Academic literature on the topic 'Longer-term impacts and outcomes'
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Journal articles on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Jakobsson, Jan G., and Mark Z. Johnson. "Perioperative regional anaesthesia and postoperative longer-term outcomes." F1000Research 5 (October 11, 2016): 2501. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.9100.1.
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Regional anaesthesia provides effective anaesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative setting. Central neuraxial blocks—that is, spinal and epidural blocks—are well established as an alternative or adjunct to general anaesthesia. Peripheral blocks may be used as part of multimodal anaesthesia/analgesia in perioperative practice, reducing the need for opioid analgesics and enhancing early recovery. Furthermore, regional anaesthesia has increased in popularity and may be done with improved ease and safety with the introduction of ultrasound-guided techniques. The effects of local anaesthetics and regional anaesthesia on long-term outcomes such as morbidity, mortality, the quality of recovery beyond the duration of analgesia, and whether it can expedite the resumption of activities of daily living are less clear. It has also been suggested that regional anaesthesia may impact the risk of metastasis after cancer surgery. This article provides an overview of current evidence around quality of recovery, risk for delirium, long-term effects, and possible impact on cancer disease progression associated with the clinical use of local and regional anaesthetic techniques. In summary, there is still a lack of robust data that regional anaesthesia has a clinical impact beyond its well-acknowledged beneficial effects of reducing pain, reduced opioid consumption, and improved quality of early recovery. Further high-quality prospective studies on long-term outcomes are warranted.
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Hyslop, Dean R., and Wilbur Townsend. "The Longer‐term Impacts of Job Displacement on Labour Market Outcomes in New Zealand." Australian Economic Review 52, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 158–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.12312.
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Reynolds, Rebecca M., and Adrienne Gordon. "Obesity, fertility and pregnancy: can we intervene to improve outcomes?" Journal of Endocrinology 239, no. 3 (December 2018): R47—R55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/joe-18-0199.
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Rates of obesity among women of reproductive age have risen dramatically in recent decades. Obesity impacts on health of women across their reproductive lifespan with adverse effects on not only fertility and short-term complications of pregnancy, but also on longer term health outcomes for both women and their children. This places considerable burden and cost on health services. Here, we review the evidence linking maternal obesity to adverse fertility, pregnancy and longer term health outcomes for women and their children. We discuss the outcomes of recent lifestyle, pharmacological and surgical intervention studies. As many of these studies have not shown a significant improvement in clinical outcomes, we discuss the need for better study design in future trials.
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Fryer, Roland G., and Lawrence F. Katz. "Achieving Escape Velocity: Neighborhood and School Interventions to Reduce Persistent Inequality." American Economic Review 103, no. 3 (May 1, 2013): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.103.3.232.
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This paper reviews the evidence on the efficacy of neighborhood and school interventions in improving the long-run outcomes of children growing up in poor families. We focus on studies exploiting exogenous sources of variation in neighborhoods and schools and which examine at least medium-term outcomes. Higher-quality neighborhoods improve family safety, adult subjective well-being and health, and girls' mental health. But they have no detectable impact on youth human capital, labor market outcomes, or risky behaviors. In contrast, higher-quality schools can improve children's academic achievement and can have longer-term positive impacts of increasing educational attainment and earnings and reducing incarceration and teen pregnancy.
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Deemer, Alexa R., Jack H. Drake, Connor P. Littlefield, and Kenneth A. Egol. "Surgeon Volume Impacts Outcomes Following Ankle Fracture Repair." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 3 (July 2022): 247301142211167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/24730114221116790.
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Background: The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of surgeon volume on outcomes following ankle fracture fixation. Methods: Over 7 years, 362 patients who met inclusion criteria (>18 years with rotational ankle fractures) were identified and treated by orthopaedic surgeons at several hospitals within an academic medical center and were retrospectively reviewed. Surgeons that completed less than 24 ankle fixations per year (<90th percentile) during the study period were classified as low-volume (LV) and surgeons completing 24 or more ankle fixations per year (>90th percentile) were classified as high-volume (HV). Chart review was conducted to gather data regarding perioperative, radiographic, inpatient, and long-term outcome data (average 12-month follow-up). Results: One hundred thirty-four patients (37.0%) were treated by LV surgeons and 228 (63.0%) were treated by HV surgeons. Although both cohorts had a similar breakdown of fracture patterns ( P = .638), the LV cohort had a greater incidence of open fractures ( P = .024). No differences were found regarding wait time to surgery, surgery duration, and LOS. Radiographically, more patients in the HV cohort achieved anatomic mortise after surgery (96.5% vs 89.6%, P = .008). Patients in the LV cohort took longer to heal radiographically (4.27 ± 2.4 months vs 5.59 ± 2.9 months, P < .001), and also had higher rates of reoperation and hardware removal ( P < .05). Lastly, all cost variables were lower for high-volume surgeons ( P < .05). Conclusion: In this single-center study, we found that patients treated by LV surgeons took 30% longer to heal radiographically and had greater reoperation rates than those treated by HV surgeons. Additionally, patients treated by high-volume surgeons had more anatomic postoperative radiographic ankle mortise reductions and was less cost-effective than when performed by high-volume surgeons. Level of Evidence: Level III, retrospective comparative study.
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Rodríguez-Planas, Núria. "Longer-Term Impacts of Mentoring, Educational Services, and Learning Incentives: Evidence from a Randomized Trial in the United States." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 1, 2012): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.4.4.121.
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This paper reports on a randomized evaluation of a program designed to improve high school graduation and postsecondary education enrollment among low-performing high school students. Treated youths were offered mentoring, educational services, and financial rewards. The program was evaluated when the youths were 19, 21, and 24 years old. Treated youths obtained their high school diplomas earlier and were more likely than controls to attend postsecondary education. Five years after the end of the program, we find no significant overall effects of this intervention on employment outcomes. The program improved outcomes to a greater extent for the female enrollees than the male ones. (JEL D83, I21, I28, J13)
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Leeds, Lesley, Jolyon Meara, and Peter Hobson. "The impact of discharge to a care home on longer term stroke outcomes." Clinical Rehabilitation 18, no. 8 (December 2004): 924–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0269215504cr807oa.
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Uleberg, O., K. Pape, T. Kristiansen, P. R. Romundstad, and P. Klepstad. "Population-based analysis of the impact of trauma on longer-term functional outcomes." British Journal of Surgery 106, no. 1 (September 17, 2018): 65–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bjs.10965.
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Patnaik, Ankita, Michael Levere, Gina Livermore, Arif Mamun, and Jeffrey Hemmeter. "Promoting Readiness of Minors in Supplemental Security Income (PROMISE): Early Impacts from a Multi-Site Random Assignment Evaluation." Evaluation Review 45, no. 5 (October 2021): 228–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x211055588.
