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Books on the topic 'Long term average spectra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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1

Sanders, Geoffrey A. Emission spectrum measurements of a 3.5 GHz LTE hotspot. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Institute of Telecommunication Sciences, 2015.

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2

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the Upper Clark Basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Denver, Colorado: U. S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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3

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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4

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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5

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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6

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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7

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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8

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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9

Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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10

Mazo, Aleksandr, and Konstantin Potashev. The superelements. Modeling of oil fields development. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043236.

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This monograph presents the basics of super-element modeling method of two-phase fluid flows occurring during the development of oil reservoir. The simulation is performed in two stages to reduce the spatial and temporal scales of the studied processes. In the first stage of modeling of development of oil deposits built long-term (for decades) the model of the global dynamics of the flooding on the super-element computational grid with a step equal to the average distance between wells (200-500 m). Local filtration flow, caused by the action of geological and technical methods of stimulation, are modeled in the second stage using a special mathematical models using computational grids with high resolution detail for the space of from 0.1 to 10 m and time — from 102 to 105 C. The results of application of the presented models to the solution of practical tasks of development of oil reservoir. Special attention is paid to the issue of value transfer in filtration-capacitive properties of the reservoir, with a detailed grid of the geological model on the larger grid reservoir models. Designed for professionals in the field of mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flows occurring during the development of oil fields and using traditional commercial software packages, as well as developing their own software. May be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying in areas such as "Mechanics and mathematical modeling", "Applied mathematics", "Oil and gas".

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11

Naess, Halvor. Long-term prognosis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722366.003.0016.

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Knowledge of prognosis is important for patients in the prime of life in order to make informed decisions about treatment, choice of education, and profession. Median first-year mortality after first-ever cerebral infarction among young adults is about 4% while median annual average mortality after the first year is about 1.7%. Likewise, median first-year recurrence rate of cerebral infarction is 2% and thereafter 1.5% per year. Risk factors for recurrent cerebral infarction include hypertension, diabetes mellitus, symptomatic atherosclerosis, and smoking. Recurrent cerebral infarction and mortality are associated with increasing number of traditional risk factors. About 10% of patients develop post-stroke seizures within 6 years of the acute stroke. Almost 90% of patients report good functional outcome (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) on long-term follow-up, but up to 30–50% of patients do not resume employment. Many patients have cognitive impairment. Fatigue and depression are also common on long-term follow-up.

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12

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Long term variability of B supergiant winds. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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13

United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., ed. Long term variability of B supergiant winds. [Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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14

Melissa, McGrath, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Long-term variation of Saturn H₂ emission: Final report for NASA grant S-14623-F. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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15

Melissa, McGrath, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Long-term variation of Saturn H₂ emission: Final report for NASA grant S-14623-F. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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16

Melissa, McGrath, and United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration., eds. Long-term variation of Saturn H₂ emission: Final report for NASA grant S-14623-F. [Washington, D.C: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 1995.

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17

Rizky, Mayang, Daniel Suryadarma, and Asep Suryahadi. Progress and stagnation in the livelihood of informal workers in an emerging economy: Long-term evidence from Indonesia. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/900-6.

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We use long-spanning individual longitudinal data to examine the long-term labour market outcomes of low-tier informal workers. We investigate their characteristics, calculate the extent of switching, and identify the characteristics of those who have switched. Finally, we estimate the earnings premium of switching. We find that individuals are negatively selected into low-tier informal work. Almost half of individuals who started out as a low-tier informal worker remained as low-tier informal workers through the next 8–19 years. The other half switched on average three times. Most switches take place from low-tier informal to low-tier formal sector work. High-tier jobs are relatively closed off to those who started their career as low-tier informal workers. We find that the earnings premium that low-tier informal workers could gain by switching is large and statistically significant. An effective policy, therefore, is to support low-tier informal workers to improve their livelihoods by becoming low-tier formal workers.

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18

Federico, Giovanni, and Nikolaus Wolf. A Long-Run Perspective on Comparative Advantage. Edited by Gianni Toniolo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199936694.013.0012.

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The history of Italy since its unification in 1861 was accompanied by a dramatic increase in the country's integration with European and global commodity markets: foreign trade in the long run grew on average faster than the overall economy. Italy's comparative advantage changed fundamentally, from a high concentration of a few trading partners and a handful of rather simple commodities, into a wide diversification of trading partners and more sophisticated commodities. The chapter uses a new long-term database on Italian foreign trade at a high level of disaggregation to document and analyze these changes. The chapter concludes with an assessment of Italy's prospects from a historical perspective.

