Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long Column

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Long Column'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Long Column"

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Shahu, J. T., and Y. R. Reddy. "Estimating long-term settlement of floating stone column groups." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 51, no. 7 (July 2014): 770–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2012-0477.

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Design charts for estimating long-term drained settlement of floating stone column group foundations are presented based on three-dimensional, elastoplastic, finite element analyses. In the analyses, the soft soil behavior is represented by the modified Cam-clay model while the stone column and mat are represented by the Mohr–Coulomb model. The finite element predictions are calibrated against model test results. A detailed parametric study of prototype stone column group foundations of various configurations is carried out to evaluate the relative importance of various foundation parameters on the group response. Next, finite element analyses of corresponding unit cells and single columns are performed. Reasonable correlations of load responses are found between single column and group behavior. Group and single column responses are then used to investigate Sg/S1 relationship with different foundation parameters, where Sg and S1 represent the settlement of the group and single column, respectively.
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Shaat, Amr, and Amir Fam. "Axial loading tests on short and long hollow structural steel columns retrofitted using carbon fibre reinforced polymers." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 33, no. 4 (April 1, 2006): 458–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l05-042.

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This paper describes the behaviour of axially loaded short and long square hollow structural section (HSS) columns, strengthened with carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Twenty-seven short-column and five long-column HSS specimens were tested. The effect of CFRP sheet orientation in the longitudinal and transverse directions was studied for short columns. For long columns, CFRP sheets were oriented in the longitudinal direction only. A maximum strength gain of 18% was achieved for short columns with two transverse CFRP layers. For long columns, the maximum strength gain of 23% was achieved with three longitudinal CFRP layers applied on four sides. In all CFRP-strengthened long columns, lateral deflections were reduced. Strength gain in long columns was highly dependent on the column's imperfection. As such, no correlation was established between strength gain and number of CFRP layers. CAN/CSA 16-01 equation was modified to account for CFRP through transformed section analysis so that they could be used to predict the axial-load capacity of long columns.Key words: retrofit, steel, HSS, column, FRP, carbon, buckling, strength, stiffness.
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Tao, Song Lei, Xing Ge Lian, Zi He Zhang, Yuan Hong Yu, and Zhi Fang Zhao. "A New Technique of Low-Pressure Long-Distance Soft Clay Pipeline Transportation." Advanced Materials Research 446-449 (January 2012): 2763–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.446-449.2763.

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A new technique of long-distance pipeline transportation of soft clay, which is related to Non Newton--Bingham pipe flow studies. Propose a method of non-continuous pneumatic conveying method with surface film lubrication, which will obviously reduce the friction between pipe wall and mud column and the Viscous resistance of clay. The air is injected to form air-column between mud columns. Adjust the lengths of mud column and air column and their proportion, and make the pushing force bigger than or near equivalent to the resistant force, until the optimum air-mud ratio for the required delivery distance is achieved. Long distance transportation of soft clay through low pressure pipeline is achieved. The method, with the features of energy-saving, high efficiency, profitable, can be applied in fields of water conservancy, petroleum, chemical, mining, and environmental protection, etc.
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Lu, Guan Hong, and Zhan Wang. "Test Scheme and Result Analysis of New-Type Frame Structure with Column End of Steel-Concrete Composite Joint." Advanced Materials Research 919-921 (April 2014): 247–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.919-921.247.

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The frame column and frame structure with column end of steel-concrete composite joint is a new-type architectural structure. To obtain the mechanical property of the new-type frame column and frame structure, comparative tests between 6 new-type columns and 3 ordinary columns and comparative tests between new-type frames and ordinary frames are carried out. This paper elabrately introduces the specimen design, experiment load, test program, test results and others. Thus, the transformation and failure characteristics of new-type long and short columns at different axial compression ratios and the transformation and failure characteristics of new-type grames at different prestresses are obtained. They are respectively compared with the ordinary long and short columns and frames. Results show that the seismic performance of the new-type column and frame structure is obviously superior to that of the ordinary ones. The tests can achieve the expected test objectives and are proved successful.
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Zhang, Zhen Peng, Jin Qiu Shao, Xue Yan Sun, and Hui Jun Liu. "Simulation of Soil Water and Salt Transport with Sand Column in Coastal Saline Soil Based on COMSOL." Applied Mechanics and Materials 614 (September 2014): 668–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.614.668.

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In the paper, transport of water and Cl- under leaching was 2D-digitally simulated with COMSOL Multi-physics. In a two-dimensional transient cross-sectional model. COSMOL was used to investigate water and solute transport in the soil column coupled with variable sand column forms, with “a” denoting no sand column, “b” with one vertical middle sand column, “c “ with one long Slanted sand column, “d” with two long Slanted X-shaped sand columns. The parameters of the model were primarily based on the soil physical properties measured at coastal clay loam saline soil in Tianjin. The simulation results showed that, given same initial and same boundary conditions, sand column increased the transport efficiency of water and salt, which depends on the position and angle of sand column accordingly. The slanted columns were overall superior to the vertical ones in transport efficiency. In sum, “d” was the best type, “c” was the second best and “b” was the third, according to the efficiency of salt leaching and the efficiency of the utilization of water resources.
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Jones, N. B., K. Riedel, W. Allan, S. Wood, P. I. Palmer, K. Chance, and J. Notholt. "Long-term tropospheric formaldehyde concentrations deduced from ground-based fourier transform solar infrared measurements." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 9, no. 18 (September 24, 2009): 7131–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-9-7131-2009.

