Journal articles on the topic 'Long-term COVID'

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1

Di Toro, Alessandro, Antonio Bozzani, Guido Tavazzi, Mario Urtis, Lorenzo Giuliani, Roberto Pizzoccheri, Flaminia Aliberti, Viola Fergnani, and Eloisa Arbustini. "Long COVID: long-term effects?" European Heart Journal Supplements 23, Supplement_E (October 1, 2021): E1—E5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/suab080.

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Abstract The term Long COVID (or Post COVID) describes a condition characterized by persistence of symptoms for at least 12 weeks after the onset of COVID-19. It may last several months but the duration is still matter of observation. The symptoms and the clinical manifestations are clinically heterogeneous and suggesting involvement of multi-organs/systems, including the cardiovascular system. The general recurrent symptoms include fatigue, breathlessness, myalgia, headache, loss of memory, and impaired concentration. Patients report loss of their previous psychophysical performance. Cardiovascular involvement manifests with common symptoms such as palpitations and chest pain, and, less commonly, with events such as late arterial and venous thromboembolisms, heart failure episodes, strokes or transient ischaemic attack, ‘myo-pericarditis’. The diagnostic criteria are mainly based on the narrative of the patients. Measurable biomarkers or instrumental findings or clinical events are not yet framed in a shared diagnostic framework. The open question for clinicians and researchers is whether biomarkers, electrocardiogram, non-invasive imaging, and clinical monitoring should be included in a shared diagnostic protocol aimed at defining the diagnostic path and protecting patients at risk of unexpected events.
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2

Kumar, Naresh. "Long Term Health Sequelae of COVID-19: A Review." Journal of Advanced Research in Medicine 08, no. 01 (March 31, 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2349.7181.202102.

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The outbreak of Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was declared a pandemic by World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th March, 2020. COVID-19 infection predominantly manifests as pulmonary symptoms that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome. The data on extra-pulmonary manifestations of acute COVID-19 are available. Most patients who have COVID-19 recover well within months. Currently, more than 50 million people have recovered globally. Many reports of patients with persistent severe symptoms and significant end-organ damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection have also been observed. As COVID-19 is a relatively new disease, future sequelae aren’t well established. Major adverse outcomes were found to affect different body systems: respiratory system (lung fibrosis and pulmonary thromboembolism), cardiovascular system (cardiomyopathy), and neurological system (sensory dysfunction and stroke). Mental health of COVID-19 patients were also found to be adversely affected. This review describes the effects of SARS-CoV-2 taking into account the previous experiences with SARS-CoV-2 and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) coronavirus that caused SARS in 2003 and MERS in 2012 respectively. This review aims to update on the long-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection and highlight the necessity for patient monitoring following the acute stage of infection with SARS-CoV-2 to provide ground for the prevention, diagnosis, and management of these potential long-term sequelae and to complete the natural history of COVID-19.
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Islam Majumder, Md Mahabubul. "COVID-19- Long term consequence." Central Medical College Journal 5, no. 1 (June 12, 2022): 03. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cemecj.v5i1.60197.

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4

Kilgore, Christine. "Long COVID: The Pandemic’s Undocumented Long-Term Sequelae." Caring for the Ages 23, no. 6 (August 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carage.2022.06.019.

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5

Cao, Bin. "Long-term sequelae of COVID-19." International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 58 (September 2021): 21002399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2021.106420.17.

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6

Desai, Amar D., Michael Lavelle, Brian C. Boursiquot, and Elaine Y. Wan. "Long-term complications of COVID-19." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 322, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): C1—C11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00375.2021.

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SARS-CoV-2 has rapidly spread across the globe and infected hundreds of millions of people worldwide. As our experience with this virus continues to grow, our understanding of both short-term and long-term complications of infection with SARS-CoV-2 continues to grow as well. Just as there is heterogeneity in the acute infectious phase, there is heterogeneity in the long-term complications seen following COVID-19 illness. The purpose of this review article is to present the current literature with regards to the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and proposed management algorithms for the various long-term sequelae that have been observed in each organ system following infection with SARS-CoV-2. We will also consider future directions, with regards to newer variants of the virus and their potential impact on the long-term complications observed.
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7

Kiefer, Michael C., and Samuil R. Umansky. "Evaluation of long-term COVID-19." Aging 13, no. 12 (June 26, 2021): 15691–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.18632/aging.203253.