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19

Jones, Sam, and Ricardo Santos. Updating great expectations: The effect of peer salary information on own-earnings forecasts. UNU-WIDER, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35188/unu-wider/2020/895-5.

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How jobseekers set their earnings expectations is central to job search models. To study this process, we track the evolution of own-earnings forecasts over 18 months for a representative panel of university-leavers in Mozambique and estimate the impact of a wage information intervention. We sent participants differentiated messages about the average earnings of their peers, obtained from prior survey rounds. Demonstrating the stickiness of (initially optimistic) beliefs, we find an elasticity of own-wage expectations to this news of around 7 per cent in the short term and 16 per cent over the long term, which compares to a 22 per cent elasticity in response to unanticipated actual wage offers. We further find evidence of heterogeneous updating heuristics, where factors such as the initial level of optimism, cognitive skills, perceived reliability of the information, and valence of the news shape how wage expectations are updated. We recommend institutionalizing public information about earnings.

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20

Kahn, S. Lowell. Balloon-Assisted Removal of the Trapped Catheter. Edited by S. Lowell Kahn, Bulent Arslan, and Abdulrahman Masrani. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199986071.003.0048.

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Although uncommon, a trapped central venous catheter (CVC) can present a significant problem for the interventionalist and pose considerable risk to the patient. The use of chronic long-term CVCs is on the rise, with an average catheter dwell time of 10 months. Although all CVCs are prone to complications, chronic catheters exhibit a higher rate of complications. Chronic catheters are also at risk of becoming trapped, whereby they cannot be removed by standard technique. A simple, elegant technique to remove a trapped CVC via inserting an angioplasty balloon into the lumen of a stuck catheter has been described, as has a modified technique with inclusion of a hemostatic sheath and a stiff guidewire inserted into the cut catheter to ensure hemostasis, prevent air embolism or endoluminal thrombosis, and avoid injury to the central veins and heart. Examples of both applications are provided in this chapter.

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21

Mody, Ashoka. The Final Act. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199351381.003.0010.

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This chapter discusses Eurozone's decline in the global economic leagues. On top of the historically low productivity growth, insufficient monetary and fiscal stimulus through 2014 did material damage not just at the time but also to future growth potential. Eurozone economies will grow at a significantly slower average pace over the next decade than they did in the decade before the global financial crisis began. In combination, reinforcement of the long-term productivity growth lag by the setback of the prolonged crisis practically ensures that Eurozone economies will fall further behind the world's most dynamic economies. These economic and financial vulnerabilities are especially serious in the Eurozone's south. As the economic disparities between the south and the north have increased, political tensions between the leaders of these two groups of countries have grown. These tensions will limit the prospect of finding collective solutions to Europe's problems.

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22

Jerven, Morten. Economic Growth. Edited by John Parker and Richard Reid. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199572472.013.0022.

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The study of long-term growth in Africa has recently been invigorated by the work of economists. To date, this literature has been motivated by explaining a divergence of income and has focused on finding persistent factors that can explain a chronic failure of growth in Africa. This chapter reviews some periods of economic growth in the past two centuries, and suggests that there must be more to learn from studying these periods of economic change and accumulation, particularly because they were accompanied by significant changes in institutions, or how the economy and the society was organized. The African economic history literature does emphasize dynamism—as opposed to persistence, and diversity in outcomes across time and space—in contrast to the average stagnation that has prompted the economic literature. In sum, there is more to learn from studying the history of economic growth in the African past than can be gauged from a search for a root cause of African economic underdevelopment.

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23

Heidet, Laurence, Bertrand Knebelmann, and Marie Claire Gubler. Alport syndrome. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0324.