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Background PROMISE was a federal initiative to support youth receiving Supplemental Security Income (SSI) during the transition to adulthood. Objectives This article presents estimates of the impacts of the six PROMISE projects on youth and family outcomes as of 18 months after enrolling in PROMISE. Research Design The study uses a randomized controlled trial design. Subjects The six PROMISE projects each enrolled a minimum of 2000 treatment and control youth (and their parents) residing in their service areas who were aged 14 to 16 and receiving SSI. Measures We estimated impacts on outcomes related to youth and family service use, school enrollment, training, employment, earnings, and federal disability program participation using survey and administrative data. Results The projects succeeded in connecting more youth to transition services and more families to support services during the 18 months after enrollment, and most increased the likelihood that youth applied for state vocational rehabilitation services. On average, there was no impact on youth’s school enrollment, but there were favorable impacts on youth’s receipt of job-related training, employment, earnings, and total income. The projects did not affect parents’ employment, earnings, or income, on average. For most outcomes PROMISE affected, the impacts varied substantially across the projects. Conclusions The positive short-term impacts of PROMISE on youth’s use of transition services, youth employment, and families’ use of services are consistent with the program logic model and suggest there might be potential for longer-term favorable impacts on youth and family outcomes.
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Pages, Remy, Dylan J. Lukes, Drew H. Bailey, and Greg J. Duncan. "Elusive Longer-Run Impacts of Head Start: Replications Within and Across Cohorts." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 42, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373720948884.
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Using an additional decade of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 Children and Young Adults (CNLSY), this study replicated and extended Deming’s evaluation of Head Start’s life cycle skill formation impacts in three ways. Extending the measurement interval for Deming’s adulthood outcomes, we found no statistically significant impacts on earnings and mixed evidence of impacts on other adult outcomes. Applying Deming’s sibling comparison framework to more recent birth cohorts born to CNLSY mothers revealed mostly negative Head Start impacts. Combining all cohorts showed generally null impacts on school-age and early adulthood outcomes.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Fréchette, Sabrina. "Corporal Punishment: National Trends, Longer-Term Consequences, and Parental Perceptions of Physical Discipline." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/35110.
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Corporal punishment is a controversial form of discipline. To inform the debate on corporal punishment, one of the objectives of the current dissertation was to characterize parental use of this disciplinary strategy and to examine its long-term developmental outcomes. The dissertation drew on data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth (NLSCY) to understand potential social change in corporal punishment and to characterize parents who continue to use this strategy. Over a 14-year period (1994-1995 to 2008-2009), results revealed a significant decrease in the use of corporal punishment and other negative strategies (e.g., psychological aggression), as well as a significant increase in the use of positive strategies (e.g., reward/praise and explain/teach). Nevertheless, approximately 25% of Canadian parents still use corporal punishment with children aged 2–11 years; therefore, it remains an issue that merits continued attention. While several socio-demographic factors significantly distinguished parents who use corporal punishment, other more dynamic variables may be important to consider, such as parental stress and their attitudes toward corporal punishment. For the outcomes associated with corporal punishment, NLSCY data revealed that experiences of corporal punishment at 2-3 years are associated with increased externalizing behaviours at 8-9 years. Results also indicated that, within a certain disciplinary context (more hostile and punitive parenting), early corporal punishment is associated with increased externalizing behaviours at 14-15 years, increased internalizing behaviours at 8-9 and 14-15 years, and reduced prosocial behaviours at 8-9 and 14-15 years. Overall, results confirmed that corporal punishment represents a small but non-trivial risk factor for child development. The second objective of the current dissertation was to address one of the central limitations of the existing literature on corporal punishment by clarifying what parents self-label as corporal punishment. Using a sample of 338 Canadian caregivers, the study assessed the relation between responses to a general question on corporal punishment and responses to questions on specific physical disciplinary strategies. Predictors (e.g., cultural norms, attitudes toward and childhood experiences of corporal punishment) of this relation were then investigated. Results suggested that questions such as the one used in the NLSCY may reflect parental use of milder forms of corporal punishment. Results also revealed that some caregivers remain undetected by general questions on corporal punishment. Factors such as attitudes toward corporal punishment can help identify those caregivers who use physically punitive strategies but who do not endorse corporal punishment. Results from the current dissertation offers support for the anti-corporal punishment perspective and calls for the de-legitimatization of this disciplinary strategy across society.
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Winter, Joanne. "A mixed methods study exploring the longer term outcomes of 'successful' managed transfers between secondary schools focusing on the students' experience." Thesis, University of Essex, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605582.
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Managed transfers were first introduced into government guidance in 2004 and are generally recognised as the process of moving disaffected students onto new schools or provisions to avoid permanent exclusion. The local authority involved in this study has experienced a significant increase in the number of managed transfers over the past seven years, with the majority of these taking place in the secondary sector. The aim of this research was to provide the local authority with a better understanding of how these managed transfers were working, focusing on the student's experience. This study utilised a sequential mixed-methods design encompassing both quantitative and qualitative approaches. In the first stage, the quantitative findings provided the local authority with descriptive statistics on the numbers, outcomes, patterns and characteristics of students placed on managed transfers. It highlighted the importance of quantitative data collection for monitoring managed transfers, influencing policy formation and practice. In the second stage of this study, Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) was used to analyse six secondary-aged students' experiences of managed transfers to mainstream secondary schools. The findings revealed a number of pertinent themes and issues which, it was hoped, would enable the local authority to improve and build upon current practice. These were identified as: the importance of including and listening to students' voices in the early stages of a managed transfer; the importance of student reflection during a managed transfer; experiences that enabled students to settle into new placements and students' experiences of transformation and change
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Geraci, Angela Ann. "The Impact of Psychosocial Outcomes in Long-Term Bariatric Patients." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/27937.
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The disease of obesity is a serious and significant public health epidemic affecting more
than 78 million Americans. The increase in human life expectancy also increases the chance of
reduced quality of life and well-being by those suffering from obesity. Obesity?related factors
may mean years of physical and psychosocial discomfort, lack of mobility, and chronic ill health.
This study analyzed long-term bariatric patient outcomes, specifically, factors regarding postprocedure
weight regain, surgeon follow-up, and psychosocial issues related to quality of life
(i.e. self-concept and obesity discrimination). The overarching research design for this study
employed survey methods, using a cross-sectional, self-reported questionnaire and enlisted both
a combined quantitative and qualitative approach to analyze data. Participants over the age of 18
and at least 18-months post-procedure were recruited either from public bariatric support forums
(n = 133) or through a regional weight management center in the Midwest (n = 534), which
specializes in bariatric surgery. Results suggests that although some weight regain after surgery
is likely, weight regain decreases as a patient continues to maintain adherence to the
recommended post-operative diet, as well as the importance of bariatric follow-up and support.
Additional results revealed that different aspects regarding the ?self? such as body image, the
continued struggle to develop alternative coping strategies to eating, and obesity stigma have an
impact for a multitude of years post-bariatric surgery, and therefore can overshadow the benefits
of surgery. It is recommended that a critical key to success for long-term bariatric patients is
having access and care of multidisciplinary teams including a bariatric surgeon, gastro-intestinal
specialist, endocrinologist, nutritionist, and psychiatrist at minimum. Finally, there is also a
significant need for long-term bariatric research in the future.