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Abstract. We report a 13-year (1992–2005) dataset of total column measurements of formaldehyde (HCHO) over Lauder, New Zealand, inferred from solar infrared spectra measured using a high-resolution Fourier Transform Spectrometer (FTS). Ambient HCHO concentrations at this rural location are often close to levels typical of remote marine environments (<250 ppt), which are close to the detection limit using standard techniques. Consequently we develop a new method that successfully produces HCHO columns with sufficient sensitivity throughout the whole season. HCHO columns over Lauder have a strong seasonal cycle (±50%), with a mean column of 4.9×1015 molecules cm−2, peaking during summer months. A simple box model of CH4 oxidation reproduces the observed broad-scale seasonal cycle, but significantly underestimates the seasonal peak HCHO ground concentrations during summer. This suggests the existence of an additional significant source of HCHO, possibly isoprene that cannot be explained by oxidation of CH4 alone. The ground-based FTS column data compare well with collocated HCHO column measurements from the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME) satellite instrument during the operational period of GOME (1996–2001, r2=0.65, mean bias=10%, n=48).
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Ragheb, M. S. "Ultrasonic frequency driven long plasma column." Review of Scientific Instruments 73, no. 11 (November 2002): 3818–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1512333.

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Kalbach, James. "IA column: Navigating the long tail." Bulletin of the American Society for Information Science and Technology 34, no. 2 (September 17, 2008): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bult.2008.1720340211.

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Shoeib Soliman, Ata El-kareim. "Behavior of long confined concrete column." Ain Shams Engineering Journal 2, no. 3-4 (September 2011): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asej.2011.09.003.

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Stapleton, Seth E., Cole C. McDaniel, William F. Cofer, and David I. McLean. "Performance of Lightly Confined Reinforced Concrete Columns in Long-Duration Subduction Zone Earthquakes." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1928, no. 1 (January 2005): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198105192800120.

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The main goals of this research were to evaluate typical 1950s and 1960s as-built bridge columns in western Washington State in large subduction zone earthquakes and to investigate the dependency of failure mechanisms on loading history. Eight displacement histories were applied to eight nominally identical, half-scale, circular reinforced concrete columns expected to respond primarily in flexure (flexure-dominated). The main design deficiencies were a short longitudinal reinforcement lap splice at the base of the column (35 db) and inadequate transverse reinforcement. Test results showed that the failure mode of reinforced concrete columns was controlled by the column loading history. Three distinct failure mechanisms were observed for columns with an aspect ratio of approximately 4.2, assuming symmetric, double-curvature behavior. Large initial displacements greater than six times the effective yield displacement (Δ y) were likely to result in shear failures. Columns experiencing many displacements less than 4Δ y were likely to fail because of longitudinal reinforcement buckling. Columns subjected to several displacement excursions less than 4Δ y followed by an excursion greater than 6Δ y were likely to fail by longitudinal reinforcement slipping within the splice region. Despite the deficiencies present in circular reinforced concrete bridge columns built before 1975 in western Washington State, this study showed that flexure-dominated columns with a 35 db lap splice in multiple-column bent, three-or four-span bridges were not likely to experience significant damage in the predicted Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake. However, other components of the bridge need to be assessed to determine whether the global bridge response is acceptable under the predicted Cascadia Subduction Zone earthquake.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long Column"

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Arfaie, Mehdi. "Pressure transient analysis including column separation and behaviour of long pipelines." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.330263.

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Denny, Jack. "Investigating multi-axis long-duration blast response of steel column sections." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2017. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/417714/.

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Long-duration blast waves are typically defined by positive pressure durations in excess of 100ms and are characteristic of very large explosive events. Such blasts generate substantial impulse and dynamic pressures (blast winds) that considerably exceed shorter duration blasts with the same peak overpressures, which are particularly damaging to drag-sensitive structural elements such as steel columns. A number of recent large-scale industrial accidents have highlighted the potential for multiple detonations to occur that can cause long-duration blasts to successively interact with structures, and constituent column elements from different axes. This research investigates and quantifies blast loading, structural dynamic response and resulting damage states of steel column elements subjected to both single and multiple (successive) long-duration blasts. Primarily, this research examines the influence of multi-axis interaction and the effect of prior column damage on subsequent structural response, given the case of multiple detonations. Ten full-scale long-duration blast trials were conducted, testing steel I-section and square hollow section (SHS) columns aligned at different orientations to the blast to examine the influence of multi-axis interaction. Six trials also investigated the effect of prior column damage on subsequent structural response and damage accumulation by subjecting SHS columns to three successive blasts. Analysis of results revealed a clear relationship between blast loading, column mechanical properties and magnitude of structural response as a function of section orientation to the blast, thus demonstrating that multi-axis interaction has significant influence. Columns aligned at oblique orientations to the blast exhibited larger structural responses and higher loading due to increased projected area and drag coefficient providing evidence to question the validity of existing simplified blast loading characterisation methods. Column response to multiple blasts generally exhibited reduced structural resistance, with damage accumulation influenced by local residual stress states, load direction symmetry and sequencing. This research also examined uncoupled computational models of multi-axis blast loading and structural dynamic response of steel columns using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and finite element analysis (FEA) respectively. Comparisons with experimental data have shown reasonable levels of agreement, indicating potential to provide future predictive capacity.
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Pagès, Bernaus Adela. "Column-generation and interior point methods applied to the long-term electric power-planning problem." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/6523.

