Academic literature on the topic 'Long-Term Leverage'
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Journal articles on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Holzhauer, Hunter, Xing Lu, Robert McLeod, and Jamshid Mehran. "How Long is Too Long? Volatility-Based Holding Strategies for Leveraged Bull and Bear ETFs." Journal of Finance Issues 12, no. 1 (December 31, 2013): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.58886/jfi.v12i1.2294.
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Since their favorable introduction in the U.S. in 2006, leveraged bull and bear exchangetraded funds (ETFs) have provided short-term investors with the opportunity to express their directional views regarding a wide variety of indexes. However, unlike traditional unleveraged ETFs, leveraged ETFs are not intended to be used as long-term trading instruments. Instead, leveraged ETFs are designed to return a multiple of their benchmark index on a daily basis. Leveraged ETFs are structured only for short-term investors because these funds must be rebalanced each day to prevent leverage from becoming too excessive. This daily rebalancing complicates predicting long-term returns for leveraged ETFs due to both compounding and volatility. Using Morningstar return data and Chicago Board Options Exchange volatility index data, we investigate the effects of compounding and expected market volatility on specific longterm holding strategies for leveraged bull and bear ETF returns. We show that compounded leveraged returns over these holding periods are comparable to compounding the respective multiple of their underlying benchmark return with tracking error increasing over time and with leverage. Our results also show that expected market volatility has a significant effect on tracking error, after adjusting for expenses, and that this effect increases over time and with leverage. These results suggest that volatility indexes may be used by sophisticated investors to devise trading rules for long-term holding strategies for leveraged bull and bear ETFs.
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KOUT, Wided. "On the Properties of Leveraged ETFs." Finance Bulletin 1, no. 2 (June 7, 2019): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/fb.2018.1.2.2314.
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In this paper, we examine if, for a successful long-term investment of leveraged ETFs, it is necessary to adjust the level of leverage according to the fluctuations of the financial markets. For this purpose, we illustrate in particular the behavior of the Leverages ETF based on the optimal leverage introduced by Giese (2009). This latter one, which is based on the growth rate expectation, behaves as a function of the prevailing market environment. More precisely, it implies that the investor should use high leverage in low volatility markets and low leverage in high volatility markets. We study also how the degree of leverage depends on the main factor of market environment, namely the volatility of the market in force.
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Nugroho, Vina Christina, and Kim Sung Suk. "The Relationship Between Leverage, Maturity, and Investment Decision: Evidence From Emerging Markets." Organizations and Markets in Emerging Economies 10, no. 1 (May 28, 2019): 147–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/omee.2019.10.00008.
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In this paper, we examine simultaneous relationship between leverage, maturity and over(under)- investment in emerging markets. We divide leverage into short term and long term to investigate the relation between current and future simultaneous relationship between leverage and investment decision, between debt maturity and investment decision, and between leverage and debt maturity. This research used twenty emerging market data from 2006 – 2016. First of all, our results show that firms in emerging markets prefer to use short-term debt to long-term debt to minimize the underinvestment problem. Second, there is a simultaneous non-linear relation between long-term leverage and growth opportunities in emerging markets firms. Third, long-term debt has non-linear effects on investment decision in emerging markets firms. It can be concluded that firms in emerging markets have different characteristics with regard to their capabilities to manage the interaction between leverage, maturity and investment compared to developed markets.
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Stoiljković, Aleksandra, Slavica Tomić, Bojan Leković, and Milenko Matić. "Determinants of Capital Structure: Empirical Evidence of Manufacturing Companies in the Republic of Serbia." Sustainability 15, no. 1 (December 31, 2022): 778. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15010778.
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The subject of research in the paper is the capital structure of companies in the Republic of Serbia. The research sample consists of companies that operated in the manufacturing industry in the Republic of Serbia in the period 2006–2020. The aim of the research is to identify firm-specific variables that have significant influence on the capital structure of the analyzed companies. Using a panel data methodology, three leverage models were estimated: long-term leverage, short-term leverage, and total leverage. The research results confirm the importance of company size, profitability, tangibility, and risk in determining the capital structure of companies in the Republic of Serbia. However, the research results show that size, profitability, and tangibility of assets have the opposite effect on long-term leverage compared to short-term and total leverage. That is, the behavior of companies in the Republic of Serbia in the case of long-term leverage is in accordance with the predictions of the trade-off theory, while in the case of short-term and total leverage, the behavior of companies can be explained by the pecking order theory.
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Gomes, João, Urban Jermann, and Lukas Schmid. "Sticky Leverage." American Economic Review 106, no. 12 (December 1, 2016): 3800–3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.20130952.
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We develop a tractable general equilibrium model that captures the interplay between nominal long-term corporate debt, inflation, and real aggregates. We show that unanticipated inflation changes the real burden of debt and, more significantly, leads to a debt overhang that distorts future investment and production decisions. For these effects to be both large and very persistent, it is essential that debt maturity exceeds one period. We also show that interest rate rules can help stabilize our economy. (JEL E12, E31, E44, E52, G01, G32, G35)
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Kyereboah-Coleman, Anthony. "The determinants of capital structure of microfinance institutions in Ghana." South African Journal of Economic and Management Sciences 10, no. 2 (April 9, 2013): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/sajems.v10i2.587.
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Using a panel data methodology, this study examines the determinants of capital structure of 52 microfinance institutions (MFIs) in Ghana. The empirical results show that the MFIs are highly leveraged and that their capital structure is explained partly by standard finance theory and by other unconventional variables. Specifically, the study confirms that leverage is positively related to asset tangibility, with small MFIs using short-term and large MFIs using long-term debt. Though, the findings confirm that leverage is inversely related to risk, they also suggest that some MFIs enjoy long-term debt in spite of risk, while profitability is irrelevant in explaining the capital structure decisions of MFIs. Finally, the study shows that the reputation and board independence of MFIs significantly and positively affect their capital structure decisions.
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HUSSAIN, SADDAM, Chunjiao Yu, and Xiao Ling. "DETERMINANTS AFFECTING THE CAPITAL STRUCTURE DECISION OF A FIRM (A CASE STUDY OF TEXTILE SECTOR IN PAKISTAN)." International Journal of Management & Entrepreneurship Research 3, no. 3 (April 16, 2021): 118–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/ijmer.v3i3.214.
