Academic literature on the topic 'Longer prison sentences'
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Journal articles on the topic "Longer prison sentences"
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Freiburger, Tina L., Kareem L. Jordan, and Carly M. Hilinski-Rosick. "A Multivariate Analysis of Incarceration and Sentence Length Decisions for Older Defendants." Criminal Justice Policy Review 30, no. 7 (April 10, 2018): 1064–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403418765911.
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This study examines sentencing decisions for older defendants, and how legal and extralegal variables differently affect older defendants. Using data from the Pennsylvania Commission on Sentencing, the results indicate that defendants above the age of 50 are less likely to be sentenced to prison and jail and are more likely to be sentenced to a community sanction. For sentence length, however, those aged 50 and above receive significant longer jail sentences than those aged 18 to 29 and longer prison sentences than both those aged 30 to 49 and 18 to 29. The results also indicate that offense severity and prior record have a more negative effect on older defendants during the incarceration decision. During the sentence length decision, however, the opposite is found for the effect of offense severity. These findings are discussed and are used to make suggestions for future research and policy implications.
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Stemen, Don, and Andres F. Rengifo. "Reconciling the Multiple Objectives of Prison Diversion Programs for Drug Offenders: Evidence From Kansas’ Senate Bill 123." Evaluation Review 35, no. 6 (December 2011): 642–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193841x12439194.
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Background: In recent years, several states have created mandatory prison-diversion programs for felony drug possessors. These programs have both individual-level goals of reducing recidivism rates and system-level goals of reducing prison populations. Objective: This study examines the individual level and system level impact of Kansas’ Senate Bill 123 (SB 123), which created mandatory probation/treatment sentences for felony drug possessors. Research Design: A nonrandomized quasi-experimental design was used to evaluate the recidivism rates of drug possessors sentenced to SB 123 relative to drug possessors sentenced to standard probation, intensive probation, or prison. Propensity score matching techniques were used to identify comparison groups. Changes in probabilities of prison sentences preimplementation and postimplementation were used to assess changes in prison admissions and prison populations. Subjects: The treatment group included all eligible drug possessors sentenced to SB 123 between November 1, 2003, and October 31, 2006. The comparison groups included all eligible drug possessors sentenced to standard probation, intensive probation, or prison during the same time period. Measures: Arrests, violations, revocation resulting in a prison sentence, and reconviction resulting in a prison sentence within 24 months of risk in the community served as the key individual-level outcome measures. Prison admissions and bed days served as the key system-level outcome measures. Results: At the individual level, SB 123 increased likelihood of recidivism compared to standard probation and had no significant effect compared to intensive probation or prison. At the system level, SB 123 diverted offenders from prison at sentencing but only marginally reduced prison admissions or saved bed days. Conclusions: Conflicting impacts are a consequence of program design—eligibility requirements diverting probation-bound offenders, mandatory sentencing requiring the same diversion sentence for all offenders, and diversion sentences longer than those imposed preimplementation. Results cast doubt on the effectiveness of mandatory diversion programs to achieve both individual-level and system-level impacts.
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Keinänen, A., M. Kilpeläinen, J. Pajuoja, and S. Tyni. "Prison Leave in Finland: Legal and Empirical Fundamentals of an Established Practice." European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 26, no. 2 (December 26, 2019): 177–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10610-019-09434-2.
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AbstractPrison leave was introduced into the Finnish legal system in 1971, with the aim to reduce negative effects of institutionalization and disadvantages caused by the length of the prison sentence. After the total reform of prison legislation in 2006, the role of the prison leave has become even more central; the number of prisoners has decreased, but the amount of prison leave has increased. Historically, the length of the sentence has been the most common ground for prison leave. A prisoner can be granted a prison leave when two thirds of the prison term has been served, for example, after 2 years if the length of the total sentence served in prison is 3 years. However, during the past 10 years, prison leave based on an important reason has grown into the most common type of prison leave. This indicates a structural change from the rigid legal rules to a more flexible practice. In 2018, there were about 17,000 prison leave applications, and over 13,000 of those were granted, i.e. 79%. The conditions were breached 466 times, which is 3.5% of all prison leaves. The most common breaches of prison leave conditions were returning from a prison leave after the set time limit or under the influence of alcohol or drugs. The majority of prison leave applications are decided in the prisons. On the other hand, for example, the decision on the prison leave of a life-sentenced prisoner is made by the Criminal Sanctions Agency. There have been significant differences in the probability of granting prison leave, which are emphasized especially in the practices of closed prisons. Among those prisoners who serve longer than 1 year in prison, the application rate of prison leave rises over 90%. For the sentences under 3 months, it is less than 20%.
