Books on the topic 'Long-term persistence'
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1
Hymanson, Zachary P. Long-term trends in benthos abundance and persistence in the Upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estury: Summary report : 1980-1990. [Sacramento, Calif.]: Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, 1994.
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Hymanson, Zachary P. Long-term trends in benthos abundance and persistence in the Upper Sacramento-San Joaquin Estury: Summary report : 1980-1990. [Sacramento, Calif.]: Interagency Ecological Program for the San Francisco Bay/Delta Estuary, 1994.
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Dekimpe, Marnik G. Sustained spending and persistent response: A new look at long-term marketing profitability. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1997.
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Dekimpe, Marnik G. Sustained spending and persistent response: A new look at long-term marketing profitability. Cambridge, Mass: Marketing Science Institute, 1997.
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Fund, International Monetary, ed. Long-term trends in the saving-investment balance and persistent current account surpluses in a small open economy: The case of the Netherlands. Washington, D.C: International Monetary Fund, 1996.
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6
Harner, Tom. Modelling the long term exchange of persistent chemicals between the soil and the atmosphere and the measurement of octanol-air partition coefficients for chlorobenzenes and PCBs. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1994.
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7
Adams, R. L. The Art of Persistence: The Simple Secrets to Long-Term Success. Createspace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013.
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8
Houssais, Sylviane, Lily Hechtman, and Rachel G. Klein. Long-Term Outcomes of Childhood Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0003.
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This chapter summarizes the long-term clinical and functional outcomes of children diagnosed with ADHD at a mean age of eight years (probands), followed prospectively for 33 years. Outcomes are summarized in adolescence, early adulthood, and mid-adulthood. Compared with matched controls, probands showed greater persistence of ADHD and greater prevalence of Conduct Disorder (CD), Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) in late adolescence. These dysfunctions continued into early adulthood, even when ADHD remitted for the majority of the sample, and were associated with deficits in educational and occupational attainment. The disproportionally high rate of CD, APD, and SUD translated to significantly higher rates of criminality, risk-taking behavior, risk-related medical outcomes, and elevated obesity rates in adulthood. The study’s findings suggest that childhood ADHD predisposes to maladjustment in adolescence and adulthood, particularly in a subset of individuals who develop CD/APD early on.
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Qin, Nan, and Ying Wang. Hedge Funds and Performance Persistence. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607371.003.0026.
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Despite the exponential growth of global hedge fund assets since the 1990s, the high attrition rates in the industry have raised an important issue about hedge fund return persistence. This chapter discusses the various statistical methodologies in measuring performance persistence and provides a comprehensive review of the empirical literature on short- and long-term performance persistence. In particular, the literature suggests that fund strategies and characteristics are related to performance persistence. The chapter also discusses three important issues: return smoothing, the use of option-like strategies, and data biases. The chapter provides additional empirical evidence on performance persistence, using a portfolio approach and a hedge fund sample from the Trading Advisor Selection System (TASS) database between 1994 and 2015.
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Swanson, James M., L. Eugene Arnold, Peter S. Jensen, Stephen P. Hinshaw, Lily T. Hechtman, William E. Pelham, Laurence L. Greenhill, et al. Long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of Children with ADHD (the MTA). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198739258.003.0034.
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This chapter describes the long-term outcomes in the Multimodal Treatment study of ADHD (MTA), which began in 1994 and ended in 2014. First, we provide a short history of the origin of the MTA. Second, we review the design as a 14-month randomized clinical trial and the transition to a long-term follow-up. Third, we present findings from 12 key publications describing outcomes in four stages of the MTA from childhood to adulthood. Fourth, we discuss how the final adult assessments of the MTA address critical issues about symptomatic persistence of ADHD, functional outcomes outside the parental home, and cost-benefit analyses of residual effects of treatment with medication.
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Bevan, Andrew, and James Conolly. Mediterranean Islands, Fragile Communities and Persistent Landscapes: Antikythera in Long-Term Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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Bevan, Andrew, and James Conolly. Mediterranean Islands, Fragile Communities and Persistent Landscapes: Antikythera in Long-Term Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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Bevan, Andrew, and James Conolly. Mediterranean Islands, Fragile Communities and Persistent Landscapes: Antikythera in Long-Term Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2013.
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14
Jerven, Morten. Economic Growth. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0022.
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The study of long-term growth in Africa has recently been invigorated by the work of economists. To date, this literature has been motivated by explaining a divergence of income and has focused on finding persistent factors that can explain a chronic failure of growth in Africa. This chapter reviews some periods of economic growth in the past two centuries, and suggests that there must be more to learn from studying these periods of economic change and accumulation, particularly because they were accompanied by significant changes in institutions, or how the economy and the society was organized. The African economic history literature does emphasize dynamism—as opposed to persistence, and diversity in outcomes across time and space—in contrast to the average stagnation that has prompted the economic literature. In sum, there is more to learn from studying the history of economic growth in the African past than can be gauged from a search for a root cause of African economic underdevelopment.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. The role of medication. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0007.