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Hall, Alastair Eaton. "The new survivors : the longer term cognitive, scholastic and motor outcomes of a total Scottish population of surviving very low birthweight infants." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.366189.
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Sissons, P. "The longer-term labour market and community impacts of deindustrialisation : a comparison of the Northumberland coalfield and the Monongahela Valley mill towns." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2009. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/15811/.
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The research focuses on the longer-term impacts of past regional deindustrialisation and, more specifically, the ways in which individual and household decisions have interacted with the local public welfare and cultural context to produce profound long-term community changes, critically affecting future generations of workers. It compares the reasons for, and impacts of, these adjustments in two study areas; the Northumberland coalfield in Northeast England, and the Monongahela Valley steel towns of Southwestern Pennsylvania. Very different patterns of initial responses to job losses were observed between the two areas. These may be characterised as a distinction between ‘place-based’ coping mechanisms in Northumberland, where workers adopted strategies which allowed them to remain in place, and the ‘mobility-response’ in the Mon Valley, as large numbers of industrial workers migrated away to seek employment elsewhere. Individual workers decisions were influenced by several factors. Most significant were the types of alternative work available locally, and the opportunities and constraints arising from different public welfare systems, transport infrastructures and education and training systems. Prevailing local cultural attitudes, norms and values, were also crucial in informing opinions. It is found that in the longer-term there has been no self-righting of the labour market. Instead, a new, more troublesome equilibrium has been established. In Northumberland the growth in economic inactivity has created areas where worklessness has become a norm among social networks, influencing the aspirations, motivations and expectations of subsequent generations. This reflects the failure of British public welfare policy to mitigate the place-specific impacts of industrial decline. In contrast, the longer-term impacts of migration from the Mon Valley left a collapsed housing market, creating a social-demographic shift as the former working class population was been replaced by an incoming population more dependent on benefits or marginal employment. This process reflected the broader failures of American social policy.
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Cheung, Him-chun Horace, and 張謙俊. "The impact of POSSUM score on long-term outcome of patients with colorectal cancer." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45160752.
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Brännlund, Annica. "Non-market outcomes of education : the long-term impact of education on individuals' social participation and health in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Sociologiska institutionen, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-88369.
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In research, it is typical to analyse and discuss the utility of education in economic terms—specifically the market value of a particular degree or the financial returns associated with additional years in higher education. However, education may also generate outcomes that belong to the non-market sphere, such as open-mindedness, societal cohesion, community involvement, better health, and gender equality; yet these outcomes have received little scholarly attention. The main objective of this thesis, therefore, is to investigate the relationship between education and four non-market outcomes: agency, voice, health behaviour and psychological distress. By utilizing two longitudinal data sets, the Swedish Survey of Living Conditions and the Northern Swedish Cohort, it is possible to assess the long-term effects of education on each of these four non-market outcomes. Results clearly demonstrate that education has a critical impact on each of the outcomes of interest. Having a higher education—and in particular a university degree–enhances individuals’ agency and voice, reduces psychological distress, and improves individuals’ health behaviour. Further, results show that different academic subjects generate field-specific resources. In contrast to a market perspective, where the value of the specific field of study is assessed only in economic terms, results indicate that fields that are commonly viewed as having low market value may actually yield non-economic rewards that benefit individuals in critically important ways. Analyses also show that individual and social factors shape the extent to which education leads to positive outcomes. In terms of agency and voice, results indicate that education can compensate for social differences. Among those with a working class background, earning a university degree contributes to increasing levels of agency and voice, while no significant effects of education exist for those with a white-collar background. Results also demonstrate that the impact of education on psychological well-being differs for men and women. For men, labour market resources (i.e., being employed) was important for reducing psychological distress, while for women social resources (i.e., having a partner) was more important. Due to its use of high quality, longitudinal data, this thesis makes a significant contribution to the scholarly literature and to what we know about the impact of education attainment. A limitation of cross-sectional analyses is that it is difficult to separate causal effects from selection effects. By adopting a longitudinal approach, it is possible to control for earlier (baseline) circumstances and therefore assess the causal impact of education on individual outcomes. This strategy yields robust results that make clear the long-term effects of educational attainment on individuals.
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Chan, Raymond. "A long-term evaluation of the impact of rehabilitation in home (RIO) program on health outcomes in older adults." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2008. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16623/1/Raymond_Chan_Thesis.pdf.
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Background:
Older adults experience health deconditioning during hospitalization. There are many facets of care impacting on older adults' health characteristics and their self confidence in managing their health. The aim of this follow-up study is to examine the long term effect of comprehensive discharge planning and nursing in-home follow-up for older adults (over 65 year old) incorporating physiotherapy exercise strategies on health characteristics. No published studies were located that had examined the impact of a comprehensive discharge program on the functional status and psychosocial among older frail adults at 12 months post-discharge.
Design and methodology:
Rehabilitation in Older People (RIO program) is a randomised controlled trial which evaluates the intervention of a comprehensive discharge program, exercise program incorporating nursing follow up. Participants of the RIO study were randomly allocated into usual care control group and an intervention group. The intervention group received a comprehensive training from an advanced practice gerontic nurse (APGN) and exercise strategies by physiotherapists. The APGN visited the participants in their home 48 hours post discharge, followed by telephone follow-up at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. This study followed-up this cohort at 12 month via telephone interviews to evaluate their functional ability, quality of life, psychosocial characteristics and the levels of self-efficacy. The General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) was used to measure their self-efficacy.
Results:
There is no difference between the demographic and health characteristics between the control and intervention group. There are significant difference in their functional ability, psychosocial health, measured by the tools mentioned above at 4 weeks (p < 0.05), 12 weeks (p < 0.05), and 24 weeks (p < 0.05), but not at 52 weeks. The possible reason could be due to lack of telephone follow up. Moreover, the levels of self-efficacy in this sample have been found to correlate with the functional ability and psychosocial at 12 months after discharge from an acute hospital.
