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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long term average spectra

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Academic literature on the topic 'Long term average spectra'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Long term average spectra"

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Yüksel, Mustafa, and Bülent Gündüz. "Long term average speech spectra of Turkish." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 43, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2017.1377286.

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Moradi, Negin, Nader Maroufi, Mahmood Bijankhan, Tahereh Hosseinzadeh Nik, Mahyar Salavati, Toktam Jalayer, Seyed Mahmoud Latifi, and Majid Soltani. "Long-Term Average Spectra of Adult Iranian Speakers' Voice." Journal of Voice 28, no. 3 (May 2014): 305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2013.09.002.

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Byrne, Denis, Harvey Dillon, Khanh Tran, Stig Arlinger, Keith Wilbraham, Robyn Cox, Bjorn Hagerman, et al. "An international comparison of long‐term average speech spectra." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96, no. 4 (October 1994): 2108–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.410152.

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Daugherty, James F. "Choir spacing vs choir formation: Long-term average spectra comparisons." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 143, no. 3 (March 2018): 1842. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5036047.

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Yüksel, Mustafa, and Bülent Gündüz. "Long-term Average Speech Spectra of Postlingual Cochlear Implant Users." Journal of Voice 33, no. 2 (March 2019): 255.e19–255.e25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.10.013.

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Stilp, Christian. "Short-term, not long-term, average spectra of preceding sentences bias consonant categorization." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 144, no. 3 (September 2018): 1797. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.5067927.

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Sergeant, Desmond, and Graham Frederick Welch. "Age-Related Changes in Long-Term Average Spectra of Children's Voices." Journal of Voice 22, no. 6 (November 2008): 658–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.03.009.

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Sergeant, Desmond C., and Graham Frederick Welch. "Gender Differences in Long-Term Average Spectra of Children's Singing Voices." Journal of Voice 23, no. 3 (May 2009): 319–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jvoice.2007.10.010.

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Linville, Sue Ellen. "Source Characteristics of Aged Voice Assessed from Long-Term Average Spectra." Journal of Voice 16, no. 4 (December 2002): 472–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0892-1997(02)00122-4.

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Narne, Vijaya Kumar, Sreejith V. S., and Nachiketa Tiwari. "Long-Term Average Speech Spectra and Dynamic Ranges of 17 Indian Languages." American Journal of Audiology 30, no. 4 (December 9, 2021): 1096–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_aja-21-00125.

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Purpose: In this work, we have determined the long-term average speech spectra (LTASS) and dynamic ranges (DR) of 17 Indian languages. This work is important because LTASS and DR are language-dependent functions used to fit hearing aids, calculate the Speech Intelligibility Index, and recognize speech automatically. Currently, LTASS and DR functions for English are used to fit hearing aids in India. Our work may help improve the performance of hearing aids in the Indian context. Method: Speech samples from native talkers were used as stimuli in this study. Each speech sample was initially cleaned for extraneous sounds and excessively long pauses. Next, LTASS and DR functions for each language were calculated for different frequency bands. Similar analysis was also performed for English for reference purposes. Two-way analysis of variance was also conducted to understand the effects of important parameters on LTASS and DR. Finally, a one-sample t test was conducted to assess the significance of important statistical attributes of our data. Results: We showed that LTASS and DR for Indian languages are 5–10 dB and 11 dB less than those for English. These differences may be due to lesser use rate of high-frequency dominant phonemes and preponderance of vowel-ending words in Indian languages. We also showed that LTASS and DR do not differ significantly across Indian languages. Hence, we propose a common LTASS and DR for Indian languages. Conclusions: We showed that differences in LTASS and DR for Indian languages vis-à-vis English are large and significant. Such differences may be attributed to phonetic and linguistic characteristics of Indian languages.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long term average spectra"

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劉淑 and Suk-han Lau. "The effect of type and level of noise on long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS)." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31251031.

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Lau, Suk-han. "The effect of type and level of noise on long-term average speech spectrum (LTASS) /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17896253.

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Mitchell, Helen Frances. "Defining vocal quality in female classical singers: pedagogical, acoustical and perceptual studies." University of Sydney. Australian Centre for Applied Research in Music Performance, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/710.

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The technique of �open throat� is a pedagogical concept transmitted through the oral tradition of singing. This thesis explored the pedagogical perceptions and practices of �open throat� using empirical methodologies to assess technical skill and associated vocal quality. In the first study (Mitchell, Kenny, Ryan, & Davis, 2003), we assessed the degree of consensus amongst singing pedagogues regarding the definition of, and use in the singing studio of the technique called �open throat.� Results indicated that all fifteen pedagogues described �open throat� technique as fundamental to singing training and were positive about the sound quality it achieved, especially in classical singing. It was described as a way of maximising pharyngeal space or abducting the false vocal folds. Hypotheses generated from pedagogical beliefs expressed in this first study were then tested acoustically (Mitchell & Kenny, 2004a, 2004b). Six advanced singing students sang in two conditions: �optimal� (O), using maximal open throat, �sub-optimal� (SO), using reduced open throat and loud sub-optimal (LSO) to control for the effect of loudness. From these recordings, acoustic characteristics of vibrato (Mitchell & Kenny, 2004b) and energy distribution (Mitchell & Kenny, 2004a) were examined. Subsequent investigations of the vibrato parameters of rate, extent and onset, revealed that extent was significantly reduced and onset increased when singers did not use the technique. As inconsistent vibrato is considered indicative of poor singing, it was hypothesized that testing the energy distribution in these singers� voices in each condition would identify the timbral changes associated with open throat. Visual inspection of long term average spectra (LTAS) confirmed differences between O and SO, but conventional measures applied to long term average spectra (LTAS), comparing energy peak height [singing power ratio (SPR)] and peak area [energy ratio (ER)] were not sensitive to the changes identified through visual inspection of the LTAS. These results were not consistent with the vibrato findings and suggest that conventional measures of SPR and ER are not sufficiently sensitive to evaluate LTAS. In the fourth study, fifteen expert listeners consistently and reliably identified the presence of open throat technique with 87% accuracy (Mitchell & Kenny, in press). In the fifth study, LTAS measurements were examined with respect to the perceptual ratings of singers. There was no relationship between perceptual rankings of vocal beauty and acoustic rankings of vocal quality (Kenny & Mitchell, 2004, in press). There is a vast literature of spectral energy definitions of good voice but the studies in this thesis have indicated that current acoustic methods are limited in defining vocal quality. They also suggest that current work in singing has not sufficiently incorporated perceptual ratings and descriptions of sound quality or the relationship between acoustic and perceptual factors with pedagogical practices.