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Aquesta tesi s'adreça al problema de planificació de la generació elèctrica a llarg termini per a una companyia específica (SGC) que participa en un mercat liberalitzat organitzat en un pool. Els objectius de la tesi són: modelitzar aquest problema, i desenvolupar i implementar tècniques apropiades i eficients que el resolguin.

Un planificació òptima a llarg termini és important, per exemple, per a la confecció de pressupostos, o per a la gestió de compres/consum de combustibles. Una altra aplicació és la de guiar la planificació a curt termini perquè aquesta tingui en compte decisions preses sota una òptica de llarg termini.

La nostra proposta per a fer la planificació de la generació és optimitzar la generació esperada de cada unitat (o la unió de diverses unitats de característiques semblants) del pool per a cada interval en que dividim el llarg termini.

El model bàsic per la planificació de la generació a llarg termini (LTGP) maximitza el benefici de totes les unitats del pool. La constricció més important és la satisfacció de la demanda, ja que el sistema està sempre balancejat. Utilitzem la formulació de Bloom i Gallant, la qual modela la càrrega a través d'una monòtona de càrrega per cada interval i requereix un número exponencial de constriccions lineals de desigualtat, anomenades LMCs. Altres constriccions (lineals) incloses en el model són: garantia de potència, límits en la disponibilitat de combustibles, emissions màximes de CO2 o una quota de mercat mínima per a la SGC.

Una extensió d'aquest model és la planificació conjunta de l'assignació de manteniments de les unitats tèrmiques d'una SGC amb la planificació de la generació. El model conjunt és un problema quadràtic amb variables binàries i contínues. Per resoldre aquest model es proposa un parell d'heurístiques i s'ha implementat un prototipus de branch and bound en AMPL.

Aquesta tesi també proposa una manera per coordinar el model LTGP proposat amb una planificació a curt termini. Es desenvolupa un model de curt que inclou els resultats de llarg termini.

Donat que el model de planificació a llarg termini s'ha de resoldre sovint (principalment per passar informació acurada al model de curt), les tècniques emprades per a resoldre'l han de donar resultats fiables en un espai de temps curt. Les tècniques aplicades han estat:
· Donat que les constriccions de recobriment i les fites de no negativitat defineixen un políedre convex els vèrtexs del qual són fàcils de trobar el model es transforma i les variables esdevenen els coeficients convexos que defineixen un punt. Aquest nou problema es resolt amb l'algoritme de Murtagh i Saunders, que és un procediment òptim. Aquest algoritme s'aplica sota un esquema de generació de columnes donat que el número de vèrtexs del políedre és comparable al número de constriccions. L'avantatge d'aquest mètode és que els vèrtexs es van generant a mesura que es necessiten.
· L'aplicació de mètodes directes és computacionalment costós donat el número exponencial de LMCs. De totes maneres, a l'òptim només un conjunt reduït de constriccions de recobriment seran actives. Hem desenvolupat una heurística, anomenada heurística GP, la qual genera un subconjunt de constriccions, entre les quals hi ha les LMCs que són actives a l'òptim. L'heurística resol una seqüència de problemes quadràtics, els quals incrementen el número de LMCs considerades a cada iteració. Els problemes es resolen amb mètodes de punt interior que s'inicialitzen amb tècniques de warm start per tal d'accelerar la convergència cap a la nova solució. Aquest procediment resulta ser molt més eficient que el de generació de columnes.

La modelització i els casos de prova estan basats en dades d'un sistema de pool pur i de mercat com ha estat a Espanya fins el juliol de 2006.
This thesis presents an approach to the long-term planning of power generation for a company (SGC) participating in a liberalized market organized as a pool. The goal of this thesis is two-fold: to model the problem and to develop and implement appropriate and efficient techniques for solving it.

The optimization of the long-term generation planning is important for budgeting and planning fuel acquisitions, and to give a frame where to fit short-term generation planning.

Our proposal for planning long-term generation is to optimize the expected generation of each unit (or the merger of several units of the same type) in the power pool over each interval into which the long-term horizon is split.

The basic model for long-term generation planning (LTGP) maximizes the profit for all the units participating in the pool. The most important constraint is matching demand, since the market always clears. The Bloom and Gallant formulation is used, which models the load with a load-duration curve for each interval and requires an exponential number of linear inequality constraints, called herein LMCs. Other (linear) constraints included in the model are: minimum generation time, limits on the availability of fuel, maximum CO2 emission limits or the market share of the SGC.

This thesis also proposes the way in which coordination between the LTGP model developed and a short-term plan should be considered and provides a model for short-term electrical power planning adapted to the LTGP proposed and which includes the long-term results.

Another decision that needs to be taken from a long-term point of view is the joint scheduling of thermal unit maintenances with the generation planning of a particular SGC. The results of a prototype of a Branch and Bound implemented in AMPL are included in this thesis.

Long-term planning needs to be considered before short-term planning and whenever the real situation deviates from the forecasted parameters, so the techniques implemented must be efficient so as to provide reliable solutions in a short time. Two methods for handling the LMCs are proposed and compared:

● A decomposition technique exploits the fact that the LMCs plus the non-negativity bounds define a convex polyhedron for each interval whose vertices are easy to find. Thus, the problem is transformed and the variables become the coefficients of a convex combination of the vertices. The transformed problem is quadratic with linear constraints, making it suitable to be solved with the Murtagh & Saunders algorithm, which gives an optimal solution. A column-generation approach is used because the number of vertices of the polyhedron is comparable to the number of LMCs. The advantage of this method is that it does not require previous computation of all of the vertices, but rather computes them as the algorithm iterates.