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Management of Alport syndrome has in the past been expectant and supportive. Modern hearing aids have substantially improved the function of affected individuals. However, animal data and more recently observational data from Alport registries strongly suggest a protective effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. There is a suggestion that early commencement of treatment may slow progression substantially. These should now be recommended for all with proteinuria, and possibly even before then for those known to harbour mutations certain to cause end-stage renal failure. A very small minority develop the difficult post-transplant complication of Alport anti-glomerular basement membrane disease. This can rarely be treated successfully and leaves some patients on long-term dialysis. However, overall, patients with Alport syndrome have better than average survival and other outcomes than other patients with end-stage renal failure. Most are successfully transplanted. The question of risk to heterozygous carriers from donating kidneys to their affected relatives arises frequently. The risks may be felt acceptable in some circumstances. Additional therapies are under investigation.

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24

Turner, Neil, and Stewart Cameron. Proteinuria. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0050.

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Excess protein in the urine almost always comes from the kidney. Proteinuria up to 150 mg/day in an adult (protein:creatinine ratio (PCR) up to 15 mg/mmol) is considered normal. Daily average excretion is 80 mg, of which about 30 mg is albumin that has been filtered and not reabsorbed. Other components comprise low-molecular-weight filtered proteins that have escaped reabsorption, and proteins secreted or lost into urine from cells of the nephron. Increased permeability of the glomerulus to high-molecular-weight proteins is the most common cause of the clinically detected proteinuria, and albumin is the major component of excess glomerular proteinuria. Even small amounts of proteinuria are associated with increased cardiovascular risk and long-term renal risk. In patients with renal disease, regardless of type, proteinuria is a strong predictor of loss of glomerular filtration rate and proteinuria at levels higher than an equivalent of 1 g/24 hours can be considered high renal risk. This limit should be lowered in young patients, and if microscopic haematuria is also present. For both cardiovascular and renal outcomes, risk is graded with severity of proteinuria. In routine clinical practice, ratios of albumin or total protein to creatinine level (ACR or PCR) in spot urine samples are usually more pragmatic and useful than 24-hour collections. ACR is more sensitive as a screening test (normal range up to 2.5 mg/mmol in men, 3.5 mg/mmol in women).

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25

O'Grady, Tom. The Transformation of British Welfare Policy. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192898890.001.0001.

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The UK’s most recent round of welfare reforms since 2010 have had far-reaching effects, leading to greater poverty, homelessness, indebtedness and foodbank use. But until well into the 2010s they were very popular with the public, who increasingly felt that welfare claimants did not deserve help. These changes were not matched in other European countries experiencing similar economic and social trends. Focusing on policies that provide relief from unemployment, poverty and disability, in this book Tom O’Grady sets out to answer two questions: why has Britain reformed its welfare system so radically? And why, until recently, were the reforms so popular with the public? He traces the evolution of British welfare policy, politics, discourse and public opinion since the 1980s, arguing that from the 1990s a long-term change in discourse from both politicians and the media caused the British public to turn against welfare by 2010. That, combined with the financial crisis, left the system uniquely vulnerable to cuts. He explores the roots of public opinion on the welfare system and the motives of politicians who have revolutionised the system, and how they talk about it. This an account of how, in the eyes of the public, deserving recipients of help came to be seen as scroungers; of when and why politicians and the media vilified them; of political parties whose discourse and policies were transformed, almost overnight; and of Britain’s journey from providing welfare as generously as the average European country in the 1970s to becoming an outlier today.

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26

Gao, Yanhong, and Deliang Chen. Modeling of Regional Climate over the Tibetan Plateau. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.591.