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In this paper, we have examined the influence of specific factors based on a capital structure sample of five Pakistani textile sector (Leveraged) companies. The secondary data came from an analysis of the balance sheets of five companies listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange between 2004 and 2014.Regression and correlation analysis on the panel data shows that profitability is negatively correlated with leverage ratio, while tangibility is positively correlated with leverage ratio, but not significantly. Firm size and firm growth are also positively and significantly correlated with leverage. Return on equity is also negatively correlated with leverage. Our findings also show that large textile firms, compared with small ones, finance long-term through debt. Keywords: Capital Structure, Return on equity, Profitability, Tangibility, Leverage, Debt to equity ratio, Pakistan.
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Ghasemi, Maziar, and Nazrul Hisyam Ab Razak. "The Impact of Liquidity on the Capital Structure: Evidence from Malaysia." International Journal of Economics and Finance 8, no. 10 (September 23, 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v8n10p130.
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<p class="Content">For many years, liquidity of a company’s asset and its effect on the optimal debt level has been a controversial issue among scholars in finance studies. Prior studies have demonstrated that in some countries, asset liquidity increased debt level while in other countries liquid companies were less leveraged and more regularly financed by their own capital. This study investigates the effect of liquidity on the capital structure among the 300 listed companies in the Main market of Bursa Malaysia from 2005 to 2013 fiscal years. Pooled OLS is applied to investigate the impact of liquidity ratios on different Debt ratios. Liquidity of a company, which is the independent variable of this study, is measured by two common ratios which are: quick ratio and current ratio. Additionally, the Debt/Equity and Debt/Asset ratios represent the capital structures based on the short-term, long-term and total debt. The results show that all the measures of liquidity have significant impacts on all the proxies of leverage. According to the results, Quick ratio has a positive effect on leverage; although, Current ratio is negatively related to leverage. Moreover, short-term debt is more influenced by liquidity compared to long-term debt.</p>
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Lamichhane, Pitambar. "Nexus between firm fundamentals and financial leverage in Nepalese nonfinancial firms." Management Dynamics 23, no. 2 (December 31, 2020): 13–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/md.v23i2.35801.
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This paper aims to analyze the nexus between firm fundamentals and financial leverage in Nepalese non-financial firms for the period 2000/01-2017/18 applying descriptive and causal comparative research design. Short-term, long-term and total financial leverage ratios are dependent variables and firm-fundamental variables are considered as explanatory variables. The result of this paper shows that Nepalese firms are highly levered. Regression results of this study reveals that profitability, earning variability, liquidity are major determinants of financial leverage. This study concludes that short-term financial leverage is positively affected by growth and earning variability whereas negatively affected by profitability, tangibility, and liquidity of firms. Similarly, long-term financial leverage is positively influenced by size, assets tangibility, and earning variability whereas negatively influenced by profitability and liquidity. Further, result of the paper reveals positive effect of assets tangibility and earning variability and negative effect of profitability and liquidity on total financial leverage. Finally, this paper concludes that firms’ non-debt tax shield and age of firms have no significant impact on financial leverage in Nepalese non-financial firms.
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Tsolas, Ioannis E. "Efficiency and Determinants of Capital Structure in the Greek Pharmaceutical, Cosmetic and Detergent Industries." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 14, no. 12 (December 2, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm14120579.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between a firm’s capital structure (i.e., leverage) and its operating environment, taking into account firm (i.e., efficiency, asset structure, profitability, size, age and risk) and industry effects. For a sample of Greek pharmaceutical, cosmetic and detergent (PCD) enterprises, firm efficiency was estimated using bootstrapped data envelopment analysis (DEA), and a leverage model was produced using ordinary least squares (OLS) regression. The findings confirm the significance of firm efficiency (i.e., the franchise-value hypothesis over the efficiency-risk hypothesis) and asset structure on leverage. Efficiency and overall and short-term leverage have a significant negative relationship, indicating that more efficient firms tend to choose a relatively low debt ratio. Pharma firms are more affected since they are less efficient than cosmetics and detergents firms. Furthermore, asset structure and short- and long- term leverage have a significant negative and positive relationship, respectively, indicating that the firms with more tangible assets have less short-term debt and more long-term debt in their capital structure. Cosmetic and detergent firms, which have slightly more tangible assets than pharma firms, appear to be able to substitute high-cost, short-term debt with the low-cost, long-term debt by using such assets as collateral.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Toscano, Francesca. "Essays in corporate finance." Doctoral thesis, Universita degli studi di Salerno, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10556/1917.
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2012 - 2013This project includes three essays in Corporate Finance. The rst part of the thesis investigates the relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth for a set of 77 countries over the period 1960-1995. Borrowing the methodology suggested by Beck, Levine and Loayza (2000), I study the previous relationship using a cross-country regression model and a panel technique. My results suggest that Private Credit, de ned as credits by nancial intermediaries to the private sector divided by GDP, has a positive impact over Economic Growth. My ndings also point out that Economic Growth is positively a¤ected by openness to trade and average years of schooling. The relationship between Financial Development and Economic Growth is independent of the degree of nancial development as well as the initial level of income of a given country. Di¤erently from other papers, I can study whether the nance-growth nexus is persistent over time: using a similar dataset for an extended period, 1960-2010, I show that the impact of Private Credit over Growth is signi cative also in the most recent past. The second part of the thesis explores the stock-prices comovements for a set of 7 countries over the period 2000-2014. The study explores how the volatilities and correlations in one coun- try, mainly Italy, are a¤ected by the volatilities and correlations in another country. Di¤erently from other papers, I focus on a larger set of countries and on a sample period that allows to distinguish between the Pre Great Recession period and the Post Great Recession period. The analysis is conducted by considering several GARCH models, for the volatility comovements, and MGARCH models, for the correlation comovements. The best GARCH model in my set- ting is the EGARCH model which provides information on the impact of positive innovations on volatility. Among the MGARCH models, I focus on the CCC model and the DCC model. My results point out that the strenght of the relationship among countries is ampli ed after a crisis event, which is consistent with most of the "contagion" literature. The last part of the thesis analyzes the relationship between long-term debt and average investment during the 2007 crisis. Very few papers have analyzed the real e¤ects of debt ma- turity. To analyze the impact of the debt structure on rms performance I use a matching approach methodology (Abadie-Imbens estimator) which allows to distinguish between a treat- ment group and a control group: the rst one refers to the group of rms whose long-term debt is maturing at the time of the crisis, while, on the other hand, the control group refers to those rms that are out of the treatment but have similar rm characteristics like cash ow, size, Q, cash holdings and long-term leverage. My results show that rms with debt maturing during the period of the crisis experience a much more pronounced fall in investment. Results are tested using a Parallel Trend Test which allows to better de ne whether the results are driven by the maturity argument or not. [edited by author]
XII n.s.