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Fritsch, Eric J., Tory J. Caeti, and Craig Hemmens. "Spare the Needle but Not the Punishment: The Incarceration of Waived Youth in Texas Prisons." Crime & Delinquency 42, no. 4 (October 1996): 593–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128796042004006.
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The primary purpose of judicial waiver is to impose more severe sanctions on offenders than are available in juvenile court. This article explores two dimensions of sanction severity, sentence length and actual time served, to determine if juveniles waived to adult court do receive more severe sanctions. Data were collected on all youth waived to adult court from 1981-1993 and sentenced to prison (n = 946). Juveniles in this population consistently received longer sentences than are available in juvenile court. When actual time served was taken into consideration, however, these youth rarely served more lengthy sentences than are available in juvenile court, serving an average of only 27% of their original sentence.
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McKelvie, Stuart J. "Effects of Sex of Judge and Sex of Victim on Recommended Punishment of a Male Murderer in a Mock Scenario." Psychological Reports 91, no. 2 (October 2002): 533–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.2.533.
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Two samples of undergraduates (36 women, 7 men; 44 women, 45 men) read a mock transcript in which a murderer's victim was a man or a woman, after which they made prison sentence and death penalty judgments. Female judges gave longer sentences for the female victim than for the male victim, whereas male judges gave longer sentences for the male victim than for the female victim. This same-sex bias suggests that extralegal factors can affect judgments about sentencing.
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HUANG, W. S. WILSON, MARY A. FINN, R. BARRY RUBACK, and ROBERT R. FRIEDMANN. "Individual and Contextual Influences on Sentence Lengths: Examining Political Conservatism." Prison Journal 76, no. 4 (December 1996): 398–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032855596076004003.
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This study examined the impact of legal, extralegal, and contextual variables on prison sentence lengths for violent felons sentenced in Georgia from 1981 to 1989. Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted for all violent crimes and separately for four types of violent crime: murder and manslaughter, rape, aggravated assault, and robbery. Results indicated that the legally relevant factors—seriousness of the crime and number of convictions—had the strongest influence on sentence lengths. Across most violent crimes, male, older, and better-educated offenders received longer sentences than those without such characteristics. Political conservatism had a positive effect on sentence lengths for overall violent crime, robbery, and aggravated assault. Interaction effects for political conservatism and the number of convictions were significant, indicating that sentence length increased disproportionately as a court's conservatism and the felon's number of convictions increased. Findings suggest that political conservatism is an important contextual feature affecting prison sentence length.
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Lehmann, Peter S., Ted Chiricos, and William D. Bales. "Sentencing Transferred Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Court." Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice 15, no. 2 (November 11, 2016): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1541204016678048.
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Much prior research has demonstrated that race and ethnicity are associated with harsher punishment outcomes among adult defendants in the criminal court. However, few studies have explored these disparities in the sentencing of juvenile offenders who have been transferred to the adult court, and this research has reported conflicting findings. Moreover, the ways in which offenders’ race and ethnicity may interact with their sex, age, and offense type have yet to be explored among this population. Analysis of defendants sentenced in Florida ( N = 30,913) reveals that Black transferred juveniles are more likely to be sentenced to jail or prison and are given longer prison sentences than Whites, but Hispanic youth are only penalized in the sentence to jail. Interaction analyses suggest that Black males are sentenced particularly harshly regardless of age, and the effects of race and ethnicity are conditioned by a violent, sex, or drug offense.
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Tait, David. "The Invisible Sanction: Suspended Sentences in Victoria 1985–1991." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 28, no. 2 (June 1995): 143–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589502800202.
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Do suspended prison sentences keep down the prison population? This objective lay behind the introduction of this measure to Victoria in 1985. British literature on suspended sentences suggests that this objective is unrealistic, and that precisely the opposite happened in Britain: a (lagged) blow-out in the prison population when suspended sentences became activated. The initial and longer-term impact of suspended sentences is tested with available data from magistrates courts, higher courts and prison censuses. The evidence from these sources confirms that a decline in the use of immediate imprisonment coincided with a growth in the use of suspended sentences. Some of this decline was temporary, as orders were breached and prison sentences activated. However, the net effect was a drop in the use of imprisonment. The avoidance of a lagged increase in the prison population was achieved by a combination of factors: short operational periods, a low breach rate, and extensive use of discretion in re-sentencing. Despite the apparent success of this sanction, it is largely invisible from the public debate and its place in the range of sentencing options is largely unacknowledged.
