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1
Schochet, Peter Z. National Job Corps study: The short-term impacts of Job Corps on participants' employment and related outcomes : final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 2000.
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Deininger, Klaus W. Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.
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Cervero, Robert. San Francisco City CarShare: Longer-term travel-demand and car ownership impacts. [Berkeley, Calif.]: University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, 2006.
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4
Wu, Vivian. The long-term impact of medicare payment reductions on patient outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.
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5
Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.
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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.
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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Bolton, Paul, and Judith Bass. Defining relevant outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0005.
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Defining relevant outcomes for mental health and related intervention trials requires consultation with a range of experts and stakeholders and the population for whom the services are being provided. The latter is not often consulted systematically, but doing so is necessary to ensure that their priorities are addressed within the study objectives and outcomes, and that instruments measure the outcomes accurately. Doing so will increase the likelihood that the services being tested, if found effective, will be sustained after the trial is completed. Changes in the types of outcomes assessed in these trials are not static. Once the intervention is over these changes may continue to accumulate or decline with time. Wherever possible it is important to measure outcomes over time, at specific intervals after the intervention is completed. Outcomes that measure amount of change will be more appropriate to tracking long-term impacts of interventions.
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Target, Mary, and Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber. Outcomes of Longer-Term Psychoanalytic Treatment. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient's body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient's life and integrate the patients' perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients' long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_002.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_003.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Barbara, Kersley, Atkinson John, and Great Britain. Department for Education and Employment., eds. Longer term outcomes of pre-vocational pilots. London: DfEE, 1998.
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13
Roberson, Loriann, Carol T. Kulik, and Rae Yunzi Tan. Effective Diversity Training. Edited by Quinetta M. Roberson. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199736355.013.0019.
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Diversity training is an important and widely used component of organizational diversity management initiatives. This chapter reviews theory and research on diversity training design, delivery, evaluation, and effectiveness. The review suggests that in the past 10 to 15 years of research, advancements have been made on several fronts. The research literature on diversity training includes frameworks for pretraining needs assessment, learning models to guide diversity training design choices, and empirical evidence of diversity training’s impact on training outcomes. However, the review also notes two major shortcomings. First, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on short-term changes in trainees’ knowledge and attitudes, neglecting longer-term changes in their skills and behavior. Second, research has emphasized diversity training’s effect on individual-level learning outcomes, neglecting its impact on team- and organization-level outcomes. These shortcomings are unlikely to be addressed unless scholars and practitioners engage in more collaborative field-based research on diversity training.
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Duncan, Roderick. Long-Term Outcomes. Edited by Barbara A. Dworetzky and Gaston C. Baslet. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265045.003.0017.
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The scope of research into long-term outcomes of psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) has broadened in recent years, to take into account of social, economic, psychiatric, and other outcome measures. The quantity of long-term outcome information remains limited, to a great extent because of practical difficulties in obtaining good long-term outcome information in this patient group. Because of differing methodology and other factors, the available studies are difficult to compare directly. Nonetheless, they agree that most patients continue to report seizures long term. Healthcare use outcome appears better, with many patients not accessing medical care for seizures. However, many patients have poor psychiatric and economic outcomes. The reasons for this are poorly understood, but may relate more to underlying psychological processes than to the seizures themselves. A better understanding of the psychological underpinnings of PNES will allow more informative study of outcome and thus of the impact of interventions. However, obtaining good outcome information in PNES patients remains a major challenge and may be difficult in some medical systems.
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Deininger, Klaus, and Yanyan Liu. Longer-Term Economic Impacts Of Self-Help Groups In India. The World Bank, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-4886.
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Forgatch, Marion S., and Melanie M. Domenech Rodríguez. Interrupting Coercion. Edited by Thomas J. Dishion and James Snyder. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199324552.013.17.
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The Oregon Model of Parent Management Training (PMTO) is an intervention based on the social interaction learning model, which posits coercion as a disruptor for family processes and outcomes. This chapter examines the role that coercion plays in the context of theory-based intervention, reviewing two randomized, controlled trials that evaluated coercive and positive parenting practices as mediators of outcomes. The studies examined the differential effects of changes on coercive and positive parenting as well as the orderly sequence of these changes and their mediating effects in short-term and longer term follow-up data. The chapter considers family contextual factors and their impact on change processes during intervention and includes a discussion of factors such as parental adjustment (depression, antisocial qualities) and stressful circumstances and their relationship to parental resistance during intervention. Practitioner variables and practices are examined as contributors to the change process. Some findings of resistance observed during therapy are discussed.
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Jamal, Manal A. Promoting Democracy. NYU Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479811380.001.0001.