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Chan, Raymond. "A long-term evaluation of the impact of rehabilitation in home (RIO) program on health outcomes in older adults." Queensland University of Technology, 2008. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16623/.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Older adults experience health deconditioning during hospitalization. There are many facets of care impacting on older adults' health characteristics and their self confidence in managing their health. The aim of this follow-up study is to examine the long term effect of comprehensive discharge planning and nursing in-home follow-up for older adults (over 65 year old) incorporating physiotherapy exercise strategies on health characteristics. No published studies were located that had examined the impact of a comprehensive discharge program on the functional status and psychosocial among older frail adults at 12 months post-discharge. Design and methodology: Rehabilitation in Older People (RIO program) is a randomised controlled trial which evaluates the intervention of a comprehensive discharge program, exercise program incorporating nursing follow up. Participants of the RIO study were randomly allocated into usual care control group and an intervention group. The intervention group received a comprehensive training from an advanced practice gerontic nurse (APGN) and exercise strategies by physiotherapists. The APGN visited the participants in their home 48 hours post discharge, followed by telephone follow-up at 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks. This study followed-up this cohort at 12 month via telephone interviews to evaluate their functional ability, quality of life, psychosocial characteristics and the levels of self-efficacy. The General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) was used to measure their self-efficacy. Results: There is no difference between the demographic and health characteristics between the control and intervention group. There are significant difference in their functional ability, psychosocial health, measured by the tools mentioned above at 4 weeks (p < 0.05), 12 weeks (p < 0.05), and 24 weeks (p < 0.05), but not at 52 weeks. The possible reason could be due to lack of telephone follow up. Moreover, the levels of self-efficacy in this sample have been found to correlate with the functional ability and psychosocial at 12 months after discharge from an acute hospital.
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Funaki, Takeshi. "Impact of posterior cerebral artery involvement on long-term clinical and social outcome of pediatric moyamoya disease." Kyoto University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/195941.
Full textBooks on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Schochet, Peter Z. National Job Corps study: The short-term impacts of Job Corps on participants' employment and related outcomes : final report. Princeton, NJ: Mathematica Policy Research, Inc., 2000.
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Deininger, Klaus W. Longer-term economic impacts of self-help groups in India. [Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2009.
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Cervero, Robert. San Francisco City CarShare: Longer-term travel-demand and car ownership impacts. [Berkeley, Calif.]: University of California at Berkeley, Institute of Urban and Regional Development, 2006.
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Wu, Vivian. The long-term impact of medicare payment reductions on patient outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2011.
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.
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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Bolton, Paul, and Judith Bass. Defining relevant outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199680467.003.0005.
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Defining relevant outcomes for mental health and related intervention trials requires consultation with a range of experts and stakeholders and the population for whom the services are being provided. The latter is not often consulted systematically, but doing so is necessary to ensure that their priorities are addressed within the study objectives and outcomes, and that instruments measure the outcomes accurately. Doing so will increase the likelihood that the services being tested, if found effective, will be sustained after the trial is completed. Changes in the types of outcomes assessed in these trials are not static. Once the intervention is over these changes may continue to accumulate or decline with time. Wherever possible it is important to measure outcomes over time, at specific intervals after the intervention is completed. Outcomes that measure amount of change will be more appropriate to tracking long-term impacts of interventions.
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Target, Mary, and Marianne Leuzinger-Bohleber. Outcomes of Longer-Term Psychoanalytic Treatment. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2006.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient's body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient's life and integrate the patients' perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients' long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
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Minden, Kirsten. Outcomes of paediatric rheumatic disease. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0035_update_002.
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Paediatric rheumatic illnesses are among the most common chronic diseases in children and adolescents. These illnesses have important impacts on patient’s body functions and structures, activities, and social participation. Knowledge about the effect and consequences of these diseases is necessary to formulate appropriate aims of treatments. The multidimensional outcomes of paediatric rheumatic diseases and their measurement are reviewed in this chapter. Outcome measurement is complex in patients who have growing needs and changing expectations as they develop, especially in chronic conditions that have a variable and often unpredictable course, such as juvenile idiopathic arthritis, juvenile systemic lupus erythematosus, and juvenile dermatomyositis. Considerable work has been conducted recently in an effort to better define and value global outcomes for these patients. New and reliable outcome measures have been developed to capture all aspects of the patient’s life and integrate the patients’ perspective. Existing outcome studies of paediatric rheumatic diseases have consistently shown, even though differing in their methodology, that patient outcomes have improved over the last decade. More patients with chronic inflammatory rheumatic conditions survive into adulthood, and patients’ long-term health, functional, and quality of life outcomes have improved. However, outcomes are still less than ideal. More than one-half of the patients with paediatric rheumatic diseases have ongoing active disease in early adulthood. Over one-third have evidence of disability and organ damage, with each underlying disease being associated with specific complications. Clearly, given the inherent potential for disability, morbidity, even mortality, young people with paediatric-onset rheumatic diseases require ongoing medical care into adulthood.
Book chapters on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Ridley, S. A. "Quality of Life and Longer Term Outcomes." In Evaluating Critical Care, 104–18. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-56719-3_8.
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Bush, Andrew, and Charlotte E. Bolton. "Longer Term Sequelae of Prematurity: The Adolescent and Young Adult." In Respiratory Outcomes in Preterm Infants, 99–118. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-48835-6_7.
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Wilson, John, Joonmo Son, David H. Smith, and Jurgen Grotz. "Longer-Term Volunteering Impacts on Volunteers and Association Members/Participants." In The Palgrave Handbook of Volunteering, Civic Participation, and Nonprofit Associations, 1284–311. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-26317-9_52.
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Tran, Thierry, Adebayo Abass, Luis Alejandro Taborda Andrade, Arnaud Chapuis, Marcelo Precoppe, Laurent Adinsi, Alexandre Bouniol, et al. "Cost-Effective Cassava Processing: Case Study of Small-Scale Flash-Dryer Reengineering." In Root, Tuber and Banana Food System Innovations, 105–43. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-92022-7_4.
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AbstractThe development and scaling out of flash-dryer innovations for more efficient, small-scale production of high-quality cassava flour (HQCF) and starch is described. The diagnoses of cassava-processing SMEs (small and medium enterprises) revealed their energy expenditures for drying were considerably higher than those of large-scale industrial companies, which was mostly due to suboptimal design of flash-drying systems. As a result, small-scale production of cassava starch and HQCF often incurs high production costs, incompatible with market prices of final products. Taking stock of this situation, RTB scientists have developed several innovations to optimize energy efficiency and costs, including a longer drying pipe, reengineered heat exchanger, larger blower for higher air velocity, and a higher product/air ratio. This was based on numerical modelling to determine the key design features of energy-efficient flash dryers, followed by construction and demonstration of a pilot-scale prototype. As a result, improved small-scale flash dryers are now being scaled out to the private sector in various countries, using the Scaling Readiness framework and achieving 10–15% gains in productivity and incomes. A method for diagnosis of process efficiency is also described, to identify technical bottlenecks and to document and measure the outcomes and impacts during the implementation of scaling-out projects.
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Feijo, Isabelle, Steve Hoare, and Karen Sarmiento. "Admission and Discharge Planning." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents, 31–38. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_4.
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AbstractIt is essential that staff of an adolescent inpatient psychiatry unit have the capacity and authority to ensure parents and treating community clinicians support the admission, families participate in the treatment, and community clinicians participate in discharge planning and assertive follow up since these are features known to improve clinical outcomes. The chapter outlines, through the use of a hypothetical case example, the processes involved in admission to and discharge from the Walker Unit.
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Novak, Elizabeth M., Bernd O. Keller, and Sheila M. Innis. "Dietary Lipid Quality and Long-Term Outcome." In Early Nutrition: Impact on Short- and Long-Term Health, 17–32. Basel: KARGER, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000325652.