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Merianos, Dorothy E., James W. Marquart, Kelly Damphousse, and Jaimie L. Hebert. "From the Outside In: Using Public Health Data to Make Inferences about Older Inmates." Crime & Delinquency 43, no. 3 (July 1997): 298–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128797043003004.
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The recent confinement binge has led to the “graying” of American prisons. Longer sentences equate to more offenders growing old behind bars. This article explores the health conditions among noninstitutionalized elders to make inferences about those in prison. Analysis of National Health Interview Survey data found that persons who resembled the incarcerated population reported poorer health, had higher numbers of activity limitations, had increased bed days and doctor visits, and reported faster declines in health conditions than their mostly Anglo counterparts. The authors discuss the implications of these findings for prison managers.
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Dunwoody, Philip T., and Michael L. Frank. "Effects of Ethnicity on Prison Sentencing." Psychological Reports 74, no. 1 (February 1994): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1994.74.1.200.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Longer prison sentences"
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Edberg, Julia, and Matilda Ström. "Är längre fängelsestraff den rätta vägen att gå? : En kvalitativ studie om kriminalvårdsanställdas syn på fängelsestraff." Thesis, Högskolan i Gävle, Avdelningen för socialt arbete och kriminologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-36581.
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Utgångspunkten i studien är att den kriminalpolitiska debatten präglades av samhällsmedborgarna och att få hade pratat med de som jobbade med verkställande av straff. Syftet blev att undersöka hur kriminalvårdsanställda såg på längre fängelsestraff samt om deras inställning skiljde sig från allmänhetens. Vidare var syftet att undersöka vilka följder kriminalvårdare ansåg att längre fängelsestraff kunde få och om kriminalvårdares syn på straff hade förändrats i och med arbetet inom kriminalvården. Det empiriska materialet inhämtades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem anställda inom kriminalvården. Materialet analyserades sedan genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet visade att allmänhetens och kriminalvårdarnas syn skiljdes åt bland annat genom inhämtning av kunskap om brott och inställningen till längre fängelsestraff. Slutsatsen blev att kriminalvården ansåg att längre fängelsestraff inte var den rätta vägen att gå, längden på straffet var inte det mest väsentliga, det var innehållet i straffet som var av högsta vikt.We considered that those who were part of the criminal policy debate were characterized by citizens and no one had talked to those who are most central to it, thus those who work with these clients every day. Therefore, the purpose was to investigate how prison officers view punishment and whether their attitude differed from the public view. Furthermore, the purpose was to investigate what consequences prison officers consider that longer prison sentences could have and whether prison officers' views on punishment had changed with the work in the prison service. The empirical material was obtained through semi-structured interviews with five employees in the prison service. The material was then analyzed by qualitative content analysis. The results showed that the views of the public and the prison services were differentiated, among other things by acquiring knowledge about crime and the attitude to longer prison sentences. The conclusion was that the prison service considered that longer prison sentences were not the right way to go, the length of the sentence was not the most important, it was the content of the sentence that was the most important.
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Dennison, Christopher R. "Sentence Length and Recidivism: Are Longer Incarcerations the Solution to High Rates of Reoffending?" University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1365115597.
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Beaudoin, Étienne. "Quelles sont les difficultés vécues par les détenus âgés et institutionnalisés lors de leur libération et comment s’y adaptent-ils?" Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20579.
Full textBooks on the topic "Longer prison sentences"
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Dvoskin, Joel, and Melody C. Brown. Jails and prisons. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0006.
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There are many similarities between prisons and jails, especially in regard to the constitutional standard for mental health services. However, the differences are important to recognize in assuring that the unique needs of each kind of institution are met. Historically, jails have been used to hold defendants for trial, and to confine prisoners who have been sentenced for misdemeanors, typically for sentences of less than one year. In contrast, prisons are managed by state or federal governments and used for longer-term confinement of convicted felons, who generally serve sentences of one year or longer. Predominant among these differences is the very high degree of turnover in jail populations, resulting in dramatic increases in acuity of mental illness and substance misuse, significantly increased risk of suicide, and the increases in workload due to the much higher percentage of initial assessments. In contrast, prison mental health services are more often faced with the realities of serious and persistent mental illnesses, and the hopelessness that can come after years of incarceration and in the face of very long sentences. While prison mental health clinicians have more time with which to work, they also face significantly greater expectations for treatment that goes beyond crisis response and psychotropic medication. Distinctions between prisons and jails in terms of service delivery and the kinds of treatment challenges that exist in the long-term management of prisoners with serious mental illness are discussed.
