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1
Papa, Fabian, Barry J. Adams, and Yiping Guo. "Detention time selection for stormwater quality control ponds." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 26, no. 1 (February 1, 1999): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l98-046.
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Current stormwater quality control pond design in Ontario typically includes the specification of a uniform detention time for extended detention ponds to ensure water quality control. In reality, the pollution-control performance of such facilities is governed by two opposing forces: improved pollutant removal efficiency over longer detention times and the decreased volume of runoff captured and treated by the facility for longer detention times. The combination of these effects produces a maximum attainable level of long-term pollution-control performance at an optimal detention time. Derived probability distribution models for runoff control are used to investigate the quality-control behaviour of extended detention dry ponds for the case where a design storm is specified to establish pond storage requirements and for the more general case where storage requirements may be selected on the basis of the level of control desired. Graphical relationships are developed to facilitate the planning and design process. The methodology presented encourages efficient engineering design while promoting environmental protection by ensuring a maximum level of long-term pollution control.Key words: stormwater management, water quality, probabilistic models, optimization, stormwater ponds, detention time, pond design.
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Fan, Celia, and James Li. "A Modelling Analysis of Urban Stormwater Flow Regimes and their Implication for Stream Erosion." Water Quality Research Journal 39, no. 4 (November 1, 2004): 356–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2004.048.
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Abstract Stream erosion is a major issue in stormwater management. The objectives of this research are to investigate by means of computer modelling: (a) the flow-duration characteristics of a receiving stream before and after urbanization; (b) the implication of flow regime changes on stream erosion potential with and without control measures (e.g., extended detention basins and source control); and (c) the maximum degree of urbanization, for which stream erosion may be unavoidable regardless of the stormwater control measures applied. The U.S. EPA Stormwater Management Model was used in the analysis of flowduration characteristics of a small northern Ontario watershed. It was found that flow-duration characteristics of the stream could change significantly after urbanization. Although no stream erosion was modelled in this investigation, the change in flow regimes after urbanization may indicate potential stream bed and/or channel erosion. Extended detention basins with short detention times (24-h) could control flow-duration characteristics at low flow rates better than those with long detention times (48-h). Both extended detention basins and source control measures should be applied in order to bring the flow duration curve after urbanization back to its original position. If the watershed were to be urbanized beyond 40% of imperviousness, it may not be possible to bring the flow duration curve back to its original position in spite of the various source control measures and detention basins used. The optimal location of detention ponds for erosion control depends upon the range of flows, which control the stability of the stream.
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Picot, B., H. El Halouani, C. Casellas, S. Moersidik, and J. Bontoux. "Nutrient Removal by High Rate Pond System in a Mediterranean Climate (France)." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 7-9 (April 1, 1991): 1535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0607.
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The objective of the present study vas to ascertain the mechanisms involved in nitrogen and phosphorus removal from wastewater and to determine the most effective treatment conditions for removing these nutrients by high rate ponding in a Mediterranean climate. Tests carried out in Mèze (France) showed that variations of climatic factors (light and temperature), can be compensated by changes in detention times. The following strategy was adopted: the pond was operated with long detention times (8 days) in winter, which is characterized by low light intensity and low temperatures, and with short detention times (4 days) in summer, when the climatic conditions are more favorable. The results obtained show that the rates of HH4-N and PO4-P removal were high and stable (94 and 71%, respectively) during the study period February to September, 1988. The phenomena responsible for nutrient elimination in the high rate pond are the following: photosynthetic assimilation, volatilization of ammonia and precipitation of calcium phosphate due to the high pH obtained by intense algal photosynthetic activity. Wastewater treatment by high rate ponding appears to be an attractive technique for preventing eutrophication in receiving water.
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Su, Jau-Lang, and Chaio-Fuei Ouyang. "Advanced biological enhanced nutrient removal processes by the addition of rotating biological contactors." Water Science and Technology 35, no. 8 (April 1, 1997): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0308.
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Advanced removal efficiency of organic carbon, phosphorus and nitrogen from municipal wastewater was achieved by using an anaerobic-anoxic-oxide (A2/O) process with the addition of fully and partially submerged RBC biofilms. The experiments were carried out in a range of F/M ratio 0.21 to 0.32 kg BOD/kg MLSS/d and at a various total hydraulic detention times (HRT), return activated sludge ratio (r) and mixed liquid recycle ratio (R). Another pilot plant A2/O process without adding RBC was conducted for control experiments. Compared with A2/O process, this new process could achieve a higher degree of nitrification rate without decreasing the removal efficiencies of organic carbon and phosphorus. The new process provides an environment for combining the long solid retention time (SRT) biofilm and the short SRT suspended activated sludge. This concept can resolve the conflict in SRT between nitrogen and phosphorus removal simultaneously. Correspondingly, the benefits of the new process are shorten the hydraulic detention time, progress the efficiency of nutrient removal, more stable for operation and more economic for required land cost.
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Steyn, Johan. "Guantanamo Bay: The Legal Black Hole1." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 53, no. 1 (January 2004): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iclq/53.1.1.
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The most powerful democracy is detaining hundreds of suspected foot soldiers of the Taliban in a legal black hole at the United States naval base at Guantanamo Bay, where they await trial on capital charges by military tribunals. This episode must be put in context. Democracies must defend themselves. Democracies are entitled to try officers and soldiers of enemy forces for war crimes. But it is a recurring theme in history that in times of war, armed conflict, or perceived national danger, even liberal democracies adopt measures infringing human rights in ways that are wholly disproportionate to the crisis. One tool at hand is detention without charge or trial, that is, executive detention. Ill-conceived rushed legislation is passed granting excessive powers to executive governments which compromise the rights and liberties of individuals beyond the exigencies of the situation. Often the loss of liberty is permanent. Executive branches of government, faced with a perceived emergency, often resort to excessive measures. The litany of grave abuses of power by liberal democratic governments is too long to recount, but in order to understand and to hold governments to account, we do well to take intoaccount the circles of history.
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Sukhwal, Seema, Claire Gordon-Ellis, and Luneta Tajblova. "Audit of delays in the diversion of mentally disordered defendants under the Mental Health Act 1983/2007 at a liaison and diversion service in North West London." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S352—S353. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.932.