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8

Kim, Youn Jeong. "COVID-19 and Long-Term Sequelae." Korean Journal of Medicine 97, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 23–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3904/kjm.2022.97.1.23.

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After acute corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there have been increasing reports of persistent and long-term symptoms similar to the post- viral syndromes described in survivors of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS). Here, we provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on long-term COVID-19 focusing on organ-specific sequelae. Many of the recovered COVID-19 patients may be affected by long-term health. The future for COVID-19 survivors remains uncertain, and well conducted long term research will be needed.
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9

Badalyan, Karine R., and Ella Iu Solovyeva. "COVID-19: long-term health impacts." Consilium Medicum 23, no. 12 (December 15, 2021): 993–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2021.12.201347.

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Several studies have recently been conducted showing persistent COVID-19 symptoms in patients recovering after the acute phase of the disease. Energy imbalance plays a leading role in the pathogenesis of post-COVID syndrome. The choice of a metabolic cytoprotection drug with anti-asthenic activity will be decisive for the further tactics of managing the patient not only in the hospital, but also during the entire further period of recovery after the infection.
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10

Toufen Junior, Carlos, and Paulo Manuel Pêgo-Fernandes. "COVID-19: long-term respiratory consequences." Sao Paulo Medical Journal 139, no. 5 (May 2021): 421–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1516-3180.2021.139526052021.

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11

Joshee, Shreeya, Nikhil Vatti, and Christopher Chang. "Long-Term Effects of COVID-19." Mayo Clinic Proceedings 97, no. 3 (March 2022): 579–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocp.2021.12.017.

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12

Belotserkovskaya, Yulia G., Anna G. Romanovskikh, Igor P. Smirnov, and Alexander I. Sinopalnikov. "Long COVID-19." Consilium Medicum 23, no. 3 (2021): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/20751753.2021.3.200805.

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The term “long COVID-19” describes the long-term effects of the novel coronavirus infection COVID-19. Patients with severe COVID-19 who require hospitalization, as well as those who are on outpatient treatment with mild clinical forms of the disease, often report persistent fatigue, shortness of breath, pain, cough and other respiratory and extrapulmonary symptoms for weeks and months. The generally accepted time frame that separates the duration of the acute and subacute phase of infection from the long COVID-19 is 28 days. The article describes the duration and the course of clinical disorders caused by COVID-19 and their persisting after the end of the acute phase of the disease. In addition, the current understanding of the causes of long-term consequences and the possibilities of drug and non-pharmacological correction are presented.
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13

Kirby, Tony. "COVID-19 survivor experiencing long-term symptoms." Lancet Respiratory Medicine 9, no. 6 (June 2021): 570–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(21)00092-8.

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14

Xie, Yan, Evan Xu, Benjamin Bowe, and Ziyad Al-Aly. "Long-term cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19." Nature Medicine 28, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 583–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01689-3.

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AbstractThe cardiovascular complications of acute coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are well described, but the post-acute cardiovascular manifestations of COVID-19 have not yet been comprehensively characterized. Here we used national healthcare databases from the US Department of Veterans Affairs to build a cohort of 153,760 individuals with COVID-19, as well as two sets of control cohorts with 5,637,647 (contemporary controls) and 5,859,411 (historical controls) individuals, to estimate risks and 1-year burdens of a set of pre-specified incident cardiovascular outcomes. We show that, beyond the first 30 d after infection, individuals with COVID-19 are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease spanning several categories, including cerebrovascular disorders, dysrhythmias, ischemic and non-ischemic heart disease, pericarditis, myocarditis, heart failure and thromboembolic disease. These risks and burdens were evident even among individuals who were not hospitalized during the acute phase of the infection and increased in a graded fashion according to the care setting during the acute phase (non-hospitalized, hospitalized and admitted to intensive care). Our results provide evidence that the risk and 1-year burden of cardiovascular disease in survivors of acute COVID-19 are substantial. Care pathways of those surviving the acute episode of COVID-19 should include attention to cardiovascular health and disease.
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15

del Rio, Carlos, Lauren F. Collins, and Preeti Malani. "Long-term Health Consequences of COVID-19." JAMA 324, no. 17 (November 3, 2020): 1723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.19719.

