Relevant bibliographies by topics / Long chain

Academic literature on the topic 'Long chain'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Long chain"

1

de Gennes, P. G. "One long chain among shorter chains." Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Symposia 61, no. 1 (March 8, 2007): 313–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polc.5070610130.

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Jefferson, A., and S. Wangchareontrakul. "Long-chain phenols." Journal of Chromatography A 367 (January 1986): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(00)94823-4.

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Mcleish, T. C. B. "Long Chain Branching." Chemical Engineering Research and Design 78, no. 1 (January 2000): 12–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1205/026387600527031.

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Bragg, William Henry. "Long Chain Molecules." Journal of the Society of Dyers and Colourists 42, no. 8 (October 22, 2008): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-4408.1926.tb01390.x.

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Zelnik, Iris D., Giora Volpert, Leena E. Viiri, Dimple Kauhanen, Tamar Arazi, Katriina Aalto-Setälä, Reijo Laaksonen, and Anthony H. Futerman. "Different rates of flux through the biosynthetic pathway for long-chain versus very-long-chain sphingolipids." Journal of Lipid Research 61, no. 10 (July 10, 2020): 1341–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1194/jlr.ra120000984.

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The backbone of all sphingolipids (SLs) is a sphingoid long-chain base (LCB) to which a fatty acid is N-acylated. Considerable variability exists in the chain length and degree of saturation of both of these hydrophobic chains, and recent work has implicated ceramides with different LCBs and N-acyl chains in distinct biological processes; moreover, they may play different roles in disease states and possibly even act as prognostic markers. We now demonstrate that the half-life, or turnover rate, of ceramides containing diverse N-acyl chains is different. By means of a pulse-labeling protocol using stable-isotope, deuterated free fatty acids, and following their incorporation into ceramide and downstream SLs, we show that very-long-chain (VLC) ceramides containing C24:0 or C24:1 fatty acids turn over much more rapidly than long-chain (LC) ceramides containing C16:0 or C18:0 fatty acids due to the more rapid metabolism of the former into VLC sphingomyelin and VLC hexosylceramide. In contrast, d16:1 and d18:1 ceramides show similar rates of turnover, indicating that the length of the sphingoid LCB does not influence the flux of ceramides through the biosynthetic pathway. Together, these data demonstrate that the N-acyl chain length of SLs may not only affect membrane biophysical properties but also influence the rate of metabolism of SLs so as to regulate their levels and perhaps their biological functions.
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Pourabdollahi, Zahra, Behzad Karimi, Abolfazl K. Mohammadian, and Kazuya Kawamura. "Shipping Chain Choices in Long-Distance Supply Chains." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2410, no. 1 (January 2014): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2410-07.

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Tolentino, Ainhoa, Abdelilah Alla, Antxon Martínez de Ilarduya, Mercè Font-Bardía, Salvador León, and Sebastián Muñoz-Guerra. "Thermal behavior of long-chain alkanoylcholine soaps." RSC Adv. 4, no. 21 (2014): 10738–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3ra47049k.

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Long-chain alkanoylcholines prepared from fatty acids adopt a diversity of thermally interconvertible phases made of a bilayered structure with alkanoyl chains crystallized or interdigitated in a more or less extent depending on temperature and alkanoyl chain length.
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Moss, Robert A., and Chuan-Sheng Ge. "Long-chain (polyfluoroalkyl)oxacarbenes." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 73, no. 1 (July 1995): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-1139(94)03213-j.

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Minton, Kirsty. "A long-chain reaction." Nature Reviews Immunology 15, no. 12 (October 30, 2015): 726–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri3934.

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Stephanou, E. "Long-chain n-aldehydes." Naturwissenschaften 76, no. 10 (October 1989): 464–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00366223.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Long chain"

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White, Michael Jon. "Long-chain fatty acid incorporation into, and long-chain alcohol production by, yeasts." Thesis, University of Bath, 1987. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.760562.

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Gorce, Jean-Philippe. "Crystallisation and chain conformation of long chain n-alkanes." Thesis, Sheffield Hallam University, 2000. http://shura.shu.ac.uk/19705/.