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AimsTo ascertain the length of time defendants wait for a Mental Health Act assessment (MHAA) and where necessary, how long they are waiting for a hospital bed.BackgroundThe Liaison and Diversion Service in North West London (the Service) is provided by Central North West London Foundation NHS Trust (CNWL), Barnet Enfield Haringey (BEH) and Together to Willesden Magistrates Court in North West London.One of the core activities of the Service is diverting individuals from the criminal justice system to hospital under the Mental Health Act (MHA).The Code of Practice allows for a period of 14 days between the medical recommendation and conveyance to hospital. Defendants needing admission under MHA are remanded to custody if a bed is not available. This prevents them from receiving the assessment and care they need. We consider that all defendants found to be liable to detention under the MHA should be admitted to a hospital bed on the same day.MethodData were collected between October 2018 and February 2019. All patients referred for a MHAA were included. The time a MHAA was requested, took place as well as how long the defendant waited for a bed was noted.ResultA total of 42 MHAA were requested. 25 individuals were detained under Section 2 of the MHA 1983.The time between referral for a MHAA and the MHAA taking place was obtained in 25 of the 42 referrals. The range of times between a referral being made and the assessment taking placed varied between 1.5 hours and 22 hours. Two defendants were remanded overnight in prison as the MHAA could not take place on the same day as the referral.In the 25 cases where an application for detention under Section 2 of the MHA was made, beds were not available on the same day in 7 cases. In 4 cases defendants required remand in prison custody due to beds not being available.ConclusionThere were some limitations to this audit as data were not available for all 42 individuals referred for a MHAA.Individuals referred for MHAA by the Service had both medical recommendations completed within 5 days and those who required admission to hospital were admitted within 14 days of the recommendations being completed.Whilst these standards are being met, individuals referred for MHAA and those requiring admission to hospital are still facing remand to custody.
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Majer Newman, J., and T. Lynch. "The Everglades Nutrient Removal Project test cells: STA optimization - status of the research at the north site." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0817.
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The Everglades is an oligotrophic ecosystem that is being adversely impacted by hydrologic changes and nutrient-rich runoff generated from urban and agricultural sources. The Stormwater Treatment Area (STA) Optimization Research and Monitoring program is mandated by the 1994 Everglades Forever Act and will assist the South Florida Water Management District in developing operational strategies that maximize performance of emergent macrophyte STAs. The primary objective of this research is to examine how hydrologic conditions may influence STA performance. The study was conducted in 0.2 ha, shallow, fully lined test cells located within the perimeter of the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Experiments were designed to examine the effect of increased and decreased hydraulic loading rate (HLR) on wetland performance and to determine, if possible, the HLR at which STA treatment fails to reduce outflow total phosphorus concentration to the interim target of 50 μg-P/L. To date, two HLR experiments have been completed at the north site. Preliminary data indicated at all HLRs tested that particulate phosphorus and dissolved organic phosphorus ratios remained virtually unchanged from inflow to outflow. The dissolved organic and particulate compounds within these test cells are extremely recalcitrant, and are not easily assimilated within the system. High HLRs may not result in detention times long enough to mineralize these forms into easily assimilated inorganic compounds, resulting in mean TP concentrations greater than 50 μg-P/L.
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Abualfaraj, Noura, Joseph Cataldo, Yara Elborolosy, Daniel Fagan, Sloane Woerdeman, Tyler Carson, and Franco Montalto. "Monitoring and Modeling the Long-Term Rainfall-Runoff Response of the Jacob K. Javits Center Green Roof." Water 10, no. 11 (October 23, 2018): 1494. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w10111494.
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Drainage from the 27,316-m2 Jacob K. Javits Convention Center (JJCC) green roof was investigated in the field to quantify the system’s long-term rainfall-runoff response. The JJCC hosts one of the largest extensive green roofs in the United States. Utilizing four years of rooftop monitoring data collected using a weather station, custom designed and built drainage systems, three Parshall flumes equipped with pressure transducers, and weighing lysimeters, this study quantified the 25.4-mm-deep green roof’s ability to decrease the volume and peak rate of runoff. With parameters derived from the site, the Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Management Model (EPA-SWMM) predicted event total runoff volume and event peak runoff rates to within +10% to −20% and +25% to −15% of the observations, respectively. The analysis further indicated that approximately 55% of the cumulative precipitation that fell on the JJCC extensive green roof during the monitoring period (warm weather months, June 2014–November 2017) was captured and retained. The average percent retained on an event-basis was 77%, and average event runoff coefficient was 0.7, implying a substantial reduction in the volume and rate of runoff generated from the roof compared to the pre-green roof condition, when most, if not all, of the precipitated water would have immediately resulted in runoff. Our research suggests that, on average, 96% of rainfall events 6.35 mm or less were retained within the green roof, whereas 27% of the total event volume was retained for events greater than 12.7 mm in depth. A sensitivity analysis suggests if the substrate depth were increased, better stormwater capture performance would be achieved, but only up 127 mm, whereas increased precipitation coupled with warmer temperatures as a result of climate change could decrease the performance by up to 5%, regardless of substrate depth. An equivalency analysis suggested that even shallow green roofs can significantly reduce the required stormwater detention volume that New York City requires on new development. This particular green roof appears to be more than 18 times as cost-effective as a subsurface cistern would be for managing an equivalent volume of stormwater in Midtown Manhattan.
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Greenaway, M., and A. Woolley. "Changes in plant biomass and nutrient removal over 3 years in a constructed wetland in Cairns, Australia." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 11-12 (December 1, 2001): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0844.
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The surface flow wetland in Cairns, Australia consists of 3 linear channels each 65 m long. Channels 1 and 2 are 5 m wide and Channel 3 is 15 m wide. The wetland was constructed in 1994 and band planted with emergent macrophyte species and alternating open water sections. The wetland was monitored for plant growth and nutrient removal until 1997. During that period HRT was 16 days in Channel 1 and 10 days in Channels 2 and 3; mass loading rates were 2.4 kg Total N and 2.0 kg Total P ha-1 d-1 in Channel 1 and 3.7 kg TN and 3.3 kg TP ha-1 d-1 in Channels 2 and 3. The aim of this work was to determine the proportion of nutrient removal that could be attributed to direct uptake by macrophytes and incorporated into plant biomass. Over the 3 year monitoring period reduction in total mass of nutrients was: Channel 1: 26% P, 85% N; Channel 2: 28% P, 87% N; Channel 3: 21% P, 81% N. Percentage reduction of FRP (Filterable Reactive Phosphorus) was similar to TP; NOx removal was 97-98%. Mass removal rates for TN and TP were higher in Channels 2 and 3 despite greater nutrient loading rates and shorter detention times. Total FRP removal was 23 kg P in Channel 1, 33 kg P in Channel 2 and 70 kg P in Channel 3 of which plant biomass accounted for 65%, 44% and 47% respectively. Total nitrogen removal was 92 kg in Channel 1, 154 kg in Channel 2 and 386 kg in Channel 3 of which plant biomass accounted for 47%, 27% and 27% respectively. Thus, in this tropical surface flow wetland supporting a mixture of emergent macrophytes and floating duckweed, vegetation is an important mechanism for direct nutrient removal.
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Ling, Siew, and Joji George. "Are acute psychiatric units providing adequate inpatient services for borderline personality disorder patients?" BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S330. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.867.