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Jörgensen, Fredrik. "The Law BusinessmanTM : Five Essays on Legal Self-efficacy and Business Risk." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-97625.
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The thesis challenges the notion of effectiveness of law as being based on the formal institutions of courts, law enforcement and written law. It argues that the best way to measure the effectiveness of law is the legal self-efficacy of laymen who are the end users of law. It presents a new perspective on the effectiveness of law. It turns the traditional perspective of studying the effects of legal institutions around and instead studies the effect of how individuals perceive their own ability to use law. This self-reflexive ability - legal self-efficacy - is the answer to the question “How comfortable are with communicating with legal terminology?”. The thesis makes several comparisons using the traditional perspective and legal self-efficacy and finds that legal self-efficacy is a better measure of legal effectiveness. This thesis analyzes 246 businesspeople in Russia and their risk behavior with regards to economic transactions in relation to legal self-efficacy. The theory behind legal self-efficacy is a combination of Luhmann’s theory of law as communication and Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy. The first paper applies the traditional approach. It analyzes the effect of legal efficiency on leverage and debt maturity for listed and non-listed companies. The second paper is describes the conceptual foundation of the legal effectiveness based on the individual. The third paper compares the effect of private order (including legal self-efficacy) and public order institutions on the granting of trade credit. The fourth paper analyzes the impact of legal self-efficacy and formal legal institutions on sanctions against clients in a comparative perspective. The final paper seeks out possible sources of legal self-efficacy. Legal self-efficacy can be used to better understand the interaction of individuals and law including such fields of research as behavioral accounting, behavioral law and finance, legal sociology and legal studies.
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Hsu, Yu-Che, and 許育哲. "Leverage Adjustment after M&A and Long-Term Stock Performance." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/65rxr8.
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碩士國立政治大學
財務管理學系
107
This study investigates whether leverage adjustment after mergers and acquisitions (M&A) activities would influence long-term stock performance. We find that acquirers significantly increase their leverage ratio in the acquisition year. Evidence shows that some firms adjust toward their target capital structure after M&A activities while some firms maintain their increased leverage ratios. Most results display that positive leverage adjustment rate lead to higher cumulative abnormal return (CAR) in the long run except 3 post-merger years.
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Su, Ting-Feng, and 蘇亭丰. "An Investigation of Short- and Long-term Tracking Performance of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/84503203238802181111.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
103
This paper is composed of two parts. The first part of the paper examines long-term and short-term tracking performances of four leveraged and inverse ETFs listed on the stock exchange in Taiwan. At 1% level of significance, daily tracking performance of the leveraged and inverse ETFs significantly deviate from the investment objectives of the funds. The cumulative returns of the leveraged and inverse ETFs over holding period are also significantly different from positive or negative multiple of cumulative returns of underlying index over corresponding period. There are no significant asymmetry in positive and negative returns. The second part simulates the dynamic rebalancing mechanism of leveraged and inverse ETFs using different length of adjustment period on portfolios subject to needed exposure and net asset value constraints. Although daily returns of all of the portfolios dynamically rebalanced on any length of period basis are significantly different from multiple of index daily return, the portfolio allocated by the integer solution with minimized cash amount tracking two times underlying index daily return performs better than the leveraged ETFs of Taiwan. The basis risk and standardization of futures, the bargaining power of fund managers, the percentage of cash amount that takes up, path dependence on underlying index and whether underlying index of investment vehicle is consistent with that of leveraged and inverse ETFs can affect tracking performances of leveraged and inverse ETFs.
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Hsu, Yu-Wei, and 徐宇薇. "An Investigation of Short- and Long-term Tracking Performance and Portfolio Simulation of Leveraged and Inverse ETFs." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/mcc6kz.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
財務金融學研究所
105
This paper is composed of four parts. The first part of the paper examines long-term and short-term tracking performances whether compound effects included or not of two leveraged and inverse ETFs listed on the stock exchange in Taiwan. At 1% level of significance, daily tracking performances of the leveraged and inverse ETFs significantly deviate from the investment objectives of the funds. The cumulative returns of the leveraged and inverse ETFs over holding period are also significantly different from targets’ multiple of cumulative returns of underlying index over corresponding period. Leveraged ETFs are better off by excluding compounding effects, but this result is contrary to inversed ETFs. The second part simulates the leveraged and inverse ETFs using different period of time in history. At 1% level of significance, daily tracking performance of the leveraged and inverse ETFs significantly deviate from the investment objectives of the funds, but find the tracking slope and t statistics are still better than Taiwan’s leveraged and inverse ETFs. The bad performances are deducted that was affected by poor tracking ability of futures during global financial crisis The third part analyzes other causes for tracking performances, in order to understand fund managers’ management techniques and market environment. Thus, found out that tracking performances would be affected by rolling-over methods, cross-hedging ratio, creations and redemptions mechanism of ETFs. The fourth part fully simulates the leveraged and inverse ETFs in Taiwan, including all the causes and market environment below. At 1% level of significance, daily tracking performance of the inverse ETFs using one and two-year sample period as cross-hedging ratio have the best tracking performances. However, half year sample period as cross-hedging ratio has the best daily tracking performances, even compared to Taiwan’s leveraged and inversed ETFs listed on the stock exchange would get the same result. Leveraged and inversed ETFs are no different from compounding effects excluded. Unsynchronized effects caused by profit distribution, the basis risk and standardized contract of futures, the construction of portfolio, and whether underlying index of investment vehicle is consistent with that of leveraged and inverse ETFs, and cross-hedging ratios, are the other factors that could also affect tracking performances of leveraged and inverse ETFs.
