Dissertations / Theses: 'Longitudinal birth cohort study'

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Amberbir, Alemayehu. "Early life determinants of wheeze and allergic disease : a longitudinal study in an Ethiopian birth cohort." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/29714/.

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Background: The hypothesis that paracetamol may increase the risk of asthma and other allergic disease has gained consistent support from epidemiological studies, but evidence from longitudinal cohort studies, particularly those looking at the timing and dose of exposure are lacking. Epidemiological studies have also reported an inverse relation between gastro-intestinal infections including Helicobacter pylori, commensal bacteria and geohelminths and asthma and allergic disease, however, data from longitudinal birth cohort study are scarce. This thesis has therefore investigated the effects of paracetamol, H. pylori and other gastro-intestinal infections on the incidence and prevalence of allergic diseases and sensitization in a low-income birth cohort in which confounding by social advantage and other medical interventions is unlikely to play a role. Methods: In 2005/6 a population based cohort of 1065 pregnant women from Butajira, Ethiopia was established, to whom 1006 live singleton babies were born, and these children have been followed-up from birth to age five. At ages one, three and five, the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) questionnaires were administered to the mothers to obtain data on wheeze, eczema and rhinitis. Allergen skin tests to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and cockroach were performed at ages three and five. Data on child's use of paracetamol, and various early life putative risk factors, including levels of Der p 1 and Bla g 1 allergen in the child's bedding and symptoms of respiratory tract infections were also measured. Stool samples were collected at ages three and five for analysis of H. pylori antigen using a rapid test (Medimar immunocard), as well as for geohelminths (at ages one, three and five) and selected commensal bacteria (at age three). Multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the independent effects of various markers of paracetamol use on the incidence of each outcome between age one and five, as well as on prevalence at age five. Similar analyses were also carried out to determine the independent effects of H. pylori, geohelminths and commensals on the incidence and prevalence of each outcome. Results: Effects of paracetamol: Of the 1006 children in the cohort at birth, 863 children were successfully followed up at age five (94% of surviving mother-child dyads). Wheeze and eczema incidence between the ages of one and five were reported in 5.9% (40/676) and 5.8% (39/700) of children respectively, and rhinitis and sensitization incidence between ages three and five were found in 3.9% (31/798) and 2.0% (15/766) of children respectively. Paracetamol use in the first three years of life was common, with 18% reported use at age one but not three, 23% at age three but not one and 21% at both time points. Use in the first year of life was significantly associated with a dose-dependent increased risk of incident wheeze between ages one and three (fully adjusted ORs, 95% CI, 1.77; 0.96, 3.26 for 1-3 tablets and 6.78; 1.89, 24.39 for ≥ 4 tablets in past month versus never), but not eczema. The risk of incident wheeze, eczema, rhinitis and sensitization between ages three and five was increased in those exposed, significantly so for incident eczema (p=0.02) and borderline significant for rhinitis (p=0.07), with fully adjusted odds ratios (ORs), including for symptoms of respiratory tract infections, for persistent exposure (ages one and three) versus never of 3.82 (95% CI 1.36, 10.73) and 3.10 (1.00, 9.57) respectively. Borderline significant trends were also seen between paracetamol dose in the first three years of life and incident eczema and rhinitis, with adjusted ORs for heavy reported use compared to low of 1.59 (0.44, 5.74; p trend=0.06) and 2.31 (0.72, 7.46; p trend=0.07) respectively, but not with incident wheeze (fully adjusted OR=3.64; 1.34, 9.90, p trend=0.11). Cross-sectional analysis at age five resulted in significant positive dose-response effects of lifetime use (use at ages one, three and five) in relation to the prevalence of all outcomes. Effects of gastro-intestinal infection H. pylori infection was found in 17% of the children at age three but not five, 21% at age five but not three years, and 25% at both ages. In the longitudinal analysis, H. pylori infection at age three was significantly associated with a decreased risk of incident eczema between ages three and five years (adjusted OR, 95% CI, 0.31; 0.10, 0.94, p=0.02), but the associations with incident wheeze, rhinitis and sensitization were not significant. In cross-sectional analysis at age three, H. pylori infection was associated with a borderline significant reduced risk of eczema (adjusted OR, 95% CI, 0.49; 0.24, 1.01, p=0.05) and D. pteronyssinus sensitization (adjusted OR, 95% CI, 0.42; 0.17, 1.08, p=0.07), and a significant inverse association between current exposure to H. pylori, and any sensitization at age five (adjusted OR, 95% CI, 0.26; 0.07, 0.92, p=0.02). However, no significant associations were seen for wheeze and rhinitis. The prevalence and intensity of geohelminth infection (hookworm, Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura) were found to be low in this cohort, with only 4% of children infected at age one, 9% at age three and only 0.2% at both ages. The risk of new onset wheeze between ages one and three was lower in those infected at age one (3.6%) than uninfected (7.8%), but infection was insufficiently prevalent to compute estimates of effect. Exposure to geohelminth infections in the first three years of life was not significantly associated with the incidence of reported outcomes or sensitization. However, A. lumbricoides infection was associated with a borderline increased risk of incident eczema between ages three and five (adjusted OR, 95% CI, 2.86; 1.04, 7.86, p=0.07). Children at age three were commonly colonized with enterococci 38% (207/544), lactobacilli 31% (169/544) and bifidobacteria 19% (103/544). However, none of these commensal bacteria were associated significantly with either incidence or prevalence of allergic outcomes. Conclusions: This longitudinal study from a developing country birth cohort provides further support for an association between early life use of paracetamol and increased risk of wheeze and allergic disease, which is unlikely to be explained by aspirin avoidance, reverse causation or confounding by indication. Furthermore, among young children in this cohort, the study found novel evidence to support the hypothesis of a protective effect of H. pylori infection on the risk of allergic disease, but no evidence to support an etiological role for the microflora enterococci, lactobacilli or bifidobacteria. The power of the study to explore the role of geohelminth infection on wheeze and allergic disease was limited by few infected children, and therefore understanding on this particular relation has not been much further advanced.

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Nordström, T. (Tanja). "Predisposing factors and consequences of adolescent ADHD and DBD:a longitudinal study in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526208299.

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Abstract Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and disruptive behavior disorder (DBD) are two very common and co-occurring psychiatric disorders among children and adolescents. They are among the leading reasons for clinical referrals to child and adolescent mental health facilities worldwide and have many unfavorable consequences with a high cost to society. In this thesis, the potential early risk factors associated with ADHD and/or DBD were examined, the current well-being of the adolescent with ADHD and/or DBD was evaluated and the later education and the psychiatric morbidity of the adolescent were researched. The study population in this thesis is based on a subsample of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986) containing 457 study subjects, of which 91 (19.9%) were diagnosed with ADHD, 44 (9.6%) with DBD, 72 (15.6%) with comorbid ADHD and DBD and 250 (54.7%) with neither of these disorders. Confirmatory factor analysis, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, Kruskal-Wallis one-way analysis of variance and several regression analyses were carried out in the study. This thesis contains four original publications. The results in the first publication indicated that there are different risk factors in childhood associating with different behavioral problems in adolescence. The differences between behavioral problems were also visible in the results of the second publication, where those adolescents who were diagnosed with both ADHD and DBD had more severe conduct disorder symptoms and had increased risks for many psychiatric disorders. The results from the third publication suggested that those adolescents who were diagnosed with both ADHD and DBD fared worse in school at the end of ninth grade and were later less likely to achieve higher than basic education. Finally, the fourth publication showed that the adolescents diagnosed with DBD (both with and without ADHD) seemed to have an increased risk for admittance to the psychiatric inpatient hospital. This thesis underlines the differences between children and adolescents diagnosed with ADHD and/or DBD and emphasizes the role of comorbidity between these disorders as an indicator of poorer outcomes later in life
Tiivistelmä Tarkkaavaisuus- ja ylivilkkaushäiriö (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, ADHD) sekä käytös- ja uhmakkuushäiriöt (disruptive behavior disorder, DBD) ovat hyvin yleisiä – ja usein yhtä aikaa ilmeneviä – lasten ja nuorten psyykkisiä häiriöitä. Nämä häiriöt ovat hyvin usein syynä lasten ja nuorten psykiatristen terveyspalveluiden käyttöön. Niillä on myös todettu olevan useita epätoivottuja seurauksia, joiden hoitaminen puolestaan nostaa yhteiskunnan kuluja. Tämä väitöskirjatyö tutkii mahdollisia varhaisia riskitekijöitä, jotka assosioituivat ADHD- ja/tai DBD-häiriöiden kanssa, arvioi näillä häiriöillä diagnosoitujen nuorten sen hetkistä hyvinvointia ja tutkii näiden nuorten kouluttautumista sekä muuta psykiatrista sairastavuutta. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986 (Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986, NFBC 1986) -aineiston osaotoksesta, johon kuuluu 457 henkilöä. Osaotoksesta 91:llä (19,9 %) oli diagnosoitu ADHD, 44:llä (9,6 %) DBD ja 72:lla (15,6 %) komorbidi ADHD ja DBD. 250 henkilöllä (54,7 %) osaotoksesta ei ollut diagnosoitu kumpaakaan diagnoosia. Aineiston analysoinnissa käytettiin konfirmatorista faktorianalyysiä, Kaplan-Meierin elossaolomenetelmää, Kruskal-Wallisin yksisuuntaista varianssianalyysiä ja useita regressioanalyysejä. Tämä väitöskirja koostuu neljästä osajulkaisusta. Ensimmäisen osajulkaisun tulokset osoittivat, että eri riskitekijät lapsuudessa assosioituivat eri käytösongelmiin nuoruudessa. Eri käytösongelmien eroavaisuudet olivat myös nähtävillä toisessa osajulkaisussa: niillä nuorilla, joilla oli diagnosoitu komorbidi ADHD ja DBD, todettiin olevan vakavampia käytöshäiriöiden oireita sekä kohonnut riski useisiin muihin psykiatrisiin sairauksiin. Kolmannen osajulkaisun tulokset viittasivat näiden nuorien, jotka oli diagnosoitu komorbidillä ADHD:lla ja DBD:llä, pärjäävän huonommin koulussa ja valmistuvan muita todennäköisemmin vain peruskoulusta. Lopuksi neljännessä osajulkaisussa todettiin, että DBD diagnoosin nuorena saaneilla (riippumatta ADHD diagnoosista) näytti olevan kohonnut riski psykiatriseen osastohoitoon joutumiselle. Tämä väitöskirjatyö alleviivaa tarkkaavaisuus- ja ylivilkkaushäiriöllä sekä käytös- ja uhmakkuushäiriöillä diagnosoitujen lasten ja nuorten eroavaisuuksia ja korostaa kyseisten häiriöiden komorbidin ilmenemisen roolia huonon lopputuloksen ennustetekijänä myöhemmin nuoren elämässä

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Yu, Bing. "Cognitive and educational outcomes of being born small-for-gestational-age : A longitudinal study based on Stockholm Birth Cohort." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Centrum för forskning om ojämlikhet i hälsa (CHESS), 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-131759.

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The aim of this study is to examine the long-term cognitive effects and educational outcomes of being born small-for-gestational-age (SGA). It also assesses whether the family’s attitude towards education modifies the effect of SGA on cognitive performance. A total of 9598 children born in 1953 and living in the Stockholm metropolitan area in 1963 were included in this study. Data were obtained from the Stockholm Birth Cohort. Multiple ordinary least square regressions analyses suggest that SGA children have lower mean verbal, spatial and numerical test scores than appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) children. However, these differences are small. Other results from modification analyses indicate that the effect of SGA status on cognitive performance is modified by the family’s attitude towards education. Additional logistic regression analyses suggest that the unadjusted difference in log odds of attaining higher education is largely explained by the family’s attitude towards education. The results suggest that the detrimental influences of being born SGA on some cognitive and educational outcomes are limited and may be reduced.

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Herva, A. (Anne). "Depression in association with birth weight, age at menarche, obesity and metabolic syndrome in young adults:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514283284.

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Abstract Depression is a common mental disorder in the Finnish population. There are several biological, psychological and social factors in the background of depression. The aim of this study was to investigate depression in association with birth weight, age at menarche, obesity and metabolic syndrome using data from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. A large, prospectively collected general population-based birth cohort of originally 12058 liveborn children was used as study population. The database provided information on birth characteristics and features of the primary family. The follow-up studies were performed at the age of 14 years by postal inquiry, and at the age of 31 years by postal inquiry and clinical examination. Information on age at menarche and weight and height was obtained from the postal questionnaire at 14 and 31 years and clinical examination at 31 years. Data on abdominal obesity and metabolic syndrome were gathered from the clinical examination. Data on depressive symptoms measured by the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25), self-reported physician-diagnosed lifetime depression and the use of antidepressants were gathered from the postal questionnaire at 31 years. Females with high birth weight and high ponderal index (index of the birth measures, kg/m3) had a higher risk of depressive symptoms at 31 years measured by the HSCL-25 compared with females with normal birth weight and ponderal index. Males with ponderal index belonging to the lowest 5 percentile had an increased risk for physician-diagnosed depression at 31 years. Females with late menarche (≥ 16 years) had an elevated risk of depression measured by the HSCL-25, the use of antidepressants and self-reported physician-diagnosed depression compared with females with menarche at 12–15 years. Obesity measured by BMI at 14 years increased the risk of depressive symptoms measured by the HSCL-25 at 31 years among both males and females. Females who were obese both at baseline and at follow-up had an increased risk of depressive symptoms, and the proportion of those who used antidepressants was higher among females who had gained weight compared to females who had stayed normal-weighted. Males with abdominal obesity measured by waist-to-hip ratio had an increased risk of depressive symptoms and physician-diagnosed depression, and the proportion of those who used antidepressants was higher compared with subjects without abdominal obesity. Abdominal obesity did not associate with depression in females. Metabolic syndrome did not associate with depression. The results indicate an increased risk of depression at 31 years in females with high birth weight, late menarche, adolescent obesity and weight gain and in males with adolescent obesity and abdominal obesity
Tiivistelmä Depressio on yleinen mielenterveyden häiriö suomalaisväestössä. Depression taustalla on monia biologisia, psykologisia ja sosiaalisia tekijöitä. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia depressiota selvittäen, onko syntymäpainolla, menarkeiällä, lihavuudella ja metabolisella oireyhtymällä yhteyttä depressioon Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttiaineistossa. Tutkimusaineistoon kuului alun perin 12058 elävänä syntynyttä lasta. Tietokantaan oli jo aiemmin kerätty aineistoa syntymään ja primaariperheeseen liittyen. Kohortin jäsenten ollessa 14-vuotiaita tehtiin seurantatutkimus postikyselynä ja 31-vuotiaana tehtiin sekä postikysely että kliininen tutkimus. Tiedot menarkeiästä kerättiin 31-vuotispostikyselystä, paino- ja pituustiedot sekä 14- ja 31-vuotispostikyselyistä että kliinisen tutkimuksen tiedoista. Kliininen tutkimus sisälsi tiedot myös keskivartalolihavuuden ja metabolisen oireyhtymän määrittämiseksi. 31-vuotispostikyselyssä depressio-oireita kysyttiin HSCL-25 -oirekyselyllä; lisäksi kysyttiin, oliko lääkäri todennut aiemmin masennusta sekä oliko tutkittavilla käytössä masennuslääkkeitä. Naisilla, joiden syntymäpaino ja ponderaali-indeksi (syntymäpainon ja pituuden suhdetta kuvaava indeksi, kg/m3) oli korkea, depressio-oireiden riski 31-vuotiaana mitattuna HSCL-25:lla oli suurentunut verrattuna naisiin, joilla oli normaali syntymäpaino ja ponderaali-indeksi. Miehillä, joilla oli hyvin alhainen ponderaali-indeksi kuuluen alimpaan 5 % ryhmään, riski lääkärin toteamaan masennukseen oli suurentunut. Naisilla, joiden menarkeikä oli 16-vuotta tai myöhemmin, riski depressio-oireiden esiintyvyyteen, depressiolääkkeiden käyttöön ja lääkärin toteaman depression esiintyvyyteen oli suurentunut verrattuna naisiin, joiden menarkeikä oli 12–15-vuotta. Lihavuus 14-vuotiaana lisäsi masennusoireiden riskiä mitattuna HSCL-25:lla sekä 31-vuotiailla miehillä että naisilla. Naisilla, jotka olivat lihavia sekä 14- että 31-vuotiaana, masennusoireiden riski oli suurentunut. Naisilla, joiden paino oli noussut, masennuslääkkeitten käyttö oli yleisempää verrattuna naisiin, joilla paino oli pysynyt normaalina. Keskivartalolihavuus oli miehillä yhteydessä suurentuneeseen depressio-oireiden ja lääkärin toteaman masennuksen riskiin, ja he käyttivät yleisemmin masennuslääkkeitä verrattuna miehiin ilman keskivartalolihavuutta. Naisilla keskivartalolihavuus ei ollut yhteydessä masennukseen. Metabolinen oireyhtymä ei ollut yhteydessä masennukseen. Tulokset osoittavat korkean syntymäpainon, myöhäisen menarkeiän ja nuoruusiän lihavuuden sekä painon nousun lisäävän masennusriskiä 31-vuotiailla naisilla, 31-vuotiailla miehillä nuoruusiän lihavuus sekä keskivartalolihavuus olivat yhteydessä suurentuneeseen masennusriskiin

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Dube, Felix Sizwe. "Longitudinal colonisation by Streptococcus pneumoniae and nasopharyngeal microbial interactions in health and disease: a South African birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20649.