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Master, Suely [UNIFESP]. "Análise acústica e perceptivo-auditiva da voz de atores e não atores masculinos: long term average spectrum e o "formante do ator"." Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), 2005. http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/20991.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-12-06T23:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005
Fundo de Auxílio aos Docentes e Alunos da UNIFESP (FADA)
O conhecimento das diferenças entre as vozes de atores e não atores, nos seus aspectos perceptivos e acústicos - especialmente por meio do Long-term average spectrum - podem contribuir para o re-direcionamento tanto da avaliação quanto da preparação vocal destes que buscam uma técnica vocal econômica e eficiente, os atores. Não há em nosso meio estudos da voz de atores utilizando o LTAS o objetivo do presente estudo é estabelecer as diferenças entre as vozes de atores e não atores nas loudness habitual, moderada e forte, por meio da análise acústica e perceptiva auditiva e verificar as correlações entre as diferentes variáveis Trata-se de um estudo de desenho transversal, do qual participaram 11 atores e 10 não atores do gênero masculino, tendo no português brasileiro a sua língua-mãe, sem queixas de voz, e com idade variando entre 20 e 60 anos para garantir uma voz madura, fora do período de muda vocal e não presbifônica As variáveis acústicas analisadas foram: nível de pressão sonora médio, proporção alpha, freqüência fundamental, nível de pressão sonora da freqüência fundamental, freqüência do primeiro formante, nível de pressão sonora do primeiro formante, diferença entre LI eLO. Para calcular o nível de pressão sonora médio, a proporção Alpha e a freqüência fundamental, usamos o sistema de análise computadorizada lntelligent Speech Analyser (Raimo Toivonen M. Se. Eng.). Os espectros do LTAS para cada indivíduo foram feitos por meio do Analisador de Sinal HewIlett-Packard 3561A. A extensão de freqüências analisada pelo programa foi de O-10kHz, janelamento Hanning, com resolução de janela de tempo de 40msec e largura de banda de 37.5Hz. Os sons não vozeados, sons fracos, sons da qualidade do /s/ e as pausas foram automaticamente cortados pelo programa. As variáveis perceptivo-auditivas analisadas foram: o grau de projeção, o grau de loudness, e o grau de tensão. Para fazer a avaliação perceptivo-auditiva, as 21 vozes foram gravadas de maneira aleatória em CDs, um para cada loudness. As vozes foram apresentadas para um grupo de 8 fonoaudiólogas especialistas em voz, com mais de 5 anos de profissão, e treino em avaliação perceptiva auditiva Os resultados da análise perceptiva auditiva mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os dois grupos, em todas as loudness, na proporção alpha que foi menor para o grupo de atores (p < .001), e no nível de pressão sonora do "formante do ator" que foi maior para atores (p < .001). Na análise perceptiva auditiva, o grau de projeção e de loudness foi maior para atores que para não atores nas três loudness (p <.001). No LTAS, atores apresentaram o "formante do ator" nas três loudness e não atores, nas loudness moderada e forte. Os valores dos "fonnante do ator" para atores foram de -23,4dB, -19,3dB e -19,4dB respectivamente para loudness habitual, moderada e forte e para não atores, -25,4dB e - 24,5dB respectivamente para loudness moderada e forte. Para ambos os grupos, a freqüência central do "fonnante do ator" está em 3.4 kHz Podemos concluir que as vozes de atores e não atores se diferenciaram significativamente tanto na análise acústica quanto na perceptiva auditiva. Algumas variáveis acústicas, proporção alpha e "fonnante do ator", correlacionaram-se significativamente com o grau de loudness da análise perceptivo auditiva. No L T AS dos atores o "fonnante do ator" foi verificado em todas as loudness..
The knowledge about the differences between actors and non actors’ voices, regarding perceptual and acoustic parameters – especially through the Long-term average spectrum – could contribute for a better evaluation and vocal preparation of those who pursue an economic and efficient vocal technique like actors themselves. There are not studies, in our country, of the actors’ voices using LTAS. The objective of the present study is to establish the differences between actors and non actors’ voices in habitual, median and strong loudness through acoustic and perceptual analysis and verify the correlations between the different variables. It is a cross-sectional study with the participation of 11 actors and 10 non actors of the male gender, who had Brazilian Portuguese as their mother tongue, without voice complaints, and within the 20 to 60 age group to ensure a mature voice, out of the vocal mutational period and not yet presbifonic. The acoustic variables analyzed were: sound pressure level, alpha proportion, fundamental frequency, sound pressure level of the fundamental frequency, frequency of the first formant, sound pressure level of the first formant, difference between L1 and L0. To calculate the sound pressure level, alpha proportion and the fundamental frequency, it was used the system of computerized analysis Intelligent Speech Analyser. (Raimo Toivonen M. Sc. Eng.). The LTAS’ spectrums for each individual were done through the Hewllett-Packard 3561A signal analyzer. The frequency range analyzed by the program was 0-10kHz, Hanning window, which gives time window of 40 msec and bandwidth of 37.5 Hz. The program excluded the voiceless sounds, weak sounds, s-kind of sounds and pauses. The perceptual variables analyzed were: degree of projection, degree of loudness and degree of tightness. To allow the perceptual evaluation, the 21 voices were randomly recorded in CDs. The voices were presented to 8 speech therapists specialized in voice, with more than 5 years of experience and trained for perceptual evaluation. The results of the acoustic analysis showed statistically significant differences between the groups in all the loudness, for alpha proportion, that was smaller in the actors group (p <. 001), and the sound pressure level of the “actors formant”, that was greater for actors (p <. 001). In the perceptual analysis the degree of projection and loudness were greater among actors in the three loudness (p <. 001), In the LTAS, actors presented an “actor’s formant” in the three loudness and non-actors in the median and strong loudness. The mean values of the “actor’s formant” in the actors group was -23.4dB, -19.3dB, and -19,4dB in the habitual, median and strong loudness respectively, and in the non actors group, -25.4dB, -24.4dB in the median and strong loudness respectively. For both groups the central frequency of the “actor's formant” was 3.4 kHz. We can conclude that actors and non actor’s voices were significantly differentiated either in the acoustic or in the perceptual analysis. Some acoustic variables, as alpha proportion and “actor’s formant”, significantly correlated with the degree of loudness in the perceptual analysis. The “actor’s formant” in the LTAS was verified for actors in all the three loudness.
BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

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Schedin, Oscar. "Target Spectrums For Mastering : A comparison of spectral stylistic conventions between rock and vocal-based electronic music." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik, konst och samhälle, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-84660.