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Jones, Kelly. "Speech and Language Therapy." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents, 127–36. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_14.
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AbstractThere is a multi-directional relationship between communication difficulties and mental health. A young person with a language disorder may fall behind at school, have difficulty maintaining appropriate peer relationships and have trouble expressing their internal experience. This can result in adverse mental health outcomes. Conversely, a mental health condition which leads to a young person not attending school and withdrawing from family and friends alters the environmental input they receive in terms of speech, language and social communication; they may therefore fall behind in these areas. It is also important to recognise that communication impairments are inherent in a number of mental health conditions—for example, marked changes to speech rate and language content in psychoses.
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Hanh, Jacky, Philip Hazell, and Isabelle Feijo. "The Pharmacist and Pharmacotherapy." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents, 153–60. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_17.
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AbstractClinical pharmacy services aim to optimise health outcomes and improve patient safety throughout all steps of the medicines management pathway, by ensuring the quality use of medicines and minimising medication-related problems. The role of the pharmacist includes gathering and documenting medication histories, performing medication reconciliation and undertaking clinical medication reviews. These services support collaborative approaches between patients, carers and the multidisciplinary team to develop patient-centred medication management plans. The practice of pharmacotherapy at the Walker Unit shares features in common with prescribing in acute child and adolescent mental health inpatient units, but there are some differences. This chapter will in particular seek to highlight the characteristics of pharmacotherapy that are distinct to longer stay intensive psychiatric care.
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Sarmiento, Karen, and Isabelle Feijo. "Family Therapy." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents, 69–75. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_8.
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AbstractThe hospitalisation of a young person, particularly over an extended period of time, inevitably impacts on the entire family. Prior to admission to the Walker Unit, the young person and their family will have typically engaged with several other inpatient services and will have been exposed to a range of psychological and pharmacological treatments, with mixed results. However when discharged into the same unchanged family milieu, a deterioration can occur resulting in rehospitalisation and the need for further intensive care. By the time families arrive at a Walker admission, they are probably suffering treatment fatigue due to the impact of long hospitalisation and the impact of chronic mental illness. This needs to be overcome.
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Ho, Stephen, Isabelle Feijo, and Philip Hazell. "Postscript: Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic." In Longer-Term Psychiatric Inpatient Care for Adolescents, 179–86. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1950-3_20.
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AbstractThe risk posed to health facilities by COVID-19 is well recognised. From the first wave of infections in 2020, protective measures have been in place. In accordance with health district policy, staff and visitors were screened before entry to the Walker Unit. Along with the rest of the world, Walker staff became familiar with conducting meetings through online platforms such as Zoom. Compliance with ever changing infection control directives was a challenge, indeed a threat to the viability of the programme. There have been direct impacts on the operation of the Walker Unit, with travel and visiting severely restricted. The chapter will outline the adaptations made to the Walker programme through the pandemic.
Conference papers on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Jacob, Zoe, and Ben Reynolds. "100 Systematic Review: What is the impact of acute kidney injury in the neonatal period on longer term renal outcomes?" In Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, Abstracts of the RCPCH Conference, Liverpool, 28–30 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2022-rcpch.145.
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Farrelly, Kyra, Jasmine Turna, Emma Marsden, Molly Scarfe, Peter Najdzionek, Jeffrey Wardell, and James MacKillop. "The Good, The Bad, and The Uncertain: A Systematic Review of the Impacts of Recreational Cannabis Legalization." In 2022 Annual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.02.000.45.
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Background: Recreational cannabis legalization has become more prevalent over the past decade, with recreational cannabis now legal in 13 U.S. states and nationally in Uruguay, Canada, and Malta. At the same time, there is evidence for increasing rates of cannabis use and consequences from use (i.e., crime and motor vehicle accidents) among some age groups, particularly in North America. Thus, it is crucial to understand the role of recreational legalization on person-level outcomes, such as cannabis consumption and health-outcomes. Previous reviews have focused on outcomes in the U.S., but there remains a need for a broader international evaluation of the effect of legalization. Additionally, there is a dearth of reviews examining recreational cannabis legalization as past literature has focused more attention on medical cannabis legalization. The current review examined the role of recreational cannabis legalization on a variety of person-centered outcomes to understand if the consequences of legalization. Method: A comprehensive systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Inclusion criteria involved: empirical quantitative research, article available in English, a research design evaluating the impact of recreational cannabis legalization (e.g., pre vs. post), and person-level cannabis use, and/or clinical outcomes included as dependent variables (opposed to outcomes such as changes in the price or potency of cannabis). Two individuals independently coded studies for eligibility and extracted information. The search revealed 69 studies that met criteria for inclusion. Results: Our search revealed five main categories of outcomes associated with recreational cannabis legalization: cannabis and substance use behaviors, health-care impacts, attitudes surrounding cannabis, crime-related outcomes, and driving-related outcomes. The studies were predominantly cross-sectional designs and most took place within the U.S. The extant literature revealed inconsistencies surrounding the role of recreational legalization. In the case of cannabis use behaviours, there was mixed evidence for different subpopulations. For example, legalization was associated with increased cannabis use for college samples, but there were inconsistent findings for adolescents. Additionally, some studies pointed towards negative consequences associated with legalization, such as increased cannabis use in clinical populations and increased cannabis-related healthcare visits. Other studies suggested no impact of legalization through either no change in examined outcomes or heterogenous conclusions (e.g., cannabis-related attitudes). Finally, there was also evidence of positive consequences for recreational legalization, such as decreased drug-related arrests and cigarette use. Conclusions: Overall, the balance of research suggests there is no clear support for any large magnitude person-level impact of recreational cannabis legalization. This review indicates that more conclusive evidence regarding the impact of recreational legalization is still required and reveals a need for more longitudinal study designs with longer-term follow-ups as well as studies from a broader range of geographic jurisdictions. As recreational cannabis legalization becomes implemented globally, a systematic evaluation of the outcomes associated with enactment is of increasing relevance.
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Burgher, Tanisha, Alexander James, and Aaron Wong. "177 A clinical service evaluation investigating how lipid, glycaemic and blood pressure control impacts the long-term cardiovascular outcomes of patients at risk of recurrent acute coronary syndrome." In British Cardiovascular Society Annual Conference, ‘100 years of Cardiology’, 6–8 June 2022. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Cardiovascular Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/heartjnl-2022-bcs.176.
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Tsarenko, Alexander Vitalyevich, Valentin Nikolaevich Tarsky, and Lisa Jane Robson. "Implementation and Intermediate Monitoring Outcomes of the First Commingled Up-Dip SMART Water Injection Well in PA-B Platform Piltun-Astokhskoye Offshore Oil and Gas Field." In SPE Russian Petroleum Technology Conference. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/206503-ms.