Books on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Lindskoog, Nils. Long-term greedy: The triumph of Goldman Sachs. 2nd ed. Appleton, WI: McCrossen Pub., 1999.
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Long-term greedy: The triumph of Goldman Sachs. Appleton, WI: McCrossen Pub., 1998.
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High-impact consulting: How clients and consultants can leverage rapid results into long-term gains. San Francisco, Calif: Jossey-Bass Publishers, 1997.
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Vogel, Thomas J. Executive long-term performance contracts: An empirical analysis of market risk, investment opportunities and leverage in the post-adoption period. Brdaford: MCB Publications, 1999.
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Trader's Guide to the Repo Market. Greenwich, CT USA: Asset International, Inc, 1995.
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Group, President's Working. Hedge Funds, Leverage, and the Lessons of Long-Term Capital Management. Cosimo, Inc., 2020.
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Demming, Frank. 7 Steps to Recession-Proofing Your Business: Leverage Your Business for Long-Term Success. Independently Published, 2019.
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Department of the Treasury. Hedge Funds, Leverage, and the Lessons of Long-Term Capital Management - Report of the President's Working Group on Financial Markets. Lulu Press, Inc., 2015.
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Simon, Gleeson. Part V Liquidity and Leverage, 22 Liquidity Coverage Ratio and Net Stable Funding Ratio. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198793410.003.0022.
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This chapter discusses the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR). The LCR is designed to make sure that the bank has sufficient liquidity to survive short-term shocks; the NSFR is designed to make sure that the bank's balance sheet is not too excessively mismatched between long- and short-term funding. In essence, LCR is a requirement that the bank has sufficient liquid assets to get through a 30-day period of high stress, whilst NSFR is a requirement that the bank's long-term assets be substantially funded by long-term liabilities. Both of these tests require some heroic assumptions about access to funding, likely roll-off of liabilities, and so on.
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Bruno, Brunella, Alexandra D'Onofrio, and Immacolata Marino. Financial Structure and Corporate Investment in Europe. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198815815.003.0002.
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Investment in fixed assets declined over the crisis period in all countries. We implement an econometric analysis to explore the differential impact of leverage and debt maturity structure on investment, finding that in crisis years (i) leverage exerts a strong and negative effect on investment, and (ii) firms with more long-term debt invest less. We uncover heterogeneous reactions to the crisis due to the level of debt and its maturity, sorting firms by country-specific and firm-specific characteristics. Firms which cut back most investment in crisis years (conditional on the level of leverage and maturity) are (i) small and (ii) located in Eurozone periphery countries. Factors that alleviate financial friction and shield investment include multiple bank relationships and the ability to generate internal resources (cash flow). We find no evidence of a positive nexus between cash and investment, and little evidence of a positive effect on investment of access to capital markets.
Book chapters on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Alber-Morgan, Sheila R., Moira Konrad, Terri Hessler, Maria R. Helton, and Alana O. Telesman. "Identify and Prioritize Long- and Short-Term Goals." In High Leverage Practices for Inclusive Classrooms, 159–71. 2nd ed. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003148609-17.
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Ruppar, Andrea, Sarah Bubash, and Jennifer Kurth. "Identify and Prioritize Long- and Short-term Learning Goals." In High Leverage Practices and Students with Extensive Support Needs, 134–44. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003175735-12.
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Haldon, John, Hugh Elton, and Adam Izdebski. "Managing the Roman Empire for the Long Term: Risk Assessment and Management Policy in the Fifth to Seventh Centuries." In Perspectives on Public Policy in Societal-Environmental Crises, 237–46. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94137-6_16.
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AbstractThis chapter analyses the reasons for the survival of the eastern Roman state from three different but complementary angles: imperial administration, the environmental conditions impacting land-use for the period, and the ability of the state to leverage resources. We conclude that a major contributory factor in survival was the effective use of natural resources and a self-reinforcing social-ecological system through which the state and its elites and infrastructure facilitated the survival of landscapes, generating the resources necessary for the state’s continued existence. In areas where this broke down—as in the western part of the empire—the Roman state in the long term disappeared.
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Liu, Lei, Zheng Pei, Peng Chen, Zhisheng Gao, Zhihao Gan, and Kang Feng. "An Effective GAN-Based Multi-classification Approach for Financial Time Series." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 1100–1107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_110.
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AbstractDeep learning has achieved significant success in various applications due to its powerful feature representations of complex data. Financial time series forecasting is no exception. In this work we leverage Generative Adversarial Nets (GAN), which has been extensively studied recently, for the end-to-end multi-classification of financial time series. An improved generative model based on Convolutional Long Short-Term Memory (ConvLSTM) and Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) is proposed to effectively capture temporal features and mine the data distribution of volatility trends (short, neutral, and long) from given financial time series data. We empirically compare the proposed approach with state-of-the-art multi-classification methods on real-world stock dataset. The results show that the proposed GAN-based method outperforms its competitors in precision and F1 score.
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Ghosh, Surjya, Johanna Löchner, Bivas Mitra, and Pradipta De. "Your Smartphone Knows you Better than you May Think: Emotional Assessment ‘on the Go’ Via TapSense." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 209–67. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_10.
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AbstractQuality of life (QoL) is a subjective term often determined by various aspects of living, such as personal well-being, health, family, and safety. QoL is challenging to capture objectively but can be anticipated through a person’s emotional state; especially positive emotions indicate an increased QoL and may be a potential indicator for other QoL aspects (such as health, safety). Affective computing is the study of technologies that can quantitatively assess human emotions from external clues. It can leverage different modalities including facial expression, physiological responses, or smartphone usage patterns and correlate them with the person’s life quality assessments. Smartphones are emerging as a main modality, mostly because of their ubiquitous availability and use throughout daily life activities. They include a plethora of onboard sensors (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS) and can sense different user activities passively (e.g., mobility, app usage history). This chapter presents a research study (here referred to as the TapSense study) that focuses on assessing the individual’s emotional state from the smartphone usage patterns. In this TapSense study, the keyboard interaction of n = 22 participants was unobtrusively monitored for 3 weeks to determine the users’ emotional state (i.e., happy, sad, stressed, relaxed) using a personalized machine learning model. TapSense can assess emotions with an average AUCROC of 78%(±7% std). We summarize the findings and reflect upon these in the context of the potential developments within affective computing at large, in the long term, indicating a person’s quality of life.