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Streptococcus pneumoniae (the pneumococcus) is the most common cause of childhood pneumonia. Nasopharyngeal (NP) colonization by the pneumococcus is a necessary first step in the pathogenesis of pneumonia and yet the dynamic nature of pneumococcal colonization remains incompletely understood. In children, asymptomatic colonization of the nasopharynx by the pneumococcus is common and also serves as a reservoir for person-to-person transmission. We aimed to investigate in detail, the dynamics of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage over the first year of life, in a cohort of South African children, particularly after implementation of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13). The study will further elucidate the interaction of S. pneumoniae with other respiratory pathogens and how such interactions may contribute development of severe disease.

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Haines, Helen. "‘No worries’ : A longitudinal study of fear, attitudes and beliefs about childbirth from a cohort of Australian and Swedish women." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Obstetrik & gynekologi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-185081.

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Much is known about childbirth fear in Sweden including its relationship to caesarean birth. Less is understood about this in Australia. Sweden has half the rate of caesarean birth compared to Australia. Little has been reported about women’s beliefs and attitudes to birth in either country. The contribution of psychosocial factors such as fear, attitudes and beliefs about childbirth to the global escalation of caesarean birth in high-income countries is an important topic of debate. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the prevalence and impact of fear on birthing outcomes in two cohorts of pregnant women from Australia and Sweden and to explore the birth attitudes and beliefs of these women. A prospective longitudinal cohort study from two towns in Australia and Sweden (N=509) was undertaken in the years 2007-2009. Pregnant women completed self-report questionnaires at mid-pregnancy, late pregnancy and two months after birth. Fear of birth was measured in mid-pregnancy with a tool developed in this study: the Fear of Birth Scale (FOBS). The FOBS showed promise as a clinically practical way to identify women with significant fear. A similar prevalence of fear of birth (30 percent) was found in the Australian and Swedish cohorts (Paper I). The Swedish women had attitudes indicating a greater concern for the personal impacts of birth and a belief system that situated birth as a natural event when compared to the Australian women (Paper II). Finally, when women’s attitudes and levels of fear were combined, three profiles were identified: Self determiners, Take it as it comes and Fearful (Paper III). Belonging to the Fearful profile had the most negative outcomes for women including higher rates of elective caesarean, more negative feelings in pregnancy and post birth and poorer perceptions of the quality of their antenatal and intra-partum care (Paper IV).

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Alaräisänen, A. (Antti). "Risk factors and pathways leading to suicide with special focus in schizophrenia:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514262630.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors, developmental pathways and the rate of attempted or accomplished suicide in a longitudinal population-based prospective birth cohort. The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966) consists of 12,068 pregnant women with expected dates of delivery in 1966, and their 12,058 live-born children. The data used here was collected prospectively for 10,934 individuals who were alive and resident in Finland at the age of 16. This study utilized an extensive data set collected in antenatal clinics at mid-pregnancy, by postal questionnaire at the age of 14 years and through national registers. A total of 121 suicide attempts (57 males) and 69 suicides (56 males) had occurred by the end of 2005. A single-parent family was a risk factor for attempted suicides and grand multiparity for suicides in male offspring. Adolescent regular smoking was associated with an increased risk of suicide attempts in both genders and for suicide among males. Good school performance at age 16 years was associated with an increased risk of suicide in psychosis cases, whereas in persons who did not develop psychosis it was associated with a lower suicide risk. The suicide rate in new-onset schizophrenia followed until the age of 39 was 7%. Over two thirds of the suicides took place during the first 3 years of the illness. This was the first study of suicide rates in a prospectively followed population-based birth cohort of individuals with schizophrenia. This study replicated association between some early family-related risk factors for attempted and accomplished suicide, and also presented data for previously unstudied early factors, namely maternal antenatal depression, smoking and unwanted pregnancy This study has clarified the association between adolescent smoking and later suicide risk. It also revealed the association between good school performance and elevated risk of suicide in psychotic people, in contrast to its protective effect in the non-psychotic population. However, even though there were significant antenatal and developmental risk factors, a later psychiatric disorder seems to be the major risk factor for both attempted and accomplished suicide. Nevertheless, suicide usually seems to be a long multifactorial process that begins in early life and has complex trajectories in adolescence or early midlife
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli tutkia itsemurhien esiintyvyyttä, riskitekijöitä, siihen johtavia kehityspolkuja yleisväestöön perustuvassa prospektiivisessa pitkittäistutkimuksessa. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttiin kuului alun perin 12,068 raskaana olevaa naista joiden laskettu aika oli vuonna 1966, ja heidän 12,058 elävänä syntynyttä lastaan, kohortin jäsenet. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetty aineisto on kerätty 11,017 kohortin jäsenestä, jotka olivat elossa ja asuivat Suomessa 16-vuotiaana. Käytetty aineisto on kerätty äitiysneuvoloissa, 14-vuotiaana tehdyssä postikyselyssä ja kansallisista rekistereistä. Kaikkiaan 121 itsemurhayritystä (joista 57 miehillä) ja 69 itsemurhaa (56 miehillä) tapahtui vuoden 2005 loppuun mennessä. Yhden vanhemman perhe syntymän aikaan oli riski myöhemmälle itsemurhayritykselle ja syntyminen monilapsiseen perheeseen (yli viisi lasta) oli riski itsemurhalle. Tupakointi 14-vuotiaana ennusti itsemurhayrityksiä kummallakin sukupuolella sekä itsemurhia miehillä. Hyvä koulumenestys 16-vuotiaana liittyi kohonneeseen itsemurhavaaraan niillä jotka myöhemmin sairastuivat psykoosiin, kun muilla se liittyi alentuneeseen vaaraan. Skitsofreniaan sairastuneista 7 % teki itsemurhan ja yli kaksi kolmannesta skitsofreniaan sairastuneiden itsemurhista tapahtui kolmen vuoden kuluessa sairastumisesta. Tämä tutkimus vahvisti aikaisempia havaintoja varhaisista riskitekijöistä itsemurhayrityksiin ja itsemurhiin. Tässä tutkimuksessa tutkittiin myös kokonaan uusia varhaisia riskitekijöitä, joita ei ole ennen tutkittu suhteessa itsemurhaan tai itsemurhayrityksiin, kuten äidin raskaudenaikainen masennus ja tupakointi sekä ei-toivottu raskaus. Tämän tutkimuksen avulla saatiin myös uutta tietoa teini-iässä aloitetun tupakoinnin suhteesta itsemurhiin ja -yrityksiin. Tutkimus paljasti hyvän koulumenestyksen lisäävän riskiä itsemurhaan henkilöillä jotka sairastuvat myöhemmin psykoosiin. Tämä oli ensimmäinen tutkimus, jossa skitsofreniaa sairastavien henkilöiden itsemurhakuolleisuutta selvitettiin yleisväestöön pohjautuvassa syntymäkohortissa. Vaikka tutkimuksessa tuli ilmi sekä syntymän, että nuoruuden aikaisia varhaisia riskitekijöitä, myöhempi psykiatrinen sairaus on merkittävin itsemurhan ja -yritysten riskitekijä. Siitä huolimatta itsemurha on aina monitekijäinen prosessi, joka voi alkaa jo ennen syntymää ja johon myöhemmät elämänvaiheet vaikuttavat

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Carter, Megan Ann. "Do Childhood Excess Weight and Family Food Insecurity Share Common Risk Factors in the Local Environment? An Examination Using a Quebec Birth Cohort." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/23801.

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Background: Childhood excess weight and family food insecurity are food-system related public health problems that exist in Canada. Since both relate to issues of food accessibility and availability, which have elements of “place”, they may share common risk factors in the local environment that are amenable to intervention. In this area of research, the literature derives mostly from a US context, and there is a dearth of high quality evidence, specifically from longitudinal studies. Objectives: The main objectives of this thesis were to examine the adjusted associations between the place factors: material deprivation, social deprivation, social cohesion, disorder, and living location, with change in child BMI Z-score and with change in family food insecurity status in a Canadian cohort of children. Methods: The Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development was used to meet the main objectives of this thesis. Response data from six collection cycles (4 – 10 years of age) were used in three main analyses. The first analysis examined change in child BMI Z-score as a function of the place factors using mixed models regression. The second analysis examined change in child BMI Z-score as a function of place factors using group-based trajectory modeling. The third and final analysis examined change in family food insecurity status as a function of the place factors using generalized estimating equations. Results: Social deprivation, social cohesion and disorder were strongly and positively associated with family food insecurity, increasing the odds by 45-76%. These place factors, on the other hand, were not consistently associated with child weight status. Material deprivation was not important for either outcome, except for a slight positive association in the mixed models analysis of child weight status. Living location was not important in explaining family food insecurity. On the other hand, it was associated with child weight status in both analyses, but the nature of the relationship is still unclear. Conclusions: Results do not suggest that addressing similar place factors may alleviate both child excess weight and family food insecurity. More high quality longitudinal and experimental studies are needed to clarify relationships between the local environment and child weight status and family food insecurity.

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Deverell, Marie. "Risk factors for persistent asthma in adolescents : a community based longitudinal birth cohort." University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2007.0171.

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[Truncated abstract] Asthma is a chronic and complex disorder and despite our increase in the understanding of the genetics, pathology and mechanisms underlying asthma a gold standard definition of asthma does not exist. A criterion for recognising and diagnosing asthma in epidemiological studies is crucial in order to determine risk factors for disease. Prospective longitudinal birth cohort studies have increased our understanding of the natural history and risk factors for asthma, yet we are still not able to accurately predict which children will go on to have asthma as adults. It is during the transition from childhood to adolescence where factors underlying asthma change and the prevalence of asthma shifts between the sexes. There are inconsistencies regarding risk factors for the development and persistence of disease during this transitional period. Risk factors predicting the development and persistence of asthma and intermediate phenotypes (BHR, airway inflammation and atopy) may be influenced by gender and risk factors predicting disease may differ between childhood and adolescence. Aims 1. To identify risk factors for Asthma, BHR and Atopy at 14yrs of age. 2. To determine risk factors for persistence of asthma between 6 and 14 years. 3. To examine the influence of gender on risk factors during adolescence. Method The West Australian Pregnancy Cohort is a longitudinal birth cohort. The cohort initially consisted of 2868 live births with follow-ups at 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10 and 14 years of V age. ... Strong associations were seen with BHR and new diagnosis of wheeze and asthma in VI teenagers. Interestingly having either a cat or dog inside was protective for persistence of disease; in particular stronger associations were seen in teenage girls not in boys. During this transitional period the risk factors for asthma and intermediate phenotypes differ between the sexes. Different mechanisms are likely to be involved in determining asthma in boys and girls during adolescence and shed new light on the recognised switch in the gender balance in asthma prevalence from the male predominance in childhood to the female predominance in adult life. Our understanding of the natural course of disease from the prenatal period to adulthood and the identification of the various asthma phenotypes has the potential to change prognosis and planning of therapeutic strategies. Identifying those at high risk for persistence of disease in the early stages of life will allow therapeutic interventions to be more appropriately targeted.

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10

Kendall, Garth Edward. "Children in families in communities : a modified conceptual framework and an analytic strategy for identifying patterns of factors associated with developmental health outcomes in childhood." University of Western Australia. School of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2003. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2004.0006.

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Mental health reflects an array of causal influences that span biological, psychological, and social circumstances, with resultant underlying causal pathways to poor mental health outcomes in childhood that are complex. Key features of this complexity are reciprocal interactions between person and environment that take place over time. The core of this thesis seeks to attend to the complexity of development to move the field of developmental health forward toward greater explanation, and more successful prediction and prevention. The focal point of the thesis is the psychosocial determinants of childhood mental health, the resource domain of the developing child, and the interplay between characteristics of the individual child, the family, and the community. The eventual goal is to better understand why and how socioeconomic circumstances impact on developmental health. One component of this thesis focuses on the expansion of extant developmental theory. The other component focuses on the development of an analytic strategy that more appropriately reflects the intricacies of this theoretical expansion. In the process, data are analysed, principally as a heuristic strategy, to illustrate the analytical approach needed to support the theoretical framework. The specification of a bioecological conceptual framework suitable to guide research and policy in developmental health is the first principal objective of the thesis. A critical examination of the resource framework proposed by Brooks-Gunn, Brown, Duncan, and Anderson Moore (1995) reveals it to be centred on family and community resources, but otherwise silent with respect to the physical and psychological resources of the child. The quintessential point of this thesis is that theory in developmental health must be able to account for the contribution individuals make to their own development. A modified resource framework is proposed that acknowledges financial, physical, human, and social capital, within the domains of the individual child, the family, and the community. The second principal objective of the thesis, the development of analytical methods that focus on the individual child and the complexity of data generated by this theoretical approach, is then introduced. Theory and method are thus integrated when comprehensive measures of characteristics in multiple domains across developmental periods are modeled using longitudinal data from the Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study (Newnham, Evans, Michael, Stanley, & Landau, 1993). The mothers of 2,860 children were enrolled at 18 weeks in pregnancy and the children have been followed at birth, one, two, three, five, and eight years of age. Eighty-nine per cent (2,537 /2,860) of families were available for follow-up at eight and 74 per cent (2,126/2,860) of families responded. Extensive demographic, psychological, and developmental data were available for the children and their families and a limited amount of data were available for the communities in which they reside. A measure of mental health morbidity, the Child Behaviour Checklist (Achenbach, 1991), was available for the children at two, five, and eight years of age. In the first instance, dichotomous summary variables are derived for the demographic, psychological, and developmental variables of interest. Variables are then selected for inclusion in one of several explanatory models. To create a mathematical representation of resource characteristics, the information for each child is concatenated as a series of binary strings. Frequency tabulation is then used to aggregate the data and odds ratios are calculated to determine the degree of risk associated with each string of code, or pattern of factors relative to a nominated mental health outcome. The results provided a scaffold from which this theoretical and analytical approach is compared and contrasted with the reviewed literature. Two principal themes of investigation are pursued. The first theme to be examined is the interplay between characteristics of the child, family, and community and the contribution children make to their own development. The specific approach models the interaction between selected characteristics of the child, family and community in each of four developmentally significant time periods. The theoretical position adopted in the present study suggests that the effect of any personal or contextual factor on later development, if a relationship does truly exist, is most likely to be differential. That is, it is a combination of influences that determines developmental outcomes for children, not any single factor acting independently. The modelling process demonstrates that, for the children involved, personal and contextual factors impact mental health differentially depending on various other individual, family and/or community characteristics. The modelling process identifies patterns of factors that impact relatively small, but significant, numbers of children because the models focus on the effect for individual children rather than the effect for the group. For example, one model suggests that the effect of intra-uterine growth restriction for the group as a whole may be minimal, but the impact for some children could be critical depending on the combination of family and community influences, such as the mothers level of education, the family’s experience of significant life stress, and residence in a relatively disadvantaged community. The second theme to be examined is the possibility that the accumulation of resource deficits or risk characteristics, over time, amplifies the likelihood of mental health problems in childhood. The approach models selected characteristics of the child in each of the four periods of development collectively, and it also models selected characteristics spanning each of the four time periods discretely. The results suggest that latency, pathway, and recency effects may operate simultaneously, and that timing and accumulated burden may both be important determinants of risk. For example, with regard to children whose family experienced life stress, these three effects operated in a systematic way to increase the degree of risk of a mental health problem. In summary, the aggregation of data at the individual level is a productive approach in seeking to explain population level social phenomena. While seemingly paradoxical, the identification of the joint, interactive effects between individual, family, and community characteristics, better allows for the quantification of family and community characteristics operating through multiple causal pathways.

