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Journal articles on the topic 'Long term average spectra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Yüksel, Mustafa, and Bülent Gündüz. "Long term average speech spectra of Turkish." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 43, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2017.1377286.

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2

Moradi, Negin, Nader Maroufi, Mahmood Bijankhan, Tahereh Hosseinzadeh Nik, Mahyar Salavati, Toktam Jalayer, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, and Majid Soltani. "Long-Term Average Spectra of Adult Iranian Speakers' Voice." Journal of Voice 28, no. 3 (May 2014): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.09.002.

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3

Byrne, Denis, Harvey Dillon, Khanh Tran, Stig Arlinger, Keith Wilbraham, Robyn Cox, Bjorn Hagerman, et al. "An international comparison of long‐term average speech spectra." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 4 (October 1994): 2108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410152.

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4

Daugherty, James F. "Choir spacing vs choir formation: Long-term average spectra comparisons." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5036047.

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5

Yüksel, Mustafa, and Bülent Gündüz. "Long-term Average Speech Spectra of Postlingual Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of Voice 33, no. 2 (March 2019): 255.e19–255.e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.10.013.

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6

Stilp, Christian. "Short-term, not long-term, average spectra of preceding sentences bias consonant categorization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067927.

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7

Sergeant, Desmond, and Graham Frederick Welch. "Age-Related Changes in Long-Term Average Spectra of Children's Voices." Journal of Voice 22, no. 6 (November 2008): 658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.03.009.

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8

Sergeant, Desmond C., and Graham Frederick Welch. "Gender Differences in Long-Term Average Spectra of Children's Singing Voices." Journal of Voice 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.010.

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9

Linville, Sue Ellen. "Source Characteristics of Aged Voice Assessed from Long-Term Average Spectra." Journal of Voice 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00122-4.

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10

Narne, Vijaya Kumar, Sreejith V. S., and Nachiketa Tiwari. "Long-Term Average Speech Spectra and Dynamic Ranges of 17 Indian Languages." American Journal of Audiology 30, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 1096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00125.

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Purpose: In this work, we have determined the long-term average speech spectra (LTASS) and dynamic ranges (DR) of 17 Indian languages. This work is important because LTASS and DR are language-dependent functions used to fit hearing aids, calculate the Speech Intelligibility Index, and recognize speech automatically. Currently, LTASS and DR functions for English are used to fit hearing aids in India. Our work may help improve the performance of hearing aids in the Indian context. Method: Speech samples from native talkers were used as stimuli in this study. Each speech sample was initially cleaned for extraneous sounds and excessively long pauses. Next, LTASS and DR functions for each language were calculated for different frequency bands. Similar analysis was also performed for English for reference purposes. Two-way analysis of variance was also conducted to understand the effects of important parameters on LTASS and DR. Finally, a one-sample t test was conducted to assess the significance of important statistical attributes of our data. Results: We showed that LTASS and DR for Indian languages are 5–10 dB and 11 dB less than those for English. These differences may be due to lesser use rate of high-frequency dominant phonemes and preponderance of vowel-ending words in Indian languages. We also showed that LTASS and DR do not differ significantly across Indian languages. Hence, we propose a common LTASS and DR for Indian languages. Conclusions: We showed that differences in LTASS and DR for Indian languages vis-à-vis English are large and significant. Such differences may be attributed to phonetic and linguistic characteristics of Indian languages.

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11

Linville, Sue Ellen, and Jennifer Rens. "Vocal Tract Resonance Analysis of Aging Voice Using Long-Term Average Spectra." Journal of Voice 15, no. 3 (September 2001): 323–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(01)00034-0.

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12

Yang, Zengjie, Jincai Fan, Jia Tian, Liqiang Liu, Cheng Gan, Tiran Zhang, Zheng Liu, and Bing Han. "Long-term Average Spectra Analysis of Voice in Children With Cleft Palate." Journal of Voice 32, no. 3 (May 2018): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.05.008.

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13

Lee, Kyungju, and In-Ki Jin. "Comparison of Long-Term Average Speech Spectra in Reading Context and Spontaneous Speech." Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders 2, no. 1 (April 30, 2017): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2016.00115.

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14

Noh, Heil, and Dong-Hee Lee. "Cross-Language Identification of Long-Term Average Speech Spectra in Korean and English." Ear and Hearing 33, no. 3 (2012): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/aud.0b013e318234f03e.

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15

Ng, Manwa L., Hanjun Liu, Qin Zhao, and Paul K. Y. Lam. "Long-term average spectral characteristics of Cantonese alaryngeal speech." Auris Nasus Larynx 36, no. 5 (October 2009): 571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.anl.2008.12.005.

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16

Weiss, William. "Long‐term average spectra of continuous speech before and after Tomatis andio‐vocal training." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 78, S1 (November 1985): S56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2022882.

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17

Stelmachowicz, Patricia G., Anne L. Mace, Judy G. Kopun, and Edward Carney. "Long-Term and Short-Term Characteristics of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 36, no. 3 (June 1993): 609–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3603.609.