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Through the analysis of the spectral characteristics of thousands of mastered (or remastered) commercial recordings from a variety of genres over the history of popular music, researchers have studied stylistic trends and spectral conventions. The aim of this study was to further explore, analyse and compare the spectral characteristics of two broad but distinct popular music genres: rock and vocal-based electronic music. The main reason for this choice of genres being that rock generally predominantly is based on (amplified) acoustical elements (e.g. acoustic drums and acoustic/electric bass/guitars) and that electronic music generally predominantly is based on electronic elements (e.g. beats and synthesizers). The stimuli for the study consisted of 24 top-five hit songs from the Billboard charts between 2016-2020, divided by genre. A fast fourier transform approach was used for the computation of target spectrums as well as low level descriptors for the two independent datasets of recordings. Spectral analysis followed with the goal of answering the following research questions: What do the spectral stylistic conventions appear to be in rock versus vocal-based electronic music and what spectral differences/similarities exists between these two distinct popular music genres? The results showed that there were some significant spectral differences between the two genres, especially noticeable in the low end of the frequency spectrum. Other genre-specific spectral trends and overall spectral conventions were found as well.

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Klinkert, Rickard. "Uncertainty Analysis of Long Term Correction Methods for Annual Average Winds." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-59690.

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For the construction of a wind farm, one needs to assess the wind resources of the considered site location. Using reference time series from numerical weather prediction models, global assimilation databases or observations close to the area considered, the on-site measured wind speeds and wind directions are corrected in order to represent the actual long-term wind conditions. This long-term correction (LTC) is in the typical case performed by making use of the linear regression within the Measure-Correlate-Predict (MCP) method. This method and two other methods, Sector-Bin (SB) and Synthetic Time Series (ST), respectively, are used for the determination of the uncertainties that are associated with LTC.The test area that has been chosen in this work, is located in the region of the North Sea, using 22 quality controlled meteorological (met) station observations from offshore or nearby shore locations in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. The time series that has been used cover the eight year period from 2002 to 2009 and the year with the largest variability in the wind speeds, 2007, is used as the short-term measurement period. The long-term reference datasets that have been used are the Weather Research and Forecast model, based on both ECMWF Interim Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and National Centers for Environmental Prediction Final Analysis (NCEP/FNL), respectively and additional reference datasets of Modern Era Re-Analysis (MERRA) and QuikSCAT satellite observations. The long-term period for all of the reference datasets despite QuikSCAT, correspond to the one of stations observations. The QuikSCAT period of observations used cover the period from November 1st, 1999 until October 31st, 2009.The analysis is divided into three parts. Initially, the uncertainty connected to the corresponding reference dataset, when used in LTC method, is investigated. Thereafter the uncertainty due to the concurrent length of the on-site measurements and reference dataset is analyzed. Finally, the uncertainty is approached using a re-sampling method of the Non-Parametric Bootstrap. The uncertainty of the LTC method SB, for a fixed concurrent length of the datasets is assessed by this methodology, in an effort to create a generic model for the estimation of uncertainty in the predicted values for SB.The results show that LTC with WRF model datasets based on NCEP/FNL and ERA-Interim, respectively, is slightly different, but does not deviate considerably in comparison when comparing with met station observations. The results also suggest the use of MERRA reference dataset in connection with long-term correction methods. However, the datasets of QuikSCAT does not provide much information regarding the overall quality of long-term correction, and a different approach than using station coordinates for the withdrawal of QuikSCAT time series is preferred. Additionally, the LTC model of Sector-Bin is found to be robust against variation in the correlation coefficient between the concurrent datasets. For the uncertainty dependence of concurrent time, the results show that an on-site measurement period of one consistent year or more, gives the lowest uncertainties compared to measurements of shorter time. An additional observation is that the standard deviation of long-term corrected means decreases with concurrent time. Despite the efforts of using the re-sampling method of Non-Parametric Bootstrap the estimation of the uncertainties is not fully determined. However, it does give promising results that are suggested for investigation in further work.
För att bygga en vindkraftspark är man i behov av att kartlägga vindresurserna i det aktuella området. Med hjälp av tidsserier från numeriska vädermodeller (NWP), globala assimileringsdatabaser och intilliggande observationer korrigeras de uppmätta vindhastigheterna och vindriktningarna för att motsvara långtidsvärdena av vindförhållandena. Dessa långtidskorrigeringsmetoder (LTC) genomförs generellt sett med hjälp av linjär regression i Mät-korrelera-predikera-metoden (MCP). Denna metod, och två andra metoder, Sektor-bin (SB) och Syntetiska tidsserier (ST), används i denna rapport för att utreda de osäkerheter som är knutna till långtidskorrigering.Det testområde som är valt för analys i denna rapport omfattas av Nordsjöregionen, med 22 meteorologiska väderobservationsstationer i Danmark, Norge och Sverige. Dessa stationer är till största del belägna till havs eller vid kusten. Tidsserierna som används täcker åttaårsperioden från 2002 till 2009, där det året med högst variabilitet i uppmätt vindhastighet, år 2007, används som den korta mätperiod som blir föremål för långtidskorrigeringen. De långa referensdataseten som använts är väderprediktionsmodellen WRF ( Weather Research and Forecast Model), baserad både på data från NCEP/FNL (National Centers for Environmental Prediciton Final Analysis) och ERA-Interim (ECMWF Interim Re-analysis). Dessutom används även data från MERRA (Modern Era Re-Analysis) och satellitobservationer från QuikSCAT. Långtidsperioden för alla dataset utom QuikSCAT omfattar samma period som observationsstationerna. QuikSCAT-datat som använts omfattar perioden 1 november 1999 till 31 oktober 2009.Analysen är indelad i tre delar. Inledningsvis behandlas osäkerheten som är kopplad till referensdatans ingående i långtidskorrigeringsmetoderna. Därefter analyseras osäkerhetens beroende av längden på den samtidiga datan i referens- och observationsdataseten. Slutligen utreds osäkerheten med hjälp av en icke-parametrisk metod, en s.k. Bootstrap: Osäkerheten i SB-metoden för en fast samtidig längd av tidsserierna från observationer och referensdatat uppskattas genom att skapa en generell modell som estimerar osäkerheten i estimatet.Resultatet visar att skillnaden när man använder WRF-modellen baserad både på NCEP/FNL och ERA-Interim i långtidskorrigeringen är marginell och avviker inte markant i förhållande till stationsobservationerna. Resultatet pekar också på att MERRA-datat kan användas som långtidsreferensdataset i långtidsdkorrigeringsmetoderna. Däremot ger inte QuikSCAT-datasetet tillräckligt med information för att avgöra om det går att använda i långtidskorrigeringsmetoderna. Därför föreslås ett annat tillvägagångssätt än stationsspecifika koordinater vid val av koordinater lämpliga för långtidskorrigering. Ytterligare ett resultat vid analys av långtidskorrigeringsmetoden SB, visar att metoden är robust mot variation i korrelationskoefficienten.Rörande osäkerhetens beroende av längden på samtidig data visar resultaten att en sammanhängande mätperiod på ett år eller mer ger den lägsta osäkerheten i årsmedelvindsestimatet, i förhållande till mätningar av kortare slag. Man kan även se att standardavvikelsen av de långtidskorrigerade medelvärdena avtar med längden på det samtidiga datat. Den implementerade ickeparametriska metoden Bootstrap, som innefattar sampling med återläggning, kan inte estimera osäkerheten till fullo. Däremot ger den lovande resultat som föreslås för vidare arbete.