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16

Borges, Luana Dias, Gabriela Assunção Godinho, Gabriella Vieira Reis Pereira, Lucas Dias Meirelles, and Mateus Mota Cirino. "POST-COVID 19 SYNDROME: LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES." International Journal of Health Science 2, no. 78 (December 12, 2022): 2–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.22533/at.ed.1592782208123.

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17

Ahmed, Khurshed, Sudhir Prasad Sah, Md Fakhrul Islam Khaled, AFM Azim Anwar, and Md Harisul Hoque. "Long term Cardiovascular Manifestations of COVID - 19." University Heart Journal 18, no. 2 (November 8, 2022): 118–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/uhj.v18i2.62734.

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Although severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is well known for causing an acute respiratory disease, a number of patients after they get recovered from acute infection, subsequently experience a constellation of symptoms and events that lasts for more than 3 months. Adequate clinical data are now accumulating on the subacute and long-term effects of Covid-19 and can involve multiple organ systems. This spectrum of symptoms and late manifestations are thought to have a possible link with the covid-19 and this condition is named LONG COVID or POST-COVID. Some of the patients may show the ongoing evidence of cardiovascular damage on long term without having symptoms which may be picked up by different imaging modalities like CMR. There has been an increase in the number of COVID-19 patients in an exponential fashion so as to cause a collapse in the healthcare system in many countries across the world, with an effect not only on public health, but also on social and economic activities. University Heart Journal 2022; 18(2): 118-124
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18

Vinod, Nikhra. "Living with ‘Long COVID-19’: The long-term complications and sequelae." International Journal of Clinical Virology 5, no. 1 (February 16, 2021): 011–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.ijcv.1001030.

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Introduction - the perennial pandemic: It is being increasingly realised that the COVID-19 may have become the new reality associated with human existence world over and the mankind may have to live with it for years or even decades. Further, the grievous nature of the disease is evolving further with the genomic changes in the virus in form of mutations and evolution of variants, with enhanced infectivity and probably virulence. There are serious challenges posed by the SARS-CoV-2 virus and COVID-19 as the disease. COVID-19 as acute and chronic disease: On exposure to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, not all patients develop a disease. Further, for those who develop the disease, there is a large variation in disease severity. The known factors including the constituent factors and several still unknown factors influence the disease manifestations, its course, and later the convalescent phase as well. In fact, substantial continuing morbidity after resolution of the infection indicates persisting multisystem effects of COVID-19. The ‘long COVID-19’ or ‘long haulers’: The patients who continue to suffer with persisting symptoms have been described as long haulers and the clinical condition has been called post-COVID-19 or ‘long COVID-19’. The diagnosis should be entertained if various symptoms and signs linger well beyond the period of convalescence in COVID-19. With the chronicity, there occur inflammatory changes and damage in various organs, and the extent of organ damage determines the long-term effects. Management of ‘long COVID’ syndrome: The ‘long COVID’ syndrome has multi-system involvement, variable presentation, and unpredictable course. Following clinical and investigational assessment, the patients should be managed as per clinical manifestations, extent of organ damage and associated complications. The findings from various studies indicate that preventing further organ damage in ‘long COVID’ is crucial. The long COVID’s prognostic challenges: As apparent, the ‘long COVID’ afflictions are more common than realized earlier. The symptoms can escalate in patients with co-morbid conditions. The persistent symptoms among COVID-19 survivors pose new challenges to the healthcare providers and may be suitably managed with a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments, and holistic healthcare.
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19

Paptsov, Andrei Gennadevich, and Tatiana IUrevna Lashchinina. "COVID-19 AND FOOD SYSTEMS: SHORT-TERM AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS." AIC: economics, management, no. 9 (September 1, 2022): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33305/229-3.

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20

Taboada, Manuel, Esther Moreno, Sonsoles Leal, Rafael Pita-Romero, Yolanda Sanduende, Pablo Rama, Milagros Cid, and Teresa Seoane-Pillado. "Long-term Outcomes After Tracheostomy for COVID-19." Archivos de Bronconeumología 57 (April 2021): 54–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arbres.2021.01.014.

