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1
Roy, Amlan Jyoti, Bhargavjyoti Sharma, Avinab Das, Sajid-ul Haque, and Dr Runumi Sarma. "Long Range RF- Text based Communication System." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 11, no. 8 (August 31, 2023): 747–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2023.55242.
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Abstract: With the growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other wireless applications in recent years the need for long-range and low-power communication systems has increased. This issue can be resolved by application of LoRa (Long Range) technology, which offers a long-range, low-power, and dependable communication system. LoRa is a wireless modulation technique derived from Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) technology. It encodes information on radio waves using chirp pulses in a way similar to the communication principles used naturally by dolphins and bats. LoRa modulated transmission is robust against disturbances and can be received across large distances. In this paper a study on long-range RF text-based communication utilizing LoRa module is presented
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Saletović, Enes, Nevzudin Buzađija, and Đulaga Hadžić. "Long-Range Remote Control Based on LoRa Transceivers." B&H Electrical Engineering 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2023): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bhee-2023-0011.
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Abstract Within this paper, the possibility of using advanced LoRa technology in the field of long-range remote control was considered. For testing purposes, a one-way point-to-point LoRa remote control link was implemented based on the LoRa Ra-02 SX1278 transceiver and the corresponding 32-bit Cortex-M3 microcontroller. The remote control application software is developed in the Arduino development environment. The implemented link was tested experimentally to check the range, data transfer speed and link stability. Test results show that LoRa transceiver modules can be used in the field of long-range remote control.
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Nga, Le Cong, Cuong Quoc Pham, and Tran Ngoc Thinh. "Energy-Efficiency Approach for Long Range Wireless Communication." Science & Technology Development Journal - Engineering and Technology 3, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): First. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjet.v3i3.532.
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According to recent researches, the wireless sensor networks (WSN) which consume low levels of energy become more and more popular nowadays, so the research trend of optimizing energy for WSNs is rapidly increasing. LoRa technology is a modulation technique that provides long-range transfer of information and low power consumes. Besides, LoRaWAN is a network protocol that optimized for battery-powered end devices. The LoRa and LoRaWAN can be considered a suitable candidate for WSNs, which can reduce power consumption and extend the communication range. In this paper, we studied adaptive mechanisms in the transmission parameters of the LoRa network and proposed an energy-optimized solution for the adaptive algorithm. This research not only introduced the reference hardware of a sensor node in WSNs but also conducted experiments on typical LoRa network infrastructure
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A. Al-Shareeda, Mahmood, Abeer Abdullah Alsadhan, Hamzah H. Qasim, and Selvakumar Manickam. "Long range technology for internet of things: review, challenges, and future directions." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 6 (December 1, 2023): 3758–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i6.5214.
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New networking issues are presented by the increasing need for a wide variety of applications, which has spurred the creation of a new internet of things (IoT) paradigm, such as long range (LoRa). The LoRa protocol uses a patented kind of spread spectrum modulation to provide low-power, long-range communication. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review of LoRa-IoT in terms of IoT applications, LoRa class, security and privacy requirements, and the evolution of LoRa technology. This review analysis and compares long range wide area network (LoRaWAN) to wireless technology (e.g., Bluetooth, LoRa, 5G, Sigfox, long term evolution-M (LTE-M), Wi-Fi, Z-wave, Zigbee) and provides a list of environment simulators (e.g., OMNeT++, MATLAB, ns-3, SimPy) to carry out experiment for LoRa-IoT. Finally, this review does not only review literature recently studied for LoRa-IoT but also discusses challenges and future directions.
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Noor-A-Rahim, Md, M. Omar Khyam, Apel Mahmud, Xinde Li, Dirk Pesch, and H. Vincent Poor. "Hybrid Chirp Signal Design for Improved Long-Range (LoRa) Communications." Signals 3, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/signals3010001.
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Long-range (LoRa) communication has attracted much attention recently due to its utility for many Internet of Things applications. However, one of the key problems of LoRa technology is that it is vulnerable to noise/interference due to the use of only up-chirp signals during modulation. In this paper, to solve this problem, unlike the conventional LoRa modulation scheme, we propose a modulation scheme for LoRa communication based on joint up- and down-chirps. A fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based demodulation scheme is devised to detect modulated symbols. To further improve the demodulation performance, a hybrid demodulation scheme, comprised of FFT- and correlation-based demodulation, is also proposed. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated through extensive simulation results. Compared to the conventional LoRa modulation scheme, we show that the proposed scheme exhibits over 3 dB performance gain at a bit error rate of 10−4.
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Diana, Mery, Refdinal Nazir, and Arief Rufiyanto. "Harvesting RF Ambient Energy dari End Device LoRa (Long Range Access)." JURNAL INFOTEL 9, no. 4 (November 7, 2017): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.20895/infotel.v9i4.282.
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RF Energy Harvesting is a technology that harvest RF ambient energy from the wearable devices. One of wearable devices that can act as a source is LoRa end device. LoRa (Long Range Access) is part of Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) which operate in unlicensed frequency (ISM). As a technology of wireless network, end devices of LoRa will be taken in remote area that hardly to access. End device LoRa acts as a transceiver that transmits and receives data from the gateway. As a transceiver, the LoRa end device requires energy availability. In remote area, RF ambient energy from the LoRa end device can be utilized as a source of RF energy that can be harvested and stored This paper discusses how to harvest the RF ambient energy emitted by the LoRa end device using the microstrip antenna as the receiver and the voltage multiplier as both a rectifier and a voltage multiplier. The energy harvested from one end device and stored temporarily in the capacitor is 163pJ with a distance 11 cm from the source. This harvested energy can be stored on battery or capasitor bank to be used in future
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Deeti, Akshitha, and B. Venkateshulu. "LoRa Based Smart City (Long Range)." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 15733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.15733ecst.
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The mission is to trace the placement of the women and children for the purpose of their safety in the vicinity with a help of a GPS module integrated on the carrying device. A panic button is deployed on the same device. Whenever an individual is in urgency, the panic button has to be enabled. The transmitter passes info to a gateway (pycom) via LoRa communication. From pycom, information is directed to the IBM cloud using Wi-Fi so that the organization can observe the intensely contaminated areas, temperature, humidity, working status of street light, geofence, filled status of dust bin, and take proper action. A web-application is developed using Nodered, one of the services provided by the IBM cloud through which admin can monitor the above parameters in pictorial form. The coding used for the transmitter is C, which is done in Arduino IDE. For the receiver, it is micro-python using Atom software.
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Lim, Junyeong, Jaemin Lee, Donghyun Kim, and Jongdeok Kim. "Performance Analysis of LoRa(Long Range) according to the Distances in Indoor and Outdoor Spaces." Journal of KIISE 44, no. 7 (July 31, 2017): 733–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5626/jok.2017.44.7.733.
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Yahya, Muhammad Sani, Socheatra Soeung, Narinderjit Singh Sawaran Singh, Zainab Yunusa, Francis Emmanuel Chinda, Sharul Kamal Abdul Rahim, Umar Musa, Nursyarizal B. M. Nor, Cheab Sovuthy, and Ghulam E. Mustafa Abro. "Triple-Band Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna for Long-Range IoT Applications." Sensors 23, no. 12 (June 6, 2023): 5359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23125359.