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Democracy aid has grown considerably since the end of the Cold War. In the late 1980s, less than US$1 billion a year went to democracy assistance; by 2015, the estimated total was more than $10 billion. Despite this overwhelming commitment to spreading democracy abroad, the results have been mixed, and in some cases, this aid has in fact undermined the longer-term prospects for democratic development. What factors account for these different outcomes? Why are democracy promotion efforts far more successful in some cases as opposed to others? Promoting Democracy answers these questions while also providing an often overlooked perspective - the perspective of those most directly affected by the impact of this assistance. By examining two primary conflicttopeace transition cases- the Palestinian territories and El Salvador- and drawing from over 150 interviews with grassroots activists, political leaders, heads of NGOs, and directors of donor agencies, Manal A. Jamal investigates how democracy assistance shaped the re-constitution of political and civic life. She examines these developments at a more macro, general level in terms of democratic outcomes and then at the level of civil society by tracing transformations in one social movement sector--the women’s sector--in each case. She argues that ultimately the pervading political settlements determined the different outcomes, and that democracy assistance mediated these processes. The book then expands the temporal and geographic aperture of the study by examining developments in the Palestinian territories following Ḥamas’ 2006 election victory, and then by investigating the impact of political settlements and the mediating role of democracy assistance in Iraq and South Africa during the start of their political transitions. Jamal challenges more simple accounts that rely on NGO professionalization to explain civil society outcomes and illustrates how pervading political settlements that govern political relations in these contexts ultimately determined the different outcomes. By providing a systematic analysis of how democracy assistance impacts civil society and broader democratic outcomes, she provides new ways of understanding the relationship between foreign aid and domestic political contexts and resolves key debates about the limits of democracy promotion in non-inclusive political contexts.
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Beaulieu, Monica, Catherine Weber, Nadia Zalunardo, and Adeera Levin. Chronic kidney disease long-term outcomes. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0097.
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Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with a variety of outcomes, some of which are directly and indirectly related to kidney disease, but which ultimately impact on patients’ quality of life and long-term outcomes. The events to which people with CKD are exposed ultimately determine their risk and prognosis of both progression to needing renal replacement therapy, or other morbidities and mortalities. The notion of competing risk is important. The five major outcomes of CKD are: progression of CKD, progression to ESRD (either dialysis or transplantation); death; cardiovascular events; infections; and hospitalizations. Where data is available, not only the risk of the specific outcome, but the factors which may predict those outcomes are described. Each section describes what is currently known about the frequency of the outcome, the limitations of that knowledge, the risk factors associated with outcome, and implications for care and future research. Available published literature often describes outcomes in CKD populations as if it is a homogenous group of patients. But it is well documented that outcomes in those with CKD differ depending on stage or severity, and whether they are or are not known to specialists. Where possible, each section ensures that the specific CKD cohort(s) from which the information is derived is clearly described.
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Hechtman, Lily. Influences of Treatment on Long-term Outcome. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0009.
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Medication and/or psychosocial treatment in childhood do not appear to have an impact on adult outcomes of individuals with ADHD. There is, however, a marked decline in medication adherence in adolescence, which continues into adulthood, with less than 10% of adults with ADHD continuing to use medication. Moreover, psychosocial treatments too often do not continue to be used or adapted to new challenges. Thus, it is difficult to conclude what impact medication and/or psychosocial treatments would have on adult outcomes should these treatments be adhered to and applied continuously. As it stands, the lack of impact from treatments in childhood suggests that ADHD is a chronic condition, and that ongoing regular follow-up may be needed to offer patients interventions (medication and psychosocial treatment) that they require both to improve their symptoms in the short-term and promote more positive long-term outcome.
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Wright, Emily M. Long-Term Consequences of Childhood Abuse. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935383.013.137.
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This essay reviews the evidence regarding the impact of childhood abuse (e.g., physical, sexual, psychological, maltreatment, and neglect) on long-term outcomes, such as violence, criminality, abuse, mental health problems, and physical health problems, in adolescence and adulthood. Overall, childhood abuse is highly detrimental to these outcomes, with evidence suggesting that “more is worse” when it comes to its lasting effects. This essay also briefly reviews the theoretical bases upon which the research regarding childhood abuse and later outcomes is founded and discusses the evidence regarding moderating variables, such as age, gender, and race/ethnicity. Finally, it concludes with a discussion of the theoretical and methodological limitations in the research and suggests avenues for future endeavors to consider.
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Kettunen, Pauli. Wars, Nation, and the Welfare State in Finland. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0010.