● The application of direct methods is computationally difficult because of the exponential number of inequality LMCs. However, only a reduced subset of LMCs will be active at the optimizer. A heuristic, named GP heuristic, has been devised which is able to find a reduced set of LMCs including those that are active at the optimizer. It solves a sequence of quadratic problems in which the set of LMCs considered is enlarged at each iteration. The quadratic problems are solved with an interior point method, and warm starts are employed to accelerate the solution of the successively enlarged quadratic problems. This procedure is more efficient than the column generation one.

The modeling and tests of this thesis are based on the pure pool system and market data from the Spanish system up to July 2006.
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YANG, Demao. "Compression Stability of High Strength Steel Sections with Low Strain-Hardening." University of Sydney. School of Civil Engineering, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/561.

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Thin-walled steel sections made from high strength thin cold-reduced G550 steel to Australian Standard AS 1397-1993 under compression are investigated experimentally and theoretically in this thesis. This thesis describes three series of compression tests performed on box-section stub columns, box-section long columns and lipped channel section columns cold-formed from high strength steel plates in 0.42 mm or 0.60 mm thickness with nominal yield stress of 550 MPa. The tests presented in this thesis formed part of an Australian Research Council research project entitled: Compression Stability of High Strength Steel Sections with Low Strain-Hardening. For the fix-ended stub column tests, a total of 94 lipped-square and hexagonal section stub columns were tested to study the influence of low strain hardening of G550 steel on the compressive section capacities of the column members. For the pin-ended long column tests, a total of 28 box-section columns were tested to study the stability of members with sections which undergo local instability at loads significantly less than the ultimate loads. For the fix-ended lipped channel section columns, a total of 21 stub and long columns were tested to study the failure resulting from local and distortional buckling with interaction between the modes. A numerical simulation on the three series of tests using the commercial finite element computer program ABAQUS is also presented as part of this thesis. The post-buckling behaviour of thin-walled compression members is investigated. The effect of changing variables, such as geometric imperfections and end boundary conditions is also investigated. The ABAQUS analysis gives accurate simulations of the tests and is in good agreement to the experimental results. Theoretical studies using finite strip methods are presented in this thesis to investigate the buckling behaviour of cold-formed members in compression. The theoretical studies provide valuable information on the local and distortional buckling stresses for use in the interaction buckling studies. The finite strip models used are the semi-analytical and spline models. As expected for the stub columns tests, the greatest effect of low strain hardening was for the stockier sections where material properties play an important role. For the more slender sections where elastic local buckling and post-local buckling are more important, the effect of low strain hardening does not appear to be as significant. The pin-ended and fix-ended long column tests show that interaction, which is between local and overall buckling in the box sections, and between local and distortional buckling in the open channel sections, has a significant effect on their member capacities. The results of the successful column tests and ABAQUS simulation have been compared with the design procedures in the Australian & New Zealand Standard for Cold-Formed Steel Structures AS&NZS 4600 and the North American Specification for Cold-Formed Steel Structural Members prepared by the American Iron and Steel Institute. The stub column tests show that the current design rules give too conservative predictions on the compressive section capacities of the column members; whereas the long column tests show that the current column design rules are unconservative if used in their current form for G550 steel. Three design proposals are presented in this thesis to account for the effects of high strength thin steels on the section and member capacities.
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Chung, YuLin. "Existing Performance and Effect of Retrofit of High-Rise Steel Buildings Subjected to Long-Period Ground Motions." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/120856.

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Urio, Ricardo de Prá. "Cromatografia a líquido por injeção sequencial para a determinação de herbicidas triazínicos e metabólitos da atrazina explorando o uso de cela de longo caminho óptico e monitoramento on-line em estudos de adsorção." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46136/tde-31082011-143740/.