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In this study, a novel reconfigurable triple-band monopole antenna for LoRa IoT applications is fabricated on an FR-4 substrate. The proposed antenna is designed to function at three distinct LoRa frequency bands: 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz covering the LoRa bands in Europe, America, and Asia. The antenna is reconfigurable by using a PIN diode switching mechanism, which allows for the selection of the desired operating frequency band based on the state of the diodes. The antenna is designed using CST MWS® software 2019 and optimized for maximum gain, good radiation pattern and efficiency. The antenna with a total dimension of 80 mm × 50 mm × 0.6 mm (0.12λ0×0.07λ0 × 0.001λ0 at 433 MHz) has a gain of 2 dBi, 1.9 dBi, and 1.9 dBi at 433 MHz, 868 MHz, and 915 MHz, respectively, with an omnidirectional H-plane radiation pattern and a radiation efficiency above 90% across the three frequency bands. The fabrication and measurement of the antenna have been carried out, and the results of simulation and measurements are compared. The agreement among the simulation and measurement results confirms the design’s accuracy and the antenna’s suitability for LoRa IoT applications, particularly in providing a compact, flexible, and energy efficient communication solution for different LoRa frequency bands.
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Lavric, Alexandru. "LoRa (Long-Range) High-Density Sensors for Internet of Things." Journal of Sensors 2019 (February 24, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3502987.
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Over the past few years, there has been a growing awareness regarding the concept of Internet of Things (IoT), which involves connecting to the Internet various objects surrounding us in everyday life. The main purpose of this concept closely connected to the smart city issue is increasing the quality of life by contributing to streamlining resource consumption and protecting the environment. The LoRa communication mechanism is a physical layer of the LoRaWAN protocol, defined by the LoRa Alliance. Compared to other existing technologies, LoRa is a modulation technique enabling the transfer of information over a range of tens of kilometers. The main contribution this paper brings to the field is analyzing the scalability of the LoRa technology and determining the maximum number of sensors which can be integrated into this type of monitoring and control architecture. The sensor architecture is specific to the smart city concept that involves the integration of a large number of high-density sensors distributed on a large-scale geographic area. The reason behind this study is the need to assess the scalability of the LoRa technology, taking into consideration other factors, such as the packet payload size, the duty circle parameter, the spreading factor, and the number of nodes. The experimental results reveal that the maximum number of LoRa sensors that can communicate on the same channel is 1,500; furthermore, in order to obtain a high performance level, it is necessary to schedule and plan the network as carefully as possible. The spreading factor must be allocated according to the distance at which the sensor is placed from the gateway.
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Sak, Kwai Yang, and Ahmad Najmuddin Ibrahim. "Field Study of Low-Energy Long-Distance Wireless Communication for IoT Application in Remote Areas." MEKATRONIKA 2, no. 1 (June 9, 2020): 52–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15282/mekatronika.v2i1.6731.
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Long Range (LoRa) is a wireless radio frequency technology under the Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN). LoRa is able to communicate long range and low energy consumption. The communication range has become an essential element in the wireless radio frequency technology in the Internet of Things (IoT). The presence of LoRa is able IoT application performs in long communication distances with high noise sensitivity ability. People can operate, monitor, and do a variety of tasks from a remote distance. Therefore, this research aims to evaluate the performance of the LoRa connection between radio transceivers in remote locations. The different environment and structural elements affect the LoRa performance. This thesis will be supported by the experiment that LoRa communication in different environments and tests. This experiment tests in line of sight (LOS) and non-line of sight (NLOS). Two sets of LoRa parameters, including Spreading Factor (SF), Bandwidth, and coding rate, are tested in different environments. The experiment tests the LoRa performance in various aspects: received signal strength indicator (RSSI) and packet received ratio (PPR) at different coverage ranges. In addition, the LoRa performance is evaluated in university, residential areas and vegetation areas under similar temperature, weather, and time. The LoRa coverage distance in the vegetation area and university area is reached 900 meters in the LOS test. Still, the vegetation area's signal is more stable and able to receive weaker RSSI signals. The LoRa coverage distance in the NLOS test is shorter compared to the LOS test. NLOS test has only one-third of the LOS LoRa communication distance. It is due to the signal penetration on structural elements such as buildings and woods cause the signal power loss and only transmitting a shorter distance. The LoRa parameter with SF9, 31.25kHz bandwidth and 4/8 coding rate has a better coverage range and stable connection.
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Gupta, Gunjan, Robert Van Zyl, and Vipin Balyan. "Evaluation of LoRa nodes for long-range communication." Nonlinear Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 615–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nleng-2022-0236.
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Abstract The Internet of Things concept can be implemented using Long-range wireless access network protocol. The work in this article is done to implement LoRa terrestrial network which will be connected to a satellite in future. The work mainly studies the number of collisions and the impact of it on the network. The work is simulated and is done to determine the number of LoRa nodes which can successfully transmit at a given time. Different combinations of spreading factor and bandwidth at different duty cycles are used to assess the performance of the network.
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Kim, Yi-Kang, and Seung-Yeon Kim. "Success Probability Characterization of Long-Range in Low-Power Wide Area Networks." Sensors 20, no. 23 (November 30, 2020): 6861. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20236861.
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In low-power wide area networks (LPWAN), a considerable number of end devices (EDs) communicate with the gateway in a certain area, whereas for transmitted data, a low data rate and high latency are allowed. Long-range (LoRa), as one of the LPWAN technologies, considers pure ALOHA and chirp spread spectrum (CSS) in the media access control (MAC) and physical (PHY) layers such that it can improve the energy efficiency while mitigating inter-cell interference (ICI). This paper investigates the system throughput of LoRa networks under the assumption that the interferences between EDs for exclusive regions are ignored using CSS. In order to establish an analytical model for the performance of LoRa, we introduce the pure ALOHA capture model, which is the power threshold model. For this model, we assume that the interfering power is proportional to the length of the time overlapped. In addition, we discuss LoRa gain by comparing the total throughput of LoRa with that of non-CSS.
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Razak, Siti Fatimah Abdul, Sumendra Yogarayan, Muhammad Idil Abdul Rahman, Noor Hisham Kamis, Ibrahim Yusof, Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah, and Afizan Azman. "TRANSMITTING SPEED AND DISTANCE DATA OVER LONG-RANGE COMMUNICATION FOR CONNECTED VEHICLES." Journal of Southwest Jiaotong University 57, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35741/issn.0258-2724.57.1.1.
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Long-range (LoRa) technology is vastly developing in a significant country that evolves around the Internet of Things (IoT) interest. Such IoT accomplishments include the development of smart cities, long-range monitoring systems, and M2M industries. LoRa technology is making its mark in vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, but it is yet to be fully explored. This study focused on developing and establishing communication between two LoRa powered devices and evaluating their performances upon deploying a prototype in an actual environment. The prototype is designed with bidirectional communication between two LoRa nodes that could exchange data for user references. Moreover, in the context of having V2V communication, speed and distance are involved in determining the exchange of data. The performance is evaluated in terms of data transmission consistency and reliability. The experimental results revealed that LoRa is applicable for V2V communication within a specific condition; however, there is a need for a more extensive experiment to be carried for a major rolled out of deployment.
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Hai-Phong, Phan, Van-Kiem Duong, Thi-Kieu Tran, Viet-Dung Vo, and Huu-Hanh Hoang. "A Low Power – Long Range IoT Development Board based on LoRa Technology." Hue University Journal of Science: Techniques and Technology 131, no. 2B (December 31, 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.26459/hueunijtt.v131i2b.6795.