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This study examined the effects of distance and postural position of both parents and children on the long-term and short-term spectral characteristics of speech produced by the parents. Thirty children (ages 2 months to 3 1/2 years) and their parents (30 mothers and 15 fathers) participated. Third-octave band and overall levels of the long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS) for each speech sample were analyzed in three postural positions and a 1-meter reference condition for each age category. Short-term spectral characteristics of three phonemes (/s/, / ∫ /, /t ∫ /) also were analyzed. Results show that typical levels at the input to a child’s hearing aid microphone may be as much as 20 dB higher than those found in face-to-face adult conversation. Furthermore, the spectral shape may deviate substantially from an idealized version of the LTASS. Results of the short-term analysis reveal that the peak levels of the three selected phonemes often exceed the LTASS by more than the 12 dB that is often quoted to represent the 1% rms levels of speech in relation to the long-term average. Implications of these results for specific hearing losses are discussed.

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18

Cox, Robyn M., and Jeffrey N. Moore. "Composite Speech Spectrum for Hearing Aid Gain Prescriptions." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 31, no. 1 (March 1988): 102–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3101.102.

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Average long-term RMS 1/3-octave band speech spectra were generated for 30 male and 30 female talkers. The two spectra were significantly different in both low and high frequency bands but were similar in the mid-frequency region. It was concluded that a single spectrum could validly be used to represent both male and female speech in the frequency region important for hearing aid gain prescriptions: 250 Hz through 6300 Hz. In addition, the male and female spectra were compared with analogous spectra reported by Byrne (1977) and Pearsons, Bennett, and Fidell (1977). For each sex, significant differences were found among the three spectra in a few frequency bands. The best estimate of the average speech spectrum for each sex was obtained from a weighted average of the three sets of data, excluding the significantly different data points. The long-term RMS 1/3-octave band speech spectrum for male and female talkers combined was derived for use in hearing aid gain prescriptions.

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19

Huang, Jingyuan, Lori Holt, and Andrew Lotto. "Perceptual adaptation to a spoken passage’s long term spectral average." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 126, no. 4 (2009): 2300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.3249473.

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20

Mitchell, Helen F., and Dianna T. Kenny. "The effects of open throat technique on long term average spectra (LTAS) of female classical voices." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 29, no. 3 (October 2004): 99–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14015430410015722.

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21

Monson, Brian B., Andrew J. Lotto, and Brad H. Story. "Analysis of high-frequency energy in long-term average spectra of singing, speech, and voiceless fricatives." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132, no. 3 (September 2012): 1754–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4742724.

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22

Ma, Chen, Junjun Jiang, Huayi Li, Xiaoguang Mei, and Chengchao Bai. "Hyperspectral Image Classification via Spectral Pooling and Hybrid Transformer." Remote Sensing 14, no. 19 (September 21, 2022): 4732. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14194732.

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Hyperspectral images (HSIs) contain spatially structured information and pixel-level sequential spectral attributes. The continuous spectral features contain hundreds of wavelength bands and the differences between spectra are essential for achieving fine-grained classification. Due to the limited receptive field of backbone networks, convolutional neural networks (CNNs)-based HSI classification methods show limitations in modeling spectral-wise long-range dependencies with fixed kernel size and a limited number of layers. Recently, the self-attention mechanism of transformer framework is introduced to compensate for the limitations of CNNs and to mine the long-term dependencies of spectral signatures. Therefore, many joint CNN and Transformer architectures for HSI classification have been proposed to obtain the merits of both networks. However, these architectures make it difficult to capture spatial–spectral correlation and CNNs distort the continuous nature of the spectral signature because of the over-focus on spatial information, which means that the transformer can easily encounter bottlenecks in modeling spectral-wise similarity and long-range dependencies. To address this problem, we propose a neighborhood enhancement hybrid transformer (NEHT) network. In particular, a simple 2D convolution module is adopted to achieve dimensionality reduction while minimizing the distortion of the original spectral distribution by stacked CNNs. Then, we extract group-wise spatial–spectral features in a parallel design to enhance the representation capability of each token. Furthermore, a feature fusion strategy is introduced to increase subtle discrepancies of spectra. Finally, the self-attention of transformer is employed to mine the long-term dependencies between the enhanced feature sequences. Extensive experiments are performed on three well-known datasets and the proposed NEHT network shows superiority over state-of-the-art (SOTA) methods. Specifically, our proposed method outperforms the SOTA method by 0.46%, 1.05% and 0.75% on average in overall accuracy, average accuracy and kappa coefficient metrics.

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23

Haaland, S., E. A. Kronberg, P. W. Daly, M. Fränz, L. Degener, E. Georgescu, and I. Dandouras. "Spectral characteristics of protons in the Earth's plasmasheet: statistical results from Cluster CIS and RAPID." Annales Geophysicae 28, no. 8 (August 5, 2010): 1483–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-28-1483-2010.

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Abstract. We present a study of the spectral characteristics of protons in the Earth's plasma sheet for various geomagnetic disturbance levels. The study is based on about 5400 h of data combined from the Cluster RAPID and CIS instruments obtained during the tail season (July–October). The overall proton spectral shape is generally that of a κ distribution, that is, resembling a Maxwellian at lower energies which smoothly merges into a power-law tail at higher energies. The actual spectral long-term slope depends on various magnetospheric driver parameters, but is on average around 3.5–4. During disturbed conditions, such as geomagnetic storm or substorm periods, a shift in the characteristic energy is observed. For two individual storms, we also found a hardening of the spectra. Unlike the electron spectra, we do not see any significant local time dependence in the spectral slope, but we find higher average ion fluxes in the dusk side. We also do not find any direct response in the energy spectra to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field or solar wind dynamic pressure. This suggests that energization of the ions are mainly due to internal processes in the plasma sheet.