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11

Miller, B. (Brian). "Paternal age, psychosis, and mortality:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, Helsinki 1951–1960 Schizophrenia Cohort, and Finnish Nonaffective Psychosis Cohort." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514295898.

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Abstract There is an extensive literature on advanced paternal age (APA) as a risk factor for a wide variety of adverse health outcomes in the offspring that occur throughout the lifespan. APA is also a well-replicated and relatively robust risk factor for schizophrenia in the offspring. The aim of this study was to investigate advanced paternal age (APA) as a risk factor for schizophrenia and mortality in the offspring in four perspectives and original publications. The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966) consists of 12,068 pregnant women with expected dates of delivery in 1966, and their 12,058 live-born children. The data used here were collected prospectively for 11,058 singleton-birth cohort members who were living in Finland at age one. The Helsinki 1951–1960 Schizophrenia Cohort consists of 529 persons born in Helsinki, Finland, between January 1, 1951 and December 31, 1960, who developed nonaffective psychosis before 1999. The Finnish Nonaffective Psychosis Cohort (Finnish NAP Cohort) consists of all 13,712 persons born in Finland between 1950 and 1969, who developed nonaffective psychosis before 1992. Both APA (≥30) and younger paternal age (<25) increased the risk of schizophrenia; younger paternal age may be associated with an increased risk in males but not females. In the general population, APA was associated with increased all-causes mortality and suicide in females but not males. Within NAP, in females but not males, there was a significant increase in all-causes mortality and natural deaths in offspring of fathers age ≥40. In both the general population and within NAP, APA was associated with having a mother with schizophrenia. An understanding of APA has substantial public health potential, as average paternal ages are increasing, and APA is common, has widespread effects, and is potentially preventable. We have provided important information for future epidemiological and clinical studies of all conditions associated with APA. Accounting for the APA effect as a potential confounding factor may also increase the signal-to-noise ratio in other epidemiological and genetic analyses. Our results have generated new and more refined hypotheses regarding psychosocial and/or biological mechanisms of the APA effect, and lay the foundation for animal models for its mechanism of action. Subsequent studies will be important to clarifying the pathophysiology of a potentially preventable determinant of schizophrenia and mortality
Tiivistelmä Isän korkean iän (advanced paternal age, APA) on havaittu olevan yhteydessä laajaan kirjoon eri terveysongelmia. Aiemmassa tutkimuksessa havaittiin APA:n liittyvän tyttärien ylikuolleisuuteen, mutta pojilla vastaavaa yhteyttä ei havaittu. Tätä yhteyttä ei ole aiemmin tutkittu väestöpohjaisessa otoksessa. APA:n on myös havaittu olevan yksi skitsofrenian riskitekijöistä, mutta vaikutuksen suuruutta sairastumisriskiin, mahdollisia sukupuolieroja, kliinisiä piirteitä tai yhteyttä kuvantamislöydöksiin ei tunneta. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli selvittää APA:n vaikutusta lasten skitsofreniariskiin ja kuolleisuuteen. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti (Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, NFBC 1966) käsittää 12 068 raskaana olevaa naista ja heidän 12 058 elävänä syntynyttä lastaan. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetty tieto on kerätty prospektiivisesti 11 058 kohortin jäsenestä, jotka asuivat Suomessa yhden vuoden ikäisinä eivätkä olleet kaksosia. Helsingin vuosien 1951–1960 skitsofreniakohortin 529 Helsingissä 1951–1960 syntynyttä jäsentä seurattiin tätä tutkimusta varten prospektiivisesti kesäkuuhun 2006 asti. Suomalaiseen psykoosikohorttiin (The Finnish Nonaffective Psychosis Cohort, Finnish NAP Cohort) kuuluu 13 712 psykoosia sairastavaa henkilöä, jotka ovat syntyneet 1950–1969. Sekä isän korkea (≥30) että nuori ikä (<25) lisäsivät riskiä sairastua skitsofreniaan. Isän nuori ikä näytti lisäävän riskiä ainoastaan pojilla. Yleisväestössä isän korkea ikä oli yhteydessä lisääntyneeseen kokonaiskuolleisuuteen ja itsemurhiin naisilla, mutta vastaavaa yhteyttä ei havaittu miehillä. Psykoosia sairastavilla naisilla isän ikä ≥40 oli yhteydessä lisääntyneeseen kokonaiskuolleisuuteen ja luonnollisiin kuolemiin. Yleisväestössä ja psykoosia sairastavilla korkea isän ikä oli yhteydessä äidin skitsofreniaan. Skitsofreniaa sairastavilla korkea isän ikä liittyi pitempään hoitamattoman psykoosin kestoon, huonompaan sosiaaliseen ja ammatilliseen toimintakykyyn sekä lisääntyneeseen päihteiden käyttöön. Tämä tutkimus vahvisti aiempaa käsitystä isän korkean iän yhteydestä kuolleisuuteen ja skitsofreniaan. Löydöksellä on mahdollisia kansanterveydellisiä vaikutuksia, koska keskimääräinen isän ikä on noussut ja on yleistä väestössä. Isän ikään on mahdollista vaikuttaa. Isän ikä on myös mahdollinen sekoittava tekijä tutkittaessa skitsofrenian kausaalisia tekijöitä ja kehityskulkuja

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12

Sovio, Ulla Maarit Hannele. "Genetic variation, growth and metabolic phenotypes in the longitudinal Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/6396.

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Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have recently shown their potential in the discovery of genetic factors associated with common diseases. Genetic association studies including GWAS can be used to explore the role of genetic variation underlying the associations between birth size, growth and metabolic phenotypes such as adiposity, lipid and glucose levels and hypertension. The aim of this thesis was to 1) review methods for genetic association analyses, 2) fit models for growth measurements, and to investigate prenatal predictors of early growth and associations between early growth and adult metabolic phenotypes, and 3) to examine genetic variation underlying birth size, postnatal growth and adult metabolic phenotypes. The primary study population comprised Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC1966) members with DNA (N=5,753). Phenotypes included height/weight throughout childhood and adult metabolic phenotypes. Parametric growth curves were fitted to obtain peak growth velocities and timings of peaks and nadirs. These growth parameters were analysed in relation to birth and adult metabolic phenotypes and genetic variation. Meta-analyses of GWAS included samples with similar data. Shorter babies grew faster in length immediately after birth. Faster postnatal growth was associated with higher adult blood pressure and adiposity, independently of birth weight. Risk alleles at type 2 diabetes locus (ADCY5) were inversely associated with birth weight in a GWAS meta-analysis. Variants near BMI candidate genes LEPR and PCSK1 were associated with infant BMI. The established obesity locus (FTO) had a strong association with BMI after age 5 years. A GWAS meta-analysis of metabolic phenotypes suggested distinct pathways leading to the development of a metabolic syndrome. Adult height variants were associated with infant and/or pubertal height growth. The results suggest that foetal programming, growth acceleration and genetic susceptibility contribute to the associations between growth and metabolic phenotypes, and that some of the genetic effects are age-dependent.

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13

Gonzalez-Izquierdo, Arturo. "Predicting the Risk of Hospitalisations from a Longitudinal Perspective. The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490365.

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This thesis contains the analysis of data on hospitalisations that people on the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966, had during the Iifecourse The cohort consists of information obtained from 12,231 children and their mothers living in the provinces of Oulu and Lapland with expected delivery dates in the year 1966. The document presents a detail explanation of the theoretical and practical aspects around the study of hospitalisations viewed from a general epidemiological perspective.. The objective of the investigation was focused on identifying factors from lifecourse affecting the risk of being hospitalised. The 9ccurrence of hospital admissions is analysed considering time to event, length, type (all diagnoses taken into account) and number. Factors from the lifecourse potentially associated to such information were selected from a new set of combined characteristics such as clinical and biological, demographic, socioeconomic, and behavioural, neurobehavioral and developmental. Multivariate statistical methods for the reduction of dimensionality were used in the variable selection proce.ss. Exploratory and descriptive techniques were used to identify patterns of occurrence per group of diagnosis, determining the stratification of subsequent studies. Poisson regression was applied to study predictors for the number of hospitalisations per period of life. Binary and multinomial logistic regressions were applied to identify factors affecting repeated hospitalisations. Finally, survival analyses, in partiCUlar competing risks models, were used to study risk factors influencing the occurrence within specific groups of diagnosis. The study consists of an analysis of a complex structure of multi-factorial associations between hospitalisations and their possible predictors. The data comes from a large prospective cohort and the time sequence of factors is very well defined. It provides epidemiological evidence at an individual level and very precise information on patterns of hospital admissions.

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14

Hill, Rebecca. "Internet adoption among older people : a birth cohort study." Thesis, Swansea University, 2008. https://cronfa.swan.ac.uk/Record/cronfa42989.

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The aim of this research is to investigate the process of Internet adoption among a cohort of older people who reached their formative years historically prior to the public emergence of the Internet, and who have gained no previous exposure to the Internet in their educational and working lives. This research is based on an ethnographic research study of a number of participants who attended one-off, introductory Internet workshops. It is situated within an interpretive paradigm. The research involved a follow-up of research participants approximately six months after their workshop attendance. This research employs Everett Rogers' (2003) theory of the Diffusion of Innovations, and draws on diverse literatures from Information Systems, Sociology, Gerontology and Gerontechnology. It investigates why the aforementioned cohort of older people may be adopting (or rejecting) the Internet; how they are adopting; and how this process can occur over time. It also proposes a potential means for accelerating Internet adoption among older people. The results of this research reveal that the process of Internet adoption characterising this specific cohort can be long and complex, and can be shaped by social network ties. The influence of strong ties was most evident, but weak ties were also important. The influence of both strong and weak ties is emphasised in the proposal of community networks and of intra- and intergenerational partnerships, which are recommended as community-based, 'home-from-home' environments in which older people (and other social groups) can 'trial' the Internet and observe it in use by others.

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15

Gow, Alan John. "Predictors of successful ageing : findings from the longitudinal follow-up of the Lothian Birth Cohort, 1921." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/29126.

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Factors from the domains of work, social support networks and activity participation were examined in an ageing group retrospectively and contemporaneously. Aged 11, these individuals had taken a test of mental ability (the Moray House Test: MHT) as part of the 1932 Scottish Mental Survey. Some 550 survivors were recruited ~ 79 years old into a longitudinal study of cognitive ageing – the Lothian Birth Cohort 1921 – when they again took the MHT, plus a battery of tests (Raven’s Progressive Matrices, Verbal Fluency and Logical Memory). A 2^nd wave of testing was completed at ~83 years old. Over the 4 years of follow-up, significant decline was observed in cognitive ability (composite of the 3 tests) and separately for Raven’s and Verbal Fluency, but not for Logical Memory. In regression analyses, higher cognitive ability at age 79 assessed by the MHT (expressed as age-79 IQ) was predicted by less hazardous working conditions, a quieter working environment and receiving more supervisor support; living with a spouse/partner for a fewer number of years in young adulthood and having fewer close friends/relatives in old age; and increased activity in midlife and old age. Each factor explained about 1% to 3% of the variance, independent of age-11 IQ and sex. Less cognitive decline from 79 to 83 years old was associated with increased support from coworkers and walking (versus not) at age 80, each accounting for about 2% of the variance (independent of age-11 IQ and sex). When the analyses were pooled across lifestyle domains and further potential confounders were controlled, measures of the hazards encountered at work and lifetime activity participation each accounted for 1% to 3% of the variance in age-79 IQ, whilst walking accounted for about 2% of the variance in later life cognitive change. Inactivity in midlife and a lack of exercise in old age are plausible risk factors for cognitive decline.

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16

Karvonen, J. T. (Juha T. ). "Somatization in young adults:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514285547.

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Abstract Somatization is a widespread phenomenon causing subjective suffering and disability. The aim of the study was to assess somatization disorder (SD) and somatization symptoms among young adult population and their associations with sociodemographic factors, alexithymia and temperament as well as psychiatric comorbidity. Various suggestions have been presented to operationalize somatization but none of them has been shown to be superior to others. In this study two definitions were used: SD by DSM-III-R classification diagnostic criteria and "somatization" meaning four or more symptoms of the 35 symptoms of DSM-III-R SD criteria. The study population was a subsample of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on January 1st 1997. The NFBC 1966 is a general population birth cohort of 12,058 live-born children covering 96.3% of all deliveries in the catchment area. The best-estimated procedure was used for assessment of psychiatric morbidity including SD and somatization. Data were collected from the Finnish Hospital Discharge Register and from all available outpatient and inpatient records. Data on education were gathered from Statistics Finland. Other sociodemographic variables, alexithymia and temperament scores were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted in 1997 and from earlier follow-up studies. The prevalence of SD was 1.1% (N = 18). Of the subjects 6.1% (N = 97) had somatization. The female-to-male ratio was 5:1 and 6:1, respectively. SD was not recognized by any of the treating physicians, at least not documented in case notes. The observed occurrences of SD and somatization were at a level comparable with earlier international population studies. Somatization did not associate with depression or alexithymia, and neither could a characteristic temperament profile be recognized. Somatization was associated with psychological distress. These results indicate a need for training physicians to recognize SD and somatization and its comorbidity. This will have implications both for psychiatry and other medical specialties regarding collaboration and underlines the importance of liaison-psychiatry at general hospitals. The results suggest a need for more studies about the etiology and development of SD and somatization
Tiivistelmä Somatisaatio on yleinen ilmiö, josta aiheutuu subjektiivista kärsimystä ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoitus oli arvioida somatisaatiohäiriön ja somatisaatio-oireilun yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla sekä näiden ilmiöiden yhteyttä sosiodemografisiin tekijöihin, aleksitymiaan, temperamenttiin ja psykiatriseen sairastavuuteen. Somatisaation käsitteellistämiseksi on esitetty useita vaihtoehtoja mutta mikään niistä ei ole osoittautunut muita paremmaksi. Tässä tutkimuksessa käytetiin kahta määritelmää: DSM-III-R -diagnoosiluokituksen mukaista somatisaatiohäiriön diagnoosia tai somatisaatio-oireilua, jossa esiintyy neljä tai useampia DSM-III-R:n 35 somatisaatiohäiriön oireesta. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin ne jäsenet, jotka asuivat Oulussa 1. tammikuuta 1997 (N = 1,609). Alkuperäinen kohortti koostuu 12,058 elävänä syntyneestä tutkittavasta, mikä kattaa 96.3 % kaikista synnytyksistä Pohjois-Suomessa. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menettelyn avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien somatisaatiohäiriö ja -oireilu. Tietoa kerättiin sairaaloiden poistoilmoitusrekisteristä. Avohoidon sairauskertomustieto koottiin kattavasti. Koulutusasteesta saatiin tieto Tilastokeskukselta. Muita sosiodemografisia tekijöitä, aleksitymiaa ja temperamenttia arvioitiin vuoden 1997 kenttätutkimuksen ja aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Somatisaatiohäiriön esiintyvyys oli 1.1 % (N = 18). Somatisaatio-oireita todettiin 6.1 % (N = 97) tutkittavista. Naisten osuus oli somatisaatiohäiriössä 5:1 ja somatisaatio-oireilussa 6:1. Osoittautui, että lääkärit eivät tunnistaneet somatisaatiohäiriötä, ainakaan sitä ei oltu kirjattu sairauskertomuksiin. Havaitut somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun esiintyvyydet ovat sopusoinnussa aiempien kansainvälisten tutkimusten kanssa. Somatisaatio-oireilu ei liittynyt masennukseen tai aleksitymiaan eikä somatisaatio-oireilusta kärsiville tutkittavilla todettu tyypillistä temperamenttiprofiilia. Somatisaatio liittyi psyykkiseen stressiin. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että lääkäreille tulisi tarjota koulutusta somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun tunnistamisessa. On tärkeää tunnistaa somatisaatio ja siihen liittyvä oheissairastavuus. Havainnot korostavat yleissairaaloiden yhteistyöpsykiatrian ja muiden erikoisalojen yhteistyön merkitystä somatisaatiosta kärsivien potilaiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Somatisaatiohäiriön ja -oireilun etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia

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17

Kantojärvi, L. (Liisa). "Personality disorders in the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514288487.