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LoRa is an advanced technology investigated and applied widely to the IoT field because of its power efficiency and wireless connection. Therefore, a development kit supporting LoRa technology is a vital device that helps engineers to develop a faster and more stable IoT – LoRa-based system. The development kit not only requires a small size to be easily integrated into other systems but also has a low power consumption to adapt to the requirement of IoT devices. In this paper, we propose a development kit for an IoT platform using LoRa technology. The power consumption and Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI) of this kit are addressed. The development kit works well, as anticipated.
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Alabed, Samer, Amer Alsaraira, Nour Mostafa, Mohammad Al-Rabayah, Yehia Kotb, and Omar A. Saraereh. "Implementing and developing secure low-cost long-range system using speech signal processing." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 31, no. 3 (September 1, 2023): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v31.i3.pp1408-1419.
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In the proposed work, we present a secure low-cost speech communication system for long-distance communication. The system utilizes long range (LoRa) technology to transmit speech signals. LoRa technology uses spread-spectrum modulation to enable long-range communication with low power consumption. LoRa modulation allows for data transfer at a slow speed, typically below 22 kbps, which makes it infeasible for transmitting speech. To address this limitation, we suggest a speech coding technique that reduces the overall data rate of speech signals to below 7.5 kbps. This lower rate is more compatible with the LoRa module and ideal for transmitting speech. Moreover, this technique can improve the LoRa transmission range. Additionally, we have developed an encryption-decryption method to ensure the privacy of the messages and prevent unauthorized access by third parties.
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Mog, Lee Kyung. "Smartphone-Operated Smart Farm Watering System Using Long-Range Communication Technology." Agricultural Engineering 27, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/agriceng-2023-0005.
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Abstract Keeping proper soil moisture is essential in growing good quality and efficient fruit yield. To that effect, soil moisture level must be controlled, to maintain proper watering. A smartphone application was developed to operate a smart farm watering system. It monitors the soil’s moisture and launches sprayers to water dried areas. The system’s architecture was built in a distributed client-server computing system, in a small computing grid. The grid was built across long range (LoRa) communication networks with the same ID, but different addresses. In terms of integration, the system was built using autonomous microprocessors, which consist of a server and five client microprocessors. A smartphone was used as the server of a central controller, and four moisture detection modules and a water spraying system module were used as autonomous clients. The server was inter-connected with the clients via a star-type topology network in the polling processes. Each client module autonomously analyzes the measured digital voltage of the moisture sensor plugged into the soil. When the server sends queries regarding the status of the moisture level, the client sends the request signal to the server using the LoRa communication technology. The communication between the server and the clients is based on the LoRa communication technology. The LoRa-to-Bluetooth converter is used to connect the Bluetooth and the LoRa signal. The field test was performed in a watermelon field, with an area of approximately 6600 m2. The water spraying system constructed with LoRa communication technology could successfully manage and control the moisture level in the field test.
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Kavitha, S., K. Kanchana, and G. Venkatesan. "Long Range (LoRa) and Alert Network System for Forest Fire Prediction." Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution 20, no. 6 (November 27, 2023): 61–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/ajw230080.
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Forest fires are a regular occurrence throughout the year with an increasing intensity in the summer and fall periods. Forest fires pose a significant threat to ecosystems, property and human lives. Early detection and rapid response are critical to mitigate the devastating effects of these fires. This article presents a Long Range (LoRa) Alert Network System designed for the early prediction and timely notification of forest fires. The system leverages LoRa technology to create a robust and cost-effective wireless communication network in remote forested areas. These fires primarily stem from various natural and environmental phenomena and natural disasters. The timely dissemination of forest fire alerts was hampered, resulting in delays in fire management. In order to address this issue, efforts were made to enhance the capability for prompt forest fire detection. The challenges predominantly revolve around forested regions where data communication infrastructure is deficient. In the event of a forest fire, there exists a network barrier that impedes information transmission. Consequently, forest fire detection systems leveraging Mesh LoRa networks and image processing networks have been devised. An integrated module within the LoRa/GPS HAT has been explored as a potential solution to the fire predicament. The Flame Sensor Module, functioning as a fire detection sensor component, and the LoRa/GPS HAT, serving as a hardware medium for radio frequency data transmission communication, have been employed. The interconnection of these devices within a network facilitates the development of a prototype fire detection system. Combining a Flame Sensor Module with a LoRa/GPS HAT is indeed a viable approach to creating a prototype fire detection and alert system. By combining the Flame Sensor Module with the LoRa/GPS HAT, a scalable and cost-effective fire detection and alert system appropriate for distant and wooded locations with limited traditional communication infrastructure is created. This system can play a crucial role in early fire detection, potentially reducing the severity of forest fires and protecting both natural resources and human lives.
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Liu, Yang, Lei Liu, Jiacheng Liang, Jin Chai, Xuemei Lei, and Hui Zhang. "High-Performance Long Range-Based Medium Access Control Layer Protocol." Electronics 9, no. 8 (August 7, 2020): 1273. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9081273.
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Long Range (LoRa) has become one of the most promising physical layer technologies for the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem. Although it manifests low-power consumption and long-distance communication, LoRa encounters a large number of collisions in the IoT environment, which severely affects the system’s throughput and delay performance. In this paper, a code division carrier sense multiple access (CD/CSMA) protocol that resolves the traditional channel collision problem and implements multi-channel transmission is proposed for the LoRa medium access control (MAC) layer. To reduce data transmission delay and maximize the throughput of the system, the adaptive p-persistent CSMA protocol divides the channel load into four states and dynamically adjusts the data transmission probability. Then, to reduce channel collisions significantly, the code division multiple access (CDMA) protocol is performed on different channel states. Moreover, the combination of the proposed adaptive p-persistent CSMA protocol and the CDMA successfully reduces the number of data retransmissions and makes LoRa more stable. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed adaptive p-persistent CD/CSMA protocol can achieve near-optimal and occasionally even better performance than some conventional MAC protocols, especially in a heavy load channel.
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Rajani Kumari, Popuri, Chalasani Suneetha, Vadlamudi Sri Lakshmi, Nakka Rama Priya, Bodapati Venkata Rajanna, and Ambarapu Sudhakar. "Long range based effective field monitoring system." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 33, no. 2 (February 1, 2024): 847. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v33.i2.pp847-853.
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<p><span>Adoption of the internet of things (IoT) is moving forward quickly because of the developments in communication protocols and technology involving sensors. The IoT is promoting real-time agricultural field monitoring from any distant place. For the IoT to be implemented effectively there are a number of agricultural issues related to less power usage and long-distance transfer of data are to be addressed. By using LoRa, which is a wireless communication system for IoT applications, these difficulties can be avoided when sending information from fields of crops to a web server. Acustomized sensor node and LoRa are used in this work to transmit continuously updated information to a remote server. Monitoring the quality of water, and reducing wasteful use of water are the main goals.</span></p>
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Fajril, Muhammad, and Hardianto. "Sistem Monitoring Saluran Irigasi Pertanian Berbasis Lora (Long Range)." Jurnal Sains dan Sistem Teknologi Informasi 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59811/jper.v1i1.23.