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This chapter focuses mainly on the importance of maintenance antipsychotic medication and mood stabilizers. It examines procedures to support persistence with these drugs and maintain engagement. The techniques for initiating and monitoring clozapine therapy in the community for patients with resistant schizophrenia are outlined. The practical processes for ensuring and conducting regular structured reviews of long-term medication, both to assess progress and to identify side effects, are described in detail. In addition, the judicious use of antidepressants and benzodiazepines is outlined.
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Bloch, Michael H. Natural History and Long-Term Outcome of OCD. Edited by Christopher Pittenger. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190228163.003.0005.
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Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often a chronic condition. Convergent evidence suggests that early-onset and adult-onset disease are importantly distinct: early-onset OCD is more highly genetic, has a male bias, and is more often associated with tic disorders and attention deficit disorder. Adult-onset OCD has an equal male–female ratio and is more often associated with anxiety and depression. Long-term follow-up studies from before institution of effective treatments suggest that a minority of individuals with adult-onset OCD remit, and many have persistent severe symptoms. There are few analogous studies of patients with childhood-onset OCD. Prognosis has improved over the past 30 years with the development of effective, evidence-based pharmacotherapy and psychotherapies. More recent long-term follow-up studies of both adult-onset and pediatric-onset OCD suggest remission rates of up to 50%. Refractory illness nevertheless remains an important clinical problem.
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Latronico, Nicola, Simone Piva, and Victoria McCredie. Long-Term Implications of ICU-Acquired Muscle Weakness. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0024.
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Intensive care unit-acquired weakness (ICUAW) is a significant and common complication with major implications for survivors of critical illness. ICUAW is a clinical diagnosis made in the presence of generalized muscle weakness that occurs in the setting of critical illness when other causes of muscle weakness have been excluded. Critical illness polyneuropathy and myopathy are the most common causes of ICUAW. Short-term implications of ICUAW include alveolar hypoventilation and an increased risk of pulmonary aspiration, atelectasis, and pneumonia—factors which may contribute to acute respiratory failure and ICU re-admission. In the long term, ICUAW has been associated with physical disturbances, including unsteady gait, sensory loss, foot drop, and, in more severe cases, persistent quadriparesis and ventilator dependency. ICUAW appears to heavily influence the failure of ICU patients to return to baseline health status post-discharge. There is a paucity of evidenced-based therapeutic strategies to reduce the incidence of ICUAW; however, early rehabilitative therapy might represent an effective measure in improving functional status.
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Tolle, Patrizia, and Herausgegeben Von Georg Feuser. Erwachsene Im Wachkoma: Ansatze Fur Eine Theoriegeleitete Und Empirisch Fundierte Pflege. Peter Lang Publishing, 2005.
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Mitchell, Olivia S., Robert Clark, and Raimond Maurer, eds. How Persistent Low Returns Will Shape Saving and Retirement. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827443.001.0001.
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Funded pension systems around the world have long relied on relatively high and predictable long-term capital market returns. Yet these retirement systems confront a key challenge today, namely, how to deal with what appears to be persistently low returns on bonds and equities. For this reason, it will be prudent, and probably necessary, for insurers, plan sponsors, workers, retirees, and policymakers to take concrete steps to prepare for these lower long-term expected rates of return to retirement wealth. In fact, as we show in this volume, a persistent low-interest-rate economy will compel many to revisit how much they save, how they invest, and how long they can afford to live in retirement. Academics, policymakers, and industry leaders debate alternative strategies to cope with these challenges globally, as economic growth remains slow and low returns become the ‘new normal.’
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Roy, Arunima, and Lily Hechtman. The Multimodal Treatment of Children with ADHD (MTA) Follow-up Study. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190213589.003.0008.
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The Multimodal Treatment of Children with ADHD (MTA) study was a 14-month randomized clinical trial with naturalistic follow-ups of participants (579 children with ADHD and 259 matched community controls) after treatment for a total of 16 years. Results from this study showed a superiority of multimodal treatment regimens for ADHD compared with the commonly available community care. Nevertheless, symptom and functioning improvements brought about by multimodal therapy lapsed after cessation of therapy. In short, the MTA study showed that ADHD is a chronic condition, requiring continuous, long-term, and well-monitored treatments. Furthermore, results showed that ADHD symptoms persist into adulthood in about half the sample, and that persistence is associated with poorer outcomes than remission or no childhood ADHD.
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Carty, R. Kenneth. The Government Party. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192858481.001.0001.
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The Government Party is an exploration of five of the democratic world’s most successful political parties that dominated the politics and governments of Canada, Ireland, India, Japan, and Italy for many decades of the twentieth century. Drawing on an analysis of their structure and organization, the book identifies a distinctive type and form of party – the “Government Party” – whose success is tightly bound up with the political regimes they are created to serve. The analysis reveals the competitive dynamics of the party systems these parties dominate, the very different patterns of leadership that they provide, and the forces that contribute to their long-term persistence or decline. It offers a major interpretation of the distinctive character of electoral democracy when one party becomes a country’s natural party of government.