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In public constructions of the national past in Finland, two major themes currently predominate: the wars of the twentieth century, including the Civil War of 1918 and the wars against the Soviet Union during World War II, and the making of a Nordic welfare state. The chapter takes the current intertwining of these national narratives as a point of departure for analysing the social policy role of wars in Finland. It examines direct and indirect impacts of experienced or anticipated wars, short-term and long-term social policy measures and outcomes, and institutional continuities and discontinuities. The paper discusses the ways wars have shaped the notion of national agency as a framework of social policies, and identifies multi-layered historical legacies of wars in the making of the welfare state post-World War II.
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Hechtman, Lily. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0001.
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The introduction stresses that well-controlled long-term prospective follow-up studies helped establish the validity of ADHD in adulthood. No other publication brings together all these highly respected and well-established studies. The studies provide a comprehensive view of the impact of this condition in educational, occupational, social, emotional, and legal domains. The book also outlines factors that can influence long-term outcome and prognosis. These include treatment, IQ, socioeconomic status, and family functioning among others. This has current treatment implications for seeking more positive outcomes. Professionals can access these relevant factors in one place and use them in treatment planning.
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Magalhães, Pedro C. Economic Outcomes, Quality of Governance, and Satisfaction with Democracy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0009.
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This chapter investigates the impact of economic outcomes and quality of government on political support, arguing that the effect of economic performance is contingent on the quality of government. This hypothesis is derived from procedural fairness theories in organizational psychology according to which procedural fairness moderates the effects of outcome favorability on support for authorities. The chapter develops and tests the hypotheses that citizens’ political support is most affected by economic outcomes in those countries where the quality of government is lowest. In contrast, in contexts of high quality of government, political support is expected to be less sensitive to short-term economic fluctuations. Using ESS data and aggregate indicators of economic performance, the chapter finds that in countries where the quality of government is high, the impact of economic indicators is marginal, but where the quality of government is low, political support is quite sensitive to economic outcomes.
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Fletcher, Roland. Urban materialities: meaning, magnitude, friction, and outcomes. Edited by Dan Hicks and Mary C. Beaudry. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199218714.013.0020.
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The materiality of urbanism encompasses the words and actions by which we relate ourselves to it, the economics of its creation and maintenance, the impact of the material on the viability of community life, and also the long-term trajectories of urban growth and decline. Archaeological approaches to urban materiality tend to focus on how people seek to use the material and also emphasize what the material meant, in verbal terms, to its users. This article focuses on urban materialities, its meaning, magnitude, friction, and outcomes. This article further discusses words, metaphors, and urban materials. In discussing metaphor the material scholars have recognized ‘an inherent problem in the precise relationship between a world of words and world of things’. This article discusses the process of analyzing transformation through time. A detailed analysis on the growth and changing trends in urban industrialization concludes this article.
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Alaref, Jumana, Stefanie Brodmann, and Patrick Premand. The Medium-Term Impact of Entrepreneurship Education on Labor Market Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from University Graduates in Tunisia. World Bank, Washington, DC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-8701.
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Lameire, Norbert, Wim Van Biesen, and Raymond Vanholder. Overall outcomes of acute kidney injury. Edited by Norbert Lameire. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0237_update_001.
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This chapter describes the overall short- and long-term, mainly non-renal outcomes of patients who suffer from acute kidney injury (AKI). Despite increasing age and greater burden of co-morbidity at the occurrence of AKI, patient mortality shows an overall decline over time. However, relatively ‘mild’ forms of AKI (i.e. defined as an absolute increase in serum creatinine of at least 0.3 mg/dL (26.4 µmol/L)) are associated with statistically significant decreased patient survival. The absolute mortality rates of AKI vary according to the different patient groups studied (intensive care unit, hospital, and population based), differences in parameters used for the criteria of AKI, differences in acquisition of baseline serum creatinine, differences between need of renal replacement therapy or not, and timing of endpoints (in-hospital mortality, 30 days, 60 days, or longer). In many instances, particularly in critically ill patients, AKI occurs in the setting of other diseases, such as sepsis, which are associated with a significant mortality risk. In such cases, AKI appears to amplify the risk of death associated with the underlying disease.
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Kahn, Jeremy M. The Role of Long-Term Ventilator Hospitals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0004.
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Long-term ventilator facilities play an increasingly important role in the care of chronically critically ill patients in the recovery phase of their acute illness. These hospitals can take several forms, depending on the country and health system, including �step-down� units within acute care hospitals and dedicated centres that specialize in weaning patients from prolonged mechanical ventilation. These hospitals may improve outcomes through increased clinical experience at applying protocolized weaning approaches and specialized, multidisciplinary, rehabilitation-focused care; they may also worsen outcomes by fragmenting the episode of acute care across multiple hospitals, leading to communication delays and hardship for families. Long-term ventilator facilities may also have important �spillover effects�, in that they free ICU beds in acute care hospitals to be filled with greater numbers of acute critically ill patients. Current evidence suggests that mortality of chronically critically ill patients is equivalent between acute care hospitals and specialized weaning centres; however, mechanical ventilation may be longer and cost of care higher in patients who remain in acute care hospitals. Given the rising incidence of prolonged mechanical ventilation and capacity constraints on acute care ICUs, long-term ventilator hospitals are likely to serve a key function in critical illness recovery.