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Abstract Personality disorders (PDs) are relatively common mental disorders associating with other psychiatric disorders and disability. The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of PDs in a general population subsample and psychiatric hospital patients, the associations of PDs with childhood family structure, the co-occurrence of PD with common psychiatric disorders, and the associations between PDs and temperament. The study is part of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Project (NFBC 1966), consisting of cohort members living in Oulu (N = 1,609) on 1st January 1997 (the Oulu Study). The study consisted of a two-stage psychiatric field survey with questionnaires and a structured clinical interview and analysis of the patient records in public outpatient care. Information concerning psychiatric illness of all cohort members (N = 12,058) was gathered from the Finnish Hospital Discharge register (FHDR). The best-estimate procedure was used for the assessment of psychiatric morbidity including PDs. Childhood family structure and other sociodemographic variables were drawn from questionnaires of the field study conducted during earlier follow-up studies. In this study PDs were classified into three clusters: Cluster A (paranoid, schizoid and schizotypal PD), Cluster B (antisocial, borderline, histrionic, and narcissistic PD), and Cluster C (avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive, and passive-aggressive PD). The most common PDs in the Oulu Study sample were Cluster C PDs, whereas Cluster B PDs were most common in the hospital-treated sample. PDs were highly associated with mood, anxiety and substance use disorders. Single-parent family type in childhood was associated with PDs, especially Cluster B PDs in adulthood. PD clusters were associated with different profiles of temperament, but the temperament dimensions could not distinguish different PDs very well. These results indicated that it is important to recognize PDs and their comorbid psychiatric disorders. This will have implications in both general outpatient care and psychiatry. These results indicate the importance of recognition of childhood risk factors for PDs for the prevention of severe PDs. The results suggest a need for more studies about the aetiology and development of PDs
Tiivistelmä Persoonallisuushäiriöt ovat yleisiä mielenterveyden ongelmia, joihin liittyy usein psykiatrista oheissairastavuutta ja toimintakyvyn laskua. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yleisyyttä nuorilla aikuisilla. tehtävänä oli arvoida yhteyksiä lapsuuden perherakenteeseen ja yleisimpiin psykiatrisiin häiriöihin sekä arvioida persoonallisuushäiriöiden yhteyksiä temperamenttitekijöihin. Tutkimus on osa Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin psykiatrista osaprojektia, Oulu Studyä. Tutkimusaineiston muodostivat Oulu Studyn otokseen kuuluvat kaikki 1. tammikuuta 1997 Oulussa asuneet kohortin jäsenet (N = 1 609) sekä sairaalahoidossa olleiden persoonallisuushäiriö- diagnoosin saaneiden osalta koko alkuperäisen syntymäkohortin (N = 12 058) jäsenet. Tutkimus koostui kaksivaiheisesta psykiatrisesta kenttätutkimuksesta, jossa tietoja tutkittavilta kerättiin sekä kyselylomakkeiden ja haastattelututkimuksen avulla. Lisäksi tutkittavilta kerättiin tiedot heidän elinaikanaan toteutuneesta julkisten psykiatristen sairaala- ja avohoitopalvelujen käytöstä sairauskertomustietojen perusteella. Niin kutsutun best-estimated -menetelmän avulla arvioitiin tutkittavien psykiatrista sairastavuutta mukaan lukien persoonallisuushäiriöt. Tutkittavien lapsuuden perherakennetta ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä arvioitiin aiempien seurantatutkimusten tietojen avulla. Tutkimuksessa persoonallisuushäiriöt luokiteltiin DSM-III-R-diagnoosiluokituksen mukaisesti kolmeen eri pääryhmään ja niiden mukaisiin alaryhmiin: Ryhmä A (epävakaa, eristäytyvä ja psykoosipiirteinen persoonallisuus), ryhmä B (epäsosiaalinen, epävakaa, huomionhakuinen ja narsistinen persoonallisuus) ja ryhmä C (estynyt, riippuvainen, pakko-oireinen ja passiivis-aggressiivinen persoonallisuus). Oulu Studyn väestöotoksessa yleisimpiä näistä olivat ns. C-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt, kun taas sairaalahoidetuilla henkilöillä B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöt olivat yleisimpiä. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden todettiin liittyvän yleisesti masennus- ja ahdistuneisuushäiriöihin sekä päihteiden käyttöön. Vanhemman yksinhuoltajuuden todettiin liittyvän persoonallisuushäiriöihin, etenkin B-ryhmän persoonallisuushäiriöihin. Persoonallisuushäiriöryhmät erosivat toisistaan temperamenttiprofiilien perusteella. Eri persoonallisuushäiriöistä kärsivillä tutkittavilla ei todettu tyypillisiä temperamenttiprofiileja. Johtopäätöksenä voidaan todeta, että persoonallisuushäiriöiden ja niihin yleisesti liittyvän psykiatrisen oheissairastavuuden tunnistaminen on tärkeää. Havainnot korostavat perusterveydenhuollon ja erikoissairaanhoidon yhteistyön merkitystä persoonallisuushäiriöistä ja psykiatrisista häiriöistä kärsivien henkilöiden tutkimuksessa ja hoidossa. Persoonallisuushäiriöille altistavien lapsuuden tekijöiden tunnistaminen on tärkeää vaikeiden persoonallisuushäiriöiden ehkäisemiseksi. Persoonallisuushäiriöiden etiologian ja kehittymisen selvittämiseksi tarvitaan uusia tutkimuksia

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18

Crisanti, Annette Susan. "A descriptive longitudinal cohort study of involuntary psychiatric inpatients." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape17/PQDD_0023/NQ31017.pdf.

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19

Ollila, P. (Päivi). "Assessment of caries risk in toddlers:a longitudinal cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514262227.

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Abstract Dental caries in toddlers was studied in relation to several risk factors which were also determined by salivary tests in a longitudinal design. Another specific aim was to reveal the effect of prolonged pacifier sucking on caries development. The study population consisted of 183 pre-school children. At the baseline, salivary microbiological tests were taken from children whose average age was 2.5 years. Risk factors for colonisation of salivary lactobacilli and yeasts were determined from a questionnaire filled in by the parents. At the 2-year follow-up, caries in primary teeth was studied against the possible risk factors recorded at the baseline. At the 7-year follow-up, the risk factors identified at the age of two were analysed against caries development in primary molars and in first permanent molars. Also the long-term predictive value of salivary microbiological tests was investigated. At the baseline, the use of pacifier and nocturnal use of nursing bottle were associated with colonisation of salivary lactobacilli and yeasts. Prolonged pacifier sucking and use of nursing bottle at nights were shown to be associated with caries development in children at the 2-year follow-up. Consumption of sweets, lack of daily tooth brushing and nocturnal use of nursing bottle at the age of two were associated with caries onset in both primary and permanent molars at the seven-year follow-up. The use of fluoride tablets reduced the risk of caries onset in primary molars. Children who were colonised by salivary lactobacilli or yeasts at the baseline were susceptible to caries in primary molars. Early colonisation of lactobacilli was associated with caries in permanent molars. The results suggest that the risk of caries is possible to assess in toddlers by identifying caries-related habits early, already at the age of two. Microbiological tests may also have some value. Assessment of caries risk in toddlers enables both prevention and early intervention, and thereby prevention of caries development in children
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli pitkäaikaisseurannassa selvittää taaperoikäisiltä lapsilta otettujen sylkitestien ja muiden määritettyjen riskitekijöiden mahdollista yhteyttä karieksen kehittymiseen. Erityisesti haluttiin myös tutkia pitkittyneen tutin käytön merkitystä. Tutkimusaineisto koostui 183:sta alle kouluikäisestä lapsesta. Aloitusvaiheessa otettiin mikrobiologiset sylkitestit lapsilta, joiden keski-ikä oli 2,5 vuotta, ja määritettiin anamnestisesti mahdolliset riskitekijät laktobasillien ja hiivasienten kolonisaatiolle. Kahden vuoden seurannan jälkeen tutkittiin riskin toteutumista maitohampaiden karioitumisessa. Seuraavassa seitsemän vuoden seurantatutkimuksessa tutkittiin karieskehitystä maitomolaareissa ja ensimmäisissä pysyvissä molaareissa kahden vuoden iässä määritetyissä riskiryhmissä. Myös syljen mikrobiologisten testien avulla määritetyn riskin toteutumista selvitettiin seitsemän vuoden seurannan päätyttyä. Tutkimuksen aloitusvaiheen sylkitestitulokset osoittivat, että tutin käyttö ja tuttipullon käyttö öisin olivat yhteydessä syljen kariekseen liittyviin mikrobeihin, ja ne voivat siten lisätä kariesaktiivisuutta maitohampaistossa. Kahden vuoden seurantatutkimuksessa todettiinkin, että karieskehitys oli yhteydessä aikaisemmin määritettyihin riskitekijöihin: pitkittyneeseen tutin käyttöön ja tuttipullon käyttöön öisin. Seitsemän vuoden seurantatutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että makeisten käyttö kaksivuotiaana, puutteellinen hampaiden harjaus ja tuttipullon käyttö öisin ovat riskitekijöitä sekä maitomolaarien että ensimmäisten pysyvien molaarien karieskehitykselle. Fluoritablettien käyttö vähensi maitomolaarien karioitumista. Myös varhain tehdyillä syljen mikrobiologisilla testeillä oli pitkäaikainen ennustusarvo. Tulokset osoittavat, että riskin määritys taaperoikäisten lasten karieskehitykselle voidaan tehdä varhaisessa vaiheessa sekä mikrobiologisten sylkitestien avulla että määrittelemällä muiden mahdollisten riskitekijöiden esiintyvyys. Varhaisen kariesriskin määrityksen avulla voidaan ehkäisevät hoitotoimenpiteet kohdistaa ajoissa riskiryhmille ja siten ehkäistä karieskehitystä ja korjaavan karieshoidon tarvetta lapsilla

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20

Colman, I. "Longitudinal and life-course perspectives on common mental disorder and psychotropic medication use in a national birth cohort." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.597882.

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Birth cohort studies offer an ideal setting to study disease across the lifespan. This thesis used data from the Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, a study that has followed 5,362 individuals prospectively since their birth in 1946, and includes five assessments of mental health and four reports of treatment for mental disorder at various ages. Persistence or recurrence of symptoms of depression and anxiety in adolescence was associated with a poor long-term prognosis. A longitudinal model, that used a latent class analysis based on the five measures of mental health and was validated by considering several variables associated with mental health, identified six common patterns of experience of mental health from age 13 to 53. Differences between these six groups were traced back to birth; those who suffered from mental health difficulties were, on average, smaller at birth and reached developmental milestones later. The majority of individuals with mental disorder did not seek or receive treatment, and this did not change over several decades. There were few differences between individuals who sought treatment and those who did not, or those who were prescribed psychotropic medication and those who were not, apart from the severity and history of their symptoms. Despite this, those who did use antidepressants or anxiolytics during an episode of mental disorder had better mental health many years later. The research presented in this thesis contributes toward a life-course model of common mental disorders, and underlines the importance of taking a longitudinal perspective to better understand the aetiology, course, and outcome of mental illness and associated treatment.

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Mustonen, A. (Antti). "Adolescent substance use and risk of psychosis in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2018. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526220314.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the association between adolescent substance use and psychosis in later life, after taking into account a wide range of known confounders, using data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (N = 9432). Adolescence is a vulnerable neurodevelopmental period, during which many brain maturation processes take place. Substance use during this critical period may disrupt these processes, ultimately leading to mental health problems. Several meta-analyses have demonstrated associations between cannabis use and tobacco smoking and increased risk of psychotic disorders. However, lack of data on the temporal order of the association and uncertainty in relation to the role of confounding factors warranted further studies. Furthermore, there are no longitudinal studies on the association between adolescent inhalant use and psychotic disorders. The study sample consisted of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986. There were 7344 adolescents who participated in the follow-up study in 2001-2002, when they were aged 15-16 years. Adolescents who answered the questions on substance use and psychotic experiences (PROD-screen) were included in the present study. The final sample included 6542 subjects. In this study, an increased risk of psychosis was found in those subjects who had used cannabis five times or more, smoked 10 or more cigarettes daily or had used inhalants 2-4 times or more. Each of these substances were associated with psychosis in a dose-response manner, even after adjustments for confounders. In addition, initiation of daily smoking at 13 years of age or earlier was associated with increased risk of psychosis compared to later initiation. In this comprehensive longitudinal population-based study, frequent cannabis use, daily tobacco smoking and frequent inhalant use in adolescence were independently associated with increased risk of incident psychosis, even after adjusting for confounders such as baseline psychotic experiences, other substance use and history of parental psychosis and substance abuse disorder. The results supply yet another reason to implement effective prevention strategies
Tiivistelmä Väitöstutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää, onko teini-iän päihteidenkäytöllä yhteyttä psykoosiin sairastumiseen senkin jälkeen, kun sekoittavat tekijät on huomioitu. Aineistona käytettiin vuoden 1986 Pohjois- Suomen syntymäkohorttia (N = 9 432). Teini-iässä aivot muovautuvat ja kypsyvät nopeasti, minkä vuoksi se on erityisen herkkää aikaa päihteiden haitallisille vaikutuksille. Nuorena aloitettu päihteidenkäyttö saattaa häiritä aivojen kypsymistä, ja kehityksen häiriintyminen voi myöhemmin altistaa mielenterveysongelmille. Aiempien tutkimusten pohjalta tiedetään, että kannabiksen käyttö ja tupakointi ovat yhteydessä korkeampaan riskiin sairastua psykoosiin. Päihteidenkäytön ja psykoosiin sairastumisen välistä ajallista yhteyttä ei olla kuitenkaan aiemmin kyetty tutkimaan vakuuttavasti, eikä huomioon ole otettu nuoruuden aikaisia psykoottisia kokemuksia. Inhalanttien käytön eli imppaamisen yhteydestä psykoosiriskiin ei ole julkaistu yhtään pitkittäistutkimusta. Tutkimusaineisto koostui Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortista vuodelta 1986. Vuosina 2001–2002 järjestettyyn seurantatutkimukseen osallistui 7344 15–16- vuotiasta nuorta. Lopullisessa otoksessa (n=6542) huomioitiin henkilöt, jotka vastasivat kysymyksiin psykoottisista kokemuksista ja päihteidenkäytöstä. Kannabiksen käyttö 5 kertaa tai enemmän, päivittäinen tupakointi 10 savuketta tai enemmän ja inhalanttien käyttö 2-4 kertaa tai enemmän olivat yhteydessä korkeampaan riskiin sairastua psykoosiin seurannan aikana sekoittavien tekijöiden huomioimisenkin jälkeen. Tutkittujen päihteiden käyttö kasvatti psykoosiin sairastumisen riskiä päihteen käyttömäärän mukaan. Lisäksi päivittäisen tupakoinnin aloittaminen 13-vuotiaana tai aiemmin oli yhteydessä korkeampaan psykoosiriskiin tupakoinnin myöhemmin aloittaneisiin verrattuna. Tässä suuressa pitkittäisessä, yleisväestöön perustuvassa tutkimuksessa havaittiin, että toistuva kannabiksen käyttö, päivittäinen ja runsas tupakointi sekä toistuva inhalanttien käyttö teini-iässä olivat itsenäisesti yhteydessä kohonneeseen psykoosiriskiin, vaikka aiemmat psykoottiset kokemukset, muu päihdekäyttö, vanhempien psykoosisairaudet ja päihdeongelmat otettiin huomioon. Tulosten perusteella nuorten runsaan päihteidenkäytön ennaltaehkäisy on tärkeää ja sillä on todennäköisesti positiivisia vaikutuksia nuorten mielenterveyteen

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22

Moilanen, K. (Kristiina). "Diagnostics and determinants of schizophrenia:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2011. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514296123.