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Carrión, Victor G., John A. Turner, and Carl F. Weems. Memory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190201968.003.0002.
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One of the most prominent symptoms of PTSD is the persistence of troubling trauma-memories that appear resistant to extinction. To understand the key role that memory plays in the development of PTSD, the current chapter presents a review of theoretical models for memory encoding, processing, learning, and extinction. The preclinical literature that has informed our understanding of the toxic relationship between chronic elevation of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids and memory is examined. Consideration of cognitive and neuroimaging studies on adults and children illustrates the long-term consequences of traumatic stress on the neurofunctional structures involved in memory, such as the hippocampus and LHPA axis. The variance in these effects, attributable to their timing and context, is discussed, and suggests that stress may preprogram subsequent memory performance when it is experienced during the critical period of brain development.
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Pakes, Anna. Choreography Invisible. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199988211.001.0001.
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Focusing on Western theatre dance, Choreography Invisible explores the metaphysics of dances and choreographic works. It draws on a range of resources from analytic philosophy of art to develop the argument that dances are repeatable structures of action. The book also analyses the idea of the dance work in long-term historical perspective. Tracing different ways in which dances have been conceptualised across time, the book considers changing notions of authorship, fixity, persistence, and autonomy from the fifteenth century to the present day. The modern work-concept is interrogated, its relativity and contested status (particularly within contemporary dance practice) acknowledged. As the dance work disappears from contemporary discourse, what can be said about the kind of thing it is? Choreography Invisible considers the materials of dance making and the nature (and limits) of choreographic authorship. It explores issues of identity and persistence, including why distinct (and sometimes quite various) performances are still treated as performances of the same work. The book examines how dances survive through time and what it means for a dance work to be lost, considering the extent to which practices of dance reconstruction and reenactment can recuperate or reconstitute lost choreography. The focus here is dance, but the book addresses issues with wider implications for the metaphysics of art, including how the historical relativity of art practices should inflect analytic arguments about the nature of art works, and what place such works have within a broader ontology of human and natural worlds.
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Luc W. S. W. Amkreutz. Appendices : Persistent Traditions: A Long-Term Perspective on Communities in the Process of Neolithisation in the Lower Rhine Area. Sidestone Press, 2013.
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25
Ash, Simon A., and Donal J. Buggy. Outcomes of anaesthesia. Edited by Philip M. Hopkins. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0039.
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Prevailing attitudes and conviction maintain that anaesthetic management, while ensuring safety, analgesia, and comfort perioperatively, has little influence on long-term patient outcomes. Gradually accumulating evidence is challenging this conventional wisdom, suggesting that choice of anaesthetic technique and perioperative management may, on the contrary, exert previously unrecognized long-term influences. This chapter seeks to review topical aspects of anaesthesia management which may influence postoperative patient outcomes. These include cardiovascular and pulmonary outcomes, surgical site infection, blood transfusion, perioperative glycaemic control, cancer recurrence, the development of chronic persistent pain, and postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Wijdicks, Eelco F. M., and Sarah L. Clark. Drugs Used in Neurorehabilitation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190684747.003.0020.
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Neurologic rehabilitation arguably starts in the neurosciences intensive care unit. Specialized care is often needed in acute spinal cord injury, particularly if long-term care appears imminent. Much of neurorehabilitation is done without pharmaceuticals, but good options are available in patients with persistent disorders of consciousness, spasticity, and early depression after stroke. Disorders of consciousness are major concerns in neurorehabilitation centers because they obviate traditional rehabilitation programs. Improvement can be achieved with a neurostimulant which would improve attention span to therapy This chapter discusses dopaminergic agents and other neurostimulants for disorders of consciousness and long-term drugs for spasticity to improve outcomes.
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Jönsson, Christer. Theoretical Approaches to International Organization. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.349.
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The study of international organizations (IOs) has been described as lacking theoretical depth. However, the field actually has a more solid theoretical foundation than some of its critics allege. Moreover, the variety of approaches has entailed multifaceted knowledge of the internal workings as well as the global effects of IOs. Three theoretical traditions have emerged, dealing with institutions, organization, and governance. Institutional analysis has a central position in political science. In the study of domestic institutions, three major schools—rational choice institutionalism, historical institutionalism, and sociological institutionalism—have emerged. Organization theory represents a change of focus from the ideational structures studied by institutionalists to more material and human structures. Whereas both institutional and organizational approaches were originally formulated for domestic structures, institutionalists have been more receptive to exploring domestic-international analogies and contrasts. Even if both institutional and organization theories pay attention to process— institutionalizing rules and practices as well as organizing collective entities are long-term processes— IO studies inspired by these approaches tend to focus on relatively stable structures, asking questions concerning the establishment, persistence or change, and impact of international institutions and organizations. A third, more recent perspective focuses on continuous processes of governance, involving international organizations as well as other types of actors.