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Abstract The objective of this article is to share an evaluation of the background, drilling outcomes and production and reservoir pressure impacts from two years of monitoring the first commingled up-dip SMART water injector drilled in the Piltun area of the Piltun-Astokhskoye offshore oil and gas field, located in Sakhalin, far east of Russia. The unique aspect of this water injector is that it was drilled into the up-dip gas caps of two separate reservoirs to provide pressure support to commingled oil producers, complementing the down-dip water injectors already in place. This article highlights some details of the well maturation decisions and expectations based on output of the dynamic modelling studies. Drilling outcomes and well performance is compared to expectations. Initial results of the surveillance programme and field data analysis based on a two-year monitoring period are discussed to show intermediate outcomes of up-dip water injection in the Piltun area. Finally, remaining questions and uncertainties are shared. Piltun-Astokhskoye is a complex multi-reservoir offshore oil and gas field with sizeable gas caps, significant heterogeneity both between and within reservoirs and a complex production history involving commingled oil producers and water injectors. Limited data is available to assess the impact of development decisions. Integrated analysis using multiple data sources and back-to-basics geology and reservoir engineering is required to understand how the reservoirs are responding to up-dip water injection, in order to predict future performance and make informed decisions to optimise the Piltun development over the long term. Surveillance data shows that up-dip water injection is effective in increasing reservoir pressure and oil recovery in one of the reservoirs, whilst having little impact on the other. Analysis shows that variable impact is due to the influence of gas cap size on up-dip water injection efficiency and the risk of trapped gas volumes due to water injection into the gas cap. The importance of integration between different sources of surveillance data and analytical tools to complete a comprehensive and reliable analysis is shown.
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Pan, Yuewei, Jianhua Qin, Jing Zhang, Jianlin Shang, and Wei Ma. "Production Data Analysis of Shale Oil Reservoir Using the Dynamic Drainage Pore Volume Concept: Lessons-Learned from Well-To-Well Fracture Driven Interaction in Lucaogou Shale Formation." In SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210148-ms.
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Abstract Many pilot researches consider production gains or losses in parent/child wells in short-term thereby determining the optimal completion parameters (eg. well spacing, stage spacing). Long-term recovery varies from negative-to-positive during the post-frac-hit evaluation based on the magnitude of the pressure sink and the distance of parent/child wells. However, quantitatively analyzing frac-hits impact remains unsolved. This paper presents a novel workflow combining RTA diagnostic plots and the prediction of dynamic drainage pore volume (DDPV) to analyze the frequent well/well fracture-driven interaction (FDI) (commonly referred to as frac-hits) in the Lucaogou shale formation, Junggar Basin. According to the published knowledge, different strategies have been employed in Lucaogou formation to minimize the negative effect and to avoid the parent/child wells (e.g cube-development). Thus, optimizing stage, cluster and well spacing in well-pad zipper-frac development is in necessity. This paper first reviews the frac-hit mechanisms in both parent/child wells and well-pad zipper-frac development. We then characterize, quantify and rank the historical frac-hit events in Lucaogou formation based on the documented data. With the prediction of DDPV using numerical integration/differentiation assisted by diagnostic plots and specialized plots in RTA (eg. flowing material balance plot, square-root-of-time diagnostic plot), the pressure sink front can be acquired. The accuracy of DDPV forecast is validated using a synthetic case study. We further apply it to three field case studies to demonstrate the versatility and applicability of the proposed workflow. The successful applications suggest that the proposed workflow is an alternative to making field-development decisions, minimizing the negative impacts of frac-hits and thus freeing the cashflows. The outcomes are mainly but not limited to: 1) the common early departures from linear flow regime are in good alignment with the DDPV forecasts in both parent/child and well-pad development scenarios; 2) A competition of the per-well DDPV might be triggered during frac-hits in parent/child well and 3) long-term recovery in well-pad development with a tighter well-spacing might be boosted with a smaller per-well DDPV and DOI.
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Pollock, Steven J., Stephanie V. Chasteen, Mel Sabella, Charles Henderson, and Chandralekha Singh. "Longer term impacts of transformed courses on student conceptual understanding of E&M." In 2009 PHYSICS EDUCATION RESEARCH CONFERENCE. AIP, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.3266724.
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Marziali, Megan, Seth Prins, and Silvia Martins. "Partner Incarceration and Maternal Substance Use: Investigating the Mediating Effects of Social Support and Neighborhood Cohesion." In 2021 Virtual Scientific Meeting of the Research Society on Marijuana. Research Society on Marijuana, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.26828/cannabis.2022.01.000.41.
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Introduction: The United States is responsible for the highest rate of incarceration globally. The impacts of incarceration extend beyond those incarcerated and can result in adverse outcomes for chosen romantic or life partners and the family unit. This study aimed to explore the impact of partner incarceration on maternal substance use and whether the relationship between partner incarceration and maternal substance use is mediated by financial support, emergency social support, or neighborhood cohesion. Methods: Using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a longitudinal cohort following new parents and children, this analysis quantifies the relationship between paternal incarceration and maternal substance use (N=2246). Responses from mothers at years 3 (2001-2003), 5 (2003-2006), 9 (2007-2010), and 15 (2014-2017) were assessed, restricted to mothers who responded across waves. The exposure, partner incarceration, was operationalized as mothers reporting their current partner or child’s father to be ever incarcerated at year 3. The outcome, substance use in the past year (yes vs. no), was assessed at each time point. Respondents were asked whether they used marijuana, sedatives, tranquilizers, amphetamines, prescription painkillers, inhalants, cocaine, hallucinogens, or heroin. Three mediators were investigated at years 5 and 9: neighborhood cohesion, financial support, and emergency social support. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was employed to construct support-related mediators. Counting on someone to loan $200, providing a temporary place to stay, and providing emergency childcare were hypothesized to load onto one factor (emergency social support) and counting on someone to loan $1000, co-sign a bank loan for $1000 and co-sign a bank loan for $5000 were hypothesized to load onto a separate factor (financial support). Items were weighted by factor loadings and responses were summed to create a scale for financial support and emergency social support, with a higher score denoting greater degree of support. Impact of partner incarceration and maternal substance use was modeled using multilevel modeling to account for repeated measures, adjusting for appropriate confounders (age of mother at child’s birth, race, education, employment, and history of intimate partner violence). Results: Nearly half (42.7%, N=958) of participants reported partner incarceration. Among mothers who described partner incarceration, the odds of reporting substance use are 96% (adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR]: 1.96; 95% Confidence Interval (CI):1.56-2.46) greater in comparison to those who reported no partner incarceration. Financial support at year 5 mediated 17% of the relationship between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 9 (p-value = 0.006); financial support at year 9 was not a significant mediator of the relationship between partner incarceration at year 3 and substance use at year 15. Neither emergency social support nor neighborhood cohesion were significant mediators at either year 5 or year 9. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that partner incarceration impacts maternal substance use. Financial support acts as a partial mediator in the short term, which has important implications for families disrupted by mass incarceration.