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Pemenuhan kebutuhan air lahan pertanian di Indonesia saat ini masih menggunakan sistem irigasi yang tradisional dengan para petani datang kesawah untuk melihat kondisi lahan, dan secara periodik mengaliri sawah dengan pembukaan palang pintu air dengan perspektif petani. Metode irigasi tradisional ini membuat para petani kesulitan dalam monitoring dan mengontrol banyaknya volume jumlah air sehingga perlunya suatu sistem yang dapat mengendalikan pendistribusian air secara merata dan efisien pada lahan pertanian. Untuk menangani permasalahan ini penulis mengembangkan sebuah teknologi LoRa (Long Range) yang merupakan sebuah alat komunikasi yang dapat menjangkau jarak jauh dengan modulasi FM dan juga FSK (Frequensi Shift Keying) sehingga menghasilkan nilai frekuensi yang stabil dengan nilai frekuensi LoRa (Long Range). LoRa (Long Range) yang bertujuan menggantikan penggunaan Wifi yang umumnya digunakan untuk memungkinkan dapat mendeteksi (monitoring) lokasi keberadaan suatu benda tanpa biaya, rendah energi, dan skalabilitas yang tinggi dalam bidang pertanian khususnya pengairan pada tanaman yang akan dilakukan secara otomatis sesuai dengan kebutuhan lahan pertanian agar kebutuhan air pada lahan pertanian terpenuhi secara maksimal dan efisien serta monitoring secara nyata dari jarak jauh.
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Singh, Rajesh, Konda Hari Krishna, Rajesh Kumar, Anita Gehlot, Shaik Vaseem Akram, Sushabhan Chodhury, Yashwant Singh Bisht, Kailash Bisht, and Kapil Joshi. "Long range and server inspired internet of smart street lights." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 12, no. 1 (February 1, 2023): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v12i1.4044.
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Currently, the integration of long-range (LoRa) and the internet of things (IoT) has been widely adopted in various applications for real-time monitoring with reliability. These technologies empower us to achieve the goal of the United Nations for the establishment of an inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable environment. The automation, monitoring, and controlling of streetlights is a necessary task for the development of smart infrastructure. With the motivation from the above, this study proposed a LoRa and IoT server-based architecture for automation and controlling of streetlights along with sensors. To implement the proposed architecture, the hardware of the sensor node and gateway based on ATMega 328P, 433 MHz LoRa module, and Wi-Fi module is realized. The realized hardware is deployed in the real-time environment and the sensor node can sense the motion of the object and also records the intensity value on the server through internet connectivity.
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Janssen, Thomas, Noori BniLam, Michiel Aernouts, Rafael Berkvens, and Maarten Weyn. "LoRa 2.4 GHz Communication Link and Range." Sensors 20, no. 16 (August 5, 2020): 4366. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20164366.
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Recently, Semtech has released a Long Range (LoRa) chipset which operates at the globally available 2.4 GHz frequency band, on top of the existing sub-GHz, km-range offer, enabling hardware manufacturers to design region-independent chipsets. The SX1280 LoRa module promises an ultra-long communication range while withstanding heavy interference in this widely used band. In this paper, we first provide a mathematical description of the physical layer of LoRa in the 2.4 GHz band. Secondly, we investigate the maximum communication range of this technology in three different scenarios. Free space, indoor and urban path loss models are used to simulate the propagation of the 2.4 GHz LoRa modulated signal at different spreading factors and bandwidths. Additionally, we investigate the corresponding data rates. The results show a maximum range of 133 km in free space, 74 m in an indoor office-like environment and 443 m in an outdoor urban context. While a maximum data rate of 253.91 kbit/s can be achieved, the data rate at the longest possible range in every scenario equals 0.595 kbit/s. Due to the configurable bandwidth and lower data rates, LoRa outperforms other technologies in the 2.4 GHz band in terms of communication range. In addition, both communication and localization applications deployed in private LoRa networks can benefit from the increased bandwidth and localization accuracy of this system when compared to public sub-GHz networks.
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Darmana, Tasdik, Fadila Annas, and Ariman . "IMPLEMENTASI SISTEM MONITORING BUS TRANS SEMARANG BERBASIS LORA (LONG RANGE)." SAINSTECH: JURNAL PENELITIAN DAN PENGKAJIAN SAINS DAN TEKNOLOGI 32, no. 1 (March 29, 2022): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.37277/stch.v32i1.1239.
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ABSTRACT
Trans Semarang buses as transportation used by residents the city of Semarang often experience delays at one corridor stop so that passenger waiting times are quite long, so monitoring is needed on each bus. LoRa with long-distance communication capabilities without an internet signal with low power over a wide area, so it can be used to monitor the position and speed of the Trans Semarang bus for efficient passenger waiting time. The tool used to monitor Trans Semarang bus consists of a transmitter section as a data sender and a receiver as a data receiver with 915 MHz LoRa communication media and there is a buzzer as a bus speed warning and an emergency button when the bus has problems on the road. The test results from this study are the device can send and receive data with the furthest distance of 2200 meters with a maximum speed that can be measured is 46 km/hour, then it can give speed limit warnings and bus emergency warnings.
Keywords : LoRa 915 MHz, Trans Semarang Bus, Distance, Speed
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Bagwari, Swapnil, Ajay Roy, Rajesh Singh, and Anita Gehlot. "Disaster Monitoring based on IoT and Long Range Assisted Framework." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2327, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2327/1/012020.
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Abstract We encounter so many hazardous situations which effects living species and the materials they own. Due to natural calamities and environmental disasters, there is an increase in losses of lives and materials. Landslides are caused due to heavy rains, sloping of land because of earthquakes and deforestation. The research is about the preventive landslide detection and alerting system using various sensors and Arduino. The data collected by the sensors is transferred to Arduino which is further sent to NODEMCU through Lora module. The data obtained at NODEMCU will be transferred to database server for real-time monitoring and processing. Due improvement in the field of IoT systems has made the use of low cost, low power LoRA technologies to detect the environmental disaster and prevent from dangerous situations with less damage to living beings. In view to cover larger area with reduced costs and low power consumption, we used the LoRa technology for transmitting the monitoring data and Wi-Fi communication is used for sending the alerts. The processed data will be displayed on the mobile application interface.
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Zhang, Fusang, Zhaoxin Chang, Jie Xiong, Rong Zheng, Junqi Ma, Kai Niu, Beihong Jin, and Daqing Zhang. "Unlocking the Beamforming Potential of LoRa for Long-range Multi-target Respiration Sensing." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 5, no. 2 (June 23, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3463526.
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Despite extensive research effort in contact-free sensing using RF signals in the last few years, there still exist significant barriers preventing their wide adoptions. One key issue is the inability to sense multiple targets due to the intrinsic nature of relying on reflection signals for sensing: the reflections from multiple targets get mixed at the receiver and it is extremely difficult to separate these signals to sense each individual. This problem becomes even more severe in long-range LoRa sensing because the sensing range is much larger compared to WiFi and acoustic based sensing. In this work, we address the challenging multi-target sensing issue, moving LoRa sensing one big step towards practical adoption. The key idea is to effectively utilize multiple antennas at the LoRa gateway to enable spatial beamforming to support multi-target sensing. While traditional beamforming methods adopted in WiFi and Radar systems rely on accurate channel information or transmitter-receiver synchronization, these requirements can not be satisfied in LoRa systems: the transmitter and receiver are not synchronized and no channel state information can be obtained from the cheap LoRa nodes. Another interesting observation is that while beamforming helps to increase signal strength, the phase/amplitude information which is critical for sensing can get corrupted during the beamforming process, eventually compromising the sensing capability. In this paper, we propose novel signal processing methods to address the issues above to enable long-range multi-target reparation sensing with LoRa. Extensive experiments show that our system can monitor the respiration rates of five human targets simultaneously at an average accuracy of 98.1%.