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21

Nogueira López, Javier, Carlos Grasa, Cristina Calvo, and Milagros García López‐Hortelano. "Long‐term symptoms of COVID‐19 in children." Acta Paediatrica 110, no. 7 (March 28, 2021): 2282–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/apa.15849.

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22

Baldwin, Paul. "How Will COViD-19 Affect Long-Term Care?" Senior Care Pharmacist 35, no. 5 (May 1, 2020): 237. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2020.237.

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The decision of the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services to suspend routine surveys in favor of focused inspections targeted at infection control is the first signal that long-term care will be at the epicenter of federal oversight.
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23

Baldwin, Paul. "How Will COVID-19 Affect Long-Term Care?" Senior Care Pharmacist 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2020.283.

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24

Gedney, Nieltje. "Long-Term Hemodialysis during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 15, no. 8 (July 2, 2020): 1073–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2215/cjn.09100620.

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25

Radke, Nishant, Paisan Ruamviboonsuk, Clement C. Y. Tham, Jost B. Jonas, and Dennis S. C. Lam. "Ophthalmology and COVID-19: Long-term Surveillance Needed." Asia-Pacific Journal of Ophthalmology 10, no. 6 (November 2021): 519–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/apo.0000000000000449.

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26

Andrew, Melissa K., and Lisa Barrett. "COVID-19 susceptibility in long-term care facilities." Lancet Healthy Longevity 2, no. 6 (June 2021): e310-e311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2666-7568(21)00119-7.

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27

Zhao, Yan-Jie, Wei Bai, Zhaohui Su, Chee H. Ng, and Yu-Tao Xiang. "Long-term effects on survivors with COVID-19." Lancet 398, no. 10314 (November 2021): 1871–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02283-2.

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28

Yang, Chengliang, Hedi Zhao, and Scott J. Tebbutt. "Long-term effects on survivors with COVID-19." Lancet 398, no. 10314 (November 2021): 1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)02323-0.

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29

Ko, Samuel Ying, Nathan Khac Nguyen, Christine Lorraine Lee, Lysette Alexis Lee, Katherine Uyen Thao Nguyen, and Ernest Castro Lee. "Aeromedical Implications of Long-Term COVID-19 Sequelae." Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 92, no. 11 (November 1, 2021): 898–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3357/amhp.5928.2021.

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BACKGROUND: While many COVID-19 studies focus on acute effects of the infection, few examine the intermediate and long-term sequelae of the illness. Studies have shown that a good portion of patients have chronic effects in several body systems for several months or longer. Such effects can potentially adversely impact pilot performance in flight. We sought to determine the long-term effects of COVID-19 infection, how such effects can affect pilot performance, and how to best evaluate pilots for aeromedical flight clearance.METHODS: We used the PubMed literature search engine to review peer-reviewed articles that focused on the intermediate and long-term effects of COVID-19 infection. Chronic signs and symptoms were subdivided based on the particular body organ system affected. Merging information obtained from case reviews, article reviews, and aeromedical standards, we created a risk stratification guide to assist with the aeromedical disposition of affected pilots.RESULTS: Long-term effects of COVID-19 infection can last for several months or longer. The most common effects are fatigue, weakness, pulmonary diffusion defects, depression, and anxiety.DISCUSSION: This review article focuses on the most common intermediate- and long-term COVID-19 conditions of aeromedical significance and the corresponding course of actions recommended for the aeromedical examiner. Aeromedical evaluation should take into consideration factors related to the pilot, aircraft type, and specific aviation environment. Such evaluation may include diagnostic testing, medical specialist consultation, preflight simulation in an altitude chamber, human centrifuge testing, and/or a flight simulator checkride.Ko SY, Nguyen NK, Lee CL, Lee LA, Nguyen KUT, Lee EC. Aeromedical implications of long-term COVID-19 sequelae. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2021; 92(11):898–907.
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Tankisi, H., and J. Ochala. "Myopathy in acute and long-term COVID-19." Clinical Neurophysiology 134 (February 2022): 141–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2021.11.006.