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AimsTo assess the adherence to NICE guidelines CG78 (1.4) regarding the inpatient services provided for BPD patients at an acute psychiatric unit (The Oleaster).Borderline personality disorder (BPD) patients are frequent users of psychiatric inpatient services. However, evidence suggests that inpatient treatment is ineffective in the long-term recovery of such patients. The inpatient services at the Oleaster will be audited against NICE guidelines for BPD. We hope to improve the care of patients with BPD and ensure effective use of psychiatric resources.MethodRetrospective case notes review of 35 patients admitted into the Oleaster from 1/11/2018–31/10/2019. This was taken from an initial sample of 72. Patients were excluded if they were admitted for other concomitant mental or behavioural problems (except problem use of tobacco, drugs or alcohol).Result69% of patients were referred to other mental health services (e.g CRHT/HTT, other local alternatives, liaison team) prior to admission. There was no evidence of referrals in 31% of the sample population.The reasons for admission include significant risks to themselves/others (n = 14) and detention under MHA (n = 14). Reasons were not noted in 7 patients.Advance agreement on the length and purpose of admission took place in 19 and 27 patients respectively. Discussion of potential harms and benefits of admission only took place in 4 patients. Discussion was not applicable in 2 patients who lacked capacity.Of the patients admitted ≥2 times in the previous 6 months, only 38% had a CPA review arranged. It was not arranged in the remaining 62%.ConclusionThere is room for improvement in the appropriate admission and documentation of BPD patients. Referral prior to admission was well adhered but documentation was unclear. Implementing a set checklist before admission could be recommended. Active involvement of patients was inadequate. It is especially lacking in regard to informing patients of the potential harms of admission. This can be improved by educating patients and staff on this matter.CPA reviews were not arranged in a timely manner. Placing an alert on patients’ records when they are admitted again within the last 6 months would help to reduce this issue. Overall, greater effort is required to ensure patient's most current needs are met and that limited psychiatric resources are used effectively.
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Watts, John S. "Detention of children is needed at times." BJPsych Bulletin 40, no. 2 (April 2016): 106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.40.2.106.
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Khan, Rummana. "A haven for an extremely disturbed young person." BJPsych Open 7, S1 (June 2021): S116—S117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.340.
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ObjectiveThe reason to share this case is to high light the lack of resources in mental health services which can delay the provision of appropriate care and this can have negative impact on child health outcomes.BackgroundA 10-year-old boy was referred to CAMHS. He presented with extremely challenging behaviours. After first appointment with CAMHS he attacked his father and nurses. He had to be restrained multiple times. He started to use wooden chair as a weapon, threatened to harm others and threatened to urinate on staff. He tried to kill him-self by ligature. Mental health act assessment was completed and when a decision was reached that detention under the mental health act was appropriate, no appropriate bed was available. He was admitted under Section II of MHA to paediatric ward where he remained for one week (with 2:1 CAMHS support). Then he was transferred to an inpatient CAMHS unit which was commissioned for children over 12 years of age. At a later date mental health tribunal panel upheld the section. After few days he was transferred to an age appropriate in-patient mental health bed. He stayed there for roughly 6 months and was discharged with a diagnosis of ADHD and Autistic Spectrum Disorder. There was a long delay in discharge, until appropriate specialist residential placement could be identified and he was transferred there. He is well settled now in the placement.Case reportLegal advice was later taken on this case. MHA 1983, Human Rights Act, Children Act 1989, Criminal Law Act 1967 and Code of Practice 2015 were considered and it was agreed that it was appropriate to use MHA 1983. There was discussion whether the Children Act could be relied on instead, but in view of the fact that repeated restrain was required, he was in seclusion and possibility of need for rapid tranquilization post admission the decision was made to use the mental health act.ConclusionThis case has highlighted a significant problem and calls for an urgent action to increase the number of inpatient age appropriate mental health beds and number of appropriate residential placements nationally. It has also been identified that application of legal frame work in children and adolescents can be a challenge and there is a need for targeted educational programmes for professionals on the use of legal frame work in children and adolescents.
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Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 18, no. 10 (October 1, 1986): 19–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1986.0107.
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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
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Macdonald, R. J., and A. Ernst. "Disinfection Efficiency and Problems Associated with Maturation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 557–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0235.
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Reductions in densities of indicator organisms and pathogens were measured in maturation ponds receiving secondary effluents from trickling filter and activated sludge treatment works. Effluent detention times in the ponds were determined using dye tracing techniques and compared with nominal detention times calculated from pond volumes and effluent flow rates. Median detention times were substantially less than nominal times because of short circuiting due to pond design aspects and thermal stratification. Maturation ponds of 10 days median detention time were found to successfully disinfect a poor quality trickling filter effluent and were effective at removing parasite ova and reducing virus densities. Continued use of maturation ponds should be encouraged in developed and developing countries as they have low cost, operational, maintenance and skilled operator requirements and are an effective disinfection process. Pond designs should minimize short circuiting and thus the areal requirements of the ponds.
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Mangiaracina, Annalisa. "The Long Route Towards a Widespread European Culture of Alternatives to Immigration Detention." European Journal of Migration and Law 18, no. 2 (June 17, 2016): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718166-12342098.
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The aim of this article is to provide an analysis of the application by some European Union countries of alternative measures to detention of migrants. Sections 2 and 3 indicate, in line with European normatives and with detention being a measure of last resort, that Member States having ascertained that there are grounds for the detention of migrants, should evaluate whether the aims pursued can be achieved through a less coercive measure which respects the fundamental rights of individuals. Unfortunately, as examined in Section 4, analysis of most European countries’ law reveals an unsatisfactory application of alternative measures to detention. As in, for example, Italy’s case, whose legislation and practice on alternatives to detention is examined in Section 5. In Section 6, the final section, the necessity for a change of culture among the competent authorities is highlighted. For this purpose, the recast Receptions Conditions Directive, which obliges Member States to provide alternative measures to detention of migrants, allowing States to introduce types of measures which are not listed in the Directive, seems to represent a good opportunity.
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Singh, Swaran P., Nan Greenwood, Sarah White, and Rachel Churchill. "Ethnicity and the Mental Health Act 1983." British Journal of Psychiatry 191, no. 2 (August 2007): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.106.030346.
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BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. There has been no systematic exploration of differences within and between ethnic groups, nor of the explanations put forward for this excess.AimsTo systematically review detention and ethnicity, with meta-analyses of detention rates for BME groups, and to explore the explanations offered for ethnic differences in detention rates.MethodLiterature search and metaanalysis. Explanations offered were categorised, supporting literature was accessed and the strength of the evidence evaluated.ResultsIn all, 49 studies met inclusion criteria; of these, 19 were included in the meta-analyses. Compared with White patients, Black patients were 3.83 times, BME patients 3.35 times and Asian patients 2.06 times more likely to be detained. The most common explanations related to misdiagnosis and discrimination against BME patients, higher incidence of psychosis and differences in illness expression. Many explanations, including that of racism within mental health services, were not supported by clear evidence.ConclusionsAlthough BME status predicts psychiatric detention in the UK, most explanations offered for the excess detention of BME patients are largely unsupported.
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Dell, S., G. Robertson, and E. Parker. "Detention in Broadmoor." British Journal of Psychiatry 150, no. 6 (June 1987): 824–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.150.6.824.
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When the length of stay of restricted patients admitted to Broadmoor under the legal category of psychopathic disorder was examined, the factor found to be of primary importance was the gravity of the admission offence. If the men's offences did not cause personal injury, they had a good chance of early release. Patients convicted of violent or sexual offences, and particularly those who attacked strangers, made up the great majority of the long-term group. For the mentally ill there was no relationship between length of stay and admission offence: instead the data suggested that severity and chronicity of illness were the main relevant factors.