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Corbridge, Stuart. Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction in Contemporary India. Edited by Gordon L. Clark, Maryann P. Feldman, Meric S. Gertler, and Dariusz Wójcik. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198755609.013.40.
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India is an exception to many so-called rules in social science. This chapter considers why accounts of long-term economic growth, which assume that either institutional quality or geography is a foundational driver of change, are confounded by India. Attention is directed instead to consistency of economic policymaking, competition between provinces, and the stability of underlying political settlements. The chapter also considers why India’s growth success has been so much less efficient at reducing extreme income poverty than is the case in most East Asian countries. Poverty reduction in the east and centre-north of India has been undercut by persistent underinvestment in state capacity and public services. It has also been harmed by systems of political calculation that made investments in security and growth seemingly unnecessary for incumbent re-election. This is now changing in areas not under Maoist control, but the legacies of persistent social exclusion cast a long shadow.
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Deeg, Richard. Capitalisms: A Global System. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.377.
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The global political economy is a multilevel system of economic activities and regulation in which the domestic level continues to predominate—in other words, it is a global system comprising national capitalist economies. Nations differ in terms of the regulations and institutions that govern economic activity, an observation that is embodied in the so-called “varieties of capitalism” (VoC) literature. Contemporary VoC approaches highlight the significance of social and political institutions in shaping national economies, in stark contrast to neoclassical economics which generally ignores institutions other than markets or sees them as hindrances to the functioning of free markets. Three analytical premises inform the diverse conceptual frameworks within the VoC literature: the firm-based approach, national business systems approach, and the governance or “social systems of production” approach. The VoC literature offers three important contributions to our understanding of the global political economy. The first is that different sources of competitive advantage for firms and nations are institutionally rooted and not easily changed. The second contribution is that these distinct national arrangements give rise to different interests/preferences in how the global economy is constructed and managed. Finally, the VoC approaches provide a framework for analyzing long-term institutional changes in capitalist systems and the persistence of diverse forms of capitalism, including the global financial crisis of 2008–2009 that may usher in yet another epochal change in the “battle of capitalisms.”
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Goldenberg, Don. COVID's Impact on Health and Healthcare Workers. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780197575390.001.0001.
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The symptoms, risk factors and typical course of mild, moderate and severe COVID-19 infections are detailed, focusing on correlations with hospitalization and death. The physical and emotional toll on healthcare workers is described, as well as the innovations and sacrifices made by physicians, nurses, and hospitals during the pandemic. Present and enduring changes in primary care and mental healthcare, including increased utilization of telemedicine, are explained. The misinformation and disinformation raging during the pandemic and their adverse effect on public health and patient recovery are uncovered. There is a focus on persistent symptoms, long after the initial COVID infection, including long-COVID syndrome. The book concludes with recommendations to best move forward, addressing public health, healthcare inequities, long-term care facilities, primary care, healthcare worker well-being, and following science and truth.
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Hendrix, Burke A. Strategies of Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198833543.001.0001.
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Political theorists often imagine themselves as political architects, asking what an ideal set of laws or social structures might look like. Yet persistent injustices can endure for decades or even centuries despite such ideal theorizing. In circumstances of this kind, it is essential for political theorists to think carefully about the political choices normatively available to those who directly face persistent injustices and seek to change them. The book focuses on the claims of Aboriginal peoples to better treatment from the United States and Canada. The book investigates two intertwined issues: the kinds of moral permissions that those facing persistent injustice have when they act politically, and the kinds of transformations that political action may bring about in those who undertake it. The book argues for normative permissions to speak untruth to power; to circumvent or nullify existing law; to give primary attention to protecting one’s own community first; and to engage in political experimentation that reshapes future generations. The book argues that, when carefully used, these permissions may help political actors to avoid co-optation and self-delusion. At the same time, divisions of labor between those who grapple most closely with state institutions and those who keep their distance may be necessary to facilitate escape from persistent injustice over the long term.
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Levy, David. Microvascular complications: DCCT/EDIC, Pittsburgh, and Finland. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198766452.003.0006.
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The progression of microvascular complications is documented in the three-decade Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), its follow-on, the Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study, and two non-interventional studies, the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications study (EDC) and FinnDiane. The DCCT is described in detail. DCCT confirmed that good glycaemic control (A1C 7% (53 mmol/mol)) for 7 years reduced the risk of microvascular complications by 50–75% compared with A1C of 9% (75). Severe hypoglycaemia associated with improved glycaemia, is not seen in recent studies, probably due to increasing expertise in managing intensive control. Good control has a long legacy effect, and has recently been shown to reduce long-term mortality. End-stage microvascular complications occur in 1% or fewer. Glycaemia accounts for nearly all the differences in risk of microvascular complications. Other studies identify a persistent A1C 9% or more as a major risk for advanced tissue complications.