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31

Radbruch, Andreas, and Hyun-Dong Chang. "A long-term perspective on immunity to COVID." Nature 595, no. 7867 (June 14, 2021): 359–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-01557-z.

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32

Baldwin, Paul. "How Will COVID-19 Affect Long-Term Care?" Senior Care Pharmacist 35, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.4140/tcp.n.2020.283.

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33

Hold, Judith, Mary Dioise Ramos, and Rita Mahmoud. "Long-Term Care and COVID-19, What’s Next?" Journal of Patient Experience 7, no. 4 (August 2020): 446–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2374373520950976.

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34

Yelin, Dana, Eytan Wirtheim, Pauline Vetter, Andre C. Kalil, Judith Bruchfeld, Michael Runold, Giovanni Guaraldi, et al. "Long-term consequences of COVID-19: research needs." Lancet Infectious Diseases 20, no. 10 (October 2020): 1115–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30701-5.

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Rahim, Muhammad Abdur, and Mohammad Delwar Hossain. "Long-term cardio-respiratory effects of COVID-19." BIRDEM Medical Journal 13, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/birdem.v13i1.63886.

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36

Harrison, Penny. "Long COVID is a long-term issue for all nursing services." Gastrointestinal Nursing 18, no. 9 (November 2, 2020): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/gasn.2020.18.9.67.

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37

Popov, V. "COVID-19 pandemic and long-term development trajectories of East Asian and Western economic models." Pathways to Peace and Security, no. 2 (2020): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/2307-1494-2020-2-41-62.

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The article examines the reasons for the superior performance of East Asia in containing the human and economic costs of the 2020 coronavirus pandemic. The East Asian model is based on solidarity and priority of collective interests over individual interests, whereas the Western model emphasizes competition and guarantees of individual rights. The quantifiable characteristics that allow to draw a distinction between the two models are income and wealth inequalities, property and control over corporations, institutional capacity of the state (measured as homicide rate and the size of shadow economy), and trust in the government. Because of the East Asian model’s superiority in these respects, both the number of infections and the mortality rates from COVID-19 in China and other East Asian countries were lower than in Western countries by two orders of magnitude. Besides, the 2020 economic crisis associated with the pandemic was much deeper in the West than in East Asia. These developments give new arguments in support of the views that East Asian economic and social model is more viable than the Western model. Continued rise of East Asia and proliferation of East Asian model in the developing world will lead to profound changes in the world economic order.
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Hidayat, Imam Nur, Ilham Maulana, and Mohammad Arif. "Long term Covid-19 terhadap Pasar Saham di Indonesia." POINT: Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen 3, no. 1 (March 3, 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.46918/point.v3i1.834.

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ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan meneliti pengaruh dari perkembangan penyebaran covid-19 di Indonesia terhadap pasar saham di Indonesia. Metode penelitian menggunakan data kasus baru dan kematian baru akibat covid-19, dan data penutupan dan Volume perdagangan IHSG yang kami kumpulkan dari periode tanggal 2 Maret sampai – 7 Januari 2021. Data tersebut kemudian kami uji menggunakan structure equation modeling (SEM) Partial Least Square (PLS) dengan bantuan aplikasi WarpPLS 7.0. Dalam penelitian ini kami temukan bahwa penyebaran Covid-19 di Indonesia berpengaruh Positif terhadap kinerja pasar saham (IHSG) di Indonesia. Kata kunci : Covid-19, Pasar Saham. ABSTRACT This study aims to examine the effect of the spread of covid-19 in Indonesia on the stock market in Indonesia. The research method used data on new cases and new deaths due to covid-19, and the closing data and trading volume of the JCI that we collected from the period March 2 to January 7, 2021. We then tested the data using the Partial Least Square structural equation modeling (SEM). (PLS) with the help of the WarpPLS 7.0 application. We find this investigation that the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia has a positive effect on the performance of the stock market (IHSG) in Indonesia. Keywords: Covid-19, Stock Market.
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Naji, Hassan. "Long-Term Effects of COVID-19: A Systemic Review." European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences 4, no. 4 (August 16, 2022): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejmed.2022.4.4.1378.