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The modeling of climate over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) started with the introduction of Global Climate Models (GCMs) in the 1950s. Since then, GCMs have been developed to simulate atmospheric dynamics and eventually the climate system. As the highest and widest international plateau, the strong orographic forcing caused by the TP and its impact on general circulation rather than regional climate was initially the focus. Later, with growing awareness of the incapability of GCMs to depict regional or local-scale atmospheric processes over the heterogeneous ground, coupled with the importance of this information for local decision-making, regional climate models (RCMs) were established in the 1970s. Dynamic and thermodynamic influences of the TP on the East and South Asia summer monsoon have since been widely investigated by model. Besides the heterogeneity in topography, impacts of land cover heterogeneity and change on regional climate were widely modeled through sensitivity experiments.In recent decades, the TP has experienced a greater warming than the global average and those for similar latitudes. GCMs project a global pattern where the wet gets wetter and the dry gets drier. The climate regime over the TP covers the extreme arid regions from the northwest to the semi-humid region in the southeast. The increased warming over the TP compared to the global average raises a number of questions. What are the regional dryness/wetness changes over the TP? What is the mechanism of the responses of regional changes to global warming? To answer these questions, several dynamical downscaling models (DDMs) using RCMs focusing on the TP have recently been conducted and high-resolution data sets generated. All DDM studies demonstrated that this process-based approach, despite its limitations, can improve understandings of the processes that lead to precipitation on the TP. Observation and global land data assimilation systems both present more wetting in the northwestern arid/semi-arid regions than the southeastern humid/semi-humid regions. The DDM was found to better capture the observed elevation dependent warming over the TP. In addition, the long-term high-resolution climate simulation was found to better capture the spatial pattern of precipitation and P-E (precipitation minus evapotranspiration) changes than the best available global reanalysis. This facilitates new and substantial findings regarding the role of dynamical, thermodynamics, and transient eddies in P-E changes reflected in observed changes in major river basins fed by runoff from the TP. The DDM was found to add value regarding snowfall retrieval, precipitation frequency, and orographic precipitation.Although these advantages in the DDM over the TP are evidenced, there are unavoidable facts to be aware of. Firstly, there are still many discrepancies that exist in the up-to-date models. Any uncertainty in the model’s physics or in the land information from remote sensing and the forcing could result in uncertainties in simulation results. Secondly, the question remains of what is the appropriate resolution for resolving the TP’s heterogeneity. Thirdly, it is a challenge to include human activities in the climate models, although this is deemed necessary for future earth science. All-embracing further efforts are expected to improve regional climate models over the TP.

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27

Nash, David. Changes in Precipitation Over Southern Africa During Recent Centuries. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.539.

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Precipitation levels in southern Africa exhibit a marked east–west gradient and are characterized by strong seasonality and high interannual variability. Much of the mainland south of 15°S exhibits a semiarid to dry subhumid climate. More than 66 percent of rainfall in the extreme southwest of the subcontinent occurs between April and September. Rainfall in this region—termed the winter rainfall zone (WRZ)—is most commonly associated with the passage of midlatitude frontal systems embedded in the austral westerlies. In contrast, more than 66 percent of mean annual precipitation over much of the remainder of the subcontinent falls between October and March. Climates in this summer rainfall zone (SRZ) are dictated by the seasonal interplay between subtropical high-pressure systems and the migration of easterly flows associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Fluctuations in both SRZ and WRZ rainfall are linked to the variability of sea-surface temperatures in the oceans surrounding southern Africa and are modulated by the interplay of large-scale modes of climate variability, including the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Southern Indian Ocean Dipole, and Southern Annular Mode.Ideas about long-term rainfall variability in southern Africa have shifted over time. During the early to mid-19th century, the prevailing narrative was that the climate was progressively desiccating. By the late 19th to early 20th century, when gauged precipitation data became more readily available, debate shifted toward the identification of cyclical rainfall variation. The integration of gauge data, evidence from historical documents, and information from natural proxies such as tree rings during the late 20th and early 21st centuries, has allowed the nature of precipitation variability since ~1800 to be more fully explored.Drought episodes affecting large areas of the SRZ occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, in the early and late 1820s, late 1850s–mid-1860s, mid-late 1870s, earlymid-1880s, and mid-late 1890s. Of these episodes, the drought during the early 1860s was the most severe of the 19th century, with those of the 1820s and 1890s the most protracted. Many of these droughts correspond with more extreme ENSO warm phases.Widespread wetter conditions are less easily identified. The year 1816 appears to have been relatively wet across the Kalahari and other areas of south central Africa. Other wetter episodes were centered on the late 1830s–early 1840s, 1855, 1870, and 1890. In the WRZ, drier conditions occurred during the first decade of the 19th century, for much of the mid-late 1830s through to the mid-1840s, during the late 1850s and early 1860s, and in the early-mid-1880s and mid-late 1890s. As for the SRZ, markedly wetter years are less easily identified, although the periods around 1815, the early 1830s, mid-1840s, mid-late 1870s, and early 1890s saw enhanced rainfall. Reconstructed rainfall anomalies for the SRZ suggest that, on average, the region was significantly wetter during the 19th century than the 20th and that there appears to have been a drying trend during the 20th century that has continued into the early 21st. In the WRZ, average annual rainfall levels appear to have been relatively consistent between the 19th and 20th centuries, although rainfall variability increased during the 20th century compared to the 19th.

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