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24

Morris, Richard J., Sten Ternström, Jeannette LoVetri, and Dianne Berkun. "Long-Term Average Spectra From a Youth Choir Singing in Three Vocal Registers and Two Dynamic Levels." Journal of Voice 26, no. 1 (January 2012): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2010.07.003.

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25

Rollings, Amelia A. "The Effects of Heel Height on Head Position, Long-Term Average Spectra, and Perceptions of Female Singers." Journal of Voice 32, no. 1 (January 2018): 127.e15–127.e23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.005.

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26

Vledder, Gerbrant van, and Adem Akpinar. "SPECTRAL PARTITIONING AND SWELLS IN THE BLACK SEA." Coastal Engineering Proceedings, no. 35 (June 23, 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.9753/icce.v35.waves.21.

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The swell climate of the Black Sea has been determined using a long-term 31-year wave hindcast with the third-generation spectral wave model SWAN in combination with spectral partitioning. This technique enables decomposing wave spectra into individual wave systems representing wind seas or swells and computing integral wave parameters of each partition. Results are presented of the partition technique and of spatial and seasonal characteristics of wind sea and swell systems. In addition, the average amount of swell energy and the occurrence probability of dangerous crossing sea states are determined.

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27

Pittman, Andrea L., Patricia G. Stelmachowicz, Dawna E. Lewis, and Brenda M. Hoover. "Spectral Characteristics of Speech at the Ear." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 46, no. 3 (June 2003): 649–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2003/051).

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This study examined the long- and short-term spectral characteristics of speech simultaneously recorded at the ear and at a reference microphone position (30 cm at 0° azimuth). Twenty adults and 26 children (2–4 years of age) with normal hearing were asked to produce 9 short sentences in a quiet environment. Long-term average speech spectra (LTASS) were calculated for the concatenated sentences, and short-term spectra were calculated for selected phonemes within the sentences (/m/, /n/, /s/, /∫/, /f/, /a/, /u/, and /i/). Relative to the reference microphone position, the LTASS at the ear showed higher amplitudes for frequencies below 1 kHz and lower amplitudes for frequencies above 2 kHz for both groups. At both microphone positions, the short-term spectra of the children's phonemes revealed reduced amplitudes for /s/ and /∫/ and for vowel energy above 2 kHz relative to the adults' phonemes. The results of this study suggest that, for listeners with hearing loss (a) the talker's own voice through a hearing instrument would contain lower overall energy at frequencies above 2 kHz relative to speech originating in front of the talker, (b) a child's own speech would contain even lower energy above 2 kHz because of adult-child differences in overall amplitude, and (c) frequency regions important to normal speech development (e.g., high-frequency energy in the phonemes /s/ and /∫/) may not be amplified sufficiently by many hearing instruments.

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28

Bahadi, Mazen, Ashraf A. Ismail, and Elsa Vasseur. "Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy as a Tool to Study Milk Composition Changes in Dairy Cows Attributed to Housing Modifications to Improve Animal Welfare." Foods 10, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10020450.

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Animal welfare status is assessed today through visual evaluations requiring an on-farm visit. A convenient alternative would be to detect cow welfare status directly in milk samples, already routinely collected for milk recording. The objective of this study was to propose a novel approach to demonstrate that Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can detect changes in milk composition related to cows subjected to movement restriction at the tie stall with four tie-rail configurations varying in height and position (TR1, TR2, TR3 and TR4). Milk mid-infrared spectra were collected on weekly basis. Long-term average spectra were calculated for each cow using spectra collected in weeks 8–10 of treatment. Principal component analysis was applied to spectral averages and the scores of principal components (PCs) were tested for treatment effect by mixed modelling. PC7 revealed a significant treatment effect (p = 0.01), particularly for TR3 (configuration with restricted movement) vs. TR1 (recommended configuration) (p = 0.03). The loading spectrum of PC7 revealed high loadings at wavenumbers that could be assigned to biomarkers related to negative energy balance, such as β-hydroxybutyrate, citrate and acetone. This observation suggests that TR3 might have been restrictive for cows to access feed. Milk FTIR spectroscopy showed promising results in detecting welfare status and housing conditions in dairy cows.

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29

Noh, Heil, and Dong-Hee Lee. "How Does Speaking Clearly Influence Acoustic Measures? A Speech Clarity Study Using Long-term Average Speech Spectra in Korean Language." Clinical and Experimental Otorhinolaryngology 5, no. 2 (2012): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3342/ceo.2012.5.2.68.

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30

Mevi, Gabriele, Giovanni Muscari, Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio, Irene Fiorucci, and Giandomenico Pace. "VESPA-22: a ground-based microwave spectrometer for long-term measurements of polar stratospheric water vapor." Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 11, no. 2 (February 23, 2018): 1099–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-11-1099-2018.