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Mally, Andy, Gary Hunter, Kathi Barrett, and Tom Walz. "Reliable Disinfection without Tertiary Filtration and Low Detention Times." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2012, no. 11 (January 1, 2012): 4738–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864712811709265.
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Bull, Melissa, Emily Schindeler, David Berkeman, and Janet Ransley. "A Demography and Taxonomy of Long-term Immigration Detention in Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2013): 98–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.v2i1.93.
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The practice of long-term immigration detention is a relatively recent aspect of Australian Government policy. There has been much debate about the wisdom of such policy, raising concerns regarding the health of detainees, the dereliction of human rights, and the legal robustness of such practice. Despite considerable interest, little detail is available describing who is being held and the reasons for their long-term detention. This paper addresses this noticeable gap through a systematic analysis of the Commonwealth Ombudsman’s Immigration Reports over the period 2005 through 2009. From such reporting it has been possible to produce a demographic profile of people held in Australian detention and to develop a taxonomy of the reasons contributing to the ongoing containment.
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Gilman, Denise, and Luis A. Romero. "Immigration Detention, Inc." Journal on Migration and Human Security 6, no. 2 (June 2018): 145–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2331502418765414.
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This article addresses the influence of economic inequality on immigration detention. The US Department of Homeland Security (DHS) detains roughly 350,000 migrants each year and maintains more than 30,000 beds each day. This massive detention system raises issues of economic power and powerlessness. This article connects, for the first time, the influence of economic inequality on system-wide immigration detention policy as well as on individual detention decisions. The article begins with a description of the systemic impact that for-profit prisons have had on the federal immigration detention system, by promoting wide-scale detention. The resulting expansion of detention has led to ever-increasing profitability for the private for-profit prison sector, which allows the companies to exercise even more influence over policymakers to achieve yet higher levels of detention. The influence of wealthy private prison corporations also affects the very nature of immigration detention, leading to the use of jail-like facilities that are the product offered by the private prison industry. The article then describes the mechanisms by which economic inequality dictates the likelihood and length of detention in individual cases. The detention or release decisions made by DHS in individual cases must account for the need to keep numerous detention beds full to satisfy the contracts made with powerful private prison companies. DHS regularly sets bond amounts at levels that are not correlated to flight risk or danger, but rather to the length of time that the individual must be held in detention to keep the available space full. The article presents data, obtained from immigration authorities, regarding detention and bond patterns at a specific detention center that demonstrate this point. The research finds an inverse relationship between the number of newly arriving immigrants in the detention center and the bond amounts set by US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). During times when new arrivals were few, the amount required to be released from detention on bond was high; during times when there were many new arrivals, bond amounts were reduced or set at zero. The article also presents another way in which economic inequality affects the likelihood of detention at the individual level. Release and detention are largely controlled through the use of monetary bond requirements, which must be paid in full. The regular use of financial bonds as the exclusive mechanism for release means that those migrants who are most able to pay are most likely to be released, without regard to their likelihood of absconding or endangering the community. Wealth thus determines detention rather than an individualized determination of the necessity of depriving an individual of liberty. The article urges that the role of economic inequality in immigration detention raises troubling issues of democratic governance and the commodification of traditional governmental functions. The current system also leads to an unjustifiable redistribution of wealth from the poor to the rich. Looking at immigration detention through the lens of economic inequality offers new lines of theoretical inquiry into immigration detention. It connects the discussion of immigration detention to scholarly critiques of for-profit prisons and the privatization of state security functions more generally. It also brings a new perspective to prior work in the immigration and criminal justice contexts, questioning the fairness and utility of requiring payment of monetary bonds to obtain liberty from detention. The article concludes with recommendations for reform. These reforms would help to sideline the influence of economic inequality in immigration detention decision making.
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Barde, Robert, and Gustavo J. Bobonis. "Detention at Angel Island." Social Science History 30, no. 1 (2006): 103–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200013407.
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Between 1910 and 1940 the Angel Island Immigration Station was the primary port of entry for Asians into the United States, the place of enforcement of the Chinese Exclusion Act and other anti-Asian immigration policies. Even in the absence of substantiating data, it is frequently asserted that almost all entering Chinese were detained at Angel Island and that they were detained for weeks, months, even years. This article presents the first empirical evidence on how long people arriving at San Francisco were detained at the Angel Island Immigration Station. The use of newly discovered data on passengers of the Pacific Mail Steamship Company (PMSS) for the period 1913-19 adds an empirical basis to our understanding of how immigration laws were administered in classifying and detaining aliens seeking to enter the United States, which arrivals were detained at Angel Island, and for how long. Results show that many Chinese were not detained at all; there was great variation in length of detention for Chinese who were detained; only some of this variation can be explained by the type of “exempt” status claimed for admission under the Chinese exclusion laws; Japanese arrivals had an even higher incidence of detention; and many detainees were either non-Asian, had come on ships from Central or South America, or were not “immigrants” at all.
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Hingray, B., E. Monbaron, I. Jarrar, A. C. Favre, D. Consuegra, and A. Musy. "Stochastic generation and disaggregation of hourly rainfall series for continuous hydrological modelling and flood control reservoir design." Water Science and Technology 45, no. 2 (January 1, 2002): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2002.0035.
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In the urban environment, stormwater detention basins are a powerful means to limit the frequency of sewer system failures and consecutive urban flooding. To design such waterworks or to check their efficiency, it is possible to carry out continuous rainfall-runoff modelling. A long-term discharge series obtained from a long-term rainfall series is used as input for a storage model describing the detention basin behaviour: the basin behaviour may be consequently studied over a long period. The provided statistical information on the working state frequency, failure frequency, … of the detention basin is of high interest for the basin diagnostic or for its design. This paper presents the whole methodology which leads to production of such statistical information and especially: the models used to generate long term rainfall series with a short time step, the rainfall-runoff model used to transform the later series into a long term discharge series, and the model used to describe the behaviour of the detention basin. This methodology was applied to evaluate the efficiency of 4 detention basins built for stormwater control and flood mitigation. They are situated on a Swiss urban catchment (Chamberonne catchment – 40 km2) collecting water from the Mèbre and Sorge rivers.
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Shammaa, Y., D. Z. Zhu, L. L. Gyürék, and C. W. Labatiuk. "Effectiveness of dry ponds for stormwater total suspended solids removal." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 29, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l02-008.
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This paper reviews the factors and criteria for the design of new and the retrofitting of existing dry detention ponds to enhance removal of total suspended solids (TSS) from stormwater. Detention time is discussed as the most important factor affecting TSS removal. Two-stage facilities and multi-level outlet design are important means of enhancing TSS removal in dry ponds. Two dry ponds within the city of Edmonton were selected to evaluate their TSS removal. The level of expected TSS removal is low owing to the relatively short detention times for both ponds. Methods for retrofitting the dry ponds to enhance TSS removal are discussed.Key words: dry pond, stormwater, TSS removal, detention time, retrofitting.