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Bone, Angie, Alan Wilton, and Alex G. Stewart. Flooding and health: Immediate and long-term implications. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198745471.003.0015.
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Flooding can happen at any time of year and anywhere in the UK, not just in communities living near rivers or the coast. As our climate warms, flooding is expected to occur more frequently, through a combination of sea-level rise and increasing rainfall. As floods are highly dependent on location and context, and the impacts are often complex, sustained, and diverse, a well-coordinated multi-agency plan and response is required. Flooding has extensive and significant impacts on health and wellbeing, including immediate effects (e.g. drowning, injuries, carbon monoxide poisoning) and delayed effects (e.g. mental health issues). The role of Health Protection is to provide scientific and technical advice to responders, public health communications, health surveillance, and to maintain its own business continuity. This chapter sets out the basic facts around flooding and health, illustrating the issues, actions, misconceptions and challenges during the acute response and longer-term clean-up and recovery phases.
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Mosley, Layna. Investment and Debt. Edited by Carol Lancaster and Nicolas van de Walle. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199845156.013.21.
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Abstract: This article examines the political determinants and economic consequences of financial openness in low- and middle-income countries, with emphasis on government autonomy rather than on other important outcomes such as economic growth and development. After sketching trends in financial openness in developing countries, the article illustrates how the effects of financial integration are intertwined with the type of capital flow (e.g., short-term versus long-term investment) and with a nation’s domestic interests and institutions. It then considers the possibility that BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) will emerge as alternative financial leaders at a regional or global level. It also assesses the impact of capital flows on government-policy decisions and outcomes before reflecting on the politics of investment and debt.
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Ubfal, Diego, Irani Arráiz, Diether Beuermann, Michael Frese, Alessandro Maffioli, and Daniel Verch. Implementation and Impact Evaluation of Entrepreneurship Support Services in Jamaica. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003182.
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AUTHORUbfal, Diego; Arráiz, Irani; Beuermann, Diether; Frese, Michael; Maffioli, Alessandro; Verch, DanielDATEMar 2021DOWNLOAD:English (0 downloads)DOIhttp://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003182There has been growing interest in approaches to business training that incorporate insights from psychology to develop soft skills associated with successful entrepreneurship. The empirical evidence on their success, however, is still inconclusive. This study designs and evaluates two training programs focusing on soft skills, which are adapted to the Jamaican context. The first program provides soft-skills training on personal initiative, including the development of a proactive mindset and perseverance after setbacks. The second program combines soft-skills training on personal initiative with traditional training on hard skills aimed at changing business practices. Both programs are evaluated using a randomized controlled trial design involving 945 entrepreneurs in Jamaica. Findings indicate positive effects of the intensive soft-skills training, but not of the training combining soft and hard skills, on business outcomes (i.e., sales and profits) in the short-term (i.e., three months after the implementation of the trainings). The positive short-term effects of the soft-skills training are concentrated among men and are not significant for women. These effects, however, vanish when measured 12 months after the trainings. Nonetheless, the soft-skills training show persistent positive effects on some targeted soft skills, which are measured with both self-reported and incentivized measures.
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Arbache, Jorge, and Sarquis J. B. Sarquis. Growth Volatility and Economic Growth in Brazil. Edited by Edmund Amann, Carlos R. Azzoni, and Werner Baer. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190499983.013.17.
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One of the most puzzling pieces of evidence surrounding Brazil’s economic performance is that, despite the country’s ability to grow at high rates, its long-term growth has been disappointing. Behind this deficient long-term outcome, Brazil shows a high degree of growth volatility. It has experienced substantial growth booms and busts as measured by international standards. This chapter provides an analysis of growth volatility and its impact on Brazil’s growth performance and long-term trajectory. Particular attention is given to its long-term underperformance, its macroeconomic regularities, and the possible causes and implications of its limited growth potential and degree of international convergence.
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Merrell, Christine, and Kapil Sayal. ADHD and school. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0044.