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Abstract. The new ground-based 22 GHz spectrometer, VESPA-22 (water Vapor Emission Spectrometer for Polar Atmosphere at 22 GHz) measures the 22.23 GHz water vapor emission line with a bandwidth of 500 MHz and a frequency resolution of 31 kHz. The integration time for a measurement ranges from 6 to 24 h, depending on season and weather conditions. Water vapor spectra are collected using the beam-switching technique. VESPA-22 is designed to operate automatically with little maintenance; it employs an uncooled front-end characterized by a receiver temperature of about 180 K and its quasi-optical system presents a full width at half maximum of 3.5∘. Every 30 min VESPA-22 measures also the sky opacity using the tipping curve technique. The instrument calibration is performed automatically by a noise diode; the emission temperature of this element is estimated twice an hour by observing alternatively a black body at ambient temperature and the sky at an elevation of 60∘. The retrieved profiles obtained inverting 24 h integration spectra present a sensitivity larger than 0.8 from about 25 to 75 km of altitude during winter and from about 30 to 65 km during summer, a vertical resolution from about 12 to 23 km (depending on altitude), and an overall 1σ uncertainty lower than 7 % up to 60 km altitude and rapidly increasing to 20 % at 75 km. In July 2016, VESPA-22 was installed at the Thule High Arctic Atmospheric Observatory located at Thule Air Base (76.5∘ N, 68.8∘ W), Greenland, and it has been operating almost continuously since then. The VESPA-22 water vapor mixing ratio vertical profiles discussed in this work are obtained from 24 h averaged spectra and are compared with version 4.2 of concurrent Aura/Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) water vapor vertical profiles. In the sensitivity range of VESPA-22 retrievals, the intercomparison from July 2016 to July 2017 between VESPA-22 dataset and Aura/MLS dataset convolved with VESPA-22 averaging kernels shows an average difference within 1.4 % up to 60 km altitude and increasing to about 6 % (0.2 ppmv) at 72 km.

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31

Tanner, Kristine, Nelson Roy, Andrea Ash, and Eugene H. Buder. "Spectral Moments of the Long-term Average Spectrum: Sensitive Indices of Voice Change After Therapy?" Journal of Voice 19, no. 2 (June 2005): 211–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2004.02.005.

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32

Pustovitenko, B., and E. Eredzhepov. "SOURCE PARAMETERS of CRIMEAN-BLACK SEA EARTHQUAKES in 2015." Earthquakes in Northern Eurasia, no. 24 (December 14, 2021): 226–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.35540/1818-6254.2021.24.22.

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The spectral and dynamic source parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, , u, Eu and Mw) of 16 Crimean earthquakes with КП=6.5–10.8, restored by amplitude spectra of compression and shear seismic waves recorded by digital regional seismic stations are analyzed. Approximation of the spectra and source parameters calculation is performed in the framework of the Brune dislocation model. The highest values of dynamic parameters (М0, r0, , , ησ, u, EU и Mw) are obtained for the earthquakes on June 13 and August 16 with h=11 km, h=7 km respectively and КП=10.8, which occurred in the Azov-Kuban and Kerch-Anapa areas. The radiation friction r for all earthquakes had a negative value, pointing to a complex slide of the rupture in the source. Within the whole energy range, the average value of the released stress did not exceed Δσ=8∙105 PA (8 bar) and apparent stress ησ <11∙105 PA (11 bar). For most 2015 earthquakes, the average M0 и r0 values were within the confidence intervals of long-term dependencies M0(КП), r0(КП). The values of r0 were evenly distributed concerning the regression r0(КП) and М0 is mostly located below the average according to М0 (КП). The maximum deviations of M0 from the long-term М0(КП) dependence were obtained for the most strong earthquakes on June 13 and August 16 with КП=10.8. These deviations can be associated with participation in average M0 of the "Sevastopol" station data which give low values of М0 and possible errors in determining the focal depths influencing the choice of environment velocity models to calculate М0. For the most strong earthquake of August 16 with Мw=3.8, which occurred in the Kerch-Anapa region, a solution of focal mechanism was obtained. The earthquake occurred under the action of horizontal latitudinal tensile forces. The type of movement in the source is an oblique normal fault. Both nodal planes have near-meridional (STKNP1=167°) and near-diagonal (STKNP2=336°) strike.

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33

Sundberg, Johan, and Maria Nordenberg. "Effects of vocal loudness variation on spectrum balance as reflected by the alpha measure of long-term-average spectra of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 120, no. 1 (July 2006): 453–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.2208451.

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34

Bordi, I., F. Berrilli, and E. Pietropaolo. "Long-term response of stratospheric ozone and temperature to solar variability." Annales Geophysicae 33, no. 3 (March 4, 2015): 267–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/angeo-33-267-2015.

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Abstract. The long-term variability in stratospheric ozone mass mixing ratio (O3) and temperature (T) from 1979 to 2013 is investigated using the latest reanalysis product delivered by the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), i.e., ERA-Interim. Moreover, using the Mg II index time series for the same time period, the response of the stratosphere to the 11-year Schwabe solar cycle is investigated. Results reveal the following features: (i) upward (downward) trends characterize zonally averaged O3 anomalies in the upper (middle to lower stratosphere) stratosphere, while prevailing downward trends affect the T field. Mg II index data exhibit a weaker 24th solar cycle (though not complete) when compared with the previous two; (ii) correlations between O3 and Mg II, T and Mg II, and O3 and T are consistent with photochemical reactions occurring in the stratosphere and large-scale transport; and (iii) wavelet cross-spectra between O3 and Mg II index show common power for the 11-year period, particularly in tropical regions around 30–50 hPa, and different relative phase in the upper and lower stratosphere. A comprehensive insight into the actual processes accounting for the observed correlation between ozone and solar UV variability would be gained from an improved bias correction of ozone measurements provided by different satellite instruments, and from the observations of the time behavior of the solar spectral irradiance.