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Bali, Maha. "Providing Agile Faculty Development in Times of Uncertainty: Case of the American University in Cairo." In Global Perspectives on Educational Innovations for Emergency Situations, 3–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99634-5_1.
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AbstractThe move toward emergency remote teaching meant educational development centers suddenly had to train and support all who teach at their institutions simultaneously. This article will focus on the agile, responsive and value-centric faculty development done locally via the American University in Cairo’s Center for Learning & Teaching, the “glocal” opportunities offered via DigPINS (see Bali and Caines, Int J Educ Technol High Educ 15(46):1–24, 2018), and the curation of openly available community-building resources available to educators worldwide. Central to all of these initiatives is that centering equity and care in how we support faculty (Czerniewicz, Agherdien, Badenhorst, Postdigit Sci Educ 2:946–967, 2020) will trickle down to the ways faculty treat their students during the trauma of the pandemic. We conclude that the pandemic has taught us the importance of centering values of equity and care while supporting faculty during a time of uncertainty and trauma (Imad, TIA 39, 2021), that fostering agency and imagination is more valuable than offering one-size-fits all standard solutions, and that faculty developers need to model adaptability and good pedagogy. Moreover, it is important to nurture and leverage learning communities, take advantage of “glocal” and “open” learning opportunities, and to build capability long-term via developing digital literacies and creativity.
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Chari, Martin Munashe, Hamisai Hamandawana, and Leocadia Zhou. "Socioeconomically Informed Use of Geostatistics to Track Adaptation of Resource-Poor Communities to Climate Change." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 1555–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_122.
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AbstractAs the Green Climate Fund continues to make concerted efforts to leverage funding for resource-constrained communities in the global south under the aegis of increasing climate change impacts in sub-Saharan Africa, there is urgent and compelling need for tools that assist organizations to track the effectiveness of adaptation interventions in reducing vulnerability. This chapter offers a cost-effective methodology to track adaptation by using a case-study-based identification of communities with diminishing coping capacities in Raymond Mhlaba Local Municipality in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. Multistep geostatistical techniques were utilized in the ArcGIS 10.5 software environment to rank and spatialize changes in adaptation by using demographic census data for the years 2001 and 2011. Results of the analysis revealed that 12 communities had declining or static adaptive capacities between 2001 and 2011, while 10 communities had long-term decrease in adaptive capacities from 2001 to 2011 from a sampling universe of 134 communities. These findings are important because they demonstrate that the methodology can be effectively used to provide actionable information on the prevalence of low adaptation capacities at appropriate temporal and spatial scales, in order to guide the allocation of limited resources to the most deserving communities.
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Black, Jasmine E., Chris Short, and Jenny Phelps. "Water with Integrated Local Delivery (WILD) for Transformative Change in Socio-Ecological Management." In Fostering Transformative Change for Sustainability in the Context of Socio-Ecological Production Landscapes and Seascapes (SEPLS), 155–73. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6761-6_9.
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AbstractAn innovative approach towards transformative change through multi-stakeholder participation for socio-ecological practices—Integrated Local Delivery (ILD)—has been used to restore the water quality and biodiversity across a catchment in the Cotswolds, South West England. This was triggered by the need to improve the Ecological Status of water as a part of the European Union’s Water Framework Directive. On a landscape scale of roughly 25,000 hectares, multi-stakeholders collaborated through a bottom-up approach to carry out environmental restoration of the catchment.Over 3 years, an iterative learning loop of reflection and evolution created increased engagement. Twenty farmers have been empowered as ‘guardians’ to be key contacts between institutions and ensure the sustained environmental quality of the area. Both farmers and communities acted to reduce chemical use, protect river banks from livestock damage and clear waterways to enhance water quality and biodiversity. Local communities fed into the development of a ‘Community Water Guide’ which can be applied internationally for similar projects. Within the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) transformative change framework, the ILD model can also be applied by facilitators to access levers and leverage points in order to enable change.Important take home messages from the project include having well-trained facilitators who ensure active engagement, connections and continuity over the long term. Likewise, ensuring all stakeholders feel listened to and clearly communicated with is essential to build trust and motivation.
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Vandenbroucke, Gabriel Marin, Simon Gérard, and Anthony May. "The impact of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games on the visitor economy: a human rights perspective." In Managing events, festivals and the visitor economy: concepts, collaborations and cases, 145–59. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789242843.00011.
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Abstract The overall findings of this research point to a mix of positive and negative human rights impacts of the Rio 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games, and on the visitor economy of the host city. On a positive note, affirmative action included persons with disabilities and from underprivileged communities in the workforce. New sports and leisure centres were built. Freedom of expression and association was reinforced by protesters demonstrating and using the platform of the event to raise issues. Several initiatives by the Organizing Committee, government, companies, and associations constituted positive mechanisms for leverage of the human rights to education and to participate in the cultural life of the community, albeit with limited long-term impacts. These wider economic and social successes associated with the hosting of the Games can positively contribute to the quality and inclusivity of the visitor economy. redevelopment, the Games' land use displaced thousands of people, violating the right to housing and several other human rights through abusive practices used by the government in the eviction process. Under the pretext of creating safe spaces for visitors and safeguarding their image of the city, the government's violence towards poor and black communities was aggravated, with the militarisation of the city impacting on the right to life, protection, education, and justice. Attempting to mask the city's socio-economic problems and undesirable aspects for sponsors and visitors, freedom of expression was undermined as protesters were targeted by the police and street vendors were driven out of public spaces.
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Nakić, Matej, and Igor Mikloušić. "Beyond Pen and Paper: Reimagining Assessment of Personal Relationships and Quality of Life Using Digital Technologies." In Quantifying Quality of Life, 355–69. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_14.