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Abstract The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort is an unselected, population-based sample of 12,058 live born children. The present study is based on 10,934 individuals living in Finland at the age of 16 years. Ninety-six research diagnoses fulfilling operational DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia by age 34 years were found in the reassessment of clinical diagnoses. Of these 96 cases, 55 (57%) had concordant diagnoses (both the clinical and research diagnosis was schizophrenia) and 41 (43%) had discordant diagnoses (the clinical diagnosis was other than schizophrenia). Diagnostic discordance was associated with low parental social class in 1980, later age at onset, comorbid diagnosis of mental retardation, shorter treatment periods and lower number of treatment episodes. Unwanted pregnancy and parental history of psychosis increased the risk for schizophrenia. The combination of unwantedness of pregnancy and parental history of psychosis elevated the risk of schizophrenia over 8-fold in offspring compared to those without either risk factor. Both low and high birth weight increased the risk of later schizophrenia. Both short and tall babies also had elevated risk. A reverse J-shape curve described the associations between birth weight, length and schizophrenia. The ages when cohort members learned to stand, walk and became potty-trained were related to subsequent incidence of schizophrenia and other psychoses. Earlier milestones reduced and later milestones increased the risk in a linear manner. In conclusion, these results indicate that schizophrenia has complex phenomenology and developmental pathways. Its multiple symptomatology with no single specific defining feature and no absolute validation criteria makes the phenomenological-based diagnosis of schizophrenia challenging. Unwanted pregnancy may act as an additive factor for subjects already vulnerable to schizophrenia and psychoses may have a developmental dimension expressed as deviant foetal development and delayed milestones. These results support the neurodevelopmental theory suggesting that schizophrenia results from small developmental deviances with origins very early in development
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia skitsofrenian diagnostiikan osuvuuteen liittyviä tekijöitä sekä raskauden ei-toivottavuuden, lapsen syntymäpainon ja -pituuden ja skitsofrenian sekä varhaislapsuuden kehityksen ja skitsofrenian ja muiden psykoosien välistä yhteyttä. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti on prospektiivinen, epidemiologinen seurantatutkimus, johon kuuluu 12,058 vuonna1966 syntynyttä lasta. Prospektiivista tietoa on kerätty raskaudesta alkaen elinolosuhteista, elintavoista ja perheestä ja perimästä. Tämä tutkimus perustuu 10,934 henkilöön, jotka ovat asuneet 16-vuotiaana Suomessa eivätkä ole kieltäneet tietojensa käyttämistä tutkimukseen. Kliinisten diagnoosien uudelleen arvioinnissa DSM-III-R:n kriteerit täyttäviä skitsofreniatapauksia 34 ikävuoteen mennessä todettiin 96. Näistä 96 tapauksesta myös 55:n (57 %) kliininen diagnoosi oli skitsofrenia ja 41:n (43 %) kliininen diagnoosi oli muu kuin skitsofrenia. Diagnostiikan epätarkkuus liittyi matalaan sosiaaliluokkaan vuonna 1980, myöhäiseen sairastumisikään, samanaikaiseen kehitysvamma-diagnoosiin, lyhyisiin hoitoaikoihin ja vähäiseen hoitojaksojen määrään. Ei-toivottu raskaus yhdessä vanhemman psykoosisairauden kanssa lisäsi lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä yli 8-kertaiseksi. Matala ja korkea syntymäpaino lisäsivät skitsofrenian riskiä kaksinkertaiseksi ja samansuuruinen riskin kasvu havaittiin myös lapsilla, jotka olivat syntyessään lyhyitä tai pitkiä. J-muotoinen yhteys havaittiin syntymäpainon ja -pituuden sekä skitsofrenian riskin välillä. Ikä, jolloin lapsi oppi seisomaan, kävelemään ja kuivaksi, liittyi myöhempään skitsofreniaan ja sairastumiseen muihin psykooseihin. Varhainen oppiminen laski ja myöhäinen kehitys kohotti riskiä sairastua lineaarisesti. Tutkimuksen tulokset osoittivat, että skitsofrenia on monimuotoinen kliininen oireyhtymä, mikä tekee diagnostiikan haastavaksi. Raskauden ei-toivottavuus liittyneenä vanhemman psykoosisairauteen lisää lapsen skitsofrenian riskiä. Myös poikkeava syntymäpaino ja -pituus lisäävät skitsofrenian riskiä. Psykooseihin voi liittyä kehityksellinen dimensio, joka ilmenee viivästyneenä kehityksenä

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23

Heikura, U. (Ulla). "Intellectual disability in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287114.

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Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate intellectual disability (ID) in children, with focus on occurrence, associated biomedical and sociodemographic factors, probable psychiatric problems and temporal variations in the occurrence of ID and the associated factors in an interval of 20 years. The study population consisted of two birth cohorts of children born in northern Finland, the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1986 (NFBC 1986, N = 9,432 live-born children) and the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966, N = 12,058 live-born children). Temporal changes in ID were studied by comparing NFBC 1986 with NFBC 1966. The same definition of intellectual disability (intelligence quotient ≤70), time of follow-up (up to 11.5 years), case ascertainment methods and data sources were used. Data were collected from questionnaires, registers and records. In NFBC 1986 the incidence of ID was 12.62/1,000 by age 11.5 years and prevalence 11.23/1,000 live-born at age 11.5 years. Associated biomedical aetiology could be found in two thirds of the cases. Genetic disorders were the largest aetiological category (36.1%) associated with ID. Maternal disadvantage (unskilled worker, basic education only) had the largest impact on the incidence of ID, while among single independent factors, maternal prepregnancy obesity (body mass index ≥30) showed the highest risk for ID (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5, 5.3) in the offspring. According to the assessments by the teachers at school children with ID had 4.9 times more likely probable behavioural problems than their peers not having ID. In an interval of 20 years, there was no change in the incidence or in the prevalence of ID between NFBC 1986 and NFBC 1966. However, a shift occurred from more severe levels of ID towards mild ID, so that both the incidence and prevalence of mild ID increased by 50% whereas more severe ID decreased by 50%. Temporal changes appeared in the proportions of aetiological categories (NFBC 1986 vs. NFBC 1966) with a statistically significant decrease of Down syndrome and paranatally originating causes (traumas/asphyxia). The proportion of chromosomal disorders other than Down syndrome increased, as did malformations of the central nervous system. Among sociodemographic factors associated with ID, indicators of socio-economic disadvantage retained their status as having the largest impact on the incidence of ID. Over the 20 years, the mother being single, living in a remote area and mother's older age at time of delivery had lost their association with ID. Only one new maternal sociodemographic factor, prepregnancy obesity, had emerged as having an association with ID with a statistically significant difference between NFBC 1986 and NFBC 1966. In conclusion, these results indicate that although the occurrence of ID remained the same in northern Finland over a period of 20 years, temporal changes have taken place in the biomedical and sociodemographic factors contributing to the incidence and prevalence of ID. There are also factors that have retained their status as associated disadvantageous factors. Studies like this with repeatedly collected data in the same geographical area, describing the occurrence of ID, and analysing associated biomedical and sociodemographic factors, are valuable for evaluating developments in the health care and service system. They are also of value for future planning of services for individuals with ID
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli selvittää kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyyttä lapsilla, siihen liittyviä lääketieteellisiä etiologisia ja sosiodemografisia tekijöitä, mahdollisia psykiatrisia ongelmia sekä kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyydessä ja siihen liittyvissä tekijöissä tapahtuneita muutoksia 20 vuoden aikana. Tutkimusjoukko muodostui kahden syntymäkohortin lapsista, jotka olivat syntyneet Pohjois-Suomessa, Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986 (NFBC 1986, N = 9432 elävänä syntynyttä lasta) ja Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966 (NFBC 1966, N = 12058 elävänä syntynyttä lasta). Kehitysvammaisuudessa tapahtuneita ajallisia muutoksia tutkittiin vertaamalla Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:ta Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:een. Tutkimuksessa käytettiin samaa kehitysvammaisuuden määritelmää (älykkyysosamäärä ≤70, seuranta-aika 11.5 vuoteen saakka), tiedonkeruun menetelmiä ja tietolähteitä. Tiedot kerättiin kyselylomakkeista, rekistereistä ja asiakirjoista. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:ssa kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuus oli 12.62/1000 11.5 vuoden ikään mennessä ja vallitsevuus 11.23/1000 11.5 vuoden iässä. Kehitysvammaisuuteen liittyvä lääketieteellinen etiologia pystyttiin selvittämään kahdessa kolmasosassa tapauksia. Geneettiset häiriöt muodostivat suurimman etiologisen luokan (36.1%). äitiin liittyvillä epäedullisilla sosiaalisilla tekijöillä (kouluttamaton työntekijä, vain peruskoulutus) oli suurin vaikutus kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuuteen, kun taas yksittäisistä sosiodemografisista tekijöistä korkein riski (vaarasuhde 2.8, luottamusväli 1.5, 5.3) oli äidin lihavuudella (painoindeksi ≥30) raskauden alussa. Koulussa opettajien arvioiden mukaan kehitysvammaisilla lapsilla esiintyi mahdollisia käytöshäiriöitä 4.9 kertaa useammin kuin ei-kehitysvammaisilla lapsilla. 20 vuoden aikana Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohorttien 1986 ja 1966 välillä ei ollut tapahtunut muutoksia kehitysvammaisuuden kokonaisilmaantuvuudessa eikä -vallitsevuudessa. Kuitenkin tuli esiin siirtymä vaikeammasta lievempään asteeseen siten, etta lievän kehitysvammaisuuden ilmaantuvuus ja vallitsevuus lisääntyivät noin 50%, kun taas vaikeamman väheni 50%. Lääketieteellisten etiologisten luokkien osuuksissa tuli esiin ajallisia muutoksia (Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986 vs. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966) siten, että Downin syndrooman sekä syntymän aikaan ajoittuvan vamman ja hapenpuutteen osuudet vähenivät tilastollisesti merkitsevästi. Keskushermoston epämuodostumien sekä muiden kromosomihäiriöiden kuin Downin syndrooman osuudet kasvoivat. Kehitysvammaisuuteen liittyvistä sosiodemografisista tekijöistä sosioekonomisen huono-osaisuuden osoittimet säilyttivät asemansa suurimpana ryhmänä. 20 vuoden aikana äidin naimattomuus, asuminen syrjäseudulla sekä korkeampi ikä lapsen syntymän aikaan olivat menettäneet yhteytensä kehitysvammaisuuteen. Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1986:n ja Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:n välillä tuli esiin vain yksi uusi kehitysvammaisuuteen tilastollisesti merkitsevästi liittyvä sosiodemografinen tekijä, äidin lihavuus raskauden alussa. Yhteevetona voidaan todeta, etta vaikka kehitysvammaisuuden kokonaisesiintyvyys oli pysynyt samana Pohjois-Suomessa 20 vuoden aikana niin esiintyvyyteen liittyvät etiologiset ja sosiodemografiset tekijät olivat osittain muuttuneet. Tämänkaltaiset tutkimukset, joissa peräkkäisinä ajanjaksoina kerätään tietoja samalla maantieteellisellä alueella ja jotka kuvaavat kehitysvammaisuuden esiintyvyyttä sekä analysoivat siihen liittyviä lääketieteellisiä ja sosiodemografisia tekijoitä, ovat hyödyllisiä arvioitaessa terveydenhoidossa ja palvelujärjestelmässä tapahtunutta kehitystä. Niitä voidaan hyödyntää myös suunniteltaessa tulevaisuudessa palveluja kehitysvammaisille henkilöille

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Juola, P. (Pauliina). "Outcomes and their predictors in schizophrenia in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2015. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526207728.