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35

Albert, A., R. Alfaro, C. Alvarez, J. R. Angeles Camacho, J. C. Arteaga-Velázquez, K. P. Arunbabu, D. Avila Rojas, et al. "Long-term Spectra of the Blazars Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 at TeV Energies Seen by HAWC." Astrophysical Journal 929, no. 2 (April 1, 2022): 125. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac58f6.

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Abstract The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Gamma-Ray Observatory surveys the very high-energy sky in the 300 GeV to >100 TeV energy range. HAWC has detected two blazars above 11σ, Markarian 421 (Mrk 421) and Markarian 501 (Mrk 501). The observations are comprised of data taken in the period between 2015 June and 2018 July, resulting in ∼1038 days of exposure. In this work, we report the time-averaged spectral analyses for both sources, above 0.5 TeV. Taking into account the flux attenuation due to the extragalactic background light, the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk 421 is described by a power law with an exponential energy cutoff with index α = 2.26 ± 0.12 stat − 0.2 + 0.17 sys and energy cutoff E c = 5.1 ± 1.6 stat − 2.5 + 1.4 sys TeV, while the intrinsic spectrum of Mrk 501 is better described by a simple power law with index α = 2.61 ± 0.11 stat − 0.07 + 0.01 sys . The maximum energies at which the Mrk 421 and Mrk 501 signals are detected are 9 and 12 TeV, respectively. This makes these some of the highest energy detections to date for spectra averaged over years-long timescales. Since the observation of gamma radiation from blazars provides information about the physical processes that take place in their relativistic jets, it is important to study the broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of these objects. For this purpose, contemporaneous data in the gamma-ray band to the X-ray range, and literature data in the radio to UV range, were used to build time-averaged SEDs that were modeled within a synchrotron-self Compton leptonic scenario.

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36

Sigmund, Milan. "Speaker Discrimination Using Long-Term Spectrum of Speech." Information Technology And Control 48, no. 3 (September 24, 2019): 446–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.itc.48.3.21248.

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In this article, we investigate a specific long-term speech spectrum with respect to its use for speaker recognition. The long-term effect was satisfied by averaging short-term autocorrelation coefficients over the whole utterance. The long-term spectrum was calculated by means of second-order linear prediction using the average autocorrelation coefficients. First, speaker discriminability of 32 individual parameters was evaluated by combining spectral energy and spectral slope in eight different frequency bands covering the range 0−4 kHz (seven narrow nonoverlapping subbands and one band spanning over the full range). Then, four subbands with the most discriminative capability were selected for speaker recognition. These subbands involve the frequencies of 0−1.2 kHz in total. In the main experiments, text-independent speaker recognition based on relative Euclidean distance was performed in each single subband as well as in multiple 2 to 4 subbands applying two types of speech data, complete continuous speech and voiced part of the same speech. The voiced speech seems to be generally more effective for speaker recognition using the long-term speech spectrum. The best recognition rates, i.e. 91.7% on complete speech and 100% on voiced speech, were achieved in optimal paired subbands. The long-term speech spectrum can complement the traditional voice features.

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37

Gattinger, R. L., A. Vallance Jones, D. A. Degenstein, and E. J. Llewellyn. "Quantitative spectroscopy of the aurora. VI. The auroral spectrum from 275 to 815 nm observed by the OSIRIS spectrograph on board the Odin spacecraft." Canadian Journal of Physics 88, no. 8 (August 2010): 559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p10-037.

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Terrestrial auroral spectra over the 275 to 815 nm wavelength range have been recorded by the OSIRIS imaging spectrograph on board the Odin spacecraft. The spectra are from the dark polar region and are averaged over limb tangent altitudes from 100 to 105 km. All wavelengths are exposed simultaneously, thus avoiding the effect of temporal intensity variations inherently present in spectrally scanning systems. Particular care has been taken to quantify the relative spectral sensitivity over the entire wavelength range, and there is an estimated 5% precision in the measurements. To maintain accurate on-orbit spectral calibrations, an atmospheric radiation model with multiple Rayleigh scatter is employed to regularly update the OSIRIS spectral response throughout the mission. A calibrated auroral spectrum is presented, together with matching synthetic spectra for many of the observed features, for potential use as a reference spectrum in general atmospheric research. The relative intensities of the brighter auroral band systems and atomic lines are reviewed. Finally, the observed spectrum is made freely available in digital format in long term archives.

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Maan, Yogesh, Mayuresh P. Surnis, Bhal Chandra Joshi, and Manjari Bagchi. "Magnetar XTE J1810–197: Spectro-temporal Evolution of Average Radio Emission." Astrophysical Journal 931, no. 1 (May 1, 2022): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac68f1.

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Abstract We present the long-term spectro-temporal evolution of the average radio emission properties of the magnetar XTE J1810−197 (PSR J1809−1943), following its most recent outburst in late 2018. We report the results from a 2.5 yr monitoring campaign with the upgraded Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope, carried out over the frequency range of 300–1450 MHz. Our observations show intriguing time variability in the average profile width, flux density, spectral index, and broadband spectral shape. While the average profile width appears to gradually decrease at later epochs, the flux density shows multiple episodes of radio rebrightening over the course of our monitoring. Our systematic monitoring observations reveal that the radio spectrum has steepened over time, resulting in evolution from a magnetar-like spectrum to a more pulsar-like spectrum. A more detailed analysis reveals that the radio spectrum has a turnover, and that this turnover shifts toward lower frequencies with time. We present the details of our analysis leading to these results, and discuss our findings in the context of magnetar radio emission mechanisms, as well as potential manifestations of the intervening medium. We also briefly discuss whether an evolving spectral turnover could be a ubiquitous property of radio magnetars.