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Estudou-se o emprego da Cromatografia a Líquido por Injeção Seqüencial (SIC) explorando o uso de uma cela de longo caminho óptico com guia de onda (LCW) de 100 cm para a melhora dos limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ) na determinação de atrazina (ATR), propazina (PRO) e simazina (SIM). Para isto, utilizou-se uma fase móvel com composição de 44:56 (v v-1) metanol : tampão acetato de amônio 1,25 mM, pH 4,7, coluna monolítica e a detecção espectrofotométrica em 238 nm. Obtiveram-se valores de LOD e LOQ, respectivamente, de 1,76 e 5,86 µg L-1 para ATR, 4,51 e 15 µg L-1 para PRO e 2,25 e 7,5 µg L-1 para SIM. Com o emprego da cela de longo caminho óptico os valores de LOD ficaram abaixo dos recomendados pela US-EPA, que permite para águas potáveis uma concentração de 3 µg L-1 para ATR, 4 µg L-1 para SIM e 10 µg L-1 para PRO. Realizaram-se estudos de adsorção de SIM, PRO e ATR e seus metabólitos desisopropilatrazina (DIA), desetilatrazina (DEA) e 2-hidroxiatrazina (HAT) em solo, ácido húmico e solo modificado com ácido húmico. Para isso foi utilizado um sistema de monitoramento on-line composto por um filtro tangencial e uma bomba peristáltica para circulação da suspensão. Foram realizados estudos cinéticos em duas etapas e, em ambas, foi utilizado um mix dos compostos com concentração inicial de 1,0 mg L-1 e gradiente de eluição passo a passo para a separação dos compostos utilizando três fases móveis com composições de 15 ou 28, 40 e 50% (v v-1) metanol : tampão acetato de amônio 1,25 mM pH 4,7. Na primeira etapa o tempo de contato entre triazinas e adsorventes foi de 90 min. Na segunda etapa foi utilizado apenas o solo como adsorvente e o tempo de contato foi de 24 h. Para a primeira etapa do estudo só foi possível aplicar modelo cinético de pseudo-segunda ordem, o qual permitiu estimar os valores de massa adsorvida de triazina por massa de adsorvente, sendo que o ácido húmico é o material com maior capacidade adsortiva (1470 ± 43µg g-1 para DIA a 2380 ± 51 µg g-1 para PRO). O composto mais adsorvido em solo é PRO (26,5 ± 0,1 µg g-1). A presença de ácido húmico no solo aumentou a adsorção de ATR (de 19,4 ± 0,7 para 23 ± 2 µg g-1), de HAT (10,9 ± 0,7 para 18 ± 2 µg g-1) e de PRO (26,5 ± 0,7 para 29,8 ±0,2 µg g-1), mas diminuiu a adsorção de SIM e não afetou DIA e DEA. No estudo com tempo de contato de 24 h foi possível aplicar modelos de pseudo-primeira e segunda ordem. Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a maior adsorção de PRO, seguidos da ATR. HAT, SIM, DEA e DIA apresentaram as menores taxas de adsorção em solo, sendo que os dois últimos apresentaram uma tendência de dessorção após 4 h de contato, tendo maior potencial de lixiviação para corpos d\'água próximos aos locais de aplicação.
This work describes the use of Sequential Injection Liquid Chromatography (SIC) coupled to a long path length optical flow cell with 100 cm long Liquid Core Waveguide (LCW) to improve the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for determination of atrazine (ATR), propazine (PRO) and simazine (SIM). Separation was achieved with a mobile phase composition of 44:56 (v v-1) methanol:1.25 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.7, monolithic column and spectrophotometric detection at 238 nm. The values of LOD and LOQ were, respectively, 1.76 and 5.86 µg L-1 for ATR, 4.51 and 15 µg L-1 for PRO and 2.25 and 7.5 µg L-1 for SIM. The LOD values achieved with the employment of long optical path cell were lower than those recommended by US-EPA, which allows for drinking water, maximum concentration levels of 3 µg L-1 for ATR, 4 µg L-1 for SIM and 10 µg L-1 for PRO. Adsorption of SIM, PRO and ATR, as well as their metabolites desisopropylatrazine (DIA), desethylatrazine (DEA) and 2-hidroxyatrazine (HAT) on soil, humic acid and soil modified with humic acidic was studied. An on-line monitoring system was assembled, composed of a tangential filter and a peristaltic pump for circulation of the suspension. Kinetic studies were carried out in two steps, and in both, it was used a mix of compounds with initial concentration of 1,0 mg L-1 and a stepwise gradient elution for separation of the compounds using three mobile phases with compositions of 15 or 28, 40 and 50% (v v-1) methanol: 1.25 mM ammonium acetate buffer, pH 4.7. In the first step the contact time between triazines and adsorbents was 90 minutes. In a second study made only with soil, the contact time was 24 h. Data obtained in the first stage of the study was only fitted to pseudo-second order kinetic equation, which allowed one to estimate the values of the adsorbed mass of triazine per mass of adsorbent. Humic acid was the material with higher adsorptive capacity (from 1470 ± 43 µg g-1 for DIA to 2380 ± 50 µg g-1 for PRO). In soil, PRO exhibited the highest adsorption (26.5 ± 0.1 µg g-1). The presence of humic acid in the soil increased adsorption of ATR (19.4±0.7 to 23±2 µg g-1), HAT (10.9 ± 0.7 to 18 ± 2 µg g-1) and PRO (26.5 ± 0.7 to 29.8 ± 0.2 µg g-1), but decreased adsorption of SIM, not affecting DIA and DEA. In the study with contact time of 24 h, it was possible apply pseudo-first and pseudo-second order equations for SIM, ATR and PRO. The results confirmed the greatest adsorption of PRO, followed by ATR. HAT, SIM, DEA and DIA had low rates of adsorption on soil, the latter two showed a trend of desorption after 4 h of contact, having the greatest potential for leaching to water bodies near to the places of application.
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Lowry, Bonita Kristine. "Zinnia Growth and Water Use Efficiency in a Rate Study of Coconut Coir Pith and Sphagnum Peat Moss in Container Growing Substrates." The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1419244167.

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NAGUIB, WASSIM IHAB. "LONG-TERM BEHAVIOR OF HYBRID FRP-CONCRETE BEAM-COLUMNS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2001. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin982590541.

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Thompson, Theron James. "The effects of long-duration earthquakes on concrete bridges with poorly confined columns." Online access for everyone, 2004. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Fall2004/T%5FThompson%5F090304.pdf.

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Smith, Ward N. (Ward Nolan). "Leaching of 14C radio-labelled atrazine in long intact soil columns." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60459.

