sparing cyclooxygenase in the systemic vascular endothelium. This might be achieved by modifying the dose and formulation to maximise presystemic aspirin clearance by the liver. To test this hypothesis low dose enteric coated aspirin (Astrix, 50mg single dose, lOOmg single dose and lOOmg daily for 1 week) was orally administered to pigs with permanent indwelling arterial and portal vein catheters. Plasma aspirin concentrations were measured by high performance liquid chromatography in blood obtained simultaneously from the artery and portal vein for 6 hours after dosage. Platelet aggregation and thromboxane generation were measured in 4 pigs before and after the lOOmg chronic dosage regimen. Aortic prostacyclin production was measured in aspirin treated (lOOmg daily for 1 week) and untreated pigs after sacrifice. After the 50mg single dose the arterial:portal areas under the plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) ratio was 0.63±0.09 (n=6). In 3 pigs which received all 3 dosage regimens the arterial:portal AUC ratios were 0.48±0.05 after 50mg single dose, 0.52±0.02 after lOOmg single dose and 0.47+0.03 after lOOmg daily for 1 week. Platelet aggregation in response to sodium arachidonate (1.65mM) was completely abolished after chronic aspirin administration. Thromboxane production (pg/106 platelets) by this stimulus decreased from 536±117 before aspirin to 57±14 after aspirin (n=4; p=0.017). Aortic prostacyclin synthesis (ng/disc after 10 min incubation) was 1.66±0.28 (n=4) in untreated pigs and 0.97±0.25 (n=4) in treated pigs (p=0.06).With this slow release aspirin formulation there was substantial but incomplete clearance of aspirin by the liver. This may not be sufficient to spare cyclooxygenase in the systemic vessels from the effect of aspirin.
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Reports on the topic "Loom stimulus"

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Ferguson, Thomas, and Servaas Storm. Myth and Reality in the Great Inflation Debate: Supply Shocks and Wealth Effects in a Multipolar World Economy. Institute for New Economic Thinking Working Paper Series, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36687/inetwp196.

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This paper critically evaluates debates over the causes of U.S. inflation. We first show that claims that the Biden stimulus was the major cause of inflation are mistaken: the key data series – stimulus spending and inflation – move dramatically out of phase. While the first ebbs quickly, the second persistently surges. We then look at alternative explanations of the price rises. We assess four supply side factors: imports, energy prices, rises in corporate profit margins, and COVID. We argue that discussions of COVID’s impact have thus far only tangentially acknowledged the pandemic’s far-reaching effects on labor markets. We conclude that while all four factors played roles in bringing on and sustaining inflation, they cannot explain all of it. There really is an aggregate demand problem. But the surprise surge in demand did not arise from government spending. It came from the unprecedented gains in household wealth, particularly for the richest 10% of households, which we show powered the recovery of aggregate US consumption expenditure especially from July 2021. The final cause of the inflationary surge in the U.S., therefore, was in large measure the unequal (wealth) effects of ultra-loose monetary policy during 2020-2021. This conclusion is important because inflationary pressures are unlikely to subside soon. Going forward, COVID, war, climate change, and the drift to a belligerently multipolar world system are all likely to strain global supply chains. Our conclusion outlines how policy has to change to deal with the reality of steady, but irregular supply shocks. This type of inflation responds only at enormous cost to monetary policies, because it arises mostly from supply-side difficulties that require targeted solutions. But when supply plummets or becomes more variable, fiscal policy also has to adapt: existing explorations of ways to steady demand over the business cycle have to embrace much bolder macroeconomic measures to control over-spending when supply is temporarily constrained.
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