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Faranda, Davide, and Dimitri Defrance. "A wavelet-based approach to detect climate change on the coherent and turbulent component of the atmospheric circulation." Earth System Dynamics 7, no. 2 (June 20, 2016): 517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-7-517-2016.

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Abstract. The modifications of atmospheric circulation induced by anthropogenic effects are difficult to capture because wind fields feature a complex spectrum where the signal of large-scale coherent structures (planetary, baroclinic waves and other long-term oscillations) is mixed up with turbulence. Our purpose is to study the effects of climate changes on these two components separately by applying a wavelet analysis to the 700 hPa wind fields obtained in climate simulations for different forcing scenarios. We study the coherent component of the signal via a correlation analysis to detect the persistence of large-scale or long-lasting structures, whereas we use the theory of autoregressive moving-average stochastic processes to measure the spectral complexity of the turbulent component. Under strong anthropogenic forcing, we detect a significant climate change signal. The analysis suggests that coherent structures will play a dominant role in future climate, whereas turbulent spectra will approach a classical Kolmogorov behaviour.

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Cvjetinovic, J., Y. D. Bedoshvili, D. V. Nozdriukhin, A. I. Salimon, A. M. Korsunsky, and D. A. Gorin. "Photonic tools for evaluating the growth of diatom colonies during long-term batch cultivation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2172, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2172/1/012011.

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Abstract Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic microalgae with a nanostructured silica cell wall – frustule. Diatoms, considered one of the most abundant and ecologically important phytoplankton groups, can also be easily grown in the laboratory and used for different applications. With long-term cultivation, it is essential to monitor their growth properly; therefore, we proposed new, fast and easy-to-use methods based on the absorption and fluorescence of diatom chromophores. The average radiant efficiency of diatom culture Achnanthidium sibiricum obtained using the IVIS SpectrumCT In vivo Imaging system increased up to 45 days of cultivation, after which we observed steady decrease. The highest photoacoustic signal of diatoms mixed with an agarose gel excited by a 532 nm laser was also recorded after 45 days of cultivation. The results obtained are in good agreement with the obtained spectra during the 100-day cultivation period. Thus, photonic methods have proven to be effective for monitoring the growth of diatoms during long-term cultivation, expanding the possibilities of growing and collecting diatoms for various purposes.

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Nkashama, M. N., and S. B. Robinson. "Resonance and non-resonance in terms of average values. II." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 131, no. 5 (October 2001): 1217–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500001359.

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We prove existence results for semilinear elliptic boundary-value problems in both the resonance and non-resonance cases. What sets our results apart is that we impose sufficient conditions for solvability in terms of the (asymptotic) average values of the nonlinearities, thus allowing the nonlinear term to have significant oscillations outside the given spectral gap as long as it remains within the interval on the average in some sense. This work generalizes the results of a previous paper, which dealt exclusively with the ordinary differential equation (ODE) case and relied on ODE techniques.

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Calandruccio, Lauren, Susanne Brouwer, Kristin J. Van Engen, Sumitrajit Dhar, and Ann R. Bradlow. "Masking Release Due to Linguistic and Phonetic Dissimilarity Between the Target and Masker Speech." American Journal of Audiology 22, no. 1 (June 2013): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1059-0889(2013/12-0072).

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Purpose To investigate masking release for speech maskers for linguistically and phonetically close (English and Dutch) and distant (English and Mandarin) language pairs. Method Thirty-two monolingual speakers of English with normal audiometric thresholds participated in the study. Data are reported for an English sentence recognition task in English and for Dutch and Mandarin competing speech maskers (Experiment 1) and noise maskers (Experiment 2) that were matched either to the long-term average speech spectra or to the temporal modulations of the speech maskers from Experiment 1. Results Listener performance increased as the target-to-masker linguistic distance increased (English-in-English < English-in-Dutch < English-in-Mandarin). Conclusion Spectral differences between maskers can account for some, but not all, of the variation in performance between maskers; however, temporal differences did not seem to play a significant role.

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Bentler, Ruth A., and John A. Nelson. "Effect of Spectral Shaping and Content on Loudness Discomfort." Journal of the American Academy of Audiology 12, no. 09 (October 2001): 462–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0042-1745634.