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Tang, Xiangyun, Gaofei Li, and Xiaochun Xie. "The Emotional and Behavioral Impact of Parental Phubbing." In 8th International Conference on Human Interaction and Emerging Technologies. AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002758.
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The term “phubbing” is a portmanteau word of “phone” and “snubbing” used to describe the phenomenon, in which an individual focuses on their smartphone during face-to-face communication instead of paying attention to others (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2016; Karadag et al., 2016). The term “phubber” refers to the person who snubs their conversational partner, while the term “phubbee” describes the person who is phubbed during social interaction. A growing body of research investigated the role of parental phone distraction on their child’s development and parent-child interactions. The term “parental phubbing” is defined as a parent’s undesired mobile phone usage during a parent-child interaction (Xie et al, 2019). Converging evidence demonstrates that parental phubbing hampers the quality of parent-child relational interaction (Xie & Xie, 2020) and adversely associates with children’s mental health (Chotpitayasunondh & Douglas, 2016; Xie et al., 2020) and behavior (Fu et al., 2020; McDaniel& Radesky, 2018; Xie & Xie, 2020). Although these previous studies verified the adverse effects of parental phubbing on a child’s emotional and behavioral outcomes, some limitations exist in these studies. For example, the definition of parental phubbing is problematic, certain geographical areas are overrepresented (e.g., Chinese adolescents), and there are a general lack of causal conclusions, etc. These limitations require further clarification: Whether those effects are strong enough to evoke changes in their child? How much of the adolescent negative behavioral and emotional outcome can be ascribed to parental phubbing? How consistent are the effects across studies and different populations? In which conditions do these observed effects change? To address these questions, this paper will: 1) provide a narrative review of the extant research on parental phubbing, including a look into adolescent child’s associated behavioral and emotional outcomes; 2) examine how parental phubbing is measured and critique the approaches of previous researchers;3) assess the major findings and note areas where findings conflict and gaps remain, thereby allowing us to provide future researchers with directions where additional attention is needed; The central purpose in this paper is to critically review how strong these empirically verified findings are. My paper will consist three sections. Section (1) will provide brief introduction of parental phubbing and the scope of this review. Section (2) will critically review parental phubbing and child’s outcome, including current definition, parental phubbing instruments, applied research method and theory. I will suggest important questions or issues for investigators to consider.
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Rodwell, Ed, and Albert Machiels. "A Perspective on the U.S. Nuclear Fuel Cycle." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89773.
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There has been a resurgence of interest in the possibility of processing the US spent nuclear fuel, instead of burying it in a geologic repository. Accordingly, key topical findings from three relevant EPRI evaluations made in the 1990–1995 timeframe are recapped and updated to accommodate a few developments over the subsequent ten years. Views recently expressed by other US entities are discussed. Processing aspects thereby addressed include effects on waste disposal and on geologic repository capacity, impacts on the economics of the nuclear fuel cycle and of the overall nuclear power scenario, alternative dispositions of the plutonium separated by the processing, impacts on the structure of the perceived weapons proliferation risk, and challenges for the immediate future and for the current half-century. Currently, there is a statutory limit of 70,000 metric tons on the amount of nuclear waste materials that can be accepted at Yucca Mountain. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for the project analyzed emplacement of up to 120,000 metric tons of nuclear waste products in the repository. Additional scientific analyses suggest significantly higher capacity could be achieved with changes in the repository configuration that use only geology that has already been characterized and do not deviate from existing design parameters. Conservatively assuming the repository capacity postulated in the EIS, the need date for a second repository is essentially deferrable until that determined by a potential new nuclear plant deployment program. A further increase in technical capacity of the first repository (and further and extensive delay to the need date for a second repository) is potentially achievable by processing the spent fuel to remove the plutonium (and at least the americium too), provided the plutonium and the americium are then comprehensively burnt. The burning of some of the isotopes involved would need fast reactors (discounting for now a small possibility that one of several recently postulated alternatives will prove superior overall). However, adoption of processing would carry a substantial cost burden and reliability of the few demonstration fast reactors built to-date has been poor. Trends and developments could remove these obstacles to the processing scenario, possibly before major decisions on a second repository become necessary, which need not be until mid-century at the earliest. Pending the outcomes of these long-term trends and developments, economics and reliability encourage us to stay with non-processing for the near term at least. Besides completing the Yucca Mountain program, the two biggest and inter-related fuel-cycle needs today are for a nationwide consensus on which processing technology offers the optimum mix of economic competitiveness and proliferation resistance and for a sustained effort to negotiate greater international cooperation and safeguards. Equally likely to control the readiness schedule is development/demonstration of an acceptable, reliable and affordable fast reactor.
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Rosa, Victor Domingos Lisita, Diego Vinícius Gonçalves Santana, Amanda Laíza dos Reis Mota, Lanuscia Morais de Santana, Fernando Santos de Azeredo, Rosemar Macedo Sousa Rahal, Maria Cecilia Monteiro Dela Vega, and Ruffo de Freitas-Junior. "RISK FACTORS FOR PERIPHERAL NEUROPATHY INDUCED BY CHEMOTHERAPY IN WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER AND THEIR CORRELATION WITH QUALITY OF LIFE: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW." In Abstracts from the Brazilian Breast Cancer Symposium - BBCS 2021. Mastology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29289/259453942021v31s2031.
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Objective: Chemotherapeutic-induced peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common side effects of breast cancer treatment. Such a condition impacts on quality of life and has repercussions in treatment. The aim of this study was to correlate, by literature review, the risk factors and impact of peripheral neuropathy in women with breast cancer treated with taxanes. Methodology: This is a systematic review to assess the risk factors associated with peripheral neuropathy related to taxane. The literature review consisted of searching the MEDLINE database. The terms used were “neuropathy” or “chemotherapy” or “breast cancer” or “taxane,” using filters in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Only randomized controlled clinical trials were included in the selection, with full text available in the database, in English, published in the last 5 years, with women above 19 years old with breast cancer. Results: Six trials were included in this literature review. In total, 3,026 patients were evaluated and the main outcomes were to assess the main risk factors related to the shortand long-term effects of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Bandos et al. showed 41.9% of peripheral neuropathy within 2 years after starting treatment. Quintela et al. showed that patients with telomeric shortening had more toxicity related to paclitaxel. Hagoiwara et al. showed that peripheral neuropathy influenced lower scores on the quality of life scale. Ciruelos et al. showed greater delay and dose reduction in patients with neuropathy. Lam et al. showed a rate of neuropathy grade ≥1 in 67% of women. Conclusions: The results include presenting symptoms of peripheral neuropathy before the start of chemotherapy, the cumulative dose of the taxane agent, female gender, advanced age, body surface area, and hyperglycemia predispose to taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy. The heterogeneity between individuals with regard to susceptibility to taxane-induced peripheral neuropathy can be attributed to individual genetic differences.