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Mutiara, Giva Andriana, Nanna Suryana Herman, and Othman Mohd. "Using Long-Range Wireless Sensor Network to Track the Illegal Cutting Log." Applied Sciences 10, no. 19 (October 7, 2020): 6992. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10196992.
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Nowadays, the need for wireless sensing applications is increasing. Along with the increased illegal cutting of logs in the forest, however, it requires the integration application to tackle the illegal logging and forest preservation. The wireless sensor network is a suitable network architecture for remotely monitoring or tracking applications in the environment. This paper proposed an integrated system that can identify and track the position of a moving cutting log. An Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi 3 B+, sound sensor, accelerometer sensor, LoRa GPS HAT Shield, and Outdoor LoRa Gateway OLG01 performed the hardware monitoring and tracking of the proposed system. The network of STAR topology configuration between master and slaves is represented by the LoRa Network embedded with the sensors, as an architecture of the wireless sensor network. The system was examined the performance of the network and the tracking process. The result determined that the LoRa can detect and identify the occurrence of the illegal cutting of logs in real-time. Meanwhile, in terms of the tracking performance, a duration of 5–46 s was required to track the new position of the moving cutting log.
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Riziq Gyfari, Aghisna, Suryo Adi Wibowo, and Nurlaily Vendyansyah. "PERANCANGAN DAN PEMBANGUNAN SISTEM MONITORING TANAH LONGSOR BERBASIS IoT MENGGUNAKAN TEKNOLOGI LORA (LONG RANGE)." JATI (Jurnal Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika) 7, no. 4 (December 31, 2023): 2382–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.36040/jati.v7i4.7523.
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Pada penelitian ini membahas pengembangan sistem deteksi tanah longsor dengan memanfaatkan teknologi LoRa (Long Range) dan Progressive Web Apps (PWA) di Dusun Precet Kecamatan Dau, Malang. Fokus utama adalah tata letak kebun yang berpotensi menyebabkan tanah longsor di area tersebut. Solusi yang diusulkan melibatkan penggunaan LoRa untuk komunikasi jarak jauh antara alat pemantauan dan gateway, serta membangun aplikasi monitoring berbasis PWA untuk memberikan informasi kondisi tanah kepada masyarakat dan pengunjung. Dari penelitian ini, beberapa temuan penting telah diperoleh. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa jarak antara perangkat LoRa memiliki dampak signifikan terhadap kinerja sistem, dengan penurunan kekuatan sinyal (RSSI) seiring dengan peningkatan jarak. LoRa SX1276 memiliki kelebihan jangkauan yang luas dan kemampuan mempertahankan kekuatan sinyal, namun memiliki kekurangan seperti respons waktu yang meningkat dengan jarak yang lebih jauh dan sensitivitas terhadap interferensi. Pengujian kompatibilitas aplikasi Lmapp pada beberapa browser dan platform Lmapp Admin telah berhasil dalam validasi data login, mendeteksi penggunaan yang salah, dan menyajikan visualisasi data dengan baik. Berdasarkan temuan-temuan tersebut, beberapa saran dapat diberikan. Pertama, dianjurkan untuk melakukan optimalisasi respons waktu pada LoRa SX1276 dengan menggunakan antena yang tahan terhadap kondisi cuaca, terutama untuk jarak yang lebih jauh. Kedua, pada pengembangan selanjutnya.
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Azwar, Hamid. "Sistem Telemetri Nirkabel Menggunakan Long Range (LoRa) untuk Deteksi Dini Kebakaran Hutan." Jurnal Elektro dan Mesin Terapan (ELEMENTER), Vol. 9 No. 1 (2023) (May 31, 2023): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.35143/elementer.v9i1.5866.
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Wireless telemetry has the advantage of increasing productivity in accessing measurement data information in real time even when the user is not at the measurement location. Various types of methods are used to implement the telemetry system. One of the methods used is sending measurement data using Long Range (LoRa). LoRa has a small power consumption and can transmit data over a longer distance compared to Wifi technology. In this research, a prototype telemetry system will be built to transmit forest fire detection sensor data using LoRa communication. The system consists of 2 nodes where the maximum delivery reach reaches 700 meters for each node and the delivery delay reaches 23.22 seconds. The temperature and humidity sensor data have an accuracy of 4% and 8%, respectively. Sending sensor data can be displayed using Blynk.
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Akram, Shaik Vaseem, Rajesh Singh, Mohammed A. AlZain, Anita Gehlot, Mamoon Rashid, Osama S. Faragallah, Walid El-Shafai, and Deepak Prashar. "Performance Analysis of IoT and Long-Range Radio-Based Sensor Node and Gateway Architecture for Solid Waste Management." Sensors 21, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 2774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21082774.
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Long-range radio (LoRa) communication is a widespread communication protocol that offers long range transmission and low data rates with minimum power consumption. In the context of solid waste management, only a low amount of data needs to be sent to the remote server. With this advantage, we proposed architecture for designing and developing a customized sensor node and gateway based on LoRa technology for realizing the filling level of the bins with minimal energy consumption. We evaluated the energy consumption of the proposed architecture by simulating it on the Framework for LoRa (FLoRa) simulation by varying distinct fundamental parameters of LoRa communication. This paper also provides the distinct evaluation metrics of the the long-range data rate, time on-air (ToA), LoRa sensitivity, link budget, and battery life of sensor node. Finally, the paper concludes with a real-time experimental setup, where we can receive the sensor data on the cloud server with a customized sensor node and gateway.
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Purnama, Sevia Indah, Irmayatul Hikmah, and Mas Aly Afandi. "Pengembangan Perangkat Pengukuran Hemoglobin Secara Non-Invasif Berbasis Jaringan Long Range (LoRa)." Techno.Com 23, no. 1 (February 21, 2024): 125–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.62411/tc.v23i1.9432.
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Stunting mengakibatkan gangguan pertumbuhan anak-anak batita sehingga perkembangan tubuhnya menjadi tidak maksimal. Kondisi ini berdampak pada perkembangan Indonesia di masa mendatang. Banyaknya stunting akan menyebabkan generasi muda Indonesia tidak mampu berkompetisi dalam dunia global. Penanganan stunting dapat dilakukan pada anak dan calon ibu. Calon ibu yang merupakan remaja putri jarang menjadi fokus untuk penurunan angka stunting. Remaja putri yang sering mengalami anemia akan memiliki kemungkinan besar untuk melahirkan calon bayi stunting. Pengukuran hemoglobin secara invasif seringkali menjadi halangan bagi remaja putri untuk melakukan pengukuran hemoglobin. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan perangkat pengukuran hemoglobin secara non-invasif sehingga dapat dilakukan untuk memantau hemoglobin pada remaja putri. Pencatatan hemoglobin secara elektronik nirkabel berbasis jaringan Long Range (LoRa) juga dilakukan untuk menyediakan data yang terbaru. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perangkat mampu membaca Hemoglobin dengan tingkat galat berkisar antara 0,01% – 0,67% dengan rata-rata galat sebesar 0,31%. Hasil pengujian performa jaringan LoRa menunjukkan bahwa jaringan LoRa telah siap digunakan untuk pengiriman data jarak jauh secara nirkabel. Kuat sinyal pengiriman di sekitar Kabupaten Banyumas telah mencapai kuat minimum yang disyaratkan untuk pengiriman data yaitu -120dBm. Data penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengembangan perangkat untuk mengirimkan data menggunakan jaringan LoRa dapat digunakan untuk pengukuran Hemoglobin remaja putri secara berkala di Kabupaten Banyumas.