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Pascual, Rebecca W. "Diet Quality and Micronutrient Intake in Long-Term Weight Loss Maintainers." DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2019. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/2058.

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Objective: This study’s purpose was to examine dietary quality, macronutrient intake, and micronutrient adequacy among long term weight loss maintainers (WLM) in a commercial weight management program. Methods: Participants were 1,207 WLM in WW (formerly Weight Watchers) who had maintained a 9.1 kg or greater weight loss (29.7 kg on average) for 3.4 years, and had an average BMI of 28.3 kg/m2. A control group of weight stable adults with obesity (Controls; N=102) had a BMI of 41.1 kg/m2 and 2.3 kg or less weight change over the previous five years. Results: WLM vs. Controls had a 10.1 point higher HEI-2015 score (70.2 [69.7 - 70.7] vs 60.1 [58.4 - 61.8], respectively; p=0.0001) in analyses that adjusted for group difference in demographic factors. WLM versus Controls had a significantly higher average percentage of calories from carbohydrates (50.3% [49.7 - 50.8] vs 46.7% [44.8 - 48.7], respectively; p=0.0001) and protein (18.2% [18.0-18.5] vs 15.9% [15.1-16.6], respectively; p=0.0001) and lower percentage of calories from fat (32.3% [31.9-32.8] vs 37.4% [35.8-38.9], respectively; p=0.0001). Examining micronutrients, WLM had significantly higher odds for meeting the EAR for copper (OR=5.8 [2.6-13.1]; p=0.0001), magnesium (OR=2.9 [1.8-4.7]; p=0.0001), potassium (OR=4.7 [1.4-16.5]; p=0.015), vitamin A (OR=2.8 [1.7-4.8]; p=0.0001), thiamin (OR=2.3 [1.3-4.1]; p=0.003), riboflavin (OR=6.5 [2.2-19.3]; p=0.001), vitamin B6 (OR=2.91 [1.6-5.2]; p=0.0001), vitamin C (OR=5.0 [2.8-8.8]; p=0.0001), folate (OR=2.2 [1.3-3.7]; p=0.003), and vitamin E (OR=1.8 [1.1-2.8]; p=0.014) and didn’t differ in calcium (OR=1.15 [0.7-1.7]; p=0.823), iron (OR=1.9 [0.8-4.6]; p=0.151), phosphorus (OR=2.0 [0.9-4.5]; p=0.101), selenium (OR=1.6 [0.6-3.8]; p=0.332), zinc (OR=1.7 [0.9-3.0]; p=0.095), niacin (B3) (OR=1.9 [0.8-4.1]; p=0.136), vitamin B12 (OR=1.2 [0.5-2.8]; p=0.625), and vitamin D (OR=1.5 [0.9-2.4]; p=0.09). Conclusions In a widely available commercial program, WLM consumed a healthier and more micronutrient rich diet than adults who were weight stable with obesity. Future research is needed to examine whether improved micronutrient status among WLM reduces risk of chronic disease.

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Sohr, Tobias [Verfasser], Sören [Akademischer Betreuer] Christensen, and Paavo Heikki [Gutachter] Salminen. "Contributions to Optimal Stopping and Long-Term Average Impulse Control / Tobias Sohr ; Gutachter: Paavo Heikki Salminen ; Betreuer: Sören Christensen." Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1220691267/34.

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Watanabe, Takashi. "Regret analysis of constrained irreducible MDPs with reset action." Kyoto University, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/253371.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(人間・環境学)
甲第22535号
人博第938号
新制||人||223(附属図書館)
2019||人博||938(吉田南総合図書館)
京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生人間学専攻
(主査)准教授櫻川貴司, 教授立木秀樹, 教授日置尋久
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Alrabady, Linda Antoun Yousef. "An online-integrated condition monitoring and prognostics framework for rotating equipment." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2014. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9204.

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Detecting abnormal operating conditions, which will lead to faults developing later, has important economic implications for industries trying to meet their performance and production goals. It is unacceptable to wait for failures that have potential safety, environmental and financial consequences. Moving from a “reactive” strategy to a “proactive” strategy can improve critical equipment reliability and availability while constraining maintenance costs, reducing production deferrals, decreasing the need for spare parts. Once the fault initiates, predicting its progression and deterioration can enable timely interventions without risk to personnel safety or to equipment integrity. This work presents an online-integrated condition monitoring and prognostics framework that addresses the above issues holistically. The proposed framework aligns fully with ISO 17359:2011 and derives from the I-P and P-F curve. Depending upon the running state of machine with respect to its I-P and P-F curve an algorithm will do one of the following: (1) Predict the ideal behaviour and any departure from the normal operating envelope using a combination of Evolving Clustering Method (ECM), a normalised fuzzy weighted distance and tracking signal method. (2) Identify the cause of the departure through an automated diagnostics system using a modified version of ECM for classification. (3) Predict the short-term progression of fault using a modified version of the Dynamic Evolving Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (DENFIS), called here MDENFIS and a tracking signal method. (4) Predict the long term progression of fault (Prognostics) using a combination of Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA)- Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) for predicting the future input values and MDENFIS for predicting the long term progression of fault (output). The proposed model was tested and compared against other models in the literature using benchmarks and field data. This work demonstrates four noticeable improvements over previous methods: (1) Enhanced testing prediction accuracy, (2) comparable processing time if not better, (3) the ability to detect sudden changes in the process and finally (4) the ability to identify and isolate the problem source with high accuracy.

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Books on the topic "Long term average spectra"

1

Sanders, Geoffrey A. Emission spectrum measurements of a 3.5 GHz LTE hotspot. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Telecommunications and Information Administration, Institute of Telecommunication Sciences, 2015.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the Upper Clark Basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Denver, Colorado: U. S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Lambing, John H. Estimated 1996-97 and long-term average annual loads for suspended sediment and selected trace metals in streamflow of the upper Clark Fork basin from Warm Springs to Missoula, Montana. Helena, Mont: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

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Mazo, Aleksandr, and Konstantin Potashev. The superelements. Modeling of oil fields development. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1043236.