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Abstract The aim of this dissertation was to study outcomes in schizophrenia and their predictors in a meta-analysis and in the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 (NFBC 1966). The NFBC 1966 is an unselected, population-based cohort consisting of 12,068 pregnant women and their 12,058 live-born children. This dissertation utilises data that has been collected from medical records, national registers and from two extensive psychiatric studies conducted when the cohort members were 34 and 43 years old, including interview, neurocognitive and brain magnetic resonance imaging data, and questionnaires. Depending on the topic investigated, the sample size ranges between 43 and 103 individuals with schizophrenia. The meta-analysis found that approximately 13.5% of subjects with schizophrenia recovered both clinically and socially, and the recovery rate has not increased in recent decades. Studies from countries with poorer economic indices had higher recovery estimates. In the NFBC 1966, individuals with schizophrenia who were young and single at illness onset, who experienced an insidious onset, and who had more hospital treatment days early on, were at greater risk of a poor outcome in terms of later psychiatric hospitalisations and lack of remission. A novel finding was an association between suicidal ideations at onset and higher number of later psychiatric hospitalisations. Associations were detected between decreased gray matter density in the left frontal and limbic areas and decreased total white matter volume, and concurrent poor outcomes at 34 years. Concerning neurocognitive functioning at 34 years, better long-term verbal memory predicted a better global outcome (symptoms, hospital treatments, social relationships and working combined) and better visual memory predicted a better vocational outcome nine years later. The results of this study show that recovery is possible, but not very common in schizophrenia. Though outcomes are relatively difficult to predict, many clinically relevant predictors were observed that can be used in predicting outcome in a nearly 20-year follow-up. However, more research is needed in order to explore predictors that could possibly be modified via early interventions so as to enhance outcomes
Tiivistelmä Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli tutkia skitsofrenian ennustetta ja ennustetekijöitä meta-analyysin ja Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortin avulla. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortti on valikoitumaton, yleisväestöpohjainen kohortti, johon kuuluu 12 068 raskaana olevaa naista ja heidän 12 058 elävänä syntynyttä lastaan. Tässä väitöstutkimuksessa hyödynnetiin sairauskertomuksia, kansallisia rekistereitä sekä kahdessa laajassa kenttätutkimuksessa (34- ja 43-vuotistutkimukset) kerättyjä tietoja, jotka koostuvat haastatteluista, useista kyselyistä, neuropsykologisesta tutkimuksesta sekä aivojen magneettikuvauksesta. Tutkimuksen aiheesta riippuen aineiston koko eri osajulkaisuissa vaihteli 43:n ja 103:n välillä. Meta-analyysin perusteella 13,5 % skitsofreniaa sairastavista toipuu sekä kliinisesti että sosiaalisesti, eikä toipuminen ole viime vuosikymmeninä yleistynyt. Toipuneiden osuus oli suurempi köyhissä maissa. Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttitutkimuksissa todettiin, että huonompi ennuste myöhempien sairaalahoitojen ja remission suhteen oli niillä, jotka olivat sairastuessaan nuoria ja naimattomia, joiden psykoosisairaus alkoi hitaasti ja joilla oli sairauden alkuvaiheissa enemmän sairaalahoitoja. Uusi löydös oli yhteys itsetuhoisten ajatusten ja myöhempien sairaalahoitojen välillä. Tiettyjen aivoalueiden tilavuuden ja rakenteen muutokset liittyivät monella tavoin samanhetkiseen taudinkuvaan 34-vuotiaana. Neurokognitiivisessa testauksessa parempi viivästetty kielellinen muisti 34-vuotiaana ennusti parempaa kokonaisvaltaista vointia (oireet, sairaalahoidot, sosiaaliset suhteet ja työssäkäynti yhdistettynä) ja parempi näönvarainen muisti ennusti työssäoloa 9 vuoden seurannassa. Tämän väitöstutkimuksen tulokset osoittavat, että skitsofreniasta toipuminen on mahdollista, vaikkakaan ei kovin yleistä. Vaikka taudinkulun ennustaminen on haastavaa, tutkimuksessa havaittiin useita kliinisesti merkittäviä tekijöitä, joilla on ennustearvoa jopa 20 vuoden seurannassa. Lisätutkimuksia kuitenkin tarvitaan, jotta löydettäisiin sellaisia ennustetekijöitä, joihin kohdistuvalla varhaisella interventiolla voitaisiin parantaa skitsofrenian ennustetta

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Lankila, T. (Tiina). "Residential area and health:a study of the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2014. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526206660.

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Abstract Sparsely populated Finland is an interesting area for studying the effects of population density and distance on health. Previous studies indicate health problems in rural and remote areas. Aim is to study the importance of local residential area to health of young adults: how the residential area is associated with health, what is the role of geographical distance and how health is associated with moving. Study utilises the 31-year follow-up data from the Northern Finland Birth Cohort 1966 study, initially including all children born in the provinces of Oulu and Lapland in 1966. Local residential area is defined with 1 km² population density grid data. Distances to municipality centre or health centre are calculated using Finnish road network data (Digiroad). Perceived health in rural and urban areas is studied with ordinal logistic regression; body mass index (BMI) and overweight in relation to distance to municipality’s centre and population density using a generalised additive model. Role of distance in health centre use and distance-related inequity are studied with negative binomial regression and concentration indices, and health’s association with moving in multinomial logistic regressions. Poor perceived health increased from densely to sparsely populated areas. Among rural men adverse psychosocial and lifestyle factors were behind the associations, among women reasons for poor health in scattered settlement areas remained unclear. BMI and overweight increased at distances greater than 5 kilometres from municipality centre and with decreasing population density. No barrier effects of distance or distance-related inequity in the health centre use was found. Dissatisfaction with life and history of morbidity were associated with rural-urban moves, activity limiting illness with rural-rural moves, and frequent use of health services with all urban moves. Geographical distance was not a major barrier in health service use among young adults. Individual’s health status was linked with moving and may be relevant for rural-urban health inequalities. Local health variations within small administrative areas can be identified by grid-based data, indicating the need of customised interventions. Urban sprawl may affect people’s bodyweight, also urging health-based planning of residential areas. Longitudinal perspective would improve predictive value of findings
Tiivistelmä Harvaan asuttu Suomi on kiinnostava alue väentiheyden ja etäisyyden terveysvaikutusten tutkimiselle. Aiempien tutkimusten mukaan maaseutumaisilla ja syrjäisillä alueilla on monia terveysongelmia. Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on selvittää asuinympäristön merkitystä nuorten aikuisten terveydelle: miten asuinympäristö on yhteydessä terveyteen, mikä rooli etäisyydellä on ja miten terveys on yhteydessä muuttamiseen. Aineistona on Pohjois-Suomen syntymäkohortti 1966:n 31-vuotisseuranta-aineisto, sisältäen alkujaan kaikki vuonna 1966 Oulun ja Lapin läänissä syntyneet lapset. Asuinympäristö määritettiin 1 km2 väestöruutuaineiston avulla. Etäisyydet kunta- ja terveyskeskuksiin laskettiin Suomen tie- ja katuverkkotietokantaa (Digiroad) käyttäen. Koettua terveyttä tutkittiin maaseutu-kaupunkijatkumolla ordinaalisella logistisella regressiolla; painoindeksin (BMI) ja ylipainon yhteyttä kuntakeskusetäisyyteen ja väentiheyteen yleistetyllä additiivisella mallilla. Terveyspalvelujen käyttöä ja käytön oikeudenmukaisuutta etäisyyden suhteen tutkittiin negatiivisella binomiregressiolla ja konsentraatioindekseillä, ja terveyden yhteyttä muuttamiseen multinomiaalisella logistisella regressiolla. Huono koettu terveys lisääntyi kaupunkikeskustoista haja-asutusalueille. Maalla asuvien miesten huono koettu terveys selittyi psykososiaalisilla ja terveyskäyttäytymistekijöillä; naisilla syy huonoon koettuun terveyteen haja-asutusalueella jäi epäselväksi. BMI ja ylipainoisten osuus alkoivat kasvaa kuntakeskusetäisyyden ylittäessä viisi kilometriä ja väentiheyden vähetessä. Etäisyys ei vähentänyt terveyskeskuspalvelujen käyttöä, eikä etäisyyteen liittyvää epäoikeudenmukaisuutta havaittu. Elämään tyytymättömyys ja elämänaikainen sairastavuus olivat yhteydessä maaseutu-kaupunkimuuttoihin, haittaava sairastavuus maaseudun sisäisiin muuttoihin ja terveyspalvelujen käyttö kaikkiin kaupunkimuuttoihin. Maantieteellinen etäisyys ei estänyt nuorten aikuisten terveyspalvelujen käyttöä. Yksilön terveys oli yhteydessä muuttamiseen, millä voi olla merkitystä myös terveyden alue-eroille. Ruutuaineiston avulla voidaan löytää terveyseroja hallinnollisten alueiden sisältä, mikä kannustaa toimenpiteiden räätälöintiin eri alueille. Kaupunkirakenteen hajautuminen voi vaikuttaa yksilön painoon, joten terveysnäkökulma tulisi huomioida aluesuunnittelussa. Pitkittäinen tutkimusote parantaisi löydösten ennustavuutta

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Chow, Wing-shan Claudia. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight a retrospective cohort study /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2003. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B31970989.

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周詠珊 and Wing-shan Claudia Chow. "Maternal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and birth weight: a retrospective cohort study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2003. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31970989.

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Koen, Nastassja. "Psychological trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in a South African birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20264.

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Psychological trauma - including exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV) - is highly prevalent in South Africa, and may result in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a subset of individuals. Pregnant women and new mothers are particularly vulnerable; and trauma exposure and PTSD in this sub-group may be associated with a number of adverse maternal-child sequelae including poor birth outcomes and impaired infant neurodevelopment. Risk factors for psychological trauma exposure, and for subsequent PTSD, are likely to include environmental and genetic influences. Given the high burden of trauma and related disorders, the unique genetic ancestry, and the relative paucity of empirical data, further work in South African populations is warranted. This thesis aimed to investigate a number of questions about trauma and PTSD in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (an ongoing South African birth cohort study), including their risk factors, their impact on infant birth anthropometry and development, and their genetic correlations. This thesis includes five publications, all presenting data from the Drakenstein Child Health Study. Pregnant women were recruited from two clinics in the Drakenstein sub-district - a peri-urban community outside Cape Town, Western Cape. Sociodemographic characteristics; psychosocial risk factors (including depression, stressful life events, psychological distress and alcohol and substance misuse); trauma exposure (childhood trauma, IPV and lifetime trauma); and PTSD were assessed using validated and reliable self-reported questionnaires, as well as diagnostic psychiatric interviews.

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Timonen, M. (Markku). "The association between atopic disorders and depression:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort Study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2003. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514271556.

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Abstract An excess of atopic allergies has been found in patients with depression, and conversely, increased amounts of depressive symptoms have been reported in patients with atopic disorders. Thus far, however, the findings have mainly been based on clinical samples. In this thesis, the association between atopic disorders and depression was investigated at epidemiological level by using data from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort. An unselected cohort of 12058 liveborn children was followed prospectively from prenatal stages until 1997. During the 31-year follow-up, 6025 cohort members underwent skin prick tests. Data on lifetime depression diagnoses and atopic conditions were obtained from postal questionnaires and Finnish Hospital Discharge Registers, and the severity of the depressive symptoms was assessed with Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25. Information on the family histories of the atopic disorders was obtained from questionnaires of the 31-year follow-up. Females with positive skin prick test responses and self-reported histories of allergic symptoms exhibited a 2.7-fold probability of developing lifetime depression. The corresponding probability increased in line with the increased severity of depressive symptoms in atopic but not in non-atopic females, ranging from 3.0 to 4.7-fold. Among males, the atopy-depression association was seen only in the highest depression scores, the odds ratio being up to 6.3-fold. While the most severe, hospital-treated manifestations of both disorders were considered, atopic disorders increased the risk of depression 3-fold independently of the subject's gender and sociodemographic characteristics. When investigating the effect of familial atopy on a child's depression, maternal atopy increased the probability of lifetime depression nearly 2-fold in females, and over 4-fold, when a female cohort member's own atopy was also present. At epidemiological level, the presence of atopic conditions seemed to increase the probability of lifetime depression especially in females. Since both atopic disorders and depression are illnesses of major public health importance in Western countries, also the co-morbidity between these disorders should be seriously taken into account in clinical practice. Further investigations are called for in evaluating whether this association is specific to atopic disorders, since increased risks of depression have been noted in connection with many other physical diseases as well.

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Marquez, Azalgara Vladimir. "Rates of minor adverse events following outpatient colonoscopies: A longitudinal cohort study." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119369.

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Background: Little is known about minor adverse events (MAEs) following outpatient colonoscopies and the few existing studies are limited by possible recall bias and outcome misclassification. Objective: To estimate the rate of MAEs at 2, 14 and 30 days after outpatient colonoscopies and assess health-care resources utilization and work absenteeism associated with MAEs from colonoscopy. Methods: A longitudinal cohort study with follow-ups at 2, 14 and 30 days was conducted among patients having an outpatient colonoscopy at the Montreal General Hospital site of the McGill University Health Centre. Consecutive participants were interviewed by a research assistant prior to colonoscopy to obtain baseline characteristics. Endoscopy reports were consulted for colonoscopy indication, findings, biopsies, and polypectomies. Follow-up was conducted by either phone interview or internet survey according to the participant's choice. Information was collected on occurrence of MAEs, work absenteeism for participant and companion, and health resources utilization. MAE rates were calculated at each follow-up using a Bayesian hierarchical model accounting for clustering of patients within physicians Results: 421 participants were recruited in the study. MAE rates at the 2, 14 and 30 days follow-up were 0.172 (95% CI 0.08,0.296), 0.097 (95% CI 0.024, 0.234) and 0.031 (0.0008-0.132), respectively. There was little variation among physician specific rates. Health resources utilization overall for MAEs was low (1.8%). Work absenteeism was primarily due to attending to the colonoscopy (82%) and the bowel preparation (35.3%), but not to MAEs (2.9%). Among working companions, 62.5% missed work. Conclusion: MAEs are common after colonoscopy, occur mainly in the first two weeks and result in only minor health resource utilization and work absenteeism
Mise en contexte: Peu d'études se sont penchées sur les événements indésirables mineurs après les coloscopies électives et elles sont limitées par des potentiels biais de rappel. Objectifs : Estimer le taux d'événements indésirables mineurs à 2, 14 et 30 jours après des coloscopies électives et évaluer les taux d'utilisation de services de soins de santé et d'absentéisme au travail causés par ces événements. Méthodes : Une étude longitudinale de cohorte avec suivi à 2, 14 et 30 jours a été menée au site de l'Hôpital Général de Montréal du Centre de Santé Universitaire McGill avec des patients ayant eu une coloscopie élective. Des participants consécutifs ont passé une entrevue avant la coloscopie pour obtenir des caractéristiques de base. Les rapports d'endoscopie ont été consultés pour obtenir l'information sur l'indication de la colonoscopie, les trouvailles, les biopsies et les polypectomies). Le suivi était fait, au choix du patient, par entrevue téléphonique ou un questionnaire internet. L'information recueillie portait sur la survenue d'événements indésirables mineurs, les absences du travail par le patient et son accompagnateur et l'utilisation de services de santé pour ces événements. Les taux d'événements indésirables mineurs à chaque intervalle de suivi ont été calculés en utilisant un modèle hiérarchique Bayesien prenant compte des performances individuelles de chaque endoscopiste.Résultats: 421 participants ont été recrutés dans cette étude. Les taux d'événements indésirables mineurs à 2, 14 et 30 jours étaient de 0.172 (95% CI 0.08, 0.296), 0.097 (95% CI 0.024, 0.234) et 0.031 (0.0008-0.132), respectivement. Il y avait peu de variabilité dans les taux spécifiques à chaque endoscopiste. Le taux d'utilisation de services de santé pour des événements indésirables était faible (1.8%) L'absence du travail était principalement causée par le rendez-vous (82%) et la purgation (35.3%), et non par les événements indésirables (2.9%). Parmi les accompagnateurs, 62.5% ont rapporté avoir dû s'absenter du travail. Conclusion : Les événements indésirables mineurs sont communs après les colonoscopies et apparaissent principalement dans les 2 premières semaines et résultent en peu d'utilisation de services de santé ou d'absence au travail

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Winqvist, S. (Satu). "Alcohol misuse in relation to traumatic brain injury:the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2008. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514287961.

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Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is often the leading cause of death and the most common cause of permanent disability in children and young adults. The hospital admission rates as well as the incidence and mortality rates of TBI vary enormously in different countries and populations. Even though alcohol misuse is a well-known modifiable risk factor for TBI and other injuries, few studies have been carried out on drinking patterns in relation to TBI, alcohol's role in recurrent brain injuries as well as TBI in relation to alcohol use in children and adolescents. The Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort was used to study the epidemiology and recurrence of TBI as well as alcohol use by children with TBI by the age of 14 years and those who sustained TBI later in life. The role of parents' alcohol misuse on children's TBI was also studied. The incidence of TBI in the whole study population was 118/100 000 person-years (PY), and the pediatric incidence of TBI (children aged under 16 years) was 130/100 000 PY. Up to the age of 10 years, the occurrence of TBI did not differ by gender, but after that age, boys and men had a higher incidence compared to girls and women. Mortality from TBI in the whole study population was 14/100 000 PY. Parental alcohol misuse and male gender were significant risk factors for the occurrence of TBI in childhood. Drinking to intoxication at the age of 14 years was a more common habit of TBI subjects than controls, especially among girls. Frequent alcohol drinking and drunkenness reported at the age of 14 years as well as male gender were independent predictors of TBI later in life. An alcohol-related first TBI and urban place of birth were found to be significant risk factors for recurrent TBI. A significant positive correlation between first and recurrent TBIs with respect to alcohol involvement was observed. Alcohol drinking and parental alcohol misuse should be recognized among children and adolescents with acute TBI. Because alcohol drinking predicts the recurrence of TBI, a brief intervention focused on drinking habits is needed as an immediate preventive measure.