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AbstractPersonal interactions are an important element of an individual’s health and life quality in the long term. As the site of many interpersonal interactions has been moved to the digital domain, human society has never been more intertwined. The digital footprints of interpersonal interactions can be quantified and measured via smartphones and wearables, providing more objective, quantitative, and accurate measurements. This chapter focuses on quantifying personal relationships in the context of quality of life, specifically focusing on novel technology-based quantification solutions. It first analyzes traditional qualitative quality of life measures based on subjective self-reporting that include measures of personal relationships, specifically the WHOQOL-BREF, WHOQOL-100, RAND-36, KIDSCREEN-27, SWLS, and Beach Center FQOL, as well as other non-validated measures. The chapter then proposes novel technological solutions for data gathering and analysis by introducing the concept of digital item representation, a process that leverages personal datasets originating from smartphones and wearables. The chapter also discusses issues relating to users’ privacy that influence the acceptance of such everyday technologies as well as the quality of data collected in the long term.
Conference papers on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Pérez, José, Rafael Baez, Jose Terrazas, Arturo Rodríguez, Daniel Villanueva, Olac Fuentes, Vinod Kumar, Brandon Paez, and Abdiel Cruz. "Physics-Informed Long-Short Term Memory Neural Network Performance on Holloman High-Speed Test Track Sled Study." In ASME 2022 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2022-86953.
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Abstract Physics Informed Neural Networks (PINNs) incorporate known physics equations into a network to reduce training time and increase accuracy. Traditional PINNs approaches are based on dense networks that do not consider the fact that simulations are a type of sequential data. Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) networks are a modified version of Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) which are used to analyze sequential datasets. We propose a Physics Informed LSTM network that leverages the power of LSTMs for sequential datasets that also incorporates the governing physics equations of 2D incompressible Navier-Stokes fluid to analyze fluid flow around a stationary geometry resembling the water braking mechanism at the Holloman High-Speed Test Track. Currently, simulation data to analyze the fluid flow of the braking mechanism is generated through ANSYS and is costly, taking several days to generate a single simulation. By incorporating physics equations, our proposed Physics-Informed LSTM network was able to predict the last 20% of a simulation given the first 80% within a small margin of error in a shorter amount of time than a non-informed LSTM. This demonstrates the potential that physics-informed networks that leverage sequential information may have at speeding up computational fluid dynamics simulations and serves as a first step towards adapting PINNs for more advanced network architectures.
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Kong, Dejiang, and Fei Wu. "HST-LSTM: A Hierarchical Spatial-Temporal Long-Short Term Memory Network for Location Prediction." In Twenty-Seventh International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-18}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2018/324.
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The widely use of positioning technology has made mining the movements of people feasible and plenty of trajectory data have been accumulated. How to efficiently leverage these data for location prediction has become an increasingly popular research topic as it is fundamental to location-based services (LBS). The existing methods often focus either on long time (days or months) visit prediction (i.e., the recommendation of point of interest) or on real time location prediction (i.e., trajectory prediction). In this paper, we are interested in the location prediction problem in a weak real time condition and aim to predict users' movement in next minutes or hours. We propose a Spatial-Temporal Long-Short Term Memory (ST-LSTM) model which naturally combines spatial-temporal influence into LSTM to mitigate the problem of data sparsity. Further, we employ a hierarchical extension of the proposed ST-LSTM (HST-LSTM) in an encoder-decoder manner which models the contextual historic visit information in order to boost the prediction performance. The proposed HST-LSTM is evaluated on a real world trajectory data set and the experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model.
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Korsaka, Tereza, and Gunta Grinberga-Zalite. "Theoretical characteristics of using leverage instruments in the context of rural entrepreneurship." In 21st International Scientific Conference "Economic Science for Rural Development 2020". Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2020.53.022.
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Today, the matters pertaining to regional and urban development in the EU are increasingly integrated into EU development plans and strategies. The EU actively facilitates regional development by supporting the development of small and medium-sized enterprises in the regions to contribute to employment, education and social integration. The strategic goal of the National Development Plan of Latvia 2021-2027 is to promote also regional development in Latvia in order to ensure long-term balanced growth in the country. Promoting entrepreneurship in the regions is of great importance, as Latvia is still one of the countries in the European Union experiencing unbalanced regional development and having socio-economic disparities. Consequently, financial performance and financial stability play an important role in sustainable business development. Rural entrepreneurs whose business is seasonal often lack an awareness of the role of financial leverage degrees, which could lead to making wrong decisions. Performing an assessment of the degrees of financial leverage could be useful not only in a situation when experiencing a business expansion but also when a business decline occurs, which is specific to rural entrepreneurship. A hypothesis of the present research is based on the authors’ opinion that by meaningfully applying the degrees of financial leverage, it is possible to enhance the financial performance of enterprises, which is particularly important for rural entrepreneurship. The aim of the research is to define the degrees of financial leverage – the degree of operating leverage (DOL), the degree of financial leverage (DFL) and the degree of combined leverage (DCL) – as measures of financial performance of enterprises and classify the principles of measure assessment in relation to whether the indicator percentage changes used in financial leverage calculations are positive or negative. The research employed the following methods: induction – to make scientific assumptions and identify similarities based on individual elements – and deduction – to logically systematize and explain empirical data. Applying the empirical and logical construction methods, the authors analysed six different theoretically possible situations, gave six different examples, defined and classified the principles of leverage degree assessment as different (positive and negative) in relation to the indicator percentage changes used in financial leverage calculations.
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Horn, Erin, and Gundula Proksch. "Sourcing Energy from Waste in the Circular City: Integrated Anaerobic Digestion Toward Long-Term Decarbonization of Cities." In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.18.
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Energy use within buildings contributes to nearly a third of carbon emissions in the United States (Zhang et al. 2019, EPA). Meanwhile, between 30-40% of food in the U.S. is wasted and generates carbon emissions equivalent to that of 37 million cars yearly (UN FAO). Long-term decarbonization strategies within the built environment can look to alternative energy mechanisms which redirect waste resources as inputs to other systems. Circular City models of sustainability accordingly look for potentials to close loops, turning waste into resources and reducing pollution. These approaches are generating increasing interest and seek to advance a very applied approach to sustainability- one which will integrally require leadership from design fields, local governments, and community leadership to succeed. Organic material such as food waste contains significant energy which can be processed by the unique metabolisms of microbes into useful gasses and heat. Anaerobic digesters are one such technology which harness microbial capabilities of fermentation to sustainably process resources and harvest energy in a controlled environment from what would otherwise be merely wasted. While anaerobic digesters are often utilized in wastewater treatment and agricultural contexts, they are not yet broadly utilized within cities, even though urban populations and resource consumption continues to rise. We seek here to explore this underutilized potential and ask what it means for buildings, communities, and their designers, who seek to advance increasing sustainability and reduce waste and pollution in the built environment. Case studies and associated carbon footprint impacts will be calculated and analyzed. Finally, opportunities to leverage this long term decarbonization approach will be discussed, and potential environmental impacts to the carbon cycle contemplated in the context of design of current and future sustainable buildings and Circular Cities in an age of increasingly realized anthropogenic climate change.