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Bull, M., E. Schindeler, D. Berkman, and J. Ransley. "Sickness in the System of Long-term Immigration Detention." Journal of Refugee Studies 26, no. 1 (June 22, 2012): 47–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fes017.
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Farr, Paddy. "Migrant Detention, Subalternity, and the Long Road Toward Hegemony." Ethics and Social Welfare 15, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17496535.2021.1879889.
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Petersen, Nick. "Do Detainees Plead Guilty Faster? A Survival Analysis of Pretrial Detention and the Timing of Guilty Pleas." Criminal Justice Policy Review 31, no. 7 (April 2, 2019): 1015–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0887403419838020.
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Although numerous quantitative studies have linked pretrial detention to increased conviction rates, the precise mechanisms linking these decisions remain unclear. Qualitative studies shed light on these processes, revealing that many detainees plead guilty quickly to escape the pains of detention, including poor confinement conditions, strained work or family relations, and “dead time.” Moreover, these pressures to plead are often exacerbated by uncertain detention length, time-sensitive “exploding” plea deals, and temporal discounting. Utilizing data on felony defendants from large urban counties between 1990 and 2004, we assess whether pretrial detention accelerates the pace of guilty pleas. Survival analyses indicate that pretrial detainees plead guilty 2.86 times faster than released defendants do, suggesting that pretrial detention is a powerful prosecutorial tool. Moreover, local resources affect case processing time in ways that are consistent with the courtroom workgroup perspective. Implications for public policies and future research are discussed.
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von Sperling, M., and L. C. A. M. Mascarenhas. "Performance of very shallow ponds treating effluents from UASB reactors." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 12 (June 1, 2005): 83–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0432.
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Polishing ponds are units conceived for the post-treatment of the effluents from anaerobic reactors, are designed as maturation ponds, and aim at a further removal of organic matter and a high removal of pathogenic organisms. The paper investigates the performance of four very shallow (H = 0.40 m) polishing ponds in series, with very low detention times (1.4–2.5 days in each pond), treating anaerobic effluent from the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. The system was able to achieve excellent results in terms of BOD and E. coli removal, and good results in terms of ammonia removal, allowing compliance with European standards for urban wastewater and WHO guidelines for unrestricted irrigation. The paper presents the values of BOD and E. coli removal coefficients, which were much higher than those found in conventional pond systems. No statistically significant difference was found in the effluent E. coli concentrations from a pond with low depth and low detention time, and another pond in parallel, with double the depth and approximately double the detention time. The results endorse the applicability of the system composed by UASB reactors followed by very shallow ponds in series, with low detention times.
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Shin, Hyun Chul, Beom Suk Kim, Hyung Suk So, Yeong Seok Yoo, and Jong Bo Kim. "Quality Characteristics of MSWI Ash Melted Slag by Crystallization." Materials Science Forum 544-545 (May 2007): 609–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.544-545.609.
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This study was conducted to investigate on crystallization condition and its effect on quality of melted slag that was made from incineration ash of domestic waste. By increasing operating temperature, good crystallization was developed and 900~1,000°C was proved optimal. Longer detention time made better crystallization development, and critical detention time was 3 hour. But too a long detention time caused residual stress by mutual interference of long crystals. Cooling rate might affect the quality of crystallization, but below 5°C/min had no difference. For quality and economics, minimum operating conditions could be comparatively low temperature of 800°C and detention time of 1~3 hour from which high Vickers hardness of about 660~720 kgf/mm2 was achieved. It was compared well with crystallized commercial glass which is about 630 kgf/mm2. Thus, optimum crystallization conditions was suggested to be : temperature 900~1000°C, detention time 3 hours, and cooling rate 5°C /min. Also, observation of microstructure of crystallized slag by SEM identified reinforcement of matrix by particles and crack deflection that could render the crystallized slag an improved mechanical strength.
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Abbon, Thomas. "PENAHANAN DAN PENANGGUHAN PENAHANAN DALAM TEORI DAN PRAKTEK." to-ra 4, no. 1 (May 7, 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/tora.v4i1.1171.
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Abstract
The issue of upholding the rule of law is a chore that must be resolved by the current government. The state and nation have been disadvantaged from all aspects, because in the end the harassment of the law has given rise to corruption, collusion and nepotism. One of the things that stands out about law enforcement is the issue of detention and suspension of detention and sentencing that has to do with detention. The problem of detention and the detention in practice so far has been widely distorted by unscrupulous law enforcers and this institution has become an "open business arena". Detention and suspension of detention is actually a legal effort, which aims to realize the enforcement of the law itself, because detention is only allowed as long as there is suf cient preliminary evidence, and detention is solely in order to facilitate investigation / examination and besides that detention is also intended as protecting the suspect / defendant from violence / other people (eigenrichting). The suspension of detention should be able to be given to every suspect / defendant who provides guarantees according to the law, unless otherwise speci ed in certain cases. In addition there is another side of the Criminal Procedure Code which determines that detention is part of punishment, so it has become a habit in practice that if a suspect / defendant who was originally detained "must be sentenced" .From the facts that are decomposed in the past this has brought a a very dif cult situation to nd out who really deserves detention or suspended detention and it turns out everyone is nally able to pay "anything" to release himself from the snare of detention even though it should not be his right.
Keywords: rule of law; corruption, collusion, and nepotism; legal effort.
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Stefanelli, Justine N. "Detained during a Pandemic: Human Rights behind Locked Doors." Social Sciences 10, no. 7 (July 20, 2021): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci10070276.
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Every year, thousands of people are detained in United States immigration detention centers. Built to prison specifications and often run by private companies, these detention centers have long been criticized by academics and advocacy groups. Problems such as overcrowding and lack of access to basic healthcare and legal representation have plagued individuals in detention centers for years. These failings have been illuminated by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has disproportionately impacted detained migrants. Against a human rights backdrop, this article will examine how the U.S. immigration detention system has proven even more problematic in the context of the pandemic and offer insights to help avoid similar outcomes in the future.
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Sieker, F., and A. Durchschlag. "Dimensioning of Combined Sewer System Detention Basins by Long Term Simulation of Storm Water Runoff." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 3-4 (March 1, 1987): 581–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0238.
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At present, dimensioning of combined sewer detention basins in Germany is based actually on the rational formula and on the idea of the existence of the so-called “first flush”. New measurements and recent investigations have led to the questioning of this dimensioning procedure. An alternative developed in this paper is based on the application a storm-water-runoff-model (hydrological and/or hydrodynamic) in each special case. Input to the model is a period of at least one decade of continuous rainfall data (long term simulation). The sanitary waste water component is superimposed to the simulated runoff-hydrograph. The first flush-effect is neglected. The dimensioning of a detention basin is based on the determination of several quantities such as number, duration, peak discharge and volume of overflow events in relation to the total water detention volume of the system. The decision on final dimensioning has to be made with respect to the characteristics of the receiving water.