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Saari, K. (Kaisa). "Hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia:a study of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2005. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9514277287.

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Abstract Schizophrenia is associated with a shortened life expectancy and increased somatic comorbidity with e.g. cardiovascular disorders. The purpose of this study was to evaluate hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia and thus find specific risk factors for excess mortality and morbidity. The study population was a subsample of the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort, a general population-based birth cohort. In 1997, 8,463 members of the cohort were invited to a clinical examination, where e.g. blood samples were taken after an overnight fast. Total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglycerides (TG) were determined. The following psychiatric diagnostic categories were used: 1) DSM-III-R schizophrenia (n = 31), 2) other psychoses (n = 21), 3) non-psychotic disorders (n = 104), 4) comparison group (n = 5,498), having no psychiatric hospital treatment. Mean TC (5.5 mmol/l) and TG (1.5 mmol/l) were significantly higher in the schizophrenia group than in the comparison group (5.1 mmol/l and 1.2 mmol/l, respectively). To evaluate serum lipid levels in subjects with and without antipsychotic medication the sample was analyzed according to used medication. The prevalence of hypercholesterolemia, high LDL cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia was high in persons using antipsychotic medication (31%, 20% and 22%, respectively) compared to persons without such medication (12%, 10% and 7%, respectively). We found higher triglyceride levels in patients who were ≤ 20 years old at the onset of schizophrenia (mean 1.7 mmol/l; N = 17) as compared with patients with later onset (mean 1.4 mmol/l; N = 14) or non-hospitalized controls (mean 1.2 mmol/l; N = 5,453). The difference between the first and third group was significant (p < 0.01), and there was a negative correlation between the age at onset and the level of serum triglycerides (r = -0.35, p = 0.05). To evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome, the subjects were assessed for the presence of metabolic syndrome according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was high in subjects with schizophrenia compared with the comparison group (19% vs. 6%, p = 0.010). The results indicate an elevated risk for hyperlipidemia and metabolic syndrome in persons with schizophrenia or on antipsychotic medication. Regular monitoring of weight, serum lipid and glucose levels and blood pressure is important. Comprehensive efforts directed at controlling weight and improving physical activity are needed.

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Yeh, Ching-Hsueh. "Quasi-Experimental Longitudinal Cohort of the Perinatal Breastfeeding Program (PBP): Effects on Breastfeeding Outcomes in Taiwan." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2011. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1305733646.

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Gerrard, B. "A longitudinal study of a primary cohort with special reference to Truancy behaviour." Thesis, University of Strathclyde, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234267.

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35

Andreas, Martin, Lorenz Kuessel, Stefan Wirth, Kathrin Gruber, Franziska Rhomberg, Fatemeh Gomari-Grisar, Maximilian Franz, Harald Zeisler, and Michael Gottsauner-Wolf. "Bioimpedance cardiography in pregnancy: A longitudinal cohort study on hemodynamic pattern and outcome." Springer Nature, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12884-016-0918-8.

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Background: Pregnancy associated cardiovascular pathologies have a significant impact on outcome for mother and child. Bioimpedance cardiography may provide additional outcome-relevant information early in pregnancy and may also be used as a predictive instrument for pregnancy-associated diseases. Methods: We performed a prospective longitudinal cohort trial in an outpatient setting and included 242 pregnant women. Cardiac output and concomitant hemodynamic data were recorded from 11th-13th week of gestation every 5th week as well as at two occasions post partum employing bioimpedance cardiography. Results: Cardiac output increased during pregnancy and peaked early in the third trimester. A higher heart rate and a decreased systemic vascular resistance were accountable for the observed changes. Women who had a pregnancy-associated disease during a previous pregnancy or developed hypertension or preeclampsia had a significantly increased cardiac output early in pregnancy. Furthermore, an effect of cardiac output on birthweight was found in healthy pregnancies and could be confirmed with multiple linear regression analysis. Conclusions: Cardiovascular adaptation during pregnancy is characterized by distinct pattern described herein. These may be altered in women at risk for preeclampsia or reduced birthweigth. The assessment of cardiac parameters by bioimpedance cardiography could be performed at low costs without additional risks.

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Shen, Feng, and 沈峰. "The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and birth-weightamong Chinese women in Guangzhou: aretrospective cohort study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42997689.

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Li, Leah Min. "Influences on growth : a study of two generations based on the 1958 British birth cohort." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407439.

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Vanker, Aneesa. "Indoor air pollution and environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a South African birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29675.

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middleincome countries (LMIC) and a major reason for health care visits and hospitalisation. Environmental exposures to indoor air pollution (IAP) or tobacco smoke are important risk factors for childhood respiratory disease. Despite increased electrification, many communities in LMIC rely on alternate fuel sources for household cooking or heating. The impact of antenatal or postnatal exposures on early childhood respiratory disease has not been comprehensively studied in LMIC especially in Africa. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of IAP and environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure on child health and early-life respiratory disease in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a South African birth cohort study. The DCHS investigates the epidemiology and impact of early-life exposures on child health including lung disease. The study is set in a peri-urban poor community in the Western Cape, South Africa. Pregnant women were enrolled from two public primary healthcare clinics, Mbekweni (serving a predominantly black African population) and Newman (predominantly mixed-ancestry population) and 1000 mother-infant pairs longitudinally followed from birth through 1 year of life. The thesis chapters are presented as published manuscripts that describe IAP and ETS exposure in the 2 communities in the DCHS cohort from the antenatal period and the impact of these exposure on child health and lung diseases, LRTI and wheezing illness in the first year of life. To measure exposures comprehensively, two home visits, one in the antenatal period (third trimester) and the second postnatally (between 4 and 6 months of the infant’s life), were conducted to assess the home environment and to measure the most common indoor air pollutants and by-products of combustion. Devices placed in participants’ homes measured exposure to particulate matter (PM10), carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and volatile organic compounds (VOC). Maternal and infant urine cotinine measures were used to validate self-reported tobacco smoking and exposure. Study staff trained in recognition of LRTI or wheeze documented all episodes, which were categorised according to WHO case definition criteria. Exposure to IAP was comprehensively assessed in over 800 homes antenatally and postnatally providing important South African data on IAP and potential sources of exposure. Tobacco smoke exposure was assessed longitdunially by maternal self-report using validated scales and by measurement of urine cotinine in mothers and infants. Tobacco smoke exposure was found to be highly prevalent with a smoking prevalence of >50% in mixedancestry mothers. Alarmingly, 18% of infants were born with urine cotinine levels in keeping with active smoking, while a further 30% had levels indicating passive smoke exposure. Key findings were despite 92% of homes reporting access to electricity, there was still a reliance on cheaper alternate fuels. Tobacco smoking prevalence amongst pregnant women was high (32%), as was household exposure to tobacco smoke (44%). ETS exposure was associated with low birth weight and antenatal IAP or ETS exposure was significantly associated with increased LRTI. ETS exposure was also associated with wheezing illnesses. A novel finding was that antenatal exposure to toluene, a volatile organic compound, was associated with severe LRTI and hospitalisation. The timing of environmental exposures on the subsequent development of LRTI in infancy has not been well described. An important finding was that antenatal exposures were the main risk factors associated with LRTI, with maternal smoking in pregnancy or PM10 exposure most strongly associated with LRTI. Wheezing illness was associated with both antenatal and postnatal maternal smoking and antenatal maternal smoke exposure and postnatal household member smoking. Both IAP and ETS exposure impacted on both maternal and infant nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage which may be a precursor to the development of LRTI. Environmental exposures therefore had a substantial impact on child health and on LRTI and wheezing illness. The effect on LRTI of antenatal compared with postnatal exposure suggests an in utero developmental lung effect. This study highlights antenatal and early life as a critical period for lung development. Urgent and effective smoking cessation programmes targeting women of child bearing age as well as public health interventions to reduce IAP are required. Woman of childbearing age, pregnant women and children in poor communities represent vulnerable populations at risk for long-term health effects of these exposures.

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Lauronen, E. (Erika). "Course of illness, outcome and their predictors in schizophrenia:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2007. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514283390.

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Abstract The aim of this study was to explore the prognosis and predictors of outcomes in DSM-III-R schizophrenic psychoses within the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (NFBC 1966, N = 12 017). Firstly, clinical and social outcomes were explored by using different definitions of good and poor outcomes, and early developmental, socio-demographic, illness-related and school-related predictors of outcome in schizophrenia (N = 59) were studied. Secondly, associations between early motor development and the course of illness in schizophrenia (N = 109) were explored. Thirdly, patterns of psychiatric hospitalisations in schizophrenic psychoses (N = 115) were studied. Fourthly, recovery in schizophrenia (N = 59) and other schizophrenia spectrum psychoses (N = 12) was assessed. As a result, good clinical outcome varied from 10% to 59%, and good social outcome 15–46%, depending on definition. Poor clinical outcome varied 41–77% and poor social outcome 37–54%. Lack of friends in childhood, father's high social class, lower school performance and earlier age of illness onset predicted poor outcomes. There were some associations between development and learning of basic skills at about age 1 and subsequent illness course. Those who learnt later (within normal limits) had mostly better outcomes, compared to early learners. A total of 81% of patients with schizophrenic psychoses were re-hospitalised during the follow-up and short first hospitalisation and family history of psychosis were linked to increased risk of re-hospitalisations. One (1.7%) schizophrenia subject and three (25%) subjects with other schizophrenia spectrum disorder recovered fully; one (1.7%) schizophrenia subject and two (16.7%) spectrum subjects experienced partial recovery after several years of follow-up. In this dissertation study outcomes and some predictors were analysed in a population-based sample of individuals with relatively young age and short duration of illness. In general, both clinical and social outcomes were heterogeneous and relatively poor, and the results were influenced by the definitions of outcomes. Persons having a sub-optimal developmental trajectory with family history of psychosis, poor social contacts, poor school performance, and early age of illness onset and those with short first hospitalisation seem to have the worst outcome. In addition, the neuromotor development of these individuals is complex and late development does not associate clearly with poor outcome of illness. The results of this study indicate that the outcome of schizophrenic psychoses is not good enough and that more effective treatments and rehabilitation for schizophrenia patients are needed. Also, there is a need for structured criteria for good and poor outcome and recovery in schizophrenia
Tiivistelmä Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena oli tutkia DSM-III-R skitsofrenian ja muiden skitsofrenian kaltaisten psykoosien taudinkulkua ja ennustetta sekä niihin liittyviä tekijöitä Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohortissa. Ensimmäiseksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin skitsofrenian (N = 59) taudinkulkua ja sitä ennustavia sosio-demografisia ja kehitykseen, sairauteen ja koulumenestykseen liittyviä tekijöitä. Toiseksi, tutkittiin varhaislapsuuden kehityksen ja skitsofreenisten psykoosien (N = 109) taudinkulun välistä yhteyttä. Kolmanneksi, skitsofreenista psykoosia sairastavien henkilöiden (N = 115) psykiatrisia sairaalahoitoja ja niihin liittyviä tekijöitä tutkittiin. Neljänneksi tutkimuksessa selvitettiin skitsofreniasta (N = 59) ja muista skitsofreniaspektrin psykooseista (N = 12) toipumista. Tässä tutkimuksessa 10–59 % potilaista voi kliinisesti hyvin ja 15–46 % sosiaalisesti hyvin kun taas 41–77 % voi kliinisesti ja 37–54 % sosiaalisesti huonosti. Tulokset riippuivat paljolti siitä, mitä hyvän ja huonon taudinkulun kriteereitä käytettiin. Lapsuudessa ystävien puute, isän korkea sosiaaliluokka, huono koulumenestys ja taudin varhainen alkamisikä liittyivät huonoon taudinkulkuun. Aineistosta löydettiin yhteys (normaalirajoissa olevan) myöhäisemmän kehityksen ja hyvän taudinkulun välillä. Seurannassa 81 % potilaista joutui ensimmäisen sairaalahoidon jälkeen uudelleen sairaalaan. Lyhyt ensimmäinen sairaalahoito ja suvussa esiintyvä psykoosi liittyivät kohonneeseen riskiin joutua uudelleen sairaalaan. Skitsofreniapotilaista yksi (1.7 %) oli täysin ja yksi (1.7 %) osittain toipunut. Muista skitsofreniaspektrin potilaista kolme (25 %) oli täysin ja kaksi (16.7 %) osittain toipuneita usean vuoden seurannan jälkeen. Tässä tutkimuksessa selvitettiin skitsofrenian taudinkulkua ja analysoitiin taudinkulkuun vaikuttavia tekijöitä yleisväestöön pohjautuvassa aineistossa. Tulosten mukaan skitsofreniaa sairastavien henkilöiden sosiaalinen ja kliininen taudinkulku oli vaihteleva ja enimmäkseen suhteellisen huono. Tulokset riippuivat paljon siitä, millaisia hyvän ja huonon taudinkulun kriteereitä käytettiin. Henkilöillä, joilla on suvussa psykooseja, varhainen sairastumisikä, joilla on ollut huono koulumenestys ja vähäisiä sosiaalisia kontakteja lapsuudessa, ja joilla on ollut lyhyt ensimmäinen sairaalahoito, sairauden kulku on usein huono. Skitsofreniaa sairastavien henkilöiden viivästynyt varhainen motorinen kehitys ei ole yksiselitteisesti yhteydessä huonoon taudinkulkuun. Tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella skitsofrenian ennuste ei ole yleensä hyvä. Yhteiskunnan tulisi entistä enemmän panostaa skitsofreniapotilaiden kokonaisvaltaiseen hoitoon ja kuntouttamiseen. Aiemman kirjallisuuden ja tämän tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella on myös selkeä tarve yhdenmukaisille ja strukturoiduille hyvän ja huonon ennusteen ja toipumisen kriteereille skitsofreniassa

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Ely, Margaret. "Dealing with missing data on alcohol consumption using diet diaries in a birth cohort study." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446626/.

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Recent alcohol research has focussed on the importance of patterns of drinking rather than on total consumption over a period. This requires collection of detailed data, as in a daily diary, with a resulting tendency for a substantial proportion of missing data. In the past, dealing with missing data in epidemiology was based mainly on naive methods. The aim of this dissertation is to critically examine ways of dealing with missing data on alcohol consumption collected in diet diaries by the 1946 birth cohort study, and to develop a method which takes account of both the technical statistical problems which arise with such data and the characteristics of the data which are of substantive importance in alcohol research. Recent developments in standard statistical software packages (SPSS, S-Plus), and special-purpose packages for missing data analysis (such as SOLASTM), have given epidemiologists access to more sophisticated approaches such as propensity score, linear regression, EM algorithm and methods of multiple imputation. These methods are evaluated using a simulation-based approach, which demonstrates that ignoring missing data, or handling them incorrectly, can lead to inefficient and biased results. A technical problem arises because the distribution of alcohol consumption is semicontinuous. The results show some standard methods are not suitable for variables of this kind, some use inappropriate algorithms, whilst others are not appropriate for epidemiological research because they do not preserve relationships between variables. Single or deterministic imputation methods fail to take account of uncertainty about the missing values. The thesis shows how, using Schafer's procedures for multiple imputation, the information in alcohol diary data can be fully exploited and efficient inferences made. The multiply imputed datasets can be used for any subsequent analysis. Examples used in this thesis are the prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, the role of alcohol consumption in the relationship between birthweight and blood pressure in mid-life and the dependence of blood pressure on alcohol consumption. Any method of dealing with missing data should evaluate the sensitivity of inferences to its assumptions. In this thesis the sensitivity of inferences to the MAR assumption and to the model for imputation is evaluated.