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Zhang, Fusang, Zhaoxin Chang, Kai Niu, Jie Xiong, Beihong Jin, Qin Lv, and Daqing Zhang. "Exploring LoRa for Long-range Through-wall Sensing." Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies 4, no. 2 (June 15, 2020): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3397326.
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Afifah Binti Masadan, Nurul, Mohamed Hadi Habaebi, and Siti Hajar Yusoff. "Long range channel characteristics through foliage." Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/eei.v8i3.1489.
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Long Range Low Power Wide Area Network (LoRa LPWAN) technology is unique and remarkable technology because of its long-range coverage, low power consumption and low cost system architecture. These features have allowed Lora LPWAN to become a favorable option for performing communication in most of IoT wireless applications. In this paper, the foliage effect has been studied in terms of attenuation and its overall contribution to the path-loss and link budget calculations. Specifically, 5 tree types were studied and their contribution to the path loss were quantified for different path crossings (e.g., trunk, tree-top and branches). The trees are Licuala Grandis, Mimusops Elengi, Mangifera Indica, Cyrtostachys Renda and Livistona Chinensis. Mimusops Elengi tree gave the strongest mean foliage attenuation accumulating up to 20 dB, due to its big size and crown density. Trunks contribute even higher attenuation in comparison to tree-tops and branches. The Okumura/Hata, Log-normal shadowing and foliage models are used as references for this propagation models development in this paper. Our study showed that Okumura fails to capture the effect of foliage in an environment rich in trees and biodiversity. This demonstrates the need for considering the tropical environment where the characterization of foliage attenuation plays an important role in determining the propagation model path-loss and link budget needed for network design and planning.
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Xiao, Yang, Yunfan Chen, Mingxing Nie, Tao Zhu, Zhenyu Liu, and Chao Liu. "Exploring LoRa and Deep Learning-Based Wireless Activity Recognition." Electronics 12, no. 3 (January 27, 2023): 629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12030629.
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Today’s wireless activity recognition research still needs to be practical, mainly due to the limited sensing range and weak through-wall effect of the current wireless activity recognition based on Wi-Fi, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification, RFID), etc. Although some recent research has demonstrated that LoRa can be used for long-range and wide-range wireless sensing, no pertinent studies have been conducted on LoRa-based wireless activity recognition. This paper proposes applying long-range LoRa wireless communication technology to contactless wide-range wireless activity recognition. We propose LoRa and deep learning for contactless indoor activity recognition for the first time and propose a more lightweight improved TPN (Transformation Prediction Network, TPN) backbone network. At the same time, using only two features of the LoRa signal amplitude and phase as the input of the model, the experimental results demonstrate that the effect is better than using the original signal directly. The recognition accuracy reaches 97%, which also demonstrate that the LoRa wireless communication technology can be used for wide-range activity recognition, and the recognition accuracy can meet the needs of engineering applications.
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Prauzek, Michal, Tereza Paterova, Martin Stankus, Miroslav Mikus, and Jaromir Konecny. "Analysis of LoRaWAN Transactions for TEG-Powered Environment-Monitoring Devices." Elektronika ir Elektrotechnika 28, no. 3 (June 28, 2022): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j02.eie.31265.
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Long-Range (LoRa) transmission technology is potentially a suitable solution in abundant applications such as smart cities, smart industries, smart health, and others, although it is challenging and complex to implement. LoRa is a non-cellular modulation technology for Long-Range Wide-Area Networks (LoRaWAN) and is suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) solutions through its long-range and low-power consumption characteristics. The present paper provides a comprehensive analysis of LoRa wireless transactions through several measurements, which differ in LoRa parameter configuration. The results showed dependency of the power consumed by the transaction on the selected Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP). The quantity of energy consumed by the transaction also significantly depends on the selected data rate (combination of the spread factor and bandwidth) and payload.
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Nurjihan, Shita Fitria, Benny Nixon, Abelitho Siahaan, and Dandi Kusuma. "Sistem Pemantau Patroli Keamanan Gedung Menggunakan RFID Berbasis Komunikasi Long Range (LoRa)." Spektral 4, no. 2 (October 30, 2023): 200–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.32722/spektral.v4i2.6309.
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Patroli merupakan kegiatan proaktif yang dilakukan dengan berpindah dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, memeriksa dan menjamin keamanan dan ketertiban kawasan. Hal ini diperlukan karena petugas keamanan tidak bisa mengamati secara langsung wilayah yang ditanganinya. Untuk membuat patroli lebih efisien, maka diperlukan sistem pemantauan patroli penjagaan gedung. Alat petugas patroli didekatkan ke tag RFID yang berada di setiap ruangan. LoRa Node yang berada di alat patroli kemudian mengirimkan data ke LoRa Gateway. Alat patroli kemudian mengirimkan data sensor RFID ke Firebase berupa nama ruangan, nama petugas patroli, username, waktu, tanggal dan status. Dan pada aplikasi Android akan menampilkan data aktivitas tapping petugas patroli secara real-time untuk mencegah penipuan saat berpatroli. Hasil pengujian LoRa dengan metode LOS (Line of Sight) mencapai jarak maksimum sejauh 900 m dan Non-LOS mencapai jarak maksimum sejauh 200 m. Untuk koneksi internet pada aplikasi android menggunakan VSAT. Rata-rata hasil parameter QoS jaringan internet VSAT untuk throughput sebesar 28.88 KB, packet loss sebesar 0%, dan delay sebesar 467.697 ms.
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Khun, Aung Thura Phyo, Lin Shan, Yuto Lim, and Yasuo Tan. "MCST Scheme for UAV Systems over LoRa Networks." Drones 7, no. 6 (June 2, 2023): 371. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/drones7060371.
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In recent years, low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) has received widespread popularity with long-range and wide-area communication at low power for the Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Among many vendors of LPWAN, long-range low-power wireless communications, also called LoRa, is one of the competing standards and is well known in both academia and industrial communities as an emerging research area. Among the LoRa applications, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) systems are emerging with the benefits of extended battery life and a long communication range. In this paper, we investigate the network capacity with the mixture of concurrent and sequential transmission (MCST) scheme over LoRa networks. From the simulation results, it can be seen that MCST is suitable for implementation in the LoRa network. Specifically, MCST can achieve higher throughput with low transmission latency and energy consumption compared to the existing CSMA approach LoRa MAC. Besides, we also propose a modified MCST over the LoRa (mMCST/LoRa) scheme to mitigate the transmission latency further. The simulation results reveal a better performance in terms of throughput, latency and energy consumption, regardless of the frame payload size and the number of nodes in the network.
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Askhedkar, Anjali R., Bharat S. Chaudhari, Maha Abdelhaq, Raed Alsaqour, Rashid Saeed, and Marco Zennaro. "LoRa Communication Using TVWS Frequencies: Range and Data Rate." Future Internet 15, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 270. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi15080270.