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Madzel, Rich. The Abuse of Social Justice: Pleading guilty to avoid a longer prison sentence. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2018.
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Guiney, Thomas C. Squaring the Circle. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198803683.003.0005.
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The chapter examines the steps taken by government to extend a system of early release to short sentence prisoners. The chapter reviews the HM Treasury decision to disinvest from a significant prison-building programme in England and Wales following the 1973 Public Expenditure Survey, an outcome that cast a long shadow over criminal justice policy in the 1970s. It goes on to explore the delicate negotiations that led to the ‘Jenkins initiative’, a reform package that loosened the risk appetite of the Parole Board, before setting out a detailed history of the rise and fall of the ‘partly suspended sentence’, a policy innovation which empowered sentencers to reduce the custodial element of a short prison sentence in certain circumstances. The chapter concludes by examining the change of direction within the Home Office following William Whitelaw’s appointment as Home Secretary in 1979.
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Turner, Susan. The Multiple Faces of Reentry. Edited by John Wooldredge and Paula Smith. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199948154.013.23.
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In recent years, prisoner reentry programs have been developed to promote the successful reintegration of offenders back into communities upon release from prison and jail. Specifically, these programs often involve a comprehensive case management approach to assist offenders in the acquisition of prosocial life skills. A variety of programs are currently used to facilitate the reentry process, including prerelease programs, drug rehabilitation, vocational training, and work programs. In addition, reentry courts have been established in several jurisdictions in an attempt to offer a more focused approach to community reintegration. This essay reviews the challenges associated with postrelease supervision and service delivery, including the potentially deleterious effects of long prison sentences and certain prison environments, as well as the development, implementation, and evaluation of prisoner reentry programs.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Release. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.003.0010.
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This chapter analyses the onward destinations of prisoners sentenced to death who avoided execution. The trend in time served by men convicted after jury trial varied, with those convicted in the 1930s serving longest. For non-jury cases the trajectory was emphatically upwards: 21 months for the single case in the 1930s compared with an average of 287 months for those processed in the 1980s. Men whose sentences were commuted served more than twice as long as women—but the range was narrower. It was common for women to be transferred to the care of a religious congregation, such as the Sisters of Charity, or to Our Lady’s Home for Discharged Female Prisoners, or to a Magdalen asylum. The result was that the duration of coercive confinement extended beyond what was ever envisaged or what any man had to endure. The impact of the Eucharistic Congress of 1932 and the Good Friday Agreement of 1998 on prisoner releases is reviewed.
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Dlugacz, Henry A. Community re-entry preparation/coordination. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0015.
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The transition from short-term incarceration in jail or longer-term prison sentences back to the community presents substantial challenges for those with mental illness. Approximately 97 percent of all inmates return to the community. This simple reality makes it in society’s enlightened self-interest to be concerned with the readiness of these former inmates to live a productive life. The criminal justice and correctional treatment systems affect an inmate’s behavior and opportunities upon release. Successful reentry planning considers multiple interrelated issues (entitlements, housing, treatment needs, and so forth) when building an individualized plan to address them. It begins at admission (or even sentencing) and continues after release. Rather than considering incarceration to be an isolated event, reentry planning views incarceration as part of a cycle to be disrupted through targeted intervention. Correctional mental health treatment is seen as part of a continuum of care extending to the community. Reentry planning for people with serious mental illness should be a primary focus of correctional mental health care integrated into the treatment function, not an afterthought to be considered only as release is imminent. While acceptance of personal responsibility is a critical antecedent to leading a lawful life, and self-determination a fundamental principle of recovery, it is unrealistic for service providers to rely on the individual to coordinate fragmented public systems. This is the job of those funded to provide services. This chapter presents the current understanding of transition support needs and practices to optimize successful community reentry.
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Dlugacz, Henry A. Community re-entry preparation/coordination. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0015_update_001.