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Karim, Enamul. "A longitudinal anthropometric study of mother-infants pairs from Dhaka, Bangladesh." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.313924.

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Pugh, Carys. "Epidemiological study of Labrador Retrievers." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/25517.

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Dogslife is the first large-scale, longitudinal cohort study of canine lifestyle, morphology and health. The project involves recruiting the owners of UK-based, Kennel Club registered Labrador Retrievers and asking them to submit data about their dogs via an online questionnaire repeatedly as the dogs age. In this thesis, I have analysed Dogslife data regarding the lifestyle, morphology and health of Labrador Retrievers up to four years of age. A validation study was initially undertaken in order to understand the quality of the Dogslife data because this would underlie all future investigations. Owners were visited and veterinary records scrutinised. It was determined that Dogslife illness reports were subject to recall decay and that minor changes would improve the usability of the questionnaire. Accelerometers were subsequently sent to a subset of the cohort and aspects of the Dogslife exercise questionnaire were found to be correlated to accelerometer readings indicative of sedentary, light and moderate to vigorous exercise. Overall, Dogslife dogs were exercised for over two hours each day with the time spent being dominated by time off lead and on other activities. Dogs in England spent less time exercising than those in Scotland and Wales and dogs in family households spent less time exercising than those in single adult households or households comprising more than one adult. Despite being pedigree animals, the males in the cohort were 2-3cm taller than the breed standard. On average, the females met the breed standard but there was wide variation for both sexes. Working dogs in the cohort were over 2kg lighter than household pets and chocolate coloured dogs were 1.4kg heavier than their black and yellow counterparts. Dogs in multi-dog households were 0.5kg lighter than those in households with no other dog. Heavier dogs spent less time fetching, chasing and retrieving and on other exercise. Over 6,000 signs of illness were reported to Dogslife in the first three and half years and approximately half of them did not involve a veterinary visit. Reported signs were dominated by vomiting and diarrhoea, both of which peaked when the dogs were between 3-6 months of age. For the first time, rates of diarrhoea were shown to be positively associated with human population density in the UK. Limber tail was found to be associated with swimming in the cohort and working dogs were more likely to develop the condition than pets. Genetic analyses identified regions of interest that might predispose the dogs to limber tail on chromosomes 6 and 30. Data from the Dogslife project provide a unique resource for investigating the epidemiology of Labrador Retrievers. This thesis creates a platform for all such future investigations.

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Shen, Feng. "The association between gestational diabetes mellitus and birth-weight among Chinese women in Guangzhou a retrospective cohort study /." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B42997689.

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Haapea, M. (Marianne). "Non-response and information bias in population-based psychiatric research:the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort study." Doctoral thesis, University of Oulu, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514261572.

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Abstract Study samples in medical research are selected according to the objectives of the studies. Researchers seek to collect data as extensively and reliably as possible. In practice, however, data are often missing or may be incorrect. This thesis covers some of the problems concerning missing data and data collection in psychiatric research. Methods for adjusting for missing data and for evaluating the reliability of data are presented. The data originate from the Northern Finland 1966 Birth Cohort (N = 12058). This study explored how participation in an epidemiologic study that includes questionnaires and a clinical examination is affected by mental health (N = 11540), and whether non-participants experience more severe clinical symptoms than participants in a psychiatric field study (N = 145) among subjects with a psychosis. Inverse probability weighting (IPW) was used to adjust for non-participation in comparisons of brain volumes between schizophrenia and control groups. The precision of self-reported medication use was also explored (N = 7625). In an epidemiologic study of all cohort members, subjects with a psychiatric disorder participated less actively than those without one. In the psychiatric field study, non participants were more often patients with schizophrenia than other psychoses. The psychiatric symptoms of non-participants were more severe and they needed more hospital care than participants. The use of IPW led to higher estimates of cerebrospinal fluid volume and lower estimates of grey and white matter volumes in schizophrenia patients, and increased the statistical significance of the differences in brain volume estimates between the schizophrenia and control groups. The precision of self-reported data on psychoactive medication use was substantial. Due to non-participation, the true prevalence of psychiatric disorders is probably higher than the prevalence estimates from field studies that are based on data provided by participants only. In order to reflect the true differences in the target population, weighting methods can be used to improve estimates affected by non-participation. Regarding psychoactive medication use, data collected by postal questionnaire can be assumed accurate enough for study purposes. However, it may underestimate the prevalence of medication use due to non-participation
Abstract Tutkimusaineisto valitaan tutkimuksen tavoitteiden perusteella. Tavoitteena on kerätä kattava ja virheetön aineisto. Käytännössä kuitenkin osa tiedoista voi puuttua tai olla virheellistä. Tässä väitöskirjassa esitellään yleisesti menetelmiä huomioida puuttuva tieto analyyseissä ja arvioida aineistojen luotettavuutta psykiatrisessa tutkimuksessa. Aineisto perustuu Pohjois-Suomen vuoden 1966 syntymäkohorttiin (N = 12058). Väitöskirjassa tutkittiin, miten psykiatrinen sairastavuus vaikuttaa osallistumiseen epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa, joka sisälsi kyselyitä ja terveystutkimuksen (N = 11540), sekä erosiko psykiatriseen kenttätutkimukseen osallistuneiden ja osallistumattomien psykoosipotilaiden kliininen taudinkuva toisistaan (N = 145). Käänteisen todennäköisyyden painotusmenetelmää käytettiin korjaamaan puuttuvan tiedon aiheuttamaa virhettä aivovolyymien estimaateissa skitsofreniapotilailla. Lisäksi arvioitiin itse ilmoitetun lääkekäyttötiedon luotettavuutta (N = 7625). Epidemiologisessa tutkimuksessa ne kohortin jäsenet, joilla oli jokin psykiatrinen sairaus, osallistuivat passiivisemmin kuin ne, joilla ei ollut psykiatrista sairautta. Psykoosipotilaat, jotka eivät osallistuneet psykiatriseen kenttätutkimukseen, sairastivat tutkimukseen osallistuneita useammin skitsofreniaa kuin muita psykooseja ja heidän taudinkuvansa oli vakavampi. Painottaminen kasvatti aivonesteen ja alensi harmaan ja valkean aineen tilavuuksien estimaatteja skitsofreniapotilailla, ja lisäsi aivovolyymien erojen tilastollista merkitsevyyttä skitsofreniapotilaiden ja vertailuhenkilöiden välillä. Itse ilmoitetun psykoaktiivisten lääkkeiden käyttötiedon luotettavuus oli merkittävä. Kadosta johtuen psykiatristen sairauksien todellinen vallitsevuus on todennäköisesti korkeampi kuin vallitsevuuden estimaatit, jotka on laskettu tutkimukseen osallistuneiden tiedoista. Painotusmenetelmiä voidaan käyttää parantamaan puuttuvan tiedon vääristämiä estimaatteja, koska painottamalla huomioidaan todellisia eroja kohdeväestössä. Tutkittaessa lääkekäyttötietoa postikyselyillä kerätyn aineiston voidaan olettaa olevan laadultaan riittävä tutkimustarpeisiin

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Balzer-Geldsetzer, Monika, Ana Sofia Ferreira Braga da Costa, Martin Kronenbürger, Jörg B. Schulz, Sandra Röske, Annika Spottke, Ullrich Wüllner, et al. "Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia: A Longitudinal Study (DEMPARK)." Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2012. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-100128.

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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative motor disorder. However, non-motor complications frequently alter the course of the disease. A particularly disabling non-motor symptom is dementia. Methods/Design: The study is designed as a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study of about 700 PD patients aged 45–80 years with or without dementia and PD-mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The patients will be recruited in eight specialized movement disorder clinics and will be followed for 36 months. Information about the patients’ functional status will be assessed at baseline and 6-/12- month intervals. In addition, 120 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) will be included. Well-established standardized questionnaires/tests will be applied for detailed neuropsychological assessment. In addition, patients will be asked to participate in modules including volumetric MRI, genetic parameters, and neuropsychology to detect risk factors, early diagnostic biomarkers and predictors for dementia in PD. Results: The study included 604 PD patients by March 2011; 56.3% were classified as having PD alone, with 30.6% of patients suffering from PD-MCI and 13.1% from PD with dementia. The mean age of the cohort was 68.6 ± 7.9 years, with a mean disease duration of 6.8 ± 5.4 years. There was a preponderance of patients in the earlier Hoehn and Yahr stages. Conclusion: The main aim of the study is to characterize the natural progression of cognitive impairment in PD and to identify factors which contribute to the evolution and/or progression of the cognitive impairment. To accomplish this aim we established a large cohort of PD patients without cognitive dysfunction, PD patients with MCI, and PD patients with dementia, to characterize these patients in a standardized manner, using imaging (serial structural MRI), genetic and proteomic methods in order to improve our understanding of the course of the PD process and the development of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in this disease. The inclusion of the DLB patients will start in the second quarter of 2011 in the BMBF-funded follow-up project LANDSCAPE.

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Balzer-Geldsetzer, Monika, Ana Sofia Ferreira Braga da Costa, Martin Kronenbürger, Jörg B. Schulz, Sandra Röske, Annika Spottke, Ullrich Wüllner, et al. "Parkinson’s Disease and Dementia: A Longitudinal Study (DEMPARK)." Karger, 2011. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A26286.

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Background: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative motor disorder. However, non-motor complications frequently alter the course of the disease. A particularly disabling non-motor symptom is dementia. Methods/Design: The study is designed as a multicentre prospective, observational cohort study of about 700 PD patients aged 45–80 years with or without dementia and PD-mild cognitive impairment (MCI). The patients will be recruited in eight specialized movement disorder clinics and will be followed for 36 months. Information about the patients’ functional status will be assessed at baseline and 6-/12- month intervals. In addition, 120 patients with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) will be included. Well-established standardized questionnaires/tests will be applied for detailed neuropsychological assessment. In addition, patients will be asked to participate in modules including volumetric MRI, genetic parameters, and neuropsychology to detect risk factors, early diagnostic biomarkers and predictors for dementia in PD. Results: The study included 604 PD patients by March 2011; 56.3% were classified as having PD alone, with 30.6% of patients suffering from PD-MCI and 13.1% from PD with dementia. The mean age of the cohort was 68.6 ± 7.9 years, with a mean disease duration of 6.8 ± 5.4 years. There was a preponderance of patients in the earlier Hoehn and Yahr stages. Conclusion: The main aim of the study is to characterize the natural progression of cognitive impairment in PD and to identify factors which contribute to the evolution and/or progression of the cognitive impairment. To accomplish this aim we established a large cohort of PD patients without cognitive dysfunction, PD patients with MCI, and PD patients with dementia, to characterize these patients in a standardized manner, using imaging (serial structural MRI), genetic and proteomic methods in order to improve our understanding of the course of the PD process and the development of cognitive dysfunction and dementia in this disease. The inclusion of the DLB patients will start in the second quarter of 2011 in the BMBF-funded follow-up project LANDSCAPE.

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Chen, Pau-Chung. "Effects of biological, occupational and social factors on birth outcomes in Taipei, Taiwan : a prospective cohort study." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307600.

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Nicolaou, Nicolaos C. "The predictors of clinical reactivity to peanut within the context of a population-based birth cohort study." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.518876.

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Chodavarapu, Praneeta. "EFFECT OF MATERNAL NUTRITIONAL INTAKE ON BABY’SBODY COMPOSITION AT BIRTH IN OBESE WOMEN: ARETROSPECTIVE OBSERVATIONAL COHORT STUDY." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1454417880.

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Hendricks, Gaironeesa. "Prenatal alcohol exposure and the early neurodevelopmental outcomes of children in a South African birth cohort study." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Health Sciences, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/32734.

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Abstract:

Introduction: Over the last few decades, prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) has been a major public health problem both globally and in low- to-middle-income countries (LMICs) such as South Africa. Pregnant women and new mothers are particularly vulnerable; and PAE may be associated with adverse child neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, few studies have explored the association of PAE, including risk factors, and subsequent neurodevelopmental trajectories over multiple timepoints in the early years. Given the high burden of PAE and associated risk factors, and the relative paucity of empirical data, further work in South African populations is warranted. This thesis aimed to investigate the association between PAE and early neurodevelopmental outcomes in the Drakenstein Child Health Study (DCHS), a South African birth cohort. The specific objectives included: 1. a systematic review on the available longitudinal studies exploring the impact of PAE on language, speech and communication development (Chapter 3 Manuscript 1); 2. an exploration of the association between PAE and motor, language and cognitive outcomes in infancy (Chapter 4- Manuscript 2); 3. an investigation of the association between PAE, including interactions of tobacco smoking exposure, and the neurodevelopmental trajectories (motor, language and cognitive outcomes) of children across the first 4 years of life (Chapter 5 Manuscript 3); 4. a comparison of the conversational turn-taking between mothers and their alcohol exposed children compared to those between mothers and their unexposed children (Chapter 6 Manuscript 4). Methods: This thesis included four publications, three of which present data from the DCHS. Pregnant women were enrolled from two public primary healthcare clinics, Mbekweni (a predominantly black African population) and TC Newman (a mixed-ancestry population), and more than 1000 mother-child dyads were followed longitudinally from birth through the first 5 years of life. For this study, both antenatal and postnatal maternal measures were used to assess moderate-to-severe levels of PAE. These measures included the (i) Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST) antenatally, (ii) a retrospective alcohol questionnaire in the postnatal period at 3-6 weeks and/or 24 months testing age. At 6, 24 and 42 months, early neurodevelopmental outcomes were assessed using the Bayley-III Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III), the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (KABC-II) or the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT-IV). Conversational turn-taking in mother-child dyads was also assessed at 42 months testing age. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were used to analyse the data. Results: The findings of this thesisshowed that PAE was significantly associated with both fine motor (B=-3.30, 95%CI 0.06-0.46, p=0.001) and gross motor scores (B=-0.30, 95%CI 0.06-0.44 p=0.001) at 6 months (Chapter 4 Manuscript 2). Chapter 5 (Manuscript 3) showed that when accounting for the interaction between prenatal alcohol and tobacco smoking exposure, impaired fine motor functioning occurred up till 24 months (B=-12.59, 95%CI -21.98- -3.19, p=0.01), but these effects attenuated by 42 months. Significant interactions occurred between prenatal alcohol, including tobacco smoking exposure, and impaired receptive vocabulary (B=-2.49, 95%CI -5.24 -0.27, p=0.02) and cognitive functioning at 24 months (B=- 3.25, 95%CI -5.98- -0.52, p=0.02) (Chapter 5 Manuscript 3). Finally, when exploring conversational turn-taking in alcohol exposed mother-child dyads and unexposed dyads, PAE was significantly associated with conversational turn-taking i.e. child overlapping utterances (OR=3.25, CI 0.98-10.76, p=0.050) (Chapter 6 Manuscript 4). Conclusion: The associations of PAE with early neurodevelopmental outcomes shown here expand on the previous literature. Our findings reported that PAE may influence early neurodevelopmental outcomes, however, future studies should include additional longitudinal studies to replicate the findings, and ongoing follow-up of our own cohort may continue clarify the potential association of PAE and additional risk factors on later neurodevelopmental outcomes at school age and beyond. Effective alcohol programmes targeting pregnant women and interventions to address child developmental impairments in this vulnerable cohort are required.

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