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Within the school environment, teachers are well placed to identify children who exhibit ADHD symptoms. Universal school-based screening for ADHD is, however, not recommended. Teachers’ ratings of children’s behaviour at age 5 have been found to predict later academic outcomes. Longitudinal research suggests that inattention is substantively and significantly associated with poor academic outcomes whereas hyperactivity is not significantly related to later academic attainment, and impulsivity might be advantageous. Symptoms of inattention remain largely stable over time but symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity change. Whilst the school environment can present significant challenges for children with ADHD, advice and guidance to teachers about how to help children with inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviour to succeed in the classroom can facilitate more positive behavioural and academic outcomes. There is a need for research that assesses long-term outcomes and cost-effectiveness of school-based interventions as well as the impact of transition into secondary schooling.
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Glover, Vivette, Thomas G. O’Connor, and Kieran O’Donnell. Maternal mood in pregnancy: fetal origins of child neurodevelopment. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198749547.003.0003.
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Women experience as many symptoms of anxiety, depression, and stress during pregnancy as in the postnatal period. This can affect not only the woman herself but also the development of her fetus, and have long-term effects on several different outcomes including the cognitive ability and behaviour of her child, although most children are not affected. The particular outcomes affected may depend on the timing of the exposure, specific genetic vulnerabilities, and the quality of postnatal care provided. Recent research has shown that increased maternal anxiety is associated with altered placental function, and a greater association between maternal and fetal cortisol. This interrelationship of hormonal associations during the fetal stage could potentially impact on fetal/infant outcomes, and supports the need for continuing research in the field. Chapter 3 covers studies on maternal mood in pregnancy and explores the underlying mechanisms and types of stress.
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Wridt, Pamela. Young People’s Participation in Program Design Research, Monitoring, and Evaluation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190847128.003.0022.
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This chapter provides a global analysis of main concepts, approaches, and outcomes from engaging young people in participatory processes within development initiatives. The chapter summarizes factors and processes enabling meaningful participation of adolescents in program design research, monitoring, and evaluation. This analysis focuses on adolescents living under difficult circumstances, such as instability and protracted conflict, natural disasters, and health epidemics associated with climate change, systemic poverty, and other forms of social marginalization. These adolescents are often the recipients of international humanitarian and development agency support and programming, yet rarely have the opportunity to evaluate the relevance, effectiveness, and impact of these efforts for their daily lives and communities. As research demonstrated, the potential impact of these efforts far outweighs any barriers or challenges identified in the literature, and in the context of the Sustainable Development Goals, it is no longer an option to exclude young people’s voices in these processes.
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Capoccia, Giovanni. Critical Junctures. Edited by Orfeo Fioretos, Tulia G. Falleti, and Adam Sheingate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199662814.013.5.
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In the analysis of path-dependent institutions, the concept of critical juncture refers to situations of uncertainty in which decisions of important actors are causally decisive for the selection of one path of institutional development over other possible paths. The chapter parses the potentialities and the limitations of the concept in comparative-historical analysis, and proposes analytical tools for the comparative analysis of the smaller-scale and temporally proximate causes that shape decision-making on institutional innovation during critical junctures. In particular, the chapter discusses several patterns of short-term politics of institutional formation --innovative coalition-building for reform; “out-of-winset” outcomes; ideational battles; and near-missed institutional change—that can have a long-term impact on the development of policies and institutions.
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Field, John. Therapeutic strategies in managing cardiac arrest. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0064.
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Emergency and critical care specialists are important interdisciplinary physicians who often impact on the long-term survival of patients sustaining cardiac arrest, as well as immediate outcomes. These specialists are often at the crossroads of survival for patients achieving return of spontaneous circulation, and it is important to appreciate that out-of-hospital and in-hospital cardiac arrest patients represent different pathophysiological subgroups with respect to aetiology and pathophysiology. Important time-dependent triage and therapy are crucial, and efforts to identify and treat pathophysiological triggers share priority with the initiation of hypothermia protocols and other targeted interventions, such as coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention. Updated basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) protocols emphasize the importance of high quality chest compressions as central to achieving return of spontaneous circulation and emphasize that airway interventions should not detract from this objective. No specific ACLS intervention including intubation, vasopressor therapy or use of anti-arrhythmic agents has been found to improve outcome. The goal of both BLS and ACLS protocols is the achievement of return of spontaneous circulation, the prevention of re-arrest and the initiation of immediate post-resuscitation interventions associated with improved outcome. These include targeted temperature management (induced hypothermia) and coronary angiography for appropriate patients and ‘bundled’ critical care for all recognizing that the post-arrest state is a systemic inflammatory condition requiring multidisciplinary care beyond hypothermia and cardiovascular support.
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Hechtman, Lily, ed. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.001.0001.