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The transition from short-term incarceration in jail or longer-term prison sentences back to the community presents substantial challenges for those with mental illness. Approximately 97 percent of all inmates return to the community. This simple reality makes it in society’s enlightened self-interest to be concerned with the readiness of these former inmates to live a productive life. The criminal justice and correctional treatment systems affect an inmate’s behavior and opportunities upon release. Successful reentry planning considers multiple interrelated issues (entitlements, housing, treatment needs, and so forth) when building an individualized plan to address them. It begins at admission (or even sentencing) and continues after release. Rather than considering incarceration to be an isolated event, reentry planning views incarceration as part of a cycle to be disrupted through targeted intervention. Correctional mental health treatment is seen as part of a continuum of care extending to the community. Reentry planning for people with serious mental illness should be a primary focus of correctional mental health care integrated into the treatment function, not an afterthought to be considered only as release is imminent. While acceptance of personal responsibility is a critical antecedent to leading a lawful life, and self-determination a fundamental principle of recovery, it is unrealistic for service providers to rely on the individual to coordinate fragmented public systems. This is the job of those funded to provide services. This chapter presents the current understanding of transition support needs and practices to optimize successful community reentry.
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O'Donnell, Ian. Justice, Mercy, and Caprice. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798477.001.0001.
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Justice, Mercy, and Caprice is a work of criminal justice history that speaks to the gradual emergence of a more humane Irish state. It is a close examination of what can be learned from the National Archives of Ireland about the decision to grant clemency to men and women sentenced to death between the end of the civil war in 1923 and the abolition of capital punishment in 1990. Frequently, the decision to deflect the law from its course was an attempt to introduce a measure of justice to a system where the mandatory death sentence for murder caused predictable unfairness and undue harshness. In some instances the decision to commute a death penalty sprang from merciful motivations. In others it was capricious, depending on factors that should have had no place in the government’s decision-making calculus. The custodial careers of those whose lives were spared repay scrutiny. Women tended to serve relatively short periods in prison but were often transferred to a religious institution, such as a Magdalen laundry, where their coercive confinement continued, occasionally for life. Men, by contrast, served longer in prison but were discharged directly to the community. Political offenders, such as members of the IRA, were either executed hastily or, when the threat of capital punishment had passed, incarcerated for extravagant periods. The issues addressed are of continuing relevance for countries that retain capital punishment as the ultimate sanction.
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Haverty-Stacke, Donna T. The Fierce Life of Grace Holmes Carlson. NYU Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479802180.001.0001.
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On December 8, 1941, Grace Holmes Carlson, the only female defendant among eighteen Trotskyists convicted under the Smith Act, was sentenced to sixteen months in federal prison for advocating the violent overthrow of the government. After serving a year in Alderson prison, Carlson resumed organizing for the Socialist Workers Party (SWP) and ran for vice president of the United States under its banner in 1948. Then, in 1952, she abruptly left the SWP and returned to the Catholic Church. With the support of the Sisters of St. Joseph, who had educated her as a child, Carlson began a new life as a professor who now advocated for social justice as a Catholic Marxist. The Fierce Life of Grace Holmes Carlson: Catholic, Socialist, Feminist is a historical biography that examines Carlson’s story in the context of her times. Her experiences illuminate the workings of class identity within the context of various influences over the course of a lifespan. Her story contributes to recent historical scholarship exploring the importance of faith in workers’ lives and politics. And it uncovers both the possibilities and limitations for working-class and revolutionary Marxist women in the period between the first- and second-wave feminist movements. The long arc of Carlson’s life (1906–1992) reveals continuities in her political consciousness that transcended the shifts in her partisan commitments, most notably her lifelong dedication to challenging the root causes of social inequality. In that struggle Carlson proved herself to be a truly fierce woman.
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Christensen, Rob. The Rise and Fall of the Branchhead Boys. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651040.001.0001.
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Louisiana had the Longs, Virginia had the Byrds, Georgia had the Talmadges, and North Carolina had the Scotts. In this history of North Carolina’s most influential political family, Rob Christensen tells the story of the Scotts and how they dominated Tar Heel politics. Three generations of Scotts – W. Kerr Scott, Robert Scott, and Meg Scott Phipps – held statewide office. Despite stereotypes about rural white southerners, the Scotts led a populist and progressive movement strongly supported by rural North Carolinians – the so-called Branchhead Boys, the rural grassroots voters who lived at the heads of tributaries throughout the heat of North Carolina. Though the Scotts held power in various government positions in North Carolina for generations, they were instrumental in their own downfall. From Kerr Scott’s regression into reactionary race politics to Meg Scott Phipps’s corruption trial and subsequent prison sentence, the Scott family lost favor in their home state, their influence dimmed and their legacy in question. Weaving together interviews from dozens of political luminaries and deep archival research, Christensen offers an engaging and definitive historical account of not only the Scott family’s legacy but also how race and populism informed North Carolina politics during the twentieth century.