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Burns, Tom, and Mike Firn. Bipolar affective disorder. Edited by Tom Burns and Mike Firn. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198754237.003.0016.
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This chapter deals with the other major psychotic illness, bipolar affective disorder. Bipolar disorder poses a difficult question for outreach workers, as patients are often well recovered between episodes—so should persisting outreach be provided? We report very good results in severe bipolar disorder where continuity of care has paid off. The chapter also deals with theories of causation and classification. The section on treatment identifies the importance of early admission in hypomania, the use of mood stabilizers, and the value of identifying and agreeing on relapse signatures. It also confirms the value of working hard to strengthen the therapeutic relationship and of psychosocial interventions such as psycho-education. Long-term work with these patients brings home just how persistent and disabling the depressive phases can be.
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Slawinski, Natalie, and Pratima Bansal. The Paradoxes of Time in Organizations. Edited by Wendy K. Smith, Marianne W. Lewis, Paula Jarzabkowski, and Ann Langley. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198754428.013.19.
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This chapter examines the paradoxes related to time in organizational research. It uncovers two main assumptions in organizational time research. The first is that temporal dimensions are often viewed as trade-offs, including objective versus subjective, short versus long term, and fast versus slow, such that organizations must choose among them. The second assumption is that clock time, which views time as absolute, mechanical, and linear, is a dominant frame. Such approaches to time in organizational research have limited theorizing about organizations and their relationship with society and the natural environment. A paradox lens, which approaches contradictory elements as interrelated and persistent, offers opportunities to develop a richer understanding of temporality, and to unearth insights unavailable through a polarized view of time.
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Brondolo, Elizabeth, Irene V. Blair, and Amandeep Kaur. Biopsychosocial Mechanisms Linking Discrimination to Health: A Focus on Social Cognition. Edited by Brenda Major, John F. Dovidio, and Bruce G. Link. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190243470.013.8.
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This chapter presents a theoretical framework that highlights the role of social cognition in mediating the effects of discrimination on health. This framework suggests that through alterations in schemas and appraisal processes, long-term discrimination increases the experienced frequency, intensity, and duration of threat exposure and concomitant distress. At the same time, the ability to recover from threat exposure may be impaired by the effects of discrimination on cognitive control processes that are necessary for modulating stress responses. Together, these processes may influence the ability to initiate and sustain health-promoting behavior, avoid health-impairing behavior, attenuate stress reactivity, and facilitate stress recovery. Through effects on social cognition, persistent exposure to discrimination may potentiate sustained dysregulation of psychophysiological systems responsible for maintaining health.
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Fischer, Kevin M., and Shannon S. Carson. Chronic Multiple Organ Dysfunction. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199653461.003.0013.
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This chapter reviews the clinical syndrome of chronic multiple organ dysfunction (MOD) following acute critical illness. Chronic MOD, also referred to as chronic critical illness, occurs in patients who have survived the acute phase of their illness or injury but remain dependent on life support for weeks or months. This condition presents unique physiologic and metabolic abnormalities distinct from those encountered in the acute illness. These include neuroendocrine and immune dysregulation, ICU-acquired weakness, persistent respiratory failure, and brain dysfunction. The symptom burden for these patients is high, and long-term survival is limited for elderly patients and those for whom MOD persists for weeks. Comprehensive and systematic programmes will need to be designed and implemented involving bundled best-practice interventions in order to reduce the incidence and treat the consequences of chronic MOD.
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Dvoskin, Joel, and Melody C. Brown. Jails and prisons. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199360574.003.0006.
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There are many similarities between prisons and jails, especially in regard to the constitutional standard for mental health services. However, the differences are important to recognize in assuring that the unique needs of each kind of institution are met. Historically, jails have been used to hold defendants for trial, and to confine prisoners who have been sentenced for misdemeanors, typically for sentences of less than one year. In contrast, prisons are managed by state or federal governments and used for longer-term confinement of convicted felons, who generally serve sentences of one year or longer. Predominant among these differences is the very high degree of turnover in jail populations, resulting in dramatic increases in acuity of mental illness and substance misuse, significantly increased risk of suicide, and the increases in workload due to the much higher percentage of initial assessments. In contrast, prison mental health services are more often faced with the realities of serious and persistent mental illnesses, and the hopelessness that can come after years of incarceration and in the face of very long sentences. While prison mental health clinicians have more time with which to work, they also face significantly greater expectations for treatment that goes beyond crisis response and psychotropic medication. Distinctions between prisons and jails in terms of service delivery and the kinds of treatment challenges that exist in the long-term management of prisoners with serious mental illness are discussed.
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Corsino, Louis. Conclusion. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038716.003.0006.