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Ryo, Emily. "Understanding Immigration Detention: Causes, Conditions, and Consequences." Annual Review of Law and Social Science 15, no. 1 (October 13, 2019): 97–115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-101518-042743.
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During the summer of 2018, the US government detained thousands of migrant parents and their separated children pursuant to its zero-tolerance policy at the United States–Mexico border. The ensuing media storm generated unprecedented public awareness about immigration detention. The recency of this public attention belies a long-standing immigration enforcement practice that has generated a growing body of research in the past couple of decades. I take stock of this research, focusing on the causes, conditions, and consequences of immigration detention in the United States. I also discuss critical tasks for future research, including ( a) examining the role of local governments, the private prison industry, and decision makers responsible for release decisions in maintaining the detention system; ( b) extending the field of inquiry to less-visible detainee populations and detention facility guards and staff, for a fuller understanding of detention conditions; and ( c) investigating not only direct but also indirect consequences of detention.
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Gilley, John E. "Surface Detention on Cropland, Rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program Areas." Transactions of the ASABE 61, no. 3 (2018): 955–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12569.
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Abstract. One of the factors contributing to overland flow on upland areas is water stored temporarily in a thin sheet on the soil surface as surface detention. This study was conducted to quantify surface detention on selected cropland, rangeland, and Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) sites. Surface detention was determined from the recession portion of runoff hydrographs corresponding with the period when rainfall had ceased but runoff continued. The hydrographs were generated from six previously reported rainfall simulation studies conducted on paired 3.7 m wide × 10.7 m long plots on which approximately 128 mm of rainfall was applied. Surface detention values were found to increase as crop residue or vegetative cover increased. Eleven fallow cropland sites in the eastern U.S. had surface detention values that varied from 1.7 to 4.6 mm. Surface detention on plots in southwestern Oklahoma containing Old World bluestem, no-till wheat, and conservation-till wheat was 9.4, 7.3, and 5.2 mm, respectively. No-till sorghum, tilled sorghum, no-till wheat, and tilled wheat plots in southeast Nebraska had surface detention values of 6.7, 4.5, 6.7, and 4.6 mm, respectively. Mean surface detention on no-till and tilled cropland sites in southwest Iowa containing corn residue was 7.2 and 5.9 mm, respectively. CRP study sites in southwestern Iowa had mean surface detention of 10.8 mm. When data from the six field studies were combined, mean surface detention values for fallow cropland, tilled cropland, no-till cropland, rangeland, and CRP areas were 3.1, 5.0, 6.9, 9.6, and 10.8 mm, respectively. Keywords: Depressional storage, Hydrographs, Hydrologic modeling, Overland flow, Runoff volume, Surface detention.
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Woodbury, B. L., M. F. Dahab, P. Miháltz, and Zs Csikor. "Evaluation of reversible fixed-film static-bed bio-denitrification reactors." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0074.
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This paper reports the results of a study to investigate the performance of fixed-film two-stage reversible bio-denitrification reactors operated at very short detention times for the removal of nitrates from contaminated groundwater. The results demonstrate that these systems imparted lower concentrations of organics and suspended solids into the treated effluent than traditional single-stage systems while maintaining higher levels of nitrate removal rates at HRT values as low as 30 minutes. The lower detention times translate into substantial reductions in capital cost on scaled-up systems. The results also demonstrate the ability of two-stage reversible flow systems to withstand the stresses associated with low HRT and flow cycle reversals.
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Schneider, Irene. "Imprisonment in Pre-Classical and Classical Islamic Law." Islamic Law and Society 2, no. 2 (1995): 157–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568519952599367.
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AbstractImprisonment, a generally accepted form of punishment in modern legal systems, existed also in Islamic law in the pre-classical and classical periods (second-sixth/eighth-thirteenth centuries), although Muslim jurists devoted only limited attention to the subject and Islamicists have largely ignored it. Muslim jurists of pre-classical and classical times concentrated their attention on pre-trial and administrative detention, especially imprisonment for debt. The jurists mention punitive detention as a supplementary measure that was enacted mostly in conjunction with corporal punishments (ḥudūd and taʿzīr). Because state authorities established a monopoly over criminal jurisdiction at a very early stage, it is possible that punitive detention played a more important role in practice than it did in theory. However, inasmuch as I found only a few examples in historical sources, it seems safe to conclude that punitive detention did not have the same status in pre-modern Islamic law that it does in modern law.
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Reef, Joni, and Anja Dirkzwager. "Experienced Severity of Imprisonment Among Fathers and Non-Fathers." Journal of Child and Family Studies 29, no. 6 (November 30, 2019): 1659–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01670-8.
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Abstract Objectives Even though 90% of the prison population is male, fatherhood among prisoners is an overlooked topic. Previous studies suggest that experienced severity of detention is different between fathers and non-fathers in prison because there is a unique deprivation strain related to fatherhood. There are criminological arguments and arguments in the legal context why we need more knowledge on the experience of detention by incarcerated fathers. Methods We studied longitudinal data of 785 males in pre-trial detention in the Netherlands from the nationwide Prison Project study population: 329 fathers were compared with 456 non-fathers for experienced severity, adjustment patterns (i.e. mental distress and misconduct), and deprivations strains. Results We found differences between fathers and non-fathers, both in adjustment and deprivation strains. Fathers reported less adjustment problems and different deprivation strains than non-fathers. Missing children during pre-trial detention was associated with depressive behavior (β = 0.158, p < 0.005) and anxiety among fathers (β = 0.128, p < 0.05). Conclusions Our results underline the importance of designing interventions for fathers in prison and educating sentencers about this topic. Proportional sentencing of fathers in the criminal justice system could only be validated as long as sufficient attention will be paid to their unique deprivation strain, which is, missing their children. During pre-trial detention, care for the child-father relation may not only lead to father’s emotional wellbeing during pre-trial detention, but may also lead to strengthened family bonds and children’s wellbeing on the long term.
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Rimkeviciene, Jurgita, John O’Gorman, and Diego De Leo. "Suicidality in detention centres: a case study." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 1 (March 6, 2017): 106–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-09-2015-0034.
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Purpose Recent reports raise suicidality among asylum seekers as a pertinent issue in current Australian offshore detention centres. However, knowledge on the nature of the suicidality in these centres is very limited. The purpose of this paper is to explore in depth how suicidality arises and develops in offshore detention centres. Design/methodology/approach A single case study approach was used. Findings This case study presents the findings on the suicidal process of an asylum seeker who attempted suicide three times while in Nauru Regional Processing Centre, the last of which being a near-lethal one. The prolonged mandatory detention, together with lack of clarity about the timeframes of detention and constant postponing of the legal processes were identified as the main factors driving the suicidal intent. The suicidal behaviour escalated from an interrupted attempt to a near lethal one within two years, which signals lack of adequate suicide prevention within detention. Practical implications The resources for mental health being limited in Nauru, it is likely overall changes in refugee status processing may be a more effective suicide prevention strategy rather than implementation of other additional measures. Originality/value Studies in offshore processing facilities have been scarce due to barriers for researchers to access the detention centres. This study offers a unique insight into suicidality in this hard to reach population.