Book chapters on the topic "Longer prison sentences"
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Dugdale, William, and Sarah Hean. "The Application of Norwegian Humane Ideals by Front-Line Workers When Collaboratively Reintegrating Inmates Back into Society." In Improving Interagency Collaboration, Innovation and Learning in Criminal Justice Systems, 111–38. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70661-6_5.
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AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to explore how the humane Norwegian policy principles and values may impact the prison-based practices and the implications of these for the collaborative work undertaken by front-line personnel. Humane traditions are considered a substantial focus of the Norwegian prison system and its policies. The approach in Norway is supported by increasing empirical evidence that shows the system to centralise the welfare of inmates. It emphasises offender rehabilitation and reintegration rather than merely punishment as a fundamental means to reduce reoffending. However, the collaborative practice that may arise as a consequence of these traditional values is underexplored. Two case studies were undertaken with front-line staff working in a Norwegian prison transitional residence (Overgangsbolig). This is the final phase of an inmate’s sentence while being reintegrated back into society. The study found that staff in their collaborative working practices adhered either to the aim of normalising the lives of their inmates after long periods of incarceration (normalisation ideals) or reparative ideals that reflected the system’s humane focus on rehabilitation and reintegration takes precedence over punishment. We conclude that irrespective of differing professional disciplines, there seems to be compatibility between the overarching principles and values of penal policy and front-line ideals to promote collaborative practices at the reintegrative phase of the Norwegian prison system. The shared application of these humane ideals promoted collaborative practice among the front-line workforce while focusing upon the provision of welfare to inmates and their impending reintegration back into society.
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Abel, William, Elizabeth Kahn, Tom Parr, and Andrew Walton. "11. Prison Sentences and Punishment." In Introducing Political Philosophy, 156–71. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198783275.003.0011.
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This chapter assesses whether the state should shorten the length of prison sentences, exploring the justification for state punishment. It argues in favour of shorter prison sentences, drawing on the idea that an individual who commits a crime has a remedial duty to those they have wronged, and that one way to discharge this duty is by spending time in prison in order to deter future crime. This justification for punishment supports shorter prison sentences because the beneficial effect of longer prison sentences on crime rates is too low to justify the burdens they impose. The chapter then considers a retributivist objection, which claims that the state should favour longer prison sentences because an individual who commits a crime deserves to suffer. Concerns about retribution are unable to justify the high costs of the prison system and, more fundamentally, they provide an unattractive justification for all forms of punishment. The chapter also discusses the appeal and relevance of a communicative account of punishment, according to which the state should punish an individual who commits a crime in order to condemn their actions.
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Flor, Benjamina Gonzalez, and Leandra Carolina Gonzalez Flor. "Inmate Communication as a Conscientization Approach to Societal Mainstreaming." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 167–93. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch008.
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This chapter submits that societal mainstreaming of ex-convicts to have a normal life is possible through inmate communication. Inmate communication is a conscientization approach that consists of a holistic strategy to nourish the head, heart, hand, and soul of an inmate, the prison management, and the society. While restorative justice aims to reintegrate inmates once they have served their sentences, life for an ex-convict outside may no longer be the same. A condescending society condemns “convicts as convicts for life” no matter how much they have changed because of the rehabilitation efforts of the government to reform them. The case in point is the National Bilibid Prison, the biggest prison facility that houses more than 22,000 most dangerous inmates in Metro Manila, Philippines who have committed heinous crimes to serve their sentences. Media materials that can nurture the mind such as poems, songs, bookmarks, jingles, letters, etc. for instance that bear words and thoughts of endearment can build a positive attitude and look forward to an accepting society.
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Fernandez-Diaz, Carmen-Rocio. "Internet Behind Bars." In Advances in Religious and Cultural Studies, 1–23. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-5975-7.ch001.