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Low power wide area network (LPWAN) is a wireless communication technology that offers large coverage, low data rates, and low power consumption, making it a suitable choice for the growing Internet of Things and machine-to-machine communication applications. Long range (LoRa), an LPWAN technology, has recently been used in the industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) band for various low-power wireless applications. The coverage and data rate supported by these devices in the ISM band is well-studied in the literature. In this paper, we study the usage of TV white spaces (TVWS) for LoRa transmissions to address the growing spectrum demand. Additionally, the range and data rate of TVWS-based LoRa, for different transmission parameter values using different path-loss models and for various scenarios such as free space, outdoor and indoor are investigated. A path-loss model for TVWS-based LoRa is also proposed and explored, and the evaluations show that TVWS offers a longer range. This range and data rate study would be useful for efficient network planning and system design for TVWS-based LoRa LPWANs.
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Abdul Razak, Siti Fatimah, Sumendra Yogarayan, Noor Hisham Kamis, Mohd Fikri Azli Abdullah, and Ibrahim Yusof. "Application and growth of long-range communications technology in vehicular communications." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 13, no. 3 (June 1, 2023): 3484. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v13i3.pp3484-3497.
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<p><span lang="EN-US">Long range communications technology (LoRa) has been widely used in a variety of applications and researched in different domains to exploit its full potential. Its openness makes it ideal for a variety of internet of things (IoT) installations which further allows opportunities for viable solutions in vehicular communications. Hence, a bibliometric analysis was performed to distinguish the application and growth of the technology specifically in vehicular communications. The scoping review processes from Arksey and O’Malley was applied to guide the review process. The selected scholarly works adhered to the PRISMA-Sc framework where 385 articles from two main electronic databases, i.e., Scopus and Science Direct which discussed LoRa in vehicular communications contexts were assessed. This study aims to: i) examine how LoRa’s research has grown from year 2010 to 2021 among the scholars; ii) determine key areas discussed in LoRa’s vehicular communications research. Findings from 70 studies in the final analysis indicated that LoRa has been widely studied based on application, theoretical or protocol and performance. However, it has not been widely explored in vehicular context. Hence, our findings support the global research community in this context.</span></p>
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Mai, Dinh Loc, and Myung Kyun Kim. "Multi-Hop LoRa Network Protocol with Minimized Latency." Energies 13, no. 6 (March 15, 2020): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13061368.
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LoRa (Long Range) is a long-range communications capacity with chirp spread spectrum modulation. It has been developed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications for long-distance and low power consumption. Some authors proposed LoRa protocols such as LoRaWAN, LoRaBlink, DQ-LoRa and the multi-hop LoRa network with linear topology; however, these protocols have disadvantages. In this paper, we propose a minimized latency multi-hop LoRa network protocol that is collision-free with low latency to improve on the disadvantages. First, in the proposed protocol, tree topology is constructed by exchanging packets between LoRa nodes and the sink node. During this period, a timeslot and channel are assigned to each tree link, over which LoRa nodes communicate with their parent node and which is collision-free with its neighbor nodes. After the tree construction period, LoRa nodes start data transmission using the timeslot and channel that they have already been assigned to in the tree construction period. We developed the proposed protocol in a LoRa node prototype using the MultiTech mDot module, and we conducted experiments at Ulsan University. The results show that the proposed protocol provides high reliability, parallel transmissions, a minimized number of timeslots assigned for all the links in the network, a minimized packet size, and low latency.
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Purnomo, F. A., N. M. Yoeseph, A. Yulianto, Y. I. Royan, and M. A. Safi’ie. "Development of wind monitoring systems with LoRA technology." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 989, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/989/1/012011.
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Abstract The purpose of this research is to design and build a wind monitoring system with LoRA (Low Range) technology. This system can observe the value of wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. All of these data must be processed in order to obtain information on the current state of the air. Existing information can be used as a reference for decision making or as a sign of a threat. In this monitoring system, the observation of air conditions uses wireless LoRa (Long Range) technology as a data transmission tool. In this experiment, two LoRa nodes are used and one Lora Gateway is used. There are two sensors used in this case, namely anemometer and BME280. Sensors contained in the LoRa node take data on wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. The LoRa node sends all the data to the LoRa Gateway. LoRa gateway connected by wifi will forward to the server (The Things Network and Firebase). The test results from this study show that the average time for sending LoRa node data to being sent to firebase is 0.25 seconds. LoRA devices with a 3 cm long antenna can communicate at a maximum distance of 400 m.
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Mabon, Malo, Matthieu Gautier, Baptiste Vrigneau, Mickaël Le Gentil, and Olivier Berder. "The Smaller the Better: Designing Solar Energy Harvesting Sensor Nodes for Long-Range Monitoring." Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing 2019 (July 15, 2019): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2878545.
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Emerging Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWAN) represent a real breakthrough for monitoring applications, since they give the possibility to generate and transmit data over dozens of kilometers while consuming few energy. To further increase the autonomy of such wireless systems, the present paper proposes an original methodology to correctly dimension the key elements of an energy autonomous node, namely, the supercapacitor and the battery that mainly give the form factor of the node. Among the LPWAN candidates, LoRa is chosen for real field experiments with a custom wireless platform that proves its energy neutrality over a finite horizon. Different LoRa configurations are explored, leading to adequate dimensioning. As an example, it is shown that, for the same quality of service, the size of the solar panel needed to keep a LoRa node autonomous in the South of France is less than half of the size required in North of France.
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Suhermanto, Dimas Ahmad Nur Kholis, Widi Aribowo, Hisham A. Shehadeh, Reza Rahmadian, Mahendra Widyartono, Ayusta Lukita Wardani, and Aditya Chandra Hermawan. "Monitoring DC Motor Based On LoRa and IOT." Journal of Robotics and Control (JRC) 5, no. 1 (January 4, 2024): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/jrc.v5i1.19642.
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Electrical energy efficiency is a dynamic in itself that continues to be driven by electrical energy providers. In this work, long-range (LoRa) technology is used to monitor DC motors. In the modern world, IoT is becoming increasingly prevalent. Embedded systems are now widely used in daily life. More can be done remotely in terms of control and monitoring. LoRa is a new technology discovered and developing rapidly. LoRa technology addresses the need for battery-operated embedded devices. LoRa technology is a long-range, low-power technology. In this investigation, a LoRa transmitter and a LoRa receiver were employed. This study employed a range of cases to test the LoRa device. In the first instance, there are no barriers, whereas there are in the second instance. The results of the two trials showed that the LoRa transmitter and receiver had successful communication. In this study, the room temperature is used to control DC motors. So that the DC motor's speed adjusts to fluctuations in the room's temperature. Additionally, measuring tools and the sensors utilised in this investigation were contrasted. The encoder sensor and the INA 219 sensor were the two measured sensors employed in this study. According to the findings of the experiment, the tool was functioning properly.
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Prajwal, C. Y., Chandan K S, M. S. Poorna Prajwal, Likith S, and Santhosh B. "Review Paper on LoRa based technologies for Vehicular and Tracking applications." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 10, no. 3 (March 31, 2022): 1852–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2022.40941.
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Abstract: LoRa stands For Long Range. It is a low powered wide area network derived from chirp spread spectrum technology and encodes information through chirp pulses on to the radio waves. The range of LoRa greatly varies from few meters to approximately 100 Kilometers depending on the mode of operation. The main advantage of LoRa against Bluetooth, WiFi and ZigBee is its long range and it is well suited for transmission of small chunks of data with low bit rates. LoRa is generally operated at 915MHz, 868MHz and 433MHz which are Sub-Giga Heartz bands. These are a part of the ISM bands which are reserved for Industrial and Medical Purposes Internationally which are free of cost and do not require any kind of licensing. Vehicular communication is a form of exchanging messages between various vehicular and roadside units regarding their location, speed and much more. The LoRa technology when integrated with Vehicular Communication establishment of green corridors for Emergency vehicles by clearing the traffic and help in reaching the destination with minimal time delay. Keywords: LoRa, ISM Bands, Vehicular Communication
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Apriliansyah, Bachtiar Adi, and Muhammad Iqbal. "LoRa based long-range traceable life jacket system design." BIO Web of Conferences 106 (2024): 01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/202410601003.