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Newton, J. T., Himali Patel, Seema Shah, and Peter Sturmey. "Perceptions of the Use of Compulsory Detention in Treatment of People with Eating Disorders." Psychological Reports 96, no. 3 (June 2005): 701–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.96.3.701-706.
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To examine the perceived acceptability of compulsory detention in treatment of an individual with severe anorexia nervosa amongst a sample of members of the general population, 151 participants read vignettes describing the compulsory detention of a female patient with a Body Mass Index of 12.4. The vignettes systematically varied along three dimensions: patients' reaction, immediate outcome (psychological state), and long-term outcome (attendance at out-patient appointments). Acceptability was measured using the Treatment Evaluation Inventory. There were significant main effects of psychological outcome and the long-term treatment outcome. The main effect of the patients' reaction to the detention was not significant, but there was a significant interaction for psychological outcome and long-term outcome, such that good attendance at out-patient appointments increased ratings of acceptability more markedly when a good psychological outcome had been secured. The outcome of treatment exerts a strong influence on ratings of acceptability. Individuals who have no direct experience with eating disorders endorse treatments that are effective irrespective of the patients' feelings about the treatment.
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Wallace, Ed. "Television and Nutrition in Juvenile Detention Centers." Californian Journal of Health Promotion 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2005): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32398/cjhp.v3i2.1769.
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Background: We sought to improve the ability of incarcerated juveniles to critically evaluate media food messages through an educational program that focused on nutrition. Methods: Surveys were administered to two groups of inmates of both sexes (seven to 16 years). The program consisted of forty-one 50 minute sessions (three times per week for 15 weeks) focusing on media and nutrition. Results: None of the participants identified accurate nutrition information before the intervention. After the program, the intervention group (n = 16) identified inconsistencies between nutrition labeling and media messages better than the controls (n = 17). Intervention inmates also expressed a greater interest in learning more about nutrition and had a better understanding of how diet is a factor in health. Conclusions: Health professionals can design health promotion programs that have a positive impact on the inmates’ life while they are in custody, or after their release.
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Jeyaseelan, S., and T. Matsuo. "Effects of phase separation in anaerobic digestion on different substrates." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 9 (May 1, 1995): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0355.
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Treatment characteristics of two different substrates were investigated by two-phase anaerobic digestion at 20 °C. One substrate contained 87 percent carbohydrates and proteins and the other 94 percent carbohydrates and lipids. The anaerobic system consisted of a completely mixed reactor for hydrolysis and acidogenesis reactions, and an upflow filter for methanogeneous conversions. The experiments showed that the best phase separation occurs with 4 to 8 hours of detention times within the acid reactor. A single anaerobic system with upflow anaerobic filter alone for the same total detention times at the same substrate concentrations was operated for comparison. The results proved that two-phase digestion systems have higher digestion efficiencies than corresponding single-phase digestion systems. For substrates with more lipids the digestion efficiencies were very much greater.
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Rodrigues, A. M., and J. F. Santos Oliveira. "Treatment of Wastewaters from the Tomato Concentrate Industry in High Rate Algal Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 1-2 (January 1, 1987): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0187.
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High rate algal ponds are an important process of biological treatment used either for domestic sewage or food industries effluents and to produce single cell proteins. The results refer to the efficiency of treatment of wastewaters from the tomato concentrate industry and determination of the chemical composition of “Albazod” (microbial biomass) harvested in a pilot system of high rate algal ponds installed in the Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, at Monte da Caparica. Depending on the detention time and period of the year, the following removal efficiencies were obtained: COD 68.1 – 94.6%; TOD 57.6 – 85.0%; N-NH4+ 89.4 – 96.2%; colour 29.6 – 91.7% and turbidity 37.2 – 92.7%. Albazod separated from the effluent has a high nutritive value for low detention times (crude protein values of 31.50% and 30.75% dry matter for 4 days and 5 days of detention time, respectively). The highest productivity value was 30.82 g of dry matter/m2/day and was obtained for a detention time of 4 days.
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Kosky, Robert John, Michael Gifford Sawyer, and Michael Fotheringham. "The Mental Health Status of Adolescents Released from Custody: A Preliminary Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (June 1996): 326–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609064994.
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Objective: To describe the prevalence of mental health problems and the social circumstances of young offenders after their release from custody in a juvenile detention centre. Method: The subjects were 37 adolescents from an original sample of 101 adolescents who had been remanded in a juvenile detention centre in Adelaide, South Australia. The adolescents were evaluated at the time of their initial detention in custody and again 1 year later. Results: The adolescents reported having a large number of social and mental health problems after their release from custody. One year after their release, 32% of the adolescents scored above the recommended ‘cut off score on the Youth Self Report. This represents a rate of disorder three to four times higher than that reported by adolescents in the community and is comparable to the rate reported by adolescents attending mental health clinics. Conclusions: Adolescents remanded in juvenile detention centres experience continuing mental health problems after their release from custody. As well, they experience considerable social dysfunction. There is an urgent need for more active therapeutic follow-up of these young people.
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Jansen, Melanie, Alanna Sue Tin, and David Isaacs. "Prolonged immigration detention, complicity and boycotts." Journal of Medical Ethics 44, no. 2 (August 9, 2017): 138–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2016-104125.
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Australia’s punitive policy towards people seeking asylum deliberately causes severe psychological harm and meets recognised definitions of torture. Consequently, there is a tension between doctors’ obligation not to be complicit in torture and doctors’ obligation to provide best possible care to their patients, including those seeking asylum. In this paper, we explore the nature of complicity and discuss the arguments for and against a proposed call for doctors to boycott working in immigration detention. We conclude that a degree of complicity is unavoidable when working in immigration detention, but that it may be ethically justifiable. We identify ways to minimise the harms associated with complicity and argue that it is ethical to continue working in immigration detention as long as due care and attention is paid to minimising the harms of complicity.
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Humphrey, Charles P., and Guy Iverson. "Reduction in Nitrogen Exports from Stormflow after Conversion of a Dry Detention Basin to a Stormwater Wetland." Applied Sciences 10, no. 24 (December 17, 2020): 9024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10249024.
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Stormwater control measures such as dry detention basins and wetlands are often used to reduce the discharge of urban runoff and nutrients to streams, but differences in nutrient treatment may vary between practices. The goal of this study was to compare the nitrogen treatment efficiency of a dry detention basin before and after it was converted into a stormwater wetland. Inflow and outflow from a detention basin in Greenville, North Carolina was sampled during 13 storms and the stormwater wetland was sampled during 10 storms. Total dissolved nitrogen (TDN), NO3−, NH4+, chloride, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and physicochemical properties were evaluated. Inflow and outflow from the detention basin had identical median concentrations of TDN (0.47 mg L−1). The median TDN concentration for wetland outflow (0.18 mg L−1) was 63% lower relative to inflow (0.49 mg L−1). The hydraulic residence time of stormwater in the wetland was more than 10 times greater relative to the dry basin. There was a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in dissolved oxygen and oxidation reduction potential and an increase in median DOC concentrations in wetland outflow relative to inflow. Most of the reduction in TDN within the wetland was attributed to loss of NO3− (80% reduction), possibly due to denitrification. Conversion of dry detention basins to wetlands may provide significant benefits with regards to reducing TDN transport associated with urban runoff.