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This chapter focuses on the relevance of information and communication technologies (hereinafter, ICTs) as an essential part of the day-to-day life of all societies nowadays. Nevertheless, a means that continue to be behind this reality is the penitentiary area regarding inmates' rights. Introducing ICTs within prison could improve the social reinsertion of persons serving a prison sentence. Deprivation of liberty entails normal contact with the prison subculture and the harmful effects of it, causing in cases of long-term sentences the so-called phenomenon of “prisonization.” This negative effect of imprisonment could be reduced if ICTs were used inside prisons in the different areas where they can have an impact, and which are treated in this research, as (1) access to information and culture, (2) basic and advanced training, (3) employment, (4) communication with the outside world, (5) treatment, or (6) leisure and entertainment. The value that new technologies would add to these areas in prison constitutes a way of humanization of prisons in the twenty-first century.
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Young, Elliott. "Dawn of Immigrant Incarceration." In Forever Prisoners, 23–53. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190085957.003.0002.
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In the mid-1880s, scores of Chinese migrants were sentenced to six months hard labor at McNeil Island prison off the coast of Washington. After serving their sentences, these Chinese remained in prison when Canada refused to accept them back. The indefinite detention of the Chinese was the first time the government was faced with the contradiction between the still emerging immigration law and the demands of justice. This episode also reveals that the standard narrative that immigration was not criminalized until 1929 is wrong. Further investigation into this prison’s population from 1880 to 1940 uncovered a world of immigrant incarceration, largely based on drug and alcohol offenses. The early history of McNeil Island prison is evidence that the criminalization of immigrants and migration began long before our present era of mass immigrant detention.
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Liem, Marieke. "A Life Sentence." In After Life Imprisonment. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479806928.003.0005.
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Chapter five describes in depth the factors peculiar to long-term imprisonment, how the interviewees coped with these conditions and how they managed to adapt to (solitary) confinement over the years. The chapter discusses how lifers dealt with Sykes’ pains of imprisonment. This chapter goes deeper into what differentiates the long-term prisoners’ experience from those who are ‘passing through’ the prison system. It discusses the stages of the lifer prison career, their place in the prison hierarchy, and their fear of becoming institutionalized.
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Liem, Marieke. "Introduction." In After Life Imprisonment. NYU Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479806928.003.0001.
Full textAbstract:
The first chapter discusses the background and recent trends in the application of life sentences. Over the last decades, the number of lifers nationwide has been rising dramatically. It has been well documented that this growth is linked to policy changes, not to increases in crime rates. The chapter outlines the reasons why we should pay attention to the population of life sentenced individuals: The absence of crime reduction through incarceration, the financial aspects of applying prolonged imprisonment, the adverse social and psychological effects of long-term incarceration and finally, recent developments in legislation that may result in more life-sentenced individuals being released. This book seeks to shed light on this understudied population. While doing so, it assesses what determines success (desistance, or staying out on parole) versus failure (going back to prison) post-release. The chapter provides an overview of the book’s structure in addressing this question.
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James, Erwin. "What the OU did for me." In Degrees of Freedom, 213–24. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353065.003.0023.
Full textAbstract:
Anyone familiar with prisons in the UK will have heard of Erwin James. No one writes about imprisonment as he does. Now an accomplished author and journalist, he provides an account of the role education in his life; first its premature closure through neglectful teachers and abusive family circumstances, then a surprise reopening and rediscovery of latent talent in a prison setting. The Open University, books, wide reading, some supportive teachers and a long prison sentence provide Erwin with hope for another life, a life outside. This moving and beautifully written chapter is proof of its realisation.
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Irwin, Michael. "From Open University in prison to convict criminology upon release: mind the gap." In Degrees of Freedom, 139–50. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353065.003.0014.
Full textAbstract:
A long prison sentence leads Michael Irwin to a revelation that his experiences of studying criminology with The Open University and discovering classic prison research studies might offer him a new path. Convict criminology combines personal experience of imprisonment with conventional ‘book learning’ about prison. Irwin tells of his struggle to combine the two and contribute to the emerging work of British Convict Criminology.
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Gough, Margaret. "From despair to hope." In Degrees of Freedom, 111–22. Policy Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447353065.003.0011.
Full textAbstract:
Margaret Gough never expected to go to university and was shocked to find herself serving a long prison sentence. In this chapter she provides a vivid account of how one led to the other as she rediscovered her talent for learning in prison. Her Open University studies opened more doors than she expected, and though her account of harrowing times moves toward hopeful conclusions, she remains circumspect that the stains of imprisonment can be removed while prejudice against those who have been in prison goes unchallenged.