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This monograph presents the basics of super-element modeling method of two-phase fluid flows occurring during the development of oil reservoir. The simulation is performed in two stages to reduce the spatial and temporal scales of the studied processes. In the first stage of modeling of development of oil deposits built long-term (for decades) the model of the global dynamics of the flooding on the super-element computational grid with a step equal to the average distance between wells (200-500 m). Local filtration flow, caused by the action of geological and technical methods of stimulation, are modeled in the second stage using a special mathematical models using computational grids with high resolution detail for the space of from 0.1 to 10 m and time — from 102 to 105 C. The results of application of the presented models to the solution of practical tasks of development of oil reservoir. Special attention is paid to the issue of value transfer in filtration-capacitive properties of the reservoir, with a detailed grid of the geological model on the larger grid reservoir models. Designed for professionals in the field of mathematical and numerical modeling of fluid flows occurring during the development of oil fields and using traditional commercial software packages, as well as developing their own software. May be of interest to undergraduate and graduate students studying in areas such as "Mechanics and mathematical modeling", "Applied mathematics", "Oil and gas".

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Book chapters on the topic "Long term average spectra"

1

Mahieu, H. F., H. K. Schutte, and A. A. Annyas. "Intelligibility, Vocal Intensity, and Long-Term Average Spectra of Groningen Button-Oesophageal Speech." In Speech Restoration Via Voice Prostheses, 139–47. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71415-3_26.

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Lahoti, Anshul, Gurugubelli Krishna, Juan Rafel Orozco Arroyave, and Anil Kumar Vuppala. "Long-Term Average Spectral Feature-Based Parkinson’s Disease Detection from Speech." In Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering, 603–12. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0840-8_46.

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Arikol, M., and E. Özil. "Predicting Long Term Average Performance of Solar Collectors." In Solar Energy Utilization, 227–54. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3631-7_11.

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Mendiondo, Marta S., and Richard H. Stockbridge. "Long Term Average Control of a Local Time Process." In Markov Processes and Controlled Markov Chains, 425–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-0265-0_27.

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Helmes, Kurt, Richard H. Stockbridge, and Chao Zhu. "Impulse Control of Standard Brownian Motion: Long-Term Average Criterion." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 148–57. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-45504-3_14.

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Bellini, Pierfrancesco, Stefano Bilotta, Daniele Cenni, Enrico Collini, Paolo Nesi, Gianni Pantaleo, and Michela Paolucci. "Long Term Predictions of NO2 Average Values via Deep Learning." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021, 595–610. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87010-2_44.

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Krotova, Irina A., and Larissa Melikhova. "Long-Term Average Air Pollution over Cities: Operative Calculation Technique for Elevated Sources." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X, 641–42. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1817-4_84.

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Martín, Fernando, Inmaculada Palomino, and Rosa Salvador. "Influence of the Topography on the Long-Term Average Concentration Computed by Dispersion Models." In Air Pollution Modeling and Its Application X, 647–48. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-1817-4_87.

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Fowler, D., R. Mourne, and D. Branford. "The Application of210Pb Inventories in Soil to Measure Long-Term Average Wet Deposition of Pollutants in Complex Terrain." In Acid Reign ’95?, 2113–18. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0864-8_40.

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Schweiger, Anna K. "Spectral Field Campaigns: Planning and Data Collection." In Remote Sensing of Plant Biodiversity, 385–423. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-33157-3_15.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on planning field campaigns and data collection relevant to plant biodiversity. Particular emphasis is placed on sampling spectra of plants across scales, from the leaf to the canopy and airborne level, considering the issue of matching ecological data with spectra. The importance of planning is highlighted from the perspective of the long-term sustainability of a project, which includes using and contributing to the development of standards for project documentation and archiving. These issues are critical to biodiversity researchers involved in data collection in situ and via remote sensing (RS).

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Conference papers on the topic "Long term average spectra"

1

Kochetov, Alexei, and Chris Neufeld. "Examining the extent of anticipatory coronal coarticulation: A long-term average spectrum analysis." In ICA 2013 Montreal. ASA, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4800668.

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Javid, Mohammad Hashim, Krishna Gurugubelli, and Anil Kumar Vuppala. "Single Frequency Filter Bank Based Long-Term Average Spectra for Hypernasality Detection and Assessment in Cleft Lip and Palate Speech." In ICASSP 2020 - 2020 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icassp40776.2020.9054684.

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Portilla-Yandún, Jesús. "Open Access Atlas of Global Spectral Wave Conditions Based on Partitioning." In ASME 2018 37th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2018-77230.

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An open access atlas of wave spectral characteristics at global scale is presented (GLOSWAC). This atlas is based on a recently developed technique for deriving spectral statistics, following the concept of partitioning. This development has been possible due to the parallel release of the wave spectra variable from the ERA-Interim archive of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast (ECMWF). Although wave spectra are commonly available nowadays for wave analysis and forecasting, standard integral wave parameters are still in dominant use, both in practical and scientific applications. Although integrated parameters can give a good account of the wave spectral distribution in unimodal cases, they are subject to serious shortcomings when the sea state is bimodal or multi-modal. This issue can be easily tackled with the use of partitioning approaches. Spectral partitioning allows identifying the different wave components with different meteorological origin present in the spectrum. These components can be represented by their integrated parameters, which are much more meaningful than the averaged ones for the whole spectrum. Apart from the increased consistency, this method allows to summarize spectral information, offering the possibility to develop wave spectral statistics. Based on a statistical descriptor, the Probability Distribution of Spectral Partitions (PDS), which is the main outcome from GLOSWAC, the local long-term wave systems can be identified and characterized. In addition, several other spectral parameters are computed and distributed in a web format. For illustration, an arbitrary reference location is used here to guide the interpretation and the use of the information derived.

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Shi, Jian, Antoine Joly, Jinhai Zheng, Jisheng Zhang, Tian Chen, and Guofei Chen. "Development of a Sea-State Database in the Northwest Pacific Ocean by Long-Term Numerical Hindcast Modelling." In 2017 25th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone25-66281.

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In the Northwest Pacific zone, all the active nuclear power plants are located in coastal areas. The extreme typhoon waves, which occur in summer and autumn, pose great risks on the nuclear facilities and related coastal infrastructures. To facilitate the assessment of the impact of typhoon waves over the whole Chinese coastal line, detailed data of the sea state over this region is necessary. For this reason, a numerical sea state data base, which includes the North-West Pacific Ocean is under construction. It will range over several decades, to provide long-term wave data in this area. An oceanic wave model with a triangular mesh covering the whole Pacific Ocean has been set up by using the third generation spectral wave model TOMAWAC. The model is calibrated by comparing the simulation results over the period of January 1999 and during typhoon Muifa (1109) to buoy data. The numerical result of significant wave height (SWH) shows an excellent agreement with the oceanic buoy observations. The minimum values of the average bias between prediction and measurement is around 2–3 cm. The prediction of mean period (MP), however, is less accurate than the results of SWH. The model underestimates the mean period with amplitudes of around 0.6–1.2 s. Five different configurations of the source terms in TOMAWAC were tested during the calibration to find the best results. The comparisons show that the BAJ configuration can provide most accurate results of SWH. The predictions for configurations JKD and JWD show best results of MP. However, the SWD configuration provides the worse results for both of SWH and MP.