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This concluding chapter presents a more general discussion of the interrelationships between ethnicity, organized crime, and social capital, especially as it may apply to the contemporary context in Chicago Heights. This study connected the decades-long ‘success’ of the organized crime operation in Chicago Heights to the persistent balancing act between the resources of closure, violence, and brokerage. Too much or too little of one or another would be potentially damaging to this long-term success. Closure brings value to the organization because it promotes a familiarity and assumed level of trust between individuals. However, when there are strong ties binding groups together, certainty and predictability triumph over variability and innovation. Individuals are unaware of or reluctant to think through or even see new opportunities because the social networks place a premium on routine beliefs and behaviors. An antidote to the excesses of closure is violence. New ideas and new approaches were pushed forward by force and the elimination of opposition. Today, although Italian organized crime presence in Chicago Heights has significantly diminished, organized crime in Chicago Heights persists. African Americans and Latinos have largely taken over the vice operations.
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Geary, David C. The Classification and Cognitive Characteristics of Mathematical Disabilities in Children. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.017.
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Children in the bottom quartile of mathematics achievement are at high risk for underemployment in adulthood. These children include the roughly 7% of students with a mathematical learning disability (MLD) and another 10% of students with persistent low achievement (LA) that is not attributable to intelligence. The poor mathematics achievement of children who compose groups of MLD and LA students appears to be related to one or several deficits; specifically, (1) a delay in the development and poor fidelity of the system for representing approximate magnitudes; (2) difficulty mapping Arabic numerals, number words, and rational numbers onto associated quantities; (3) poor conceptual understanding of some arithmetic concepts; (4) developmental delay in the learning of mathematical procedures; and (5) difficulty committing basic arithmetic facts to or retrieving them from long-term memory. Children with MLD also have concurrent working memory deficits that exacerbate their mathematics-specific deficits and delays.
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Dalbeth, Nicola. Gout. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0141.
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Gout is a common and treatable disorder of purine metabolism. Gout typically presents as recurrent self-limiting episodes of severe inflammatory arthritis affecting the foot. In the presence of persistent hyperuricaemia, tophi, chronic synovitis, and joint damage may develop. Diagnosis of gout is confirmed by identification of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals using polarizing light microscopy. Hyperuricaemia is the central biochemical cause of gout. Genetic variants in certain renal tubular urate transporters including SLC2A9 and ABCG2, and dietary factors including intake of high-purine meats and seafood, beer, and fructose, contribute to development of hyperuricaemia and gout. Gout treatment includes: (1) management of the acute attack using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, or low-dose colchicine; (2) prophylaxis against gout attacks when commencing urate-lowering therapy (ULT), with NSAIDs or colchicine; and (3) long-term ULT to achieve a target serum urate of less than 0.36 mmol/litre. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a central mediator of acute gouty inflammation and anti-IL-1β therapies show promise for treatment of acute attacks and prophylaxis. The mainstay of ULT remains allopurinol. However, old ULT agents such as probenecid and benzbromarone and newer agents such as febuxostat and pegloticase are also effective, and should be considered in patients in whom allopurinol is ineffective or poorly tolerated. Management of gout should be considered in the context of medical conditions that frequently coexist with gout, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and chronic kidney disease. Patient education is essential to ensure that acute gout attacks are promptly and safely managed, and long-term ULT is maintained.
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Dalbeth, Nicola. Gout. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0141_update_003.
Full textAbstract:
Gout is a common and treatable disorder of purine metabolism. Gout typically presents as recurrent self-limiting episodes of severe inflammatory arthritis affecting the foot. In the presence of persistent hyperuricaemia, tophi, chronic synovitis, and joint damage may develop. Diagnosis of gout is confirmed by identification of monosodium urate (MSU) crystals using polarizing light microscopy. Hyperuricaemia is the central biochemical cause of gout. Genetic variants in certain renal tubular urate transporters including SLC2A9 and ABCG2, and dietary factors including intake of high-purine meats and seafood, beer, and fructose, contribute to development of hyperuricaemia and gout. Gout treatment includes: (1) management of the acute attack using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, or low-dose colchicine; (2) prophylaxis against gout attacks when commencing urate-lowering therapy (ULT), with NSAIDs or colchicine; and (3) long-term ULT to achieve a target serum urate of less than 0.36 mmol/litre. Interleukin (IL)-1β is a central mediator of acute gouty inflammation and anti-IL-1β therapies show promise for treatment of acute attacks and prophylaxis. The mainstay of ULT remains allopurinol. However, old ULT agents such as probenecid and benzbromarone and newer agents such as febuxostat and pegloticase are also effective, and should be considered in patients in whom allopurinol is ineffective or poorly tolerated. Management of gout should be considered in the context of medical conditions that frequently coexist with gout, including type 2 diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, and chronic kidney disease. Patient education is essential to ensure that acute gout attacks are promptly and safely managed, and long-term ULT is maintained.