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A leaching study was undertaken with $ sp{14}$C radio-labelled atrazine in long, intact, soil columns to investigate the fate and transport of atrazine in a Quebec sandy loam soil and to test two contaminant transport models, namely PRZM and LEACHMP.
Results indicated a large variation in atrazine concentration. The maximum levels in the leachate of the soil columns ranged from 0 to 11.2 $ mu$g/L. Deisopropyl-atrazine, the principal metabolite in the soil columns, was detected near the soil surface and did not leach beyond 15 cm depth. The adsorptive and desorptive capacity of atrazine in the soil columns was mainly attributed to organic matter and moisture content.
LEACHMP was found to be superior in predicting hydrologic characteristics in the soil columns as compared to PRZM which required calibration. Both models underestimated levels of atrazine near the soil surface and in the leachate (115 cm depth). The results from first and second order analysis for PRZM and LEACHMP showed considerable uncertainty in atrazine fate and transport. First and second order analyses were found to be useful tools in indicating where efforts to reduce uncertainty can best be directed.
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Books on the topic "Long Column"

1

Keating, Frank. Long days, late nights: Sporting classics from his Punch column. London: Unwin Paperbacks, 1987.

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Randall, Kimberly, ed. I've been writing a newspaper column for so long I don't think I could hold a real job anymore: The wit and wisdom of Joe Kelly. Utica, NY: Good Times Pub., 1995.

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Roy, Anuradha. Patterns of feminist consciousness in Indian women writers: A study of Anita Desai's Cry, the peacock, Nayantara Sahgal's Storm in Chandigarh, Attia Hosain's Sunlight on a broken column, Rama Mehta's Inside the haveli, Shashi Despande's That long silence. New Delhi: Prestige Books, 1999.

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Relief from IBS: Simple stepsfor long-term control of irritable bowel syndrome. Barnstaple: European Medical Journal, 1995.

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Difference makers: Stories of those who dared : a collection of interview columns by Susan Long. New Jersey: World Scientific, 2005.

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Bill, James. The girl with the long back. New York: Norton, 2004.

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Bill, James. The girl with the long back. London: Constable, 2003.

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Moustache Pete is dead!: Evviva baffo pietro! (long live Moustache Pete!) : the Fra noi columns 1985-1988. Lafayette, IN: Bordighera Press, 2010.

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Gardaphé, Fred L. Moustache Pete is dead!: Evviva Baffo Pietro! (long live Moustache Pete!) : Italian/American oral tradition preserved in print ; the Fra noi columns, 1985-1988. West Lafayette, IN: Bordighera, 1997.

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Shah, Chirag D., and Maunak V. Rana. Advances in Dorsal Column Stimulation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190626761.003.0017.

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Spinal cord stimulation (SCS) has been a long established therapy for various pain conditions including low back pain, failed back surgery syndrome, complex regional pain syndrome, and other neuropathic and nociceptive pain states. Since the first report of SCS in 1967 by Shealy, advances have occurred in the technology used to achieve clinical analgesia. Developments in both the hardware and software involved have led to significant improvements in functional specificity, as seen in dorsal root ganglion stimulation, along with increasing breadth and depth of the field of neuromodulation. The patient experience during the implantation of the systems, as well as post-procedurally has been enhanced with improvements in programming. These technological improvements have been validated in quality evidenced-based medicine: what was a static area now is a dynamic field, with neuromodulation poised to allow physicians and patients more viable options for better pain control for chronic painful conditions.
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Book chapters on the topic "Long Column"

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Fujimori, Minoru, Hisato Hara, and Hidemitsu Tsutsui. "Column 19. How Long Should Patients with Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma Be Followed After Surgery?" In Treatment of Thyroid Tumor, 305–6. Tokyo: Springer Japan, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54049-6_77.

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Jahn, Silvia, Michael Paul, and Delf Baacke. "Contaminant Release and Carbonate Availability of Sulphide-Bearing Waste Rock derived from Long-term Column Tests." In Uranium in the Aquatic Environment, 407–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_47.

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Wang, Chi-Yuen, and Michael Manga. "Groundwater Temperature." In Lecture Notes in Earth System Sciences, 231–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64308-9_8.

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AbstractChanges of temperature in response to earthquakes have long been documented and, in the case where systematic patterns of change can be discerned, may reveal important hydrogeologic processes. Progress in our understanding of these processes, however, has been slow, largely because systematic measurements are relatively scarce. In this chapter we review some cases where earthquake-induced changes of groundwater temperature were documented and interpreted. More importantly, we show that most interpretations are under-constrained and accurate explanation of the measured changes is often difficult. In order to better constrain the interpretation, co-located measurement of groundwater flow from conductive fractures or formations intersecting the wells is needed to interpret temperature measurements. An often neglected mechanism is turbulent mixing of water in wells, which may occur frequently during earthquakes because the water column in a well at thermal equilibrium with the local geotherm is usually in a state of mechanical disequilibrium.
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Geng, Yue, Gianluca Ranzi, Yu-yin Wang, Raymond Ian Gilbert, and Sumei Zhang. "State-of-the-art review on the time-dependent behaviour of composite steel-concrete columns." In Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures, 83–109. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.ch5.

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<p>This chapter presents a state-of-the-art review of the time-dependent behaviour of composite columns. The first part of the chapter outlines the available typologies and advantages of composite columns. This is followed by an overview of the time-dependent response of concrete (specific to composite columns) and an introduction to concrete confinement. The main part of the chapter is devoted to the state-of-the-art review on how concrete time effects influence the long-term and ultimate behaviour of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns, and on the combined effects produced by sustained loading and chloride corrosion on CFST columns. The review then deals with the long-term behaviour of concrete-filled double skin tube (CFDST) and encased composite columns. The final parts of the chapter provide a review of the time-dependent differential axial shortening (DAS) in vertical components of multi-storey buildings and on the long-term response of arch bridges.</p>
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Hayashi, Tsuyoshi, and Tatsumi Sakurai. "Composite-oriented Variable Section Design and Buckling Strength of Long Columns." In Composite Structures 3, 178–88. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4952-2_13.