Reports on the topic "Longer-term impacts and outcomes"
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Chetty, Raj, John Friedman, and Jonah Rockoff. The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers: Teacher Value-Added and Student Outcomes in Adulthood. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, December 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w17699.
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Beuermann, Diether, Julian Cristia, Yyannu Cruz-Aguayo, Santiago Cueto, and Ofer Malamud. Home Computers and Child Outcomes: Short-Term Impacts from a Randomized Experiment in Peru. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w18818.
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Dobbie, Will, and Roland Fryer. The Medium-Term Impacts of High-Achieving Charter Schools on Non-Test Score Outcomes. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w19581.
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Carneiro, Pedro, Sofía Castro Vargas, Yyannú Cruz-Aguayo, Gregory Elacqua, Nicolás Fuertes, and Norbert Schady. Medium-Term Impacts of Access to Daycare on School Outcomes: Experimental Evidence from Rio de Janeiro. Inter-American Development Bank, April 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003236.
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In this document we analyze the impacts of a large-scale intervention that provided access to daycare centers for children in low-income neighborhoods in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Our results suggest that the intervention had a positive impact on enrollment rates and on the number of years children were enrolled to daycare during early childhood. We also find that winning the lottery had a positive effect on how regularly children attended primary school during the academic year. Because of the high attrition rates in the sample, we are unable to conclude whether the lottery had a positive impact on medium-term academic outcomes like standardized tests scores and overall grades.
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Rodriguez-Segura, Daniel, and Isaac Mbiti. Back to the Basics: Curriculum Reform and Student Learning in Tanzania. Research on Improving Systems of Education (RISE), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-rise-wp_2022/099.
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In 2015, the Tanzanian government implemented a curriculum reform that focused instruction in Grades 1 and 2 on the “3Rs”—reading, writing, and arithmetic. Consequently, almost 80 percent of the instructional time in these grades was mandated towards foundational literacy in Kiswahili and numeracy skills. Other subjects such as English were no longer taught. Using student-level panel data, we evaluate the effect of this policy on learning outcomes using a difference-in-differences approach which leverages the variation in the timing of implementation across grade levels and cohorts impacted by the policy. We find that the policy increased learning by around 0.20 standard deviations in Kiswahili and math test scores one year after the start of the reform. Timely teacher training on the new curriculum was associated with even larger effects. Evaluating longer term outcomes, we find suggestive evidence that the reform decreased the dropout rate of children up to four years later. However, this was also accompanied with lower average passing rates in the national Grade 4 examination due to compositional changes as low-performing students became less likely to dropout.
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Singh, Chandni, Mark Tebboth, Jasmitha Arvind, and Yashodara Udupa. Representing Disasters and Long-term Recovery – Insights from Tamil Nadu. Indian Institute for Human Settlements, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24943/rdlrtn06.2021.
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This study focuses on disaster impacts and recovery in Tamil Nadu, drawing on insights from Chennai city and Nagapattinam district. The research is part of a larger three-year project called “Recovery with Dignity”, which examines the experiences of recovery in post-disaster situations across three states in India – Odisha, Tamil Nadu, and Kerala – and explores how recovery processes represent vulnerable populations. In this report, we focus on three key disasters in Tamil Nadu: the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, the 2015 South India flood, and the 2018 Cyclone Gaja. Through these events, we examine how the ways disasters and their losses are represented shape recovery outcomes. The study uses a range of data, from a review of state policies in Tamil Nadu (2005-2019), an analysis of media articles published in English and Tamil (2004-2019), to interviews with disaster-affected people and secondary stakeholders. The findings indicate that disaster responses and outcomes are highly differentiated based on how disaster-affected people and their needs and losses are represented. To enable inclusive recovery, it is necessary to recognising the heterogenous nature of disaster impacts and acknowledge different ideas of what recovery means.
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Attanasio, Orazio, Lina Cardona-Sosa, Carlos Medina, Costas Meghir, and Christian Posso. Long Term Effects of Cash Transfer Programs in Colombia. Banco de la República, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1170.
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Conditional Cash transfer (CCT) programs have been shown to have positive effects on a variety of outcomes including education, consumption and health visits, amongst others. We estimate the long-run impacts of the urban version of Familias en Acción, the Colombian CCT program on crime, teenage pregnancy, high school dropout and college enrollment using a Regression Discontinuity design on administrative data. ITT estimates show a reduction on arrest rates of 2.7pp for men and a reduction on teenage pregnancy of 2.3pp for women. High school dropout rates were reduced by 5.8pp and college enrollment was increased by 1.7pp for men.
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Hershbein, Brad J., Isabel McMullen, Brian Pittelko, and Bridget F. Timmeney. Beyond degrees: Longer term outcomes of the Kalamazoo Promise. W.E. Upjohn Institute, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17848/wp21-350.
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Lenhardt, Amanda. Development Finance for Socioeconomic Programming in Response to Covid-19. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/cc.2021.009.
Full textAbstract:
The Covid-19 crisis led multilateral and bilateral donors to revise their funding strategies to respond to the crisis and to adapt existing programming to the new context it created. This resulted in changes to overall allocations, with some countries increasing aid commitments and institutions like the World Bank scaling up lending to low- and middle-income countries while others have cut aid budgets due to low economic growth and demands on domestic resources at home. Changes in aid volumes and disbursal mechanisms are anticipated to have significant impacts on low- and middle-income countries’ abilities to cope with the crisis in the short term, and the targeting of these investments are likely to have a lingering effect on recoveries for years to come. Although aid makes up a small proportion of countries’ available finance to tackle the Covid-19 crisis, “other financing options such as foreign direct investment, workers’ remittances, and taxes – have fallen and are slow to recover” (Prizzon, 2021). Aid finance will therefore be critical to many countries’ short-term responses to Covid-19 and capacities to abate longer-term negative impacts on social and economic outcomes as countries begin to recover. This report gives a broad overview of trends in bilateral, multilateral, and private foundations’ funding strategies over the course of the pandemic to highlight observable shifts in practice. The review is based on a rapid search of funding announcements from a selection of bilateral donors, a selection of multilateral institutions, and overall trends reported by foundations. The report also includes evidence reported by secondary literature on finance for development over the course of the Covid-19 crisis.
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Al-Kaddo, Hajar, Alison Halford, Jonathan Nixon, and Elena Gaura. The HEED project: Summary of multi-level cross sectional impact. Coventry University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18552/heed/2021/0004.
Full textAbstract:
Globally, there are 82.4 million displaced people and 26.4 million refugees[i]. An estimated 7 million displaced people in camps have access to electricity for less than four hours a day[ii], making them among the most likely groups left behind in the global drive for improved energy access. In settings that are both precarious economically and politically, humanitarian actors need access to design protocols and pathways for energy products and services that deliver inclusive, affordable, and sustainable energy systems that benefit camp-based populations now and in the future. This briefing paper overviews three impacts that emerged from the project outcomes that can aid short and long-term improved access to energy and sustainability of energy systems for refugees and internally displaced people (IDPs).