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Owolabi, David, and Cristiano Loss. "Advancements in Timber Construction: A Review of Prefabricated Mass Timber Floor Assemblies." In IABSE Congress, Nanjing 2022: Bridges and Structures: Connection, Integration and Harmonisation. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/nanjing.2022.0928.
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<p>This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of prefabricated mass timber floors, with a focus on composite floor assemblies for common residential and long-span office applications. The discussion relates to different design aspects, including connection systems and methods of assembly. Also, design methods and code provisions for the floor assemblies comprising ultimate limit state design, vibration control and long-term behaviour are expounded. A life-cycle overview of floor solutions is also presented to highlight their sustainability potential. The paper demonstrates how the building industry can leverage the structural performance, light weight and prefabrication capabilities of these innovative floor solutions for a better-built environment.</p>
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Zhu, Yuxiang, Dharneedar Ravichandran, and Kenan Song. "3D Printed Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) Tissue Scaffolds." In ASME 2022 17th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2022-85062.
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Abstract Nearly 1 in 4 women undergo surgery for pelvic organ prolapse or urinary incontinence in the US. The weakened pelvic floor, which could be caused by childbirth injury, aging, or obesity, fails to support the pelvic organs, resulting in urinary incontinence, sexual difficulties, and pelvic organ prolapse (POP). Polypropylene (PP) meshes are often used in reconstructive surgeries as a reinforcement to provide long-term, durable support. However, commercial polypropylene meshes have a risk of complications, such as pain, mesh erosion, and infection. The United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has consequently re-classified the polypropylene mesh as a high-risk device. Therefore, the need for new meshes to cure POP with a rapid prototyping technique is urgent, especially for personalized medicine. Therefore, we developed a new implantable mesh using biocompatible polymers (e.g., gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), chitosan) with controlled bonding strength and tunable lifetime. Our group has leveraged additive manufacturing for porous scaffold structures beneficial for cell attachment and nutrition transmission. Our POP scaffold mesh has demonstrated high biocompatibility and controlled biodegradability. We will also leverage our manufacturing expertise and clinical partnerships to examine cell proliferation and differentiation for tissue regeneration. Our advanced manufacturing method is compatible with other materials and has potential use in layered structures for dental, heart, or bone engineering applications.
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Irwin, Terry. "Transition Design: An approach to addressing wicked problems (and catalysing societal transitions toward more sustainable futures)." In LINK 2021. Tuwhera Open Access, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/link2021.v2i1.172.
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Transition Design is a new area of transdisciplinary design focus aimed at addressing complex wicked problems and catalysing transitions toward sustainable, equitable and desirable long-term futures. Terry will discuss how change happens within our complex socio-technical systems and how addressing wicked problems can be a strategy for changing the trajectory of these transitions. Transition Design is a transdisciplinary approach aimed at addressing the many ‘wicked’ problems confronting 21st-century societies: climate change, forced migration, political and social polarization, global pandemics, lack of access to affordable housing/healthcare/education and countless others. These problems are considered systems problems because of their many challenging characteristics such as: every wicked problem is connected to other wicked problems; they are comprised of multiple stakeholder groups with conflicting agendas and no clear shared understanding of the problem; they are constantly changing and evolving; and wicked problems always manifest in place and culture-specific ways. Because of their high level of complexity, wicked problems cannot be solved by a single group of people or discipline. Addressing such problems requires radical collaboration among many fields and disciplines, but even more importantly it requires leveraging the knowledge and perspectives of the stakeholder groups connected to and affected by the problem. Transition Design argues that new transdisciplinary knowledge and skill-sets are required to address these problems, and that wicked problem resolution is a strategy for igniting positive, systems-level change and societal transitions toward more sustainable, equitable and desirable long-term futures. The Transition Design approach emphasises:• The need to frame problems within radically large, spatio-temporal contexts that include the past (how the problem evolved over long periods of time), present (how the problem manifests at different levels of scale) and future (visions of the long-term future in which the problem has been resolved).• The need for the stakeholders connected to and affected by the problem to be involved throughout the problem framing, visioning and solutioning process. This challenges many dominant processes in which professional or disciplinary experts from outside the system solve/design “for” the communities affected by the problem(s). Transition Design aspires to continually leverage the knowledge and wisdom from inside the system and build community capacity to self-organise, advocate and problem solve.• The need for stakeholders to co-create long-term visions of desirable futures, as a way to transcend their differences in the present and focus on a future space in which they are more likely to agree.• The need to develop “ecologies of synergistic interventions” (solutions) that are connected to each other and the long-term vision as a strategy for transitioning entire societies toward a desirable,equitable, long-term futures.• The need to think and work for long horizons of time. Resolving wicked problems and transitioning entire societies toward sustainable long-term futures will unfold over many years or even decades and will require patience, tenacity and an ongoing process of visioning and solutioning to remain on course during the transition. Transition Design is essentially an approach for appropriately framing these complex problems within more appropriate contexts. Many existing problem solving methodologies and process can be used increating the “ecologies of interventions” needed to address them.
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Harper, Andrew D., Nick Breen, David Alvord, David Pendleton, and Teresa Hresko. "Sensor-Data Reconstruction for Helicopter Structural-Health Monitoring Using Deep Learning." In ASME 2020 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2020-2311.