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The sequelae of long-term complications of COVID-19 have been reported in many studies. These complications are almost similar in both adults and children and were observed during infection with other coronaviruses like SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV. It is observed too that these complications develop in both previously symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals. The symptoms of long COVID start to manifest usually after 4-12 weeks of initial onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In the long run, COVID-19 affects various body parts in different ways. These majorly include respiratory, cardiovascular, hematological, inflammatory, immunological, and neurological disorders along with gastrointestinal, metabolic, renal, hepatic, and skin disorders. However, there is a lack of detailed summary of the clinical presentation and effects of long COVID in the literature. This review summarizes the current evidence of the long-term effects of COVID-19 in adults and children along with the presenting signs and symptoms in these patients. This finding highlights the need for future epidemiological studies to access the risk of long-term complications of COVID-19 in order to develop effective multi-disciplinary risk reduction and management strategies for long COVID in patients.
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Audette, Joseph, David Groopman, and Mitchell Elkiss. "Call for Special Issue Papers: COVID “Long Haulers”: Treating Long-Term Effects of COVID-19 Syndrome." Medical Acupuncture 33, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 259. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/acu.2021.29183.cfp.

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41

Hussein, Tareq, Mahmoud H. Hammad, Pak Lun Fung, Marwan Al-Kloub, Issam Odeh, Martha A. Zaidan, and Darren Wraith. "COVID-19 Pandemic Development in Jordan—Short-Term and Long-Term Forecasting." Vaccines 9, no. 7 (July 2, 2021): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9070728.

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In this study, we proposed three simple approaches to forecast COVID-19 reported cases in a Middle Eastern society (Jordan). The first approach was a short-term forecast (STF) model based on a linear forecast model using the previous days as a learning data-base for forecasting. The second approach was a long-term forecast (LTF) model based on a mathematical formula that best described the current pandemic situation in Jordan. Both approaches can be seen as complementary: the STF can cope with sudden daily changes in the pandemic whereas the LTF can be utilized to predict the upcoming waves’ occurrence and strength. As such, the third approach was a hybrid forecast (HF) model merging both the STF and the LTF models. The HF was shown to be an efficient forecast model with excellent accuracy. It is evident that the decision to enforce the curfew at an early stage followed by the planned lockdown has been effective in eliminating a serious wave in April 2020. Vaccination has been effective in combating COVID-19 by reducing infection rates. Based on the forecasting results, there is some possibility that Jordan may face a third wave of the pandemic during the Summer of 2021.
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Liu, Zhiyi, and Biliang Hu. "China’s Economy under COVID-19: Short-Term Shocks and Long-Term Changes." Modern Economy 11, no. 04 (2020): 908–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/me.2020.114068.

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43

Samsonova, Maria V., Andrey S. Kontorschikov, Andrey L. Cherniaev, Kirill Yu Mikhajlichenko, Liudmila M. Mikhaleva, Oleko D. Mishnev, and Oleg V. Zayratyants. "Long-term pathological changes in lungs after COVID-19." PULMONOLOGIYA 31, no. 5 (October 20, 2021): 571–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18093/0869-0189-2021-31-5-571-579.

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World literature is paying increasing attention to the long-term course of COVID-19 and symptoms that appear after the acute coronavirus infection. The symptoms, functional state of the lungs, and the X-ray changes are assessed. Nevertheless, post-COVID lung histology has not been described yet.The aim of this article is to study the long-term pathological changes in the lungs after acute COVID-19. Methods. We analyzed autopsy lung material from 19 deceased who had COVID-19. The average age of the deceased was 68.82 ± 14.6 years. All patients were found to have IgG to SARS-CoV-2. The median time to death following viral interstitial pneumonia was 72 days. Results. The causes of death and thrombotic complications (infarctions of various organs and venous thrombosis) were analyzed. Histological examination revealed thrombosis of small pulmonary arteries and capillaries of interalveolar septa, microinfarctions, hemorrhages, foci of organizing pneumonia, and nonspecific interstitial pneumonia.Conclusion. The first assessment of histological changes in human lungs showed that the most common post-COVID pathologic changes are microcirculation disorders combined with small areas of acute lung damage. The obtained data are essential for understanding the pathogenesis of post-COVID syndrome, necessitate diagnostic of microvasculature disorders using laboratory tests, scintigraphy, and CT imaging, as well as search for the therapeutic strategies.
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44

Perego, Elisa, Felicity Callard, Laurie Stras, Barbara Melville-Jóhannesson, Rachel Pope, and Nisreen A. Alwan. "Why the Patient-Made Term 'Long Covid' is needed." Wellcome Open Research 5 (September 24, 2020): 224. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16307.1.