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The book provides a comprehensive summary of the best known and most highly respected well-controlled long-term prospective follow-up studies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). These studies followed children with ADHD and matched controls into young adulthood (mean age 20–25 years) and middle age (mean age 41 years). They explore a wide variety of clinically relevant outcome areas, such as education, occupation, emotional and psychiatric functioning, substance use and abuse, sexual behavior, and legal problems. One chapter focuses particularly on the outcome of girls with ADHD. The book also explores possible predictors of adult outcome. A whole chapter is devoted to treatment (medication and psychosocial) as a predictor of outcome. In addition to treatment, predictors explored include characteristics of the child (e.g., IQ, severity of initial ADHD symptoms, initial comorbidity) and characteristics of the family (e.g., socioeconomic status, single parenthood, parental pathology, and family functioning). A summary chapter explores the impact and importance of these predictors in various outcome areas, such as education, occupation, emotional/social functioning, antisocial behavior, substance use and abuse, and risky sexual and driving behaviors. Professionals and the general public will come away with a clear view of what can happen to children with ADHD as they proceed through adolescence and adulthood. The book also addresses important prognostic and predictive factors in treatment approaches to ensure better long-term outcome in patients with ADHD.
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Miller, David, Claire Harkins, Matthias Schlögl, and Brendan Montague. Impact of Market Forces on Addictive Substances and Behaviours. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198753261.001.0001.
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This book examines the ‘web of influence’ formed by industries which manufacture and sell ‘addictive’ products in the EU. The differences between alcohol, food, gambling, and tobacco as consumer products are obvious. However, we explore whether food, alcohol, and gambling industries are merely replicating tobacco tactics or innovating in corporate strategy. Using a new data set on corporate networks formed by the tobacco, alcohol, food, and gambling industries at the EU level, the book shows the interlocking connections between corporations, trade associations, and policy intermediaries, including lobbyists and think tanks. Quantitative data guide qualitative studies on the content of corporate strategy and the attempts of corporations to ‘capture’ policy and three crucial ancillary domains—science, civil society, and the news and promotional media. The effects of these three arenas on policy networks and outcomes are examined with a focus on new forms of policy partnership such as corporate social responsibility and partnership governance. Drawing on our structural data, we show the comprehensive engagement of industry with science-policy issues in the EU, the ways that corporations can dominate agendas and decision making, as well as the potential for popular pressures and public health agendas to be effective. The book concludes by asking what solutions might be possible to the evident public health challenges posed by the addictions web of influence. It proposes key evidence-based transparency and public health reforms that have the best chance of minimizing the burden of disease from addictions in the medium to long term.
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Moriarty, Jo. Social care. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199644957.003.0026.
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Social care is the broad term for the support provided to people living at home and in care homes. Major changes have taken place to this sector in the past few years and this chapter describes the key policy developments that have impacted upon what support is provided to older people with mental health problems and how it is funded. The policy of personalisation is intended to increase choice and control but as yet it is unclear whether this will lead to improved outcomes in terms of quality of life or independence. Some longstanding issues such as the high prevalence of people with unidentified mental health problems in long term care continue to provide challenges for organisations providing social care support.
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Obinger, Herbert, Klaus Petersen, Carina Schmitt, and Peter Starke. War and Welfare States Before and After 1945. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198779599.003.0015.
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The conclusion reports major findings and discusses possible cross-country patterns. It shows that war’s impact on welfare state development can be differentiated into several distinct conclusions, each highlighting specific effects or causal mechanisms. Next, the case study evidence of the long-term effects of war is confirmed with quantitative data. For a sample of eighteen countries (thirteen of which are presented in this volume) war is shown to contribute to a better understanding of several of the phenomena lying at the heart of comparative welfare state research (i.e. social expenditure, benefit generosity, the public–private mix in provision, and the timing of legislation). The impact on outcomes such as income inequality is briefly discussed, along with the impact of the Cold War on welfare state development. Due to changes in warfare and the size of the existing welfare state, the effect of war on welfare state-building has all but disappeared today.
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Wong, Germaine, and Angela C. Webster. Cancer after kidney transplantation. Edited by Jeremy R. Chapman. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0287.
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Cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity after transplantation. The overall risk of cancer among transplant recipients is at least 2.5–3-fold greater than that of the age- and gender-matched general population. The increased risk is also type specific, and is greatest among virus-related neoplasms such as Kaposi sarcoma, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and vulvovaginal cancers, with an excess risk of at least 9–20 times greater than that of the general population. Cancer prognoses are also poor in transplant recipients, with less than 10% surviving 5 years after initial diagnoses. Despite the increased cancer risk, little is known about the efficacy of treatment, the screening strategies, and the outcomes of patients with cancer and kidney transplants. Uncertainties also exist as to how the various types of modern immunosuppression impact on recipients’ overall long-term survival and quality of life. This chapter discusses the incidence and prognoses of patients with de novo cancer after transplantation, the epidemiology of donor cancer transmission, the outcomes of transplanting patients with a prior history of cancer, as well as the different approaches to cancer screening and management after kidney transplantation.