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Durner, Edward F. "The Latin square design." In Applied plant science experimental design and statistical analysis using the SAS® OnDemand for Academics, 192–203. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249927.0013.

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Abstract This chapter focuses on Latin square design. The vegetative to floral transition of the apical meristem in main crowns of strawberry plants were investigated. Five treatments was considered: (1) a control; (2) long days (16 hours) at 25°C; (3) long days at 10°C; (4) short days (8 hours) at 25°C; and (5) short days at 10°C. Experiments were set-up as a Latin square dividing each day's work schedule into five segments, thus have five rows (days), five columns (time of day) and five treatments. Results indicates that there was not much variability associated with the day of the week or the time of day for dissection.
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Najdanovic, Dusan, Renaud Favre, and Zivota Perisic. "Experimental Research of Reinforced Concrete Columns Behavior under the Long-Term Eccentric Normal Force." In Progress in Structural Engineering, 153–69. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3616-7_11.

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Ranzi, Gianluca, Graziano Leoni, Luigino Dezi, Alejandro Pérez Caldentey, John Hewitt, Javier Jordán, Raymond Ian Gilbert, et al. "Design specifications for the time-dependent behaviour of composite steel-concrete structures." In Time-dependent behaviour and design of composite steel-concrete structures, 111–36. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/sed018.ch6.

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<p>This chapter deals with the long-term behaviour of composite members and structures used for building and bridge applications and provides a review of the relevant international serviceability limit state design methodologies, with particular focus given to the European, Australian and New Zealand, and American specifications. The first part of the chapter introduces the deflection limit requirements specified in design procedures for satisfying the serviceability limit state conditions. This is followed by a review of the design procedures recommended in the specifications for composite slabs, beams, and columns. Particular attention is devoted to reviewing design methodologies for the calculation of the displacements, for detailing, and for control of concrete cracking.</p>
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Ren, Q. X., T. G. Chen, C. K. Huang, and Y. H. Liu. "Nonlinear Finite Element Buckling Analysis of Square Reinforced Concrete long Columns Confined with Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastic (CFRP) Sheets under Uniaxial Compression." In Computational Methods in Engineering & Science, 214. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-48260-4_60.

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Csővári, Mihály, and Gábor Simoncsics. "On-site column experiments." In Long-term Performance of Permeable Reactive Barriers, 137–51. Elsevier, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5215(05)80010-4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long Column"

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Sulthana, U. Mashudha, and S. Arul Jayachandran. "Investigations on global buckling behaviour of concrete-filled double-skinned steel tubular columns." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7144.

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Concrete-Filled Double-skinned Steel Tubular columns (CFDST) are proved to possess exceptional structural resistance in case of fire and multi-hazard situations. This superior quality of CFDST makes it preferable in long column applications. However, studies on the long column behaviour of CFDST is very few, and their results are not in line with the behaviour of CFST long columns. Whereas, several researches on stub column CFDST shows that, the axial compression behaviour of CFDST is similar to CFST. In this paper, selected results (4 numbers of circular CFDST specimens) from a large test data is presented. Axial compression behaviour of long column CFDST specimens is studied, with non-dimensional slenderness λ around 1.0, and hollowness ratio as the governing parameter for study. Test results namely, axial load carrying capacity, axial deformation and lateral deflection are presented in this paper. Numerical models are also developed and validated with the experimental results, to carry out more parametric studies. Further, the experimental axial capacity values are compared with modified capacity equations from EC4 and AISC. Results show that extended EC4 and AISC equations gives conservative predictions for CFDST column even in the long column range. Moreover, the initial imperfections in the specimen and their corresponding boundary conditions for load application, are found to be governing parameters in long column buckling study.
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Muramatsu, N., and H. Ando. "Efficiency of gripping mechanism using buckling phenomenon of long column." In 2008 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Biomimetics. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/robio.2009.4913218.

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Muramatsu, N. "Development of Miniature Gripper Using Buckling Phenomenon of Long Column." In ASME 8th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2006-95003.

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This paper developed the element technologies for commercialization of the miniature gripper which was considered in the previous paper. There, making use of buckling phenomenon of a long column was tried for the opening and closing mechanism of the miniature gripper. As a result, it was verified which was useful as the opening and closing mechanism of the fingers because it does not need a special mechanism for displacement enlargement, so unique, original and simple. The results obtained are as follows. (1) In the manufacturing of a multi-finger hand, the way for a blank cut from the elastic plate by wire-cut electrical discharge machine to be bent like a telescopic umbrella folded was devised. According to the way, not only will the finger with uneven division or variant be manufactured, but also could further miniaturization be made in similarity. (2) As for the adjustment technique of the gripping force, a positioning nut enabled translational displacement of a screw axis nut to be mechanically set. Consequently, the gripping force changes corresponding to the closing amount of the finger with 0 to maximum (solid contact). (3) In the application of this opening and closing mechanism, a pair of electric tweezers, which finger is automatically opened and closed approximately 5mm by one way rotation drive of a motor, was prototyped. Reciprocating translational displacement h0 of the hand center was realized by simple spherical cam mechanism comprising two small steel balls only with eccentricity each other which are in contact. Radii rc and rf of the steel balls of the prototype are 0.5mm, maximum lift h0 0.3mm and eccentricity 0.357mm.
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Muramatsu, N., H. Ando, M. Takaki, H. Matsumoto, and Y. Kubouchi. "Gripping Efficiency of Gripping Mechanism Using Buckling Phenomenon of Long Column." In ASME 2006 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2006-13631.