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It is recorded that around 100 people per year die due to fishing boat accidents, the majority of whom are small fishermen with vessels under 10 GT. LoRa is a license-free power-saving long-distance communication technology that can send data packets of up to 15 km in the ocean. The longrange power can be used to determine the location of fishermen when an accident occurs at sea. This research aims to implement and test the performance of LoRa Ebyte E22-400T30D for sending coordinate data on fishermen’s whereabouts in the form of life jackets. The performance observed is the relationship between the distance and the RSSI value obtained. The tests were performed until the furthest distance was reached. The test was carried out at Pangandaran Beach, and the receiver was placed at an altitude of 129 m toward the beach. The data will be displayed and stored on the Thinger.io website. The test results obtained with the furthest distance achieved were 12.983 km with a battery life of 5.99 hours. The RSSI value obtained tended to worsen with increasing distance. Apart from the distance, it was also found that obstructions in the form of trees could reduce the RSSI value.
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Zhang, Fusang, Zhaoxin Chang, Jie Xiong, and Daqing Zhang. "Exploring LoRa for Sensing." GetMobile: Mobile Computing and Communications 25, no. 2 (September 14, 2021): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3486880.3486890.
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Wireless sensing received a great amount of attention in recent years and various wireless technologies have been exploited for sensing, including WiFi [1], RFID [2], ultrasound [3], 60 GHz mmWave [4] and visible light [5]. The key advantage of wireless sensing over traditional sensing is that the target does not need to be equipped with any sensor(s) and the wireless signal itself is being used for sensing. Exciting new applications have been enabled, such as passive localization [6] and contactless human activity sensing [7]. While promising in many aspects, one key limitation of current wireless sensing techniques is the very small sensing range. This is because while both direct path and reflection path signals are used for communication, only the weak target-reflection signals can be used for sensing. Take Wi-Fi as an example: the communication range can reach 20 to 50 meters indoors but its sensing range is merely 4 to 8 meters. This small range further limits the through-wall sensing capability of Wi-Fi. On the other hand, many applications do require long-range and through-wall sensing capability. In a fire rescue scenario, the sensing device cannot be placed close to the building, and the long-range through-wall sensing capabilities are critical for detecting people deep inside the building. Table I summarizes the sensing range of existing wireless technologies. We can see that long-range through-wall sensing is still missing with wireless sensing.
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Sarkar, Nurul I., Asish Thomas Kavitha, and Md Jahan Ali. "A Secure Long-Range Transceiver for Monitoring and Storing IoT Data in the Cloud: Design and Performance Study." Sensors 22, no. 21 (November 1, 2022): 8380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22218380.
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Due to the high demand for Internet of Things (IoT) and real-time data monitoring and control applications in recent years, the long-range (LoRa) communication protocols leverage technology to provide inter-cluster communications in an effective manner. A secure LoRa system is required to monitor and store IoT data in the cloud. This paper aims to report on the design, analysis, and performance evaluation of a low-cost LoRa transceiver interface unit (433 MHz band) for the real-time monitoring and storing of IoT sensor data in the cloud. We designed and analyzed a low-cost LoRa transceiver interface unit consisting of a LoRa communication module and Wi-Fi module in the laboratory. The system was built (prototype) using radially available hardware devices from the local electronics shops at about USD 150. The transmitter can securely exchange IoT sensor data to the receiver node at about 10 km using a LoRa Wi-Fi module. The receiver node accumulates the sensor data and stores it in the cloud for processing. The performance of the proposed LoRa transceiver was evaluated by field experiments in which two transmitter nodes were deployed on the rooftop of Auckland University of Technology’s Tower building on city campus (New Zealand), and the receiver node was deployed in Liston Park, which was located 10 km away from the University Tower building. The manual incident field tests examined the accuracy of the sensor data, and the system achieved a data accuracy of about 99%. The reaction time of the transmitter nodes was determined by the data accumulation of sensor nodes within 2–20 s. Results show that the system is robust and can be used to effectively link city and suburban park communities.
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Li, Chenning, and Zhichao Cao. "LoRa Networking Techniques for Large-scale and Long-term IoT: A Down-to-top Survey." ACM Computing Surveys 55, no. 3 (April 30, 2023): 1–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3494673.
Full textAbstract:
Low-Power Wide-Area Networks (LPWANs) are an emerging Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm, which caters to large-scale and long-term sensory data collection demand. Among the commercialized LPWAN technologies, LoRa (Long Range) attracts much interest from academia and industry due to its open-source physical (PHY) layer and standardized networking stack. In the flourishing LoRa community, many observations and countermeasures have been proposed to understand and improve the performance of LoRa networking in practice. From the perspective of the LoRa networking stack; however, we lack a whole picture to comprehensively understand what has been done or not and reveal what the future trends are. This survey proposes a taxonomy of a two-dimensional (i.e., networking layers, performance metrics) to categorize and compare the cutting-edge LoRa networking techniques. One dimension is the layered structure of the LoRa networking stack. From down to the top, we have the PHY layer, Link layer, Media-access Control (MAC) layer, and Application (App) layer. In each layer, we focus on the three most representative layer-specific research issues for fine-grained categorizing. The other dimension is LoRa networking performance metrics, including range, throughput, energy, and security. We compare different techniques in terms of these metrics and further overview the open issues and challenges, followed by our observed future trends. According to our proposed taxonomy, we aim at clarifying several ways to achieve a more effective LoRa networking stack and find more LoRa applicable scenarios, leading to a brand-new step toward a large-scale and long-term IoT.
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Fajril, Muhammad, Hardianto, and Zaini. "Sistem Monitoring Saluran Irigasi Pertanian Berbasis Lora (Long Range)." Journal Of Power electric And Renewable Energy 1, no. 1 (June 5, 2023): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.59811/jper.v1i1.53.
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Hashim, Norlezah, Fakrulradzi Idris, Tuan Nur Anisa Tuan Ab Aziz, Siti Halma Johari, Rozilawati Mohd Nor, and Norfariza Ab Wahab. "Location tracking using LoRa." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 11, no. 4 (August 1, 2021): 3123. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v11i4.pp3123-3128.
Full textAbstract:
<span>Local area network (LAN) as Bluetooth, WiFi and ZigBee are well established technology. The biggest problem with many LAN is the battery consumption and short ranges link budgets. LoRa is a new, private, unlicensed and spread spectrum modulation technique which allows sending low rates at extremely long ranges with minimal power consumption. More importantly, there is no access fee associated with this type of wireless technology. The main idea behind this work is to conduct performance and capability analysis of a currently available LoRa transceiver. We develop a location monitoring system using LoRa and global positioning system (GPS) module and we analyze the detectable range of its data, its battery consumption as well as received signal strength indicator (RSSI). Our deployment experiment demonstrates that the sy<span>stem is able to detect the transmitted data within 290 meters of distances. Using 6 volts of battery AA, the transmission of data still occurred after 24 hours</span>. <span>This project is emphasized a location monitoring system that provide low power usage</span> but long range.</span>