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Gandhi, Manan, Yunpeng Pan, Evangelos Theodorou, Pierre Sebastian, Matt Olson, and Demetri Yannopoulos. "Learning to Predict Coronary Perfusion Pressure During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation." In ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2018-8968.

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The goal of this work is to advance the capability of automated, mechanical cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) by predicting Coronary Perfusion Pressure (CPP) within 5 mmHg at a given moment in time. We aim to utilize methods from machine learning in order to model the CPP of a porcine patient subjected to automated chest compressions. During preprocessing of the data, we show how data sampling rate, delays and moving average filtering can improve predictions. We demonstrate state of the art modeling performance utilizing a variety of algorithms, and analyze the performance of each algorithm for single-step and long-term predictions. The results indicate that a delayed linear system achieves this target CPP within 0.25 mmHg. For longer time horizons, a more complex model is required. We demonstrate that the Long-short-term-memory (LSTM) network has the best single run performance, while the Sparse Spectrum Gaussian Process (SSGP) has the best average performance.

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Huang, Zhiyong, and Carl M. Larsen. "Large Eddy Simulation of an Oscillating Cylinder Close to a Wall." In ASME 2010 29th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2010-20006.

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The long term motivation for this work has been to find hydrodynamic coefficients needed to predict vortex induced vibrations (VIV) for free spanning pipelines. For such cases one must expect that the proximity of the seafloor will influence hydrodynamic forces, which means that coefficients found from experiments where wall effects have been eliminated are not necessarily valid. The paper presents results from a three dimensional large eddy simulation of flow over a forced oscillating cylinder close to a plane wall. Hydrodynamic forces are computed at a frequency of 0.425 Hz and Reynolds number of 24 000, and the motion amplitude is half diameter of the cylinder. The minimum gap distance between the cylinder and the wall has been varied from 0.2 to 2.5 D, where D is the diameter of the cylinder. The results show that the hydrodynamic forces on the cylinder are significantly influenced by the gap ratio. The excitation force shows a slight increase when the average gap is decreased from 2.5 to 0.5 D, but further reduction changes the trend so that the coefficient becomes negative for a minimum gap of 0.25 D. Hence, the dynamic lift force will change from being an excitation force to a damping force at this distance for the given flow and motion parameters. A sharp drop in drag force is observed at gap ratio less than 0.3 as the cylinder is still out of the boundary layer on the plane wall. The average lift force is also seen to be influenced by the gap. At a large distance from the wall, the average lift is obviously zero, but an average force that will push the cylinder away from the wall is found for gaps smaller than 0.3 D. Results are also reported for the cross-flow added mass as a function of varying gap. In addition to these results, spectra and time histories for the hydrodynamic forces are presented, and also coefficients for higher order force components. Vortex shedding is observed at the minimum gap ratio of 0.2. Some references to experimental work are made, but verification of these results cannot be obtained without new experiments.

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Xu, Xin, Liangliang Zhang, Qi Kong, Chenguang Gui, and Xing Zhang. "Enhanced-Historical Average for Long-Term Prediction." In 2022 2nd International Conference on Computer, Control and Robotics (ICCCR). IEEE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccr54399.2022.9790148.

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Li, Lin, Zhen Gao, and Torgeir Moan. "Joint Environmental Data at Five European Offshore Sites for Design of Combined Wind and Wave Energy Devices." In ASME 2013 32nd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2013-10156.

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The costs for an offshore wind farm, especially with bottom fixed foundations increase significantly with increasing water depth. If costs can be reduced to a competitive level, the potential for wind farms in deep water is huge. One way of reducing costs might be to combine offshore wind with wave energy facilities at sites where these resources are concentrated. In order to design combined renewable energy concepts, it is important to choose sites where both wind and wave energy resources are substantial. Such facilities might be designed in ultimate limit states based on load effects corresponding to 50-year wind and wave conditions. This requires a long-term joint probabilistic model for the wind and wave parameters at potential sites. In this paper, five European offshore sites are selected for analysis and comparison of combined renewable energy concepts developed in the EU FP7 project – MARINA Platform. The five sites cover both shallow water (<100m) and deep water (> 200m), with three sites facing the Atlantic Ocean and the other two sites in the North Sea. The selection of the sites is carried out by considering average wind and wave energy resources, as well as extreme environmental conditions which indicate the cost of the system. Long-term joint distributions of mean wind speed at 10-meter height (Uw), significant wave height (Hs) and spectral peak period (Tp) are presented for selected sites. Simultaneous hourly wind and wave hindcast data from 2001–2010 are used as a database, which are obtained from the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. The joint distributions are estimated by fitting analytical distributions to the hindcast data following a procedure suggested by Johannessen et al. (2001). The long-term joint distributions can be used to estimate the wind and wave power output from each combined concept, and to estimate the fatigue lifetime of the structure. For estimation of the wind and wave power separately, the marginal distributions of wind and wave are also provided. Based on the joint distributions, contour surfaces are established for combined wind and wave parameters for which the probability of exceedance corresponds to a return period of 50 years. The design points on the 50-year contour surfaces are suggested for extreme response analysis of combined concepts. The analytical long-term distributions established could also be applied for design analysis of other offshore structures with similar environmental considerations of these sites.

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Olaechea, Rafael, Uli Fahrenberg, Joanne M. Atlee, and Axel Legay. "Long-term average cost in featured transition systems." In SPLC '16: The 20th International Systems and Software Product Line Conference. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2934466.2934473.

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Teng, Chung-Chu. "Climatic and Maximum Wave Spectra from Long-Term Measurements." In Fourth International Symposium on Ocean Wave Measurement and Analysis. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/40604(273)10.

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Reports on the topic "Long term average spectra"

1

Dooley, James J., Robert T. Dahowski, and Casie L. Davidson. On the Long-Term Average Cost of CO2 Transport and Storage. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/939041.

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Busso, Matías, and Juan Pablo Chauvin. Long-term Effects of Weather-induced Migration on Urban Labor and Housing Markets. Inter-American Development Bank, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004714.