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In the development of miniature opening and closing mechanism, piezoelectric element has been used as its actuator. This mechanism, however, tends to become larger and complicated as it needs a mechanism for displacement enlargement because of the infinitesimal output displacement. Therefore, an attempt applying buckling phenomenon of long column to the opening and closing mechanism of finger has been made. An elastic member with a long strip shape was bent in the shape of M character, both ends fixed and reciprocating translational drive was imparted to the V-shaped common portion at the center. As a result, a simple miniature gripper with large rate of bending displacement at the finger tip to a translational displacement at the center, namely the enlargement rate of the displacement, has been developed. In this study, in addition to the element technology development for product, such improvements as increasing of the rate of gripping force to driving tensile force on the finger, that is, gripping efficiency were aimed. The results obtained are as follows. (1) Hinge joints on supporting portions at both ends or the mid common portion of the fingers decrease the driving tensile force beginning to grip. They, however, little contribute to the improvement of the gripping efficiency. (2) Crossing an operating member at the center in the shape of × character so as to enlarge an angle of the operating members to the finger increases the gripping efficiency. The enlargement rate of the displacement, however, decreases, so that the angle should be decided based on the object. (3) Free support of an intermediate portion on a lateral surface of the finger allows the change of the gripping efficiency. When bending deformation outside at the center in length of the finger is restrained, the gripping efficiency increases by about 2 times.
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Nakaue, Shinya, and Yasushi Nishimura. "Improvement of bearing performance on exterior steel beam-reinforced concrete column joints with steel column." In 12th international conference on ‘Advances in Steel-Concrete Composite Structures’ - ASCCS 2018. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/asccs2018.2018.7077.

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To improve the bearing failure behavior of the exterior steel beam-reinforced concrete column joints composed of reinforced concrete columns, joint details using steel column was proposed. Steel column was attached to the lower flanges at right angles to the steel flange. The objective of this study is to clarify the effectiveness of proposed joint details experimentally and theoretically. To clarify the influence of steel column on the bearing failure of the joint, seven T-shaped subassemblages were tested under reversed cyclic loading. All specimens had the same cross sections of the steel beam. The experimental variables were the embedded length of the steel column, whether there is the end plate at the tip of the embedded steel column, and, the arrangement of transverse reinforcement ratio surrounding the steel column. The following remarks can be drawn from the test results. 1) In case of the specimen with a short embedded length of the steel column, the punching shear failure on the upper surface of the steel beam flange was remarkable when the maximum strength was reached. However, in the specimen with long embedded length of steel column, it was not observed the punching shear failure. 2) The maximum strength increased with the embedded length of the steel column. Further, the maximum strength of the specimen with the embedded length of three times of the steel column depths is subjected to bending yield strength of the steel column. 3) It was shown that the transverse reinforcement to surround the steel column and the end plate were necessary to improve the bearing failure of the joint.
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Cho, Yun-Hee, Hyun-Kyo Lim, Dong-Gun Yu, Jung-Hyun Kim, Gi-Chung Kwon, Eun-Ha Choi, and Guangsup Cho. "Plasma propagation along the long positive column plasma: I. light signal observations." In 2010 IEEE 37th International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2010.5534004.

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Kim, Jung-Hyun, Dong-Gun Yu, Gi-Chung Kwon, Eun-Ha Choi, Guangsup Cho, John P. Verboncoeur, and Han Sup Uhm. "Plasma propagation along the long positive column plasma: II. plasma wave analysis." In 2010 IEEE 37th International Conference on Plasma Sciences (ICOPS). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2010.5534005.

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DONG, MINGHAI, LI SONG, and YING SHAO. "TOP JOINT STUDY ON TEMPERATURE STRESS FOR SUPER-LONG SLAB-COLUMN STRUCTURE." In Proceedings of the 9th AEPA2008. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814261579_0043.

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Alam, Askari Badre, and D. A. Strait. "Long-Dwell, Finite-Dwell Linkages." In ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences collocated with the ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc1994-0227.

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Abstract A new class of long-dwell, finite-dwell linkages has been discovered. This paper presents the design methodology for the new type of mechanisms using a dual stiffness element (buckling column). Fabrication of a first new long dwell mechanism working prototype has been completed. The experimental system is described and results of numerical and experimental models are compared. Simplification of these new mechanisms via introduction of flexible links and joints is discussed.
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Boisvert, Jean-Sebastien, and Joelle Margot. "A Long Helium Plasma Column Generated At 13.56 Mhz Up To Atmospheric Pressure." In 2017 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/plasma.2017.8496139.

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Reports on the topic "Long Column"

1

Teng, Ming-Hung, Elisa Sotelino, and Wai-Fah Chen. Monitoring of Long-Term Performance of Highway Bridge Columns Retrofitted by Advanced Composite Jackets in Indiana. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.5703/1288284313274.

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Saeed, Yasir. Use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) Including Sheets, Rods, and Ropes in Strengthening and Repairing Long Reinforced Concrete Columns. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.7472.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON STABILITY OF HIGH STRENGTH STEEL LONG COLUMNS WITH BOX-SECTIONS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, December 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2017.13.4.5.

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