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Steinbrecher, Henrik. Urinary incontinence and bladder dysfunction. Edited by David F. M. Thomas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0119.
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Urinary incontinence is one of the commonest problems encountered in paediatric practice. Recent advances in our understanding of the causes, coupled with the introduction of newer pharmacological agents have expanded the treatment options. This chapter summarizes the terminology and classification of urinary incontinence and describes the development of normal bladder control and the causes of urinary incontinence and bladder dysfunction in children. Although most children experience a favourable long-term outcome, a small minority will require urological intervention for intractable incontinence. The commonly held belief that children will simply ‘grow out it’ can result in years of distressing incontinence with a harmful impact on social, emotional, and psychological well-being. For this reason, the investigation and treatment of urinary incontinence should be commenced at an early age.
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Galvin, Sinead, Lisa Burry, and Sangeeta Mehta. Rethinking Sedation in the ICU. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0040.
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Analgesic and sedative medications are commonly given to manage pain, anxiety, and delirium in critically ill patients; such agents are also used to facilitate painful procedures and to promote greater tolerance of mechanical ventilation. The manner in which we administer, titrate, and monitor analgesia and sedation in the ICU can have an impact on both short- and long-term patient outcomes. The benefit of sedation strategies that limit drug exposure and promote greater wakefulness and patient interaction has been demonstrated in several randomized trials. The overall objective of sedation in the ICU has changed, such that a calm, comfortable, awake, and interactive patient is the goal. This can be achieved using an individualized, restrictive, goal-directed, and protocolized approach to analgo-sedation. This chapter discusses specific medications for analgo-sedation, administration, and monitoring strategies, and how these strategies relate to delirium in the ICU.
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Majumdar, Sumit K. Lost Glory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199641994.001.0001.
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Lost Glory: India’s Capitalism Story describes India’s industrialization experiences. Questions about long-term industry and productivity evolution, and their impact on economic growth, lie at the heart of discourses of capitalism. The book is based on detailed empirical analyses of India’s industrialization over a period of almost seven decades, and a case study of Maruti Suzuki, India’s largest automobile manufacturer. The deeply nuanced depiction of the historical political economy that has affected India’s industrialization is a unique feature. This history will enlighten everyone interested in India. The presentation takes readers on a definitive evidence-based survey of India’s industrial landscape. It includes a detailed historical description of the intellectual origins of India’s modern industrialization, anchored in a privileged view of economic policymaking. Grounded in historical and political analyses, the facts derived on India’s long-term economic performance are used to set the record straight. It is unsparing in its assessments where the evidence warrants such conclusions. Its findings will transform debate, and set the agenda for thoughtfully assessing the future course of India’s prosperity. The author overturns the assumptions that India’s much-vaunted private sector firms only engender positive outcomes, finding State-sector firms to have become efficient, and the molecular sector to be as effective overall, while also challenging the notion that privatization is necessary for progress. Conversely, it is found that competition policy innovations to have had positive impact. Practical suggestions are provided and three fundamental reforms, one administrative, one structural, and one behavioral, necessary to regenerate high output, are advocated.
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Paul, Karsten I., Alice Hassel, and Klaus Moser. Individual Consequences of Job Loss and Unemployment. Edited by Ute-Christine Klehe and Edwin van Hooft. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764921.013.028.
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Scholars from several different fields have studied the individual consequences of job loss and unemployment since the beginning of the twentieth century. This chapter provides a review of some important results of this research with special emphasis on the effects of unemployment on mental health. Among the topics reviewed are the size and practical relevance of these effects and the question of causality (i.e., does job loss really cause distress or are people with distress symptoms more likely to lose their jobs and remain unemployed for a longer time?) Results of moderator variables are also reviewed, as well as those concerning coping mechanisms. Then theories concerning the question of why unemployment impairs mental health (mediating mechanisms) are described, along with empirical results. Finally, some selected research findings for other outcome dimensions, ranging from physical health to political attitudes, are reported. The chapter ends with a discussion of the practical consequences of the reviewed research findings and the identification of research gaps.
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O'Shea, Janet. Making Work Play. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190871536.003.0009.