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AbstractThe purpose of this investigation was to study the impact of spectral shape and content on thresholds of discomfort (TD) for listeners with normal hearing and listeners with hearing loss. Secondary to that purpose was to quantify binaural summation at high intensities across complex stimulus conditions for both groups of listeners. Forty subjects (20 with normal hearing, 20 with hearing loss) participated. Complex acoustic stimuli (multitone and continuous discourse) were filtered to have four spectral shapes: (1) flat spectrum, (2) long-term average speech spectrum, (3) reverse long-term average speech spectrum, and (4) theTD contour derived for each subject from pure-tone TD obtained with eight pure tones from 250 to 4000 Hz. The results suggest that (1) TD for complex stimuli are lower for subjects with hearing loss compared with those with normal hearing, suggesting increased loudness summation with this population; (2) binaural summation of approximately 6 dB (independent of stimulus type, filter shape, or spectral content), indicating that a correction of similar magnitude for bilateral hearing aid fittings is appropriate; and (3) TD obtained at 750, 1500, and 3000 Hz accounted for approximately 60 percent of the variance in the complex TD measures, suggesting that TD at these frequencies be used to set the output obtained from a hearing aid with a 90–dB pure-tone sweep as the input stimulus. Abbreviations: ANOVA = analysis of variance, FIR = finite-impulse response, FS = flat spectrum, LTASS = long-term average speech spectrum, OSPL90 = output obtained from a hearing aid with a 90–dB pure-tone sweep as the input stimulus, R-LTASS = reverse long-term average speech spectrum, TD = threshold(s) of discomfort, TD contour = spectrum derived from TDs obtained with eight pure tones from 250 to 4000 Hz

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De Boer, Gillian, and Tim Bressmann. "Application of Linear Discriminant Analysis to the Long-term Averaged Spectra of Simulated Disorders of Oral-Nasal Balance." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 53, no. 5 (September 2016): 163–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/14-236.

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Maurice, Nicolas, Cécile Pochet, Nouceiba Adouani, and Marie-Noëlle Pons. "Role of Seasons in the Fate of Dissolved Organic Carbon and Nutrients in a Large-Scale Surface Flow Constructed Wetland." Water 14, no. 9 (May 4, 2022): 1474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14091474.

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The role of seasons in the removal of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nutrients and in changes in the spectral properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in a large-scale surface flow constructed wetland (SF-CW) receiving reclaimed water and composed of three basins with different vegetation patterns was studied. Dissolved nitrogen removal efficiencies within the three basins in summer (>50%) and winter (<30%) were significantly different. SF-CW water is enriched in DOC in spring and summer with average outlet concentrations above 8 mg×L−1. UV-visible indices, such as the specific absorbance at 254 nm or the spectral slope between 275 and 295 nm, did not vary over the seasons; thus, the basins did not change DOM aromaticity and average molecular weight. Synchronous fluorescence spectra showed variations in terms of protein-like and humic-like substances, the latter being more sensitive to photodegradation. A lab-scale photodegradation experiment confirmed that radiation from the sun was responsible for this decrease, showing this process could alter the composition of DOM at full-scale. DOM variations result from a seasonal competition between release by vegetation and photodegradation. These results validate the necessity for long-term monitoring of SF-CWs, and the utility of rapid optical methods to monitor DOC.

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Pallotta, Giuliana, and Benjamin D. Santer. "Multi-Frequency Analysis of Simulated versus Observed Variability in Tropospheric Temperature." Journal of Climate 33, no. 23 (December 2020): 10383–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-20-0023.1.

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AbstractStudies seeking to identify a human-caused global warming signal generally rely on climate model estimates of the “noise” of intrinsic natural variability. Assessing the reliability of these noise estimates is of critical importance. We evaluate here the statistical significance of differences between climate model and observational natural variability spectra for global-mean mid- to upper-tropospheric temperature (TMT). We use TMT information from satellites and large multimodel ensembles of forced and unforced simulations. Our main goal is to explore the sensitivity of model-versus-data spectral comparisons to a wide range of subjective decisions. These include the choice of satellite and climate model TMT datasets, the method for separating signal and noise, the frequency range considered, and the statistical model used to represent observed natural variability. Of particular interest is the amplitude of the interdecadal noise against which an anthropogenic tropospheric warming signal must be detected. We find that on time scales of 5–20 years, observed TMT variability is (on average) overestimated by the last two generations of climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. This result is relatively insensitive to different plausible analyst choices, enhancing confidence in previous claims of detectable anthropogenic warming of the troposphere and indicating that these claims may be conservative. A further key finding is that two commonly used statistical models of short-term and long-term memory have deficiencies in their ability to capture the complex shape of observed TMT spectra.

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Pekárová, Pavla, Jakub Mészáros, Pavol Miklánek, Ján Pekár, Stevan Prohaska, and Aleksandra Ilić. "Long-Term Runoff Variability Analysis of Rivers in the Danube Basin." Acta Horticulturae et Regiotecturae 24, s1 (May 1, 2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ahr-2021-0008.

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Abstract The long-term runoff variability is identified to consist of the selected large rivers with long-term data series in the Danube River Basin. The rivers were selected in different regions of the Danube River Basin and have a large basin area (Danube: Bratislava gauge with 131,338 km2; Tisza: Senta with 141,715 km2; and Sava: Sremska Mitrovica with 87,966 km2). We worked with the station Danube: Reni in the delta as well. A spectral analysis was used to identify the long-term variability of three different types of time series: (1) Average annual discharge time series, (2) Minimum annual discharge time series and (3) Maximum annual discharge time series. The results of the study can be used in a long-term forecast of the runoff regime in the future.

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Hemmsen, Martin, Kaare Mikkelsen, Mike Rank, and Preben Kidmose. "272 Long-term monitoring of trait-like characteristics of the sleep electroencephalogram using ear-EEG." Sleep 44, Supplement_2 (May 1, 2021): A109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsab072.271.