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Abstract Predictive Maintenance (PMx) methods leverage available heritage data, maintenance records, and vehicle information to forecast rotorcraft failure modes before they become a problem. The goal of PMx is to decrease cost and vehicle downtime while increasing availability. When the required data are incomplete or corrupted, the worst case (grossly conservative) scenario must be assumed and unnecessary costs are incurred. In this manuscript we propose data-science methods to identify and characterize regions of data corruption, and machine-learning (ML) techniques to address the problem of missing and corrupted tri-axial H-60 4G accelerometer data for PMx for a H-60 rotorcraft. Accurate 4G sensor readings are a critical component of helicopter flight regime recognition and flight damage assessment. In contrast to the traditional time-series prediction approach, which commonly use recurrent or long short-term memory (LSTM) networks, our proposed methods use a simpler deep neural network (DNN) to reconstruct the 4G accelerometer signal independently at every time instant. We demonstrate that the DNN approach is a viable option for sensor reconstruction independent of the length of period the sensor malfunctions.
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Li, Yaqiong, Xuhui Fan, Ling Chen, Bin Li, Zheng Yu, and Scott A. Sisson. "Recurrent Dirichlet Belief Networks for interpretable Dynamic Relational Data Modelling." In Twenty-Ninth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Seventeenth Pacific Rim International Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-PRICAI-20}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2020/342.
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The Dirichlet Belief Network~(DirBN) has been recently proposed as a promising approach in learning interpretable deep latent representations for objects. In this work, we leverage its interpretable modelling architecture and propose a deep dynamic probabilistic framework -- the Recurrent Dirichlet Belief Network~(Recurrent-DBN) -- to study interpretable hidden structures from dynamic relational data. The proposed Recurrent-DBN has the following merits: (1) it infers interpretable and organised hierarchical latent structures for objects within and across time steps; (2) it enables recurrent long-term temporal dependence modelling, which outperforms the one-order Markov descriptions in most of the dynamic probabilistic frameworks; (3) the computational cost scales to the number of positive links only. In addition, we develop a new inference strategy, which first upward-and-backward propagates latent counts and then downward-and-forward samples variables, to enable efficient Gibbs sampling for the Recurrent-DBN. We apply the Recurrent-DBN to dynamic relational data problems. The extensive experiment results on real-world data validate the advantages of the Recurrent-DBN over the state-of-the-art models in interpretable latent structure discovery and improved link prediction performance.
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Andrzej Kisielnicki, Jerzy, and Anna Maria Misiak. "Effectiveness of Agile Implementation Methods in Business Intelligence Projects from End-User Perspective." In InSITE 2016: Informing Science + IT Education Conferences: Lithuania. Informing Science Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.28945/3442.
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The global Business Intelligence (BI) market grew by 10% in 2013 according to the Gartner Report. BI has been the top implementation priority for organizations for many years now. Today organizations require better use of data and analytics to support their business decisions. Internet power and business trend changes have provided a broad term - Big Data. To be able to handle it and leverage a value of having access to Big Data, organizations have no other choice than to get proper systems implemented and working. However traditional methods are not efficient for changing business needs. Long time between project start and go-live causes a gap between initial solution blueprint and actual user requirements in the end of the project. This article presents the latest market trends in BI systems implementation by comparing Agile with traditional methods. It presents a case study provided in a large telecommunications company (20K employees) and the results of a pilot research provided in the three large companies telecommunications, digital and insurance. Both studies prove that Agile methods might be more effective in BI projects from an end-user perspective and give first results and added value in a much shorter time compared to a traditional approach. Organizations often do not have a clear vision of BI requirements. Thus users ask for changes just before a BI product readiness, which Agile ensures in contradiction to traditional methods.
Reports on the topic "Long-Term Leverage"
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Konaev, Margarita, Husanjot Chahal, Ryan Fedsiuk, Tina Huang, and Ilya Rahkovsky. U.S. Military Investments in Autonomy and AI: A Strategic Assessment. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190044.
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This brief examines how the Pentagon’s investments in autonomy and AI may affect its military capabilities and strategic interests. It proposes that DOD invest in improving its understanding of trust in human-machine teams and leverage existing AI technologies to enhance military readiness and endurance. In the long term, investments in reliable, trustworthy, and resilient AI systems are critical for ensuring sustained military, technological, and strategic advantages.
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Khan, Saif M. Securing Semiconductor Supply Chains. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190017.
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The countries with the greatest capacity to develop, produce and acquire state-of-the-art semiconductor chips hold key advantages in the development of emerging technologies. At present, the United States and its allies possess significant leverage over core segments of the supply chain used to produce these chips. This policy brief outlines actions the United States and its allies can take to secure that advantage in the long term and use it to promote the beneficial use of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence.
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Morgan, Jonathan, and Jamie McCall. COVID-19 and North Carolina’s Economic Development Organizations: Perspectives on Response, Recovery, and Shifting Priorities. UNC Chapel Hill School of Government, July 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46712/edo.covid.recovery.
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The consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic will reverberate across North Carolina’s local economy for many years. We surveyed the state’s local economic development organizations (EDOs) in the fall of 2021 about how they responded to (1) the pandemic’s immediate crisis period as well as (2) their strategies for long-term recovery. The results show the uneven and bifurcated nature of the recovery process. While some communities have enjoyed a robust “return to normal,” for many the pandemic remains a serious and enduring threat to economic prosperity. We recommend that policymakers leverage proven EDO approaches, including collaborations with local nonprofits and service providers, as part of a more holistic and equitable pandemic recovery strategy.
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Díaz de Astarloa, Bernardo, Nanno Mulder, Sandra Corcuera-Santamaría, Winfried Weck, Lucas Barreiros, Rodrigo Contreras Huerta, and Alejandro Puente. Post Pandemic Covid-19 Economic Recovery: Enabling Latin America and the Caribbean to Better Harness E-commerce and Digital Trade. Edited by Marcee Gómez. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003436.
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This report shows that Latin America and the Caribbean faces critical policy challenges going forward. It must accelerate the digital transformation to allow businesses and consumers to adapt to a new normal and leverage pandemic recovery to create stronger economies, and also tackle long-standing barriers to adopting digital technologies and bridging digital divides. These have impeded sustained and equitable economic growth even before the pandemic struck. This crisis should be a wake-up call for governments, the private sector, civil society, and international development partners to come together and take concerted actions to advance on consistent, long-term, and sustainable e-commerce strategies that are at the forefront of national and regional productive development agendas. Just as digital solutions allowed countries to overcome the increased role of distance within the context of the pandemic in shaping consumption and business, they should also be harnessed to increase regional economic integration beyond this emergency situation.
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Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.
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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.