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This paper explores the effects of weather-induced rural-urban migration on urban labor and housing markets in Brazil. In order to identify causal effects, it uses weather shocks to the rural municipalities of origin of migrants. We show that larger migration shocks led to an increase in employment growth and a reduction in wage growth of 4 and 5 percent, respectively. The increased migration flows also affected the housing market in destination cities. On average, it led to 1 percent faster growth of the housing stock, accompanied by 5 percent faster growth in housing rents. These effects vary sharply by housing quality. We find a substantial positive effect on the growth rates of the most precarious housing units (with no effect on rents) and a negative effect on the growth of higher-quality housing units (with a positive effect on rents). This suggests that rural immigration growth slowed down housing-quality upgrading in destination cities.

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3

Börjesson, Patrik, Maria Eggertsen, Lachlan Fetterplace, Ann-Britt Florin, Ronny Fredriksson, Susanna Fredriksson, Patrik Kraufvelin, et al. Long-term effects of no-take zones in Swedish waters. Edited by Ulf Bergström, Charlotte Berkström, and Mattias Sköld. Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.10da2mgf51.

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Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly established worldwide to protect and restore degraded ecosystems. However, the level of protection varies among MPAs and has been found to affect the outcome of the closure. In no-take zones (NTZs), no fishing or extraction of marine organisms is allowed. The EU Commission recently committed to protect 30% of European waters by 2030 through the updated Biodiversity Strategy. Importantly, one third of these 30% should be of strict protection. Exactly what is meant by strict protection is not entirely clear, but fishing would likely have to be fully or largely prohibited in these areas. This new target for strictly protected areas highlights the need to evaluate the ecological effects of NTZs, particularly in regions like northern Europe where such evaluations are scarce. The Swedish NTZs made up approximately two thirds of the total areal extent of NTZs in Europe a decade ago. Given that these areas have been closed for at least 10 years and can provide insights into long-term effects of NTZs on fish and ecosystems, they are of broad interest in light of the new 10% strict protection by 2030 commitment by EU member states. In total, eight NTZs in Swedish coastal and offshore waters were evaluated in the current report, with respect to primarily the responses of focal species for the conservation measure, but in some of the areas also ecosystem responses. Five of the NTZs were established in 2009-2011, as part of a government commission, while the other three had been established earlier. The results of the evaluations are presented in a synthesis and also in separate, more detailed chapters for each of the eight NTZs. Overall, the results suggest that NTZs can increase abundances and biomasses of fish and decapod crustaceans, given that the closed areas are strategically placed and of an appropriate size in relation to the life cycle of the focal species. A meta-regression of the effects on focal species of the NTZs showed that CPUE was on average 2.6 times higher after three years of protection, and 3.8 times higher than in the fished reference areas after six years of protection. The proportion of old and large individuals increased in most NTZs, and thereby also the reproductive potential of populations. The increase in abundance of large predatory fish also likely contributed to restoring ecosystem functions, such as top-down control. These effects appeared after a 5-year period and in many cases remained and continued to increase in the longer term (>10 years). In the two areas where cod was the focal species of the NTZs, positive responses were weak, likely as an effect of long-term past, and in the Kattegat still present, recruitment overfishing. In the Baltic Sea, predation by grey seal and cormorant was in some cases so high that it likely counteracted the positive effects of removing fisheries and led to stock declines in the NTZs. In most cases, the introduction of the NTZs has likely decreased the total fishing effort rather than displacing it to adjacent areas. In the Kattegat NTZ, however, the purpose was explicitly to displace an unselective coastal mixed bottom-trawl fishery targeting Norway lobster and flatfish to areas where the bycatches of mature cod were smaller. In two areas that were reopened to fishing after 5 years, the positive effects of the NTZs on fish stocks eroded quickly to pre-closure levels despite that the areas remained closed during the spawning period, highlighting that permanent closures may be necessary to maintain positive effects. We conclude from the Swedish case studies that NTZs may well function as a complement to other fisheries management measures, such as catch, effort and gear regulations. The experiences from the current evaluation show that NTZs can be an important tool for fisheries management especially for local coastal fish populations and areas with mixed fisheries, as well as in cases where there is a need to counteract adverse ecosystem effects of fishing. NTZs are also needed as reference for marine environmental management, and for understanding the effects of fishing on fish populations and other ecosystem components in relation to other pressures. MPAs where the protection of both fish and their habitats is combined may be an important instrument for ecosystembased management, where the recovery of large predatory fish may lead to a restoration of important ecosystem functions and contribute to improving decayed habitats. With the new Biodiversity Strategy, EUs level of ambition for marine conservation increases significantly, with the goal of 30% of coastal and marine waters protected by 2030, and, importantly, one third of these areas being strictly protected. From a conservation perspective, rare, sensitive and/or charismatic species or habitats are often in focus when designating MPAs, and displacement of fisheries is then considered an unwanted side effect. However, if the establishment of strictly protected areas also aims to rebuild fish stocks, these MPAs should be placed in heavily fished areas and designed to protect depleted populations by accounting for their home ranges to generate positive outcomes. Thus, extensive displacement of fisheries is required to reach benefits for depleted populations, and need to be accounted for e.g. by specific regulations outside the strictly protected areas. These new extensive EU goals for MPA establishment pose a challenge for management, but at the same time offer an opportunity to bridge the current gap between conservation and fisheries management.

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Cram, Jana, Mary Levandowski, Kaci Fitzgibbon, and Andrew Ray. Water resources summary for the Snake River and Jackson Lake Reservoir in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway: Preliminary analysis of 2016 data. National Park Service, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2285179.

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This report summarizes discharge and water quality monitoring data for the Snake River and Jackson Lake reservoir levels in Grand Teton National Park and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Memorial Parkway for calendar year 2016. Annual and long-term discharge summaries and an evaluation of chemical conditions relative to state and federal water quality standards are presented. These results are considered provisional, and may be subject to change. River Discharge: Hydrographs for the Snake River at Flagg Ranch, WY, and Moose, WY, exhibit a general pattern of high early summer flows and lower baseflows occurring in late summer and fall. During much of 2016, flows at the Flagg Ranch monitoring location were similar to the 25th percentile of daily flows at that site. Peak flows at Flagg Ranch were similar to average peak flow from 1983 to 2015 but occurred eleven days earlier in the year compared to the long-term average. Peak flows and daily flows at the Moose monitoring station were below the long-term average. Peak flows occurred four days later than the long-term average. During summer months, the unnatural hydro-graph at the Moose monitoring location exhibited signs of flow regulation associated with the management of Jackson Lake. Water Quality Monitoring in the Snake River: Water quality in the Snake River exhibited seasonal variability over the sampling period. Specifically, total iron peaked during high flows. In contrast, chloride, sulfate, sodium, magnesium, and calcium levels were at their annual minimum during high flows. Jackson Lake Reservoir: Reservoir storage dynamics in Jackson Lake exhibit a pattern of spring filling associated with early snowmelt runoff reaching maximum storage in mid-summer (on or near July 1). During 2016, filling water levels and reservoir storage began to increase in Jackson Lake nearly two weeks earlier than the long-term average and coincident with increases in runoff-driven flows in the Snake River. Although peak storage in Jackson Lake was larger and occurred earlier than the long-term average, minimum storage levels were similar to the long-term average.