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Tsuchiya, Kazumi, Olivia Toles, Christopher Levesque, Kimberly Horner, Eric Ryu, Linus Chan, and Jack DeWaard. "Perceived structural vulnerabilities among detained noncitizen immigrants in Minnesota." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0252232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252232.
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Across several decades there has been an unprecedented increase in immigration enforcement including detention and deportation. Immigration detention profoundly impacts those experiencing detention and their family members. An emerging area of research has found that immigrants experience a number of challenges which constrain and limit their decisions, choices, and options for security and integration in the United States due to social, political and structural determinants. These determinants lead to greater structural vulnerabilities among immigrants. The purpose of the current study was to illuminate the perceived vulnerabilities of detained noncitizen immigrants as they are raised and described while attending case hearings at the Bloomington, Minnesota immigration court. Through conducting a thematic analysis of notes derived from third party immigration court observers, three areas of perceived vulnerability were identified. These perceived vulnerabilities include 1) migration and motivations to migrate, 2) structural vulnerabilities (e.g., discrimination, financial insecurity, social ties and family support, stable or fixed residence, English language proficiency, health and mental health) in the US, and 3) challenges in navigating immigration detention. These findings demonstrate that noncitizen immigrants who are undergoing immigration detention are experiencing multiple intersecting vulnerabilities which profoundly impact their lives. Collaborative efforts across sectors are needed to work towards comprehensive immigration reforms including both short-term and long-term solutions to address pressing issues for noncitizens undergoing immigration detention.
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Essex, Ryan. "Should clinicians boycott Australian immigration detention?" Journal of Medical Ethics 45, no. 2 (November 21, 2018): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2018-105153.
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Australian immigration detention has been called state sanctioned abuse, cruel and degrading and likened to torture. Clinicians have long worked both within the system providing healthcare and outside of it advocating for broader social and political change. It has now been over 25 years and little, if anything, has changed. The government has continued to consolidate power to enforce these policies and has continued to attempt to silence dissent. It was in this context that a boycott was raised as a possible course of action. Despite discussions among the healthcare community about the merits of such action, a number of questions have been overlooked. In this article, I will examine whether a boycott is both ethical and feasible. Taking into account the costs and benefits of current engagement and the potential impact of a boycott, more specifically the potential it has to further harm those detained, I conclude that under current circumstance a boycott cannot be justified. This however does not mean that a boycott should be dismissed completely or that the status quo should be accepted. I discuss potential ways forward for those seeking change.
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Gilman, Amanda B., Sarah Cusworth Walker, Kristin Vick, and Rachael Sanford. "The Impact of Detention on Youth Outcomes: A Rapid Evidence Review." Crime & Delinquency 67, no. 11 (May 5, 2021): 1792–813. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00111287211014141.
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While there is ample research examining the short- and long-term effects of juvenile incarceration (broadly defined), less is known about the specific consequences of the most common form of youth incarceration, juvenile detention. We conducted a Rapid Evidence Review (RER), limiting our search to the past 10 years to include studies that captured modern juvenile justice practices, to assess the body of literature evaluating the effects of juvenile detention on youth outcomes. Our initial search yielded over 1,800 articles, but only three ultimately met criteria for inclusion in our review. We conclude that there is a profound lack of research regarding the consequences of juvenile detention, an issue that affects a large number of youth in the United States.
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Oehmichen, Anna. "Incommunicado Detention in Germany: An Example of Reactive Anti-terror Legislation and Long-term Consequences." German Law Journal 9, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 855–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200000183.
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Of all anti-terror-laws adopted in Germany in the last thirty years, one of the most famous measures is certainly the so-called Kontaktsperregesetz, an Act introducing the possibility of incommunicado detention in the case of imminent terrorist threats. It is the prime example of how far reactive legislation can go, under the pretext to fight terrorism. This form of incommunicado detention was adopted in 1977, by introducing a new section (section 4, Sections 31–38) to the Introductory Act to the Judicature Act (Einführungsgesetz zum Gerichtsverfassungsgesetz, hereinafter EGGVG). The provisions were enacted in response to a particular terrorist incident, and have not been applied since. Surprisingly enough, in April 2006, a seemingly new provision was added to this regime (Section 38a EGGVG), however, as we will later see, this regulation is in fact not new, but has only changed its systematic position within the enormous legislative forest of Germany, and, at the same time, its legal nature (from transitory to permanent). Section 38a EGGVG extends the scope of application of incommunicado detention considerably, by allowing it to be used not only in terrorist cases, but also for other forms of criminal organizations like mafia. It thus increases the possibility of prisoners to be absolutely isolated from other inmates, family, friends, and even from their defense counsels, for up to thirty days; a period which can be prolonged for an indefinite period of time, provided that certain requirements are met.
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Bentzen, T. R. "3D modelling of transport, deposition and resuspension of highway deposited sediments in wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 62, no. 3 (August 1, 2010): 736–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.363.
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The paper presents results from an experimental and numerical study of flows and transport of primarily particle bound pollutants in highway wet detention ponds. The study presented here is part of a general investigation on road runoff and pollution in respect to wet detention ponds. The objective is to evaluate the quality of long term simulation based on historical rains series of the pollutant discharges from roads and highways. A three-dimensional hydrodynamic and mud transport model is used for the investigation. The transport model has been calibrated and validated on e.g. experiments in a 30 m long concrete channel with width of 0.8 m and a water depth of approximately 0.8 m and in circular flume experiments in order to reproduce near-bed specific processes such as resuspension and consolidation. With a fairly good agreement with measurements, modelling of hydrodynamics, transport of dissolved pollutants and particles in wet detention ponds is possible with application of a three dimensional RANS model and the advection/dispersion equation taken physical phenomena like wind, waves, deposition, erosion and consolidation of the bottom sediment into account.
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Schilling, W., and D. T. Kollatsch. "Reduction of Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Loads by Detention of Sanitary Sewage." Water Science and Technology 22, no. 10-11 (October 1, 1990): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0306.
Full textAbstract:
For mixed combined/separate sewer systems it is proposed, in times of combined sewage overflows (CSO), to store sanitary sewage at the inlet point to the combined system. Thereby, sanitary sewage (with high strength) is kept in the system for further treatment after the storm whereas less-polluted CSO are diverted to the receiving water. By using data of an existing catchment different scenarios are evaluated and the potential benefit of sanitary sewage detention is quantified. This approach is compared to current German CSO regulations. It is more effective than conventional CSO detention if more than 60 % of the population upstream of the CSO diversion are served by a separate system. A key problem of this concept is the control strategy that determines when to activate and empty the storage tanks. A number of criteria are compared. Considerations are also made on operational aspects such as chemical transformations in stored sewage, maximum allowable detention time, and cleansing of storage tanks.