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Phillips, Tudor. Risk factors for post-amputation pain. Edited by Paul Farquhar-Smith, Pierre Beaulieu, and Sian Jagger. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198834359.003.0066.
Full textAbstract:
The landmark paper discussed in this chapter is ‘Immediate and long-term phantom limb pain in amputees: Incidence, clinical characteristics and relationship to pre-amputation limb pain’, published by Jensen et al. in 1985. This study examined a cohort of older patients undergoing limb amputation, and carefully related pre-amputation pain to the development and nature of phantom limb pain. The authors demonstrated that a third of patients experienced pain similar to the pre-amputated limb pain immediately after amputation; patients who had experienced pre-amputation pain were more likely to experience phantom limb pain in the first 6 months after the amputation; and persistent phantom limb pain was more likely in patients who experienced stump pain after amputation. The study had clear implications for pain management but, importantly, it also demonstrated that peripheral pain, in the form of pre-amputation and stump pain, was important in determining the development and maintenance of phantom limb pain.
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Henter, Ioline D., and Rodrigo Machado-Vieira. Novel therapeutic targets for bipolar disorder. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198748625.003.0030.
Full textAbstract:
The long-term course of bipolar disorder (BD) comprises recurrent depressive episodes and persistent residual symptoms for which standard therapeutic options are scarce and often ineffective. Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and glutamate and its cognate receptors have consistently been implicated in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and in the development of novel therapeutics for these disorders. Since the rapid and robust antidepressant effects of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist ketamine were first observed in 2000, other NMDA receptor antagonists have been studied in major depressive disorder (MDD) and BD. This chapter reviews the clinical evidence supporting the use of novel glutamate receptor modulators for treating BD—particularly bipolar depression. We also discuss other promising, non-glutamatergic targets for potential rapid antidepressant effects in mood disorders, including the cholinergic system, the melatonergic system, the glucocorticoid system, the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade, and oxidative stress and bioenergetics.
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Shackelford, Scott J., Frederick Douzet, and Christopher Ankersen, eds. Cyber Peace. Cambridge University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108954341.
Full textAbstract:
The international community is too often focused on responding to the latest cyber-attack instead of addressing the reality of pervasive and persistent cyber conflict. From ransomware against the city government of Baltimore to state-sponsored campaigns targeting electrical grids in Ukraine and the U.S., we seem to have relatively little bandwidth left over to ask what we can hope for in terms of 'peace' on the Internet, and how to get there. It's also important to identify the long-term implications for such pervasive cyber insecurity across the public and private sectors, and how they can be curtailed. This edited volume analyzes the history and evolution of cyber peace and reviews recent international efforts aimed at promoting it, providing recommendations for students, practitioners and policymakers seeking an understanding of the complexity of international law and international relations involved in cyber peace. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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Feldman, Ilana. Life Lived in Relief. University of California Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520299627.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Palestinian refugees’ experience of displacement is among the lengthiest in history. Life Lived in Relief explores this community’s engagement with humanitarian assistance over a seventy-year period and their persistent efforts over this long time span to alter their present and future conditions. Even as humanitarian intervention is conceived as crisis-driven and focused on survival, protracted displacement is a common circumstance, necessitating long-term humanitarian presence. The book describes the operational challenges of oscillating between chronic conditions and repeating emergency situations as “punctuated humanitarianism.” Punctuated humanitarianism also means that people move through different relationships with the humanitarian apparatus. Palestinian refugee politics is buffeted between near and far futures, close and distant geographies, and immediate needs and existential claims. This politics is expressed not only in the register of suffering but also as aspiration, existence, and refusal. These multiplicities are often discordant, but they persist together. The “politics of living” in and against humanitarianism is central to what it has meant to be Palestinian since 1948. It also provides new insights into the possibilities of political life in precarious conditions. The story of Palestinians and humanitarianism is illustrative of life and relief in the many circumstances of protracted displacement across the globe.
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Bueno, Héctor, and José A. Barrabés. Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0046.
Full textAbstract:
Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are life-threatening disorders, usually caused by acute coronary thrombosis and subsequent myocardial ischaemia, presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation in the initial electrocardiogram. According to the occurrence of myocardial necrosis, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are divided into non-ST-segment myocardial infarction or unstable angina. The management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes requires an early diagnosis and risk stratification, urgent hospitalization, monitoring, and medical treatment, including antithrombotic therapy with dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus one P2Y12 inhibitor) and parenteral anticoagulation, anti-ischaemic treatment, and preventative therapies. After the initial medical therapy is established, an invasive strategy, consisting of coronary angiography with coronary revascularization (either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass graft surgery), as appropriate, should be decided. The timing of the invasive strategy should be adjusted, according to the patient’s risk. Given the high event rate of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes after hospital discharge, an aggressive long-term preventative therapy should be put in place to improve prognosis.
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Bueno, Héctor, and José A. Barrabés. Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0046_update_001.