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Equiza, Juan, Ricardo Gimeno, Antonio Moreno, and Carlos Thomas. Evaluating central bank asset purchases in a term structure model with a forward-looking supply factor. Madrid: Banco de España, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53479/25046.

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The theoretical literature on term structure models emphasises the importance of the expected absorption of duration risk during the residual life of term bonds in order to understand the yield curve effect of central banks’ government bond purchases. Motivated by this, we develop a forward-looking, long-horizon measure of euro area government bond supply net of Eurosystem holdings, and use it to estimate the impact of the ECB’s asset purchase programmes in the context of a no-arbitrage affine term structure model. We find that an asset purchase shock equivalent to 10% of euro area GDP lowers the 10-year average yield of the euro area big four by 59 basis points (bp) and the associated term premium by 50 bp. Applying the model to the risk-free (OIS) yield curve, the same shock lowers the 10-year rate and term premium by 35 and 26 bp, respectively.

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Day, St John, Tim Forster, and Ryan Schweitzer. Water Supply in Protracted Humanitarian Crises: Reflections on the sustainability of service delivery models. Oxfam, UNHCR, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6362.

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UNHCR estimates that the average time spent by a refugee in a camp is 10 years, while the average refugee camp remains for 26 years. WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) is a crucial component of humanitarian response and longer-term recovery. Humanitarian agencies and host governments face many challenges in protracted situations and complex long-term humanitarian crises. One key issue is how water supplies should be managed in the long term. Who is best placed to operate and manage WASH services and which delivery model is the most viable? At the end of 2019, there were 15.7 million refugees in protracted situations, representing 77% of all refugees. This report takes stock of the various alternative service delivery models, to enable humanitarian and development agencies to work together to smooth the transition from emergency relief to sustainable services.

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Arango-Arango, Carlos A., Yanneth Rocío Betancourt-García, and Manuela Restrepo-Bernal. An Application of the Tourist Test to Colombian Merchants. Banco de la República, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32468/be.1176.

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Cash is still widely used in Colombia, even among merchants that accept payment cards. Indeed, 60% of these merchants use dissuasive strategies to make their clients pay with cash. This shows that merchant service costs (MSC) for cards are not optimal in the sense of the Tourist Test. We present estimates of MSC compatible with the Tourist Test, such that merchants are indifferent between being paid with cash or cards. We find that cash is less costly than cards at the average retail-sales transaction-value, hence there is no positive optimal MSC at this ticket value. For the average card transaction ticket, the optimal MSC would be positive but far below the rates charge by the industry (0.74% in a short-term scenario). Yet, the additional incentive that sales-tax evasion provides to cash payments reduces the Tourist Test MSC to 0.44%. Our estimates for long-term scenarios yield even lower optimal MSC. An average price cap regulation that strikes a middle ground between these figures, and is complemented with sales-tax evasion measures, should discourage merchant strategies that deter consumers from paying with cards and will accommodate the wide heterogeneity in merchants´ scale, payment processing processes and ticket size. These results should be taken as a guideline as the estimations depend on the underlying assumptions and only consider the merchant´s side of the card industry.

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Aranco, Natalia, Pablo Ibarrarán, and Marco Stampini. Open configuration options Prevalence of care dependence among older persons in 26 Latin American and the Caribbean countries. Inter-American Development Bank, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004250.

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Rapid population aging will drive a strong increase in the demand for long-term care services in Latin America and the Caribbean. To inform policy making, in this study we present novel estimates of the number of care dependent older persons in 26 countries of the region. For ten of these countries, estimates are based on existing survey data. For the remaining 16 countries, we use a statistical model to predict the prevalence of care dependence based on the relationship between this condition and age, sex and health status. We also forecast the number of care dependent older persons in the years 2035 and 2050. On average, we find that 14% of the over-65 population is care dependent in 2020, and this average prevalence is predicted to grow to 16% in 2050. Driven mostly by the increase in the size of the older population in the region, the number of care dependent older persons is expected to grow by a factor of three over the same period, from 8 million in 2020 to 23 million in 2050.

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Blackman, Allen, Jorge Bonilla, and Laura Villalobos. Quantifying COVID-19’s Silver Lining: Avoided Deaths from Air Quality Improvements in Bogotá. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003787.

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In cities around the world, Covid-19 lockdowns have improved outdoor air quality, in some cases dramatically. Even if only temporary, these improvements could have longer-lasting effects on policy by making chronic air pollution more salient and boosting political pressure for change. To that end, it is important to develop objective estimates of both the air quality improvements associated with Covid-19 lockdowns and the benefits these improvements generate. We use panel data econometric models to estimate the effect of Bogotás lockdown on fine particulate pollution, epidemiological models to simulate the effect of reductions in that pollution on long-term and short-term mortality, and benefit transfer methods to estimate the monetary value of the avoided mortality. We find that in its first year of implementation, on average, Bogotás lockdown cut fine particulate pollution by more than one-fifth. However, the magnitude of that effect varied considerably over the course of the year and across the citys neighborhoods. Equivalent permanent reductions in fine particulate pollution would reduce long-term premature deaths by more than one-quarter each year, a benefit valued at $670 million per year. Finally, we estimate that in 2020-2021, the lockdown reduced short-term deaths by 31 percent, a benefit valued at $180 million.

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YARIKOV, A. V., and I. I. SMIRNOV. EXPERIENCE OF DENERVATION OF INTERVERTEBRAL JOINTS OF THE LUMBAR SPINE. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, April 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/978-0-615-67340-0-1.

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In this work, the immediate and long-term results of denervation of intervertebral joints in 30 patients with pain syndrome in the lumbar spine were studied. The catamnesis was collected from 18 patients in terms from 1.7 months to 18 months after surgery. Pain syndrome on a visually analog scale after surgery decreased by an average of 20-30 mm. Subclinically expressed anxiety/depression persists in all patients with a “good” result of treatment, the assessment was carried out using the hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). According to the Nurick scale, treatment results were assessed at level 2 (improvement) in 93.3% of cases (n=28), level 3 (unchanged condition) - 6.7% of cases (n=2). According to the results of the study, denervation of the intervertebral joints is an effective minimally invasive method of treating facet syndrome. It allows in the early and long-term postoperative periods to significantly reduce the pain syndrome and improve the quality of life of patients. The authors also admit that the pain syndrome in the back is polyethological, which requires careful selection of patients for this type of procedure.

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