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Abstract Introduction Wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring has a remarkable potential, it is safe, scalable and can track neural signatures for long periods. One such signature is the power spectra of non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep which has been shown to demonstrate a trait-like characteristic. Changes in personalized signatures has been associated with biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease and is of great interest for early detection and clinical management. This work investigates monitoring of signatures using a wearable device that records EEG from the ear (ear-EEG) and compares the intra- and inter-individual similarity of the neural signatures with that from central scalp-EEG. Methods We initiated a two phased in-home study, monitoring 20 subjects for 4 nights (A), followed by a delayed but continued monitoring of 10 subjects for 12 nights (B). In A, subjects wore a dry-electrode ear-EEG system and a partial PSG, in B the subjects wore only the ear-EEG system. Subjects were instructed to follow their usual time schedule and lifestyle. Sleep stages were scored manually according to AASM in A and automatically in B. The grand average power spectra of NREM2 sleep were computed and log-transformed prior to calculating the cosine similarity for determination of the intra- and inter-individual similarity. Results The ear-EEG and scalp-EEG analysis showed that mean intra-individual similarity was higher than mean inter-individual similarity. Permutation tests indicate that the observed mean difference is statistically significant p<0.01 for both montages. Comparing the distributions of intra-individual similarities for ear-EEG and scalp-EEG, the observed mean difference is statistically significant p<0.05, in favor of a more stable ear-EEG signature. Comparing ear-EEG signatures between A and B, considering nights from A as reference, all subjects from B were most similar with its own reference signature. Considering signatures from individual nights the accuracy paring subjects from A and B were 88% correct. Conclusion Nocturnal ear-EEG measures trait-like characteristics as reliable as scalp-EEG. The neural signature is stable over time within healthy subjects and demonstrated its ability as a personalized signature. Support (if any):

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Danehkar, A., M. Karovska, J. J. Drake, and V. L. Kashyap. "Long-term X-ray variability of the symbiotic system RT Cru based on Chandra spectroscopy." Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 500, no. 4 (November 15, 2020): 4801–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa3554.

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ABSTRACT RT Cru belongs to the rare class of hard X-ray emitting symbiotics, whose origin is not yet fully understood. In this work, we have conducted a detailed spectroscopic analysis of X-ray emission from RT Cru based on observations taken by the Chandra Observatory using the Low Energy Transmission Grating (LETG) on the High-Resolution Camera Spectrometer (HRC-S) in 2015 and the High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG) on the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer S-array (ACIS-S) in 2005. Our thermal plasma modelling of the time-averaged HRC-S/LETG spectrum suggests a mean temperature of kT ∼ 1.3 keV, whereas kT ∼ 9.6 keV according to the time-averaged ACIS-S/HETG. The soft thermal plasma emission component (∼1.3 keV) found in the HRC-S is heavily obscured by dense materials (>5 × 1023 cm−2). The aperiodic variability seen in its light curves could be due to changes in either absorbing material covering the hard X-ray source or intrinsic emission mechanism in the inner layers of the accretion disc. To understand the variability, we extracted the spectra in the ‘low/hard’ and ‘high/soft’ spectral states, which indicated higher plasma temperatures in the low/hard states of both the ACIS-S and HRC-S. The source also has a fluorescent iron emission line at 6.4 keV, likely emitted from reflection off an accretion disc or dense absorber, which was twice as bright in the HRC-S epoch compared to the ACIS-S. The soft thermal component identified in the HRC-S might be an indication of a jet that deserves further evaluations using high-resolution imaging observations.

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Lambe, Jeffrey, Kathryn C. Fitzgerald, Olwen C. Murphy, Angeliki G. Filippatou, Elias S. Sotirchos, Grigorios Kalaitzidis, Elena Vasileiou, et al. "Association of Spectral-Domain OCT With Long-term Disability Worsening in Multiple Sclerosis." Neurology 96, no. 16 (March 2, 2021): e2058-e2069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011788.

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ObjectiveTo evaluate whether a retinal spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) assessment at baseline is associated with long-term disability worsening in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), we performed SD-OCT and Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) assessments among 132 PwMS at baseline and at a median of 10 years later.MethodsIn this prospective, longitudinal study, participants underwent SD-OCT, EDSS, and visual acuity (VA) assessments at baseline and at follow-up. Statistical analyses were performed using generalized linear regression models, adjusted for age, sex, race, multiple sclerosis (MS) subtype, and baseline disability. We defined clinically meaningful EDSS worsening as an increase of ≥2.0 if baseline EDSS score was <6.0 or an increase of ≥1.0 if baseline EDSS score was ≥6.0.ResultsA total of 132 PwMS (mean age 43 years; 106 patients with relapsing-remitting MS) were included in analyses. Median duration of follow-up was 10.4 years. In multivariable models excluding eyes with prior optic neuritis, relative to patients with an average baseline ganglion cell + inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness ≥70 µm (the mean GCIPL thickness of all eyes at baseline), an average baseline GCIPL thickness <70 µm was associated with a 4-fold increased odds of meaningful EDSS worsening (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.97, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24–12.70; p = 0.02) and an almost 3-fold increased odds of low-contrast VA worsening (adjusted OR 2.93, 95% CI 1.40–6.13; p = 0.04).ConclusionsLower baseline GCIPL thickness on SD-OCT is independently associated with long-term disability worsening in MS. Accordingly, SD-OCT at a single time point may help guide therapeutic decision-making among individual PwMS.Classification of EvidenceThis study provides Class I evidence that lower baseline GCIPL thickness on SD-OCT is independently associated with long-term disability worsening in MS.

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