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The patient-made term ‘Long Covid’ is, we argue, a helpful and capacious term that is needed to address key medical, epidemiological and socio-political challenges posed by diverse symptoms persisting beyond four weeks after symptom onset suggestive of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). An international movement of patients (which includes all six authors) brought the persistence and heterogeneity of long-term symptoms to widespread visibility. The same grassroots movement introduced the term ‘Long Covid’ (and the cognate term ‘long-haulers’) to intervene in relation to widespread assumptions about disease severity and duration. Persistent symptoms following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection are now one of the most pressing clinical and public health phenomena to address: their cause(s) is/are unknown, their effects can be debilitating, and the percentage of patients affected is unclear, though likely significant. The term ‘Long Covid’ is now used in scientific literature, the media, and in interactions with the WHO. Uncertainty regarding its value and meaning, however, remains. In this Open Letter, we explain the advantages of the term ‘Long Covid’ and bring clarity to some pressing issues of use and definition. We also point to the importance of centring patient experience and expertise in relation to ‘Long Covid’ research, as well as the provision of care and rehabilitation.
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45

Banerjee, Amitava. "Long Covid lessons: beyond winter and the COVID pandemic." Open Access Government 37, no. 1 (January 6, 2023): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-037-9968.

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Long Covid lessons: beyond winter and the COVID pandemic Paying attention to Long Covid lessons is key, states Amitava Banerjee, Professor of Clinical Data Science and Honorary Consultant Cardiologist at University College London, and chief investigator of the STIMULATE-ICP programme. The long-term consequences of COVID-19 have affected an estimated 1.9 million people with over 12 weeks of symptoms after infection with SARS-CoV-2 (COVID). Of these people, 1.2 million have had symptoms for at least one year and 594,000 for at least two years. Looking at the lessons which Long Covid has already provided for other long-term conditions and pandemics, Long Covid offers the opportunity for a system reset of research, practice and public health approaches to chronic diseases, pandemic preparedness and care delivery. Whether in terms of investigation strategies, ways of evaluating drugs, big data analyses using routine health records or methods to reduce inequalities, STIMULATE-ICP and other large-scale efforts to understand and better manage Long Covid can inform both science and care. Findings from Long Covid lessons may well have an application to the way we work in other disease areas.
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46

Siddiqua, Dibanur Rashid, and Md Shahadat Hossain. "Potential long term adverse health outcomes of COVID-19." Bangladesh Critical Care Journal 9, no. 1 (April 18, 2021): 38–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bccj.v9i1.53055.

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The coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19) pandemic poses an extraordinary challenges to patients, communities and overall health care systems. It has resulted in millions of people infected worldwide and has indirectly devastated even more individuals with prolonged post-infectious symptoms. The burden of survivors having post-COVID symptoms is likely to be huge. Multidisciplinary post-COVID-19 clinics are now playing a pivotal role addressing both persistent symptoms and potential long term sequelae. In this review, we tried to summarize the adverse health outcomes based on current evidences, assess the potential risk of long-term complications and make certain recommendations. Bangladesh Crit Care J March 2021; 9(1): 38-40
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Morabia, Alfredo. "Vaccines: Containing COVID-19 and Building Long-Term Confidence." American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 6 (June 2021): 982. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2021.306300.

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48

Nolen, Lindsey. "Long-Term Cancer Screening Implications Posed By COVID-19." Oncology Times 43, no. 5 (March 5, 2021): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cot.0000737676.87435.58.

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49

Nandagopal, Dr S. "Covid 19 Prediction using Long Term Integrated Average Analysis." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.33485.

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50

Iqbal, Syed Z., Benjamin Li, Edore Onigu-Otito, Mohammad Faraz Naqvi, and Asim A. Shah. "The Long-Term Mental Health Effects of COVID-19." Psychiatric Annals 50, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 522–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485713-20201103-01.

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