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This chapter examines instances where work can be turned back into play. It begins by examining self-defense as a form of work: an action that is focused on outcome, in which the only rules are ultimate ones, and in which form and function unite. IMPACT Personal Safety trainings mobilize the elements of play depicted in earlier sections of this book: providing opportunities to experience mastery through accomplishment and mobilizing that mastery in perilous situations; managing risk and working through failure; encouraging an exploration of shared vulnerabilities; and providing access to the flow state. This chapter also returns to a consideration of the term “fight” and its connotations of agency and mutual engagement. It includes a challenge to the postfeminist criticism that self-defense is victim-blaming via an analysis of self-defense training as freely chosen, effective, and of a fixed duration.
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Rauch, Sheila A. M., Barbara Olasov Rothbaum, Erin R. Smith, and Edna B. Foa. Prolonged Exposure for PTSD in Intensive Outpatient Programs (PE-IOP). Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190081928.001.0001.
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Trauma can leave a lasting impact on survivors. Some survivors are haunted by intrusive memories; avoid people, places, and situations related to the trauma; and feel constantly on edge due to posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and related posttrauma reactions. Effective treatment can help survivors suffering with PTSD to process the trauma and no longer feel haunted by traumatic experiences from their past. Prolonged exposure (PE) therapy is a highly effective, flexible, individualized psychotherapy that reduces the symptoms of PTSD. PE is the most widely studied treatment for PTSD, with more than 100 studies showing its efficacy and effectiveness in PTSD and comorbid patient populations affected by single-incident and multiple-incident traumas of all types (e.g., combat, sexual assault, etc.). This manual presents a PE protocol for use in residential and massed programs to provide an innovative new model of care that provides excellent retention and transformational symptom outcomes. Providers are presented with the elements of the PE protocol along with all the logistics for how to provide PE in an intensive outpatient program. Variations and considerations for implementation are presented to allow providers designing programs to consider what best fits their patient population and setting. Patient and provider forms are included for use.
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Goldsmith, David J. Cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. Edited by David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0098.
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Even after as full a statistical adjustment as can be made for traditional cardiovascular risk factors has been undertaken, impaired kidney function and raised concentrations of albumin in urine each increase the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) by two- to fourfold, the degree increasing with severity. If the patient is also suffering from diabetes (as either the cause of CKD or a complication of it), the risks of CVD increase two- to fourfold again. CKD patients should, therefore, be acknowledged as having perhaps the highest cardiovascular risk of any patient cohort. CVD is underdiagnosed and undertreated in these patients. In early CKD the manifestations of CVD are similar to those of other patients. In late CKD and particularly in patients on dialysis the epidemiology is different. Left ventricular hypertrophy is very common and sudden cardiac death is greatly increased in incidence. Heart failure is a common complication. Calcification of valves and vessels becomes increasingly common and bad CVD outcomes are associated with hyperphosphataemia and other manifestations. The mechanisms by which risks are increased are not fully understood. The evidence base for the effectiveness of established therapies for CVD is relatively light in patients with CKD, but there is evidence for benefit of lipid-lowering therapies and most nephrologists believe that blood pressure and volume control are important for good long-term outcomes. Evidence of impact on CVD of interventions to alter mineral bone disease is disappointingly weak.
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Ahmed, Mohammed, and Sean M. Bagshaw. Management of oliguria and acute kidney injury in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0213.
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Acute kidney injury (AKI) remains a challenging clinical problem for clinicians caring for critically-ill patients due largely to the paucity of specific therapeutic interventions aimed at mitigating poor outcome. Those patients most at risk for the development of AKI can often be identified by an assessment of demographic, clinical, diagnostic, and procedure-related factors couple with early and intensive bedside monitoring. Importantly, critically-ill patients are often exposed to multiple discrete risks that can accumulate during their course that can negatively impact not only the duration and severity of AKI, but also probability of recovery, and long-term functional decline and risk of development of chronic kidney disease. All critically-ill patients at risk of or with milder forms of AKI should have support individualized. A clear understanding of the scope, complexity, and general principals of prevention and management of AKI are indispensable in the care of these patients and will discussed in this chapter.
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Hofhuis, José GM, and Peter E. Spronk. Quality of Life after Critical Illness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0007.
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The demand for critical care is on the rise and is expected to grow significantly in coming decades. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a relevant outcome measure for patients recovering from critical illness. This chapter addresses several key questions about HRQoL, namely: Why measure HRQoL in critically ill patients? What do we mean with HRQoL? Which HRQoL instruments are being used? How to estimate HRQoL before ICU admission, and what is the impact of critical illness on HRQoL, particularly in the elderly? This chapter also addresses the phenomenon of response shift in survivors of critical illness related to their perceived HRQoL. It is argued that HRQoL measures for physical and psychological factors, functional status, and social interactions should be incorporated as standard quality indicators of ICU performance. These measurements will provide further insight on long-term post-ICU recovery and might be used to evaluate and track the utility of follow-up clinics after hospital discharge.