Full textAbstract:
Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are life-threatening disorders, usually caused by acute coronary thrombosis and subsequent myocardial ischaemia, presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation in the initial electrocardiogram. According to the occurrence of myocardial necrosis, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are divided into non-ST-segment myocardial infarction or unstable angina. The management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes requires an early diagnosis and risk stratification, urgent hospitalization, monitoring, and medical treatment, including antithrombotic therapy with dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus one P2Y12 inhibitor) and parenteral anticoagulation, anti-ischaemic treatment, and preventative therapies. After the initial medical therapy is established, an invasive strategy, consisting of coronary angiography with coronary revascularization (either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass graft surgery), as appropriate, should be decided. The timing of the invasive strategy should be adjusted, according to the patient’s risk. Given the high event rate of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes after hospital discharge, an aggressive long-term preventative therapy should be put in place to improve prognosis.
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Bueno, Héctor, and José A. Barrabés. Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199687039.003.0046_update_002.
Full textAbstract:
Non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are life-threatening disorders, usually caused by acute coronary thrombosis and subsequent myocardial ischaemia, presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation in the initial electrocardiogram. According to the occurrence of myocardial necrosis, non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes are divided into non-ST-segment myocardial infarction or unstable angina. The management of non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes requires an early diagnosis and risk stratification, urgent hospitalization, monitoring, and medical treatment, including antithrombotic therapy with dual antiplatelet therapy (aspirin plus one P2Y12 inhibitor) and parenteral anticoagulation, anti-ischaemic treatment, and preventative therapies. After the initial medical therapy is established, an invasive strategy, consisting of coronary angiography with coronary revascularization (either percutaneous coronary intervention or coronary bypass graft surgery), as appropriate, should be decided. The timing of the invasive strategy should be adjusted, according to the patient’s risk. Given the high event rate of patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes after hospital discharge, an aggressive long-term preventative therapy should be put in place to improve prognosis.
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Hainline, Brian, Lindsey J. Gurin, and Daniel M. Torres. Concussion. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190937447.001.0001.
Full textAbstract:
Concussion is a type of mild traumatic brain injury, is common, and occurs both in sport and as a result of falls or accidents. Concussion has become an increasingly recognized public health concern, largely driven by prominent media coverage of athletes who have sustained concussion. Although much has been written about this condition, its natural history is still not well understood, and practitioners are only now beginning to recognize that concussion often manifests in different clinical domains. These may require targeted treatment in and of themselves; otherwise, persistent post-concussive symptoms may develop. Although most individuals who sustain a concussion recover, and although concussion is a treatable condition, it is important that concussion be managed early and comprehensively to avoid a more prolonged clinical trajectory. A relatively recent term often used in the setting of concussion is repetitive head impact exposure—a biomechanical force applied to the head that does not generate a clinical manifestation of concussion, but may result in structural brain changes. Although it is often assumed that repetitive head impact exposure leads to long-term neurological sequelae, the science to document this assumption is in its infancy. Repeated concussions may lead to depression or cognitive impairment later in life, and there is an emerging literature that repeated concussion and repetitive head impact exposure are associated with chronic traumatic encephalopathy or other neurodegenerative diseases. Currently there is no known causal connection between concussion, repetitive head impact exposure, and neurodegeneration, although this research is also still in its infancy.
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Termeer, Catrien, Arwin van Buuren, Art Dewulf, Dave Huitema, Heleen Mees, Sander Meijerink, and Marleen van Rijswick. Governance Arrangements for Adaptation to Climate Change. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.600.
Full textAbstract:
Adaptation to climate change is not only a technical issue; above all, it is a matter of governance. Governance is more than government and includes the totality of interactions in which public as well as private actors participate, aiming to solve societal problems. Adaptation governance poses some specific, demanding challenges, such as the context of institutional fragmentation, as climate change involves almost all policy domains and governance levels; the persistent uncertainties about the nature and scale of risks and proposed solutions; and the need to make short-term policies based on long-term projections. Furthermore, adaptation is an emerging policy field with, at least for the time being, only weakly defined ambitions, responsibilities, procedures, routines, and solutions. Many scholars have already shown that complex problems, such as adaptation to climate change, cannot be solved in a straightforward way with actions taken by a hierarchic or monocentric form of governance. This raises the question of how to develop governance arrangements that contribute to realizing adaptation options and increasing the adaptive capacity of society. A series of seven basic elements have to be addressed in designing climate adaptation governance arrangements: the framing of the problem, the level(s) at which to act, the alignment across sectoral boundaries, the timing of the policies, the selection of policy instruments, the organization of the science-policy interface, and the most appropriate form of leadership. For each of these elements, this chapter suggests some tentative design principles. In addition to effectiveness and legitimacy, resilience is an important criterion for evaluating these arrangements. The development of governance arrangements is always context- and time-specific, and constrained by the formal and informal rules of existing institutions.