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Hydrocarbon chains are a basic component in a number of systems as diverse as biological membranes, phospholipids and polymers. A better understanding of the physical properties of n-alkane chains should provide a better understanding of these more complex systems. With this aim, vibrational spectroscopy has been extensively used. This technique, sensitive to molecular details, is the only one able to both identify and quantify conformational disorder present in paraffinic systems. To achieve this, methyl deformations have been widely used as "internal standards" for the normalisation of peak areas. However, in the case of n-alkanes with short chain length, such as n-C[44]H[90] for example, the infrared spectra recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature and reported here show the sensitivity of these latter peaks to the various crystal structures formed. Indeed, the main frequencies of the symmetric methyl bending mode were found between 1384 cm[-1] and 1368 cm[-1] as a function of the crystal form. Changes in the frequency of the first order of the L.A.M. present in the Raman spectra were also observed. At higher temperatures, non all-trans conformers, inferred from different infrared bands present in the wagging mode region, were found to be essentially placed at the end of the n-alkane chains. At the monoclinic phase transition, the concentration of end-gauche conformers, proportional to the area of the infrared band at 1342 cm[-1], increases abruptly. On the contrary, in the spectra recorded at liquid nitrogen temperature no such band is observed. We also studied the degree of disorder in two purely monodisperse long chain n-alkanes, namely n-C[198]H[398] and n-C[246]H[494]. The chain conformation as well as the tilt angle of the chains from the crystal surfaces were determined by means of low frequency Raman spectroscopy and S.A.X.S. measurements on solution-crystallised samples. The increase in the number of end-gauche conformers which was expected to occur with the increase of the tilt angle as a function of the temperature was not detected due to a perfecting of the crystals. Indeed, due to successive heating and cooling to -173°C, the concentration of non all-trans conformers was found to decrease within the crystals. Their numbers were found to be up to six times higher in n-C[198]H[398] crystallised in once folded form than when crystallised in extended form. The C-C stretching mode region of the spectra was used to identify the chain conformation and to estimate the length of the all-trans stem passing through the crystal layers at -173°C. The transition between once folded and extended form crystals was indicated by the presence of additional bands in this region at 1089 cm[-1], 1078 cm[-1] and 1064 cm[-1]. Some of those bands may be related to the fold itself. At the same time, a strong decrease of the intensity of the infrared bands present in the wagging mode region was observed. Finally, the triple layered structure proposed on the basis of X-ray measurements obtained from the crystals of a binary mixture of long chain n-alkanes, namely n-C[162]H[326] and n-C[246]H[494], was confirmed from the study of the C-C stretching mode region of the infrared spectra.
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Cheng, Zijun. "Synthesis of long chain ammonium sulfobetaines." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ39808.pdf.

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Hodgson, Lisa Frances. "Long-chain alcohol production by yeasts." Thesis, University of Bath, 1990. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.278949.

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Thomas, Sydney. "Measurement and modelling of long chain branching in chain growth polymerization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0001/NQ42769.pdf.

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Yildiz, Ünveren Hesna Hülya. "Hydroformylation of long chain olefins in microemulsion." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=972892109.

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Putra, Edy Giri Rachman. "Solution crystallization of long chain n-alkanes." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401188.

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Liu, Gengxin. "Nonlinear Rheology of Long-Chain Branched Polymers." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1436977058.

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Jeffries, Kristen A. "Biosynthesis of Long-chain Fatty Acid Amides." Scholar Commons, 2015. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5850.

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The vast variety of long-chain fatty acid amides identified in biological systems is intriguing. The general structure of a fatty acid amide is R-CO-NH-X, where R is an alkyl group and X is derived from an immense variety of biogenic amines. Although structurally simple, the bioactivities of these molecules as signaling lipids are very diverse and have just recently begun to emerge in the literature. Interest in the long-chain fatty acid amides dramatically increased following the identification and characterization of one specific N-acylethanolamine, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide), as the endogenous ligand for the cannabinoid receptors in the mammalian brain. Since this discovery, the details of N-acylethanolamine metabolism have been elucidated. However, a lesser extent of progress has been made in the last twenty years to identify and study the non-N-acylethanolamine long-chain fatty acid amides. The focus of this dissertation is the elucidation of the biosynthetic pathways for long-chain fatty acid amides, including N-acylglycines, primary fatty acid amides, N-acylarylalkylamides, and N-acylethanolamines. The details of long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism will lead to the determination of possible therapeutic targets. We identified mammalian glycine N-acyltransferase like 3 as the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of long-chain N-acylglycines in mouse N18TG2 neuoblastoma cells, identified and quantified a panel of long-chain fatty acid amides in Drosophila melanogaster extracts by LC/QTOF-MS, established Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to study long-chain fatty acid amide metabolism, and identified arylalkylamine N-acyltransferase like 2 as the enzyme that catalyzes the formation of long-chain N-acylserotonins and N-acyldopamines in Drosophila melanogaster.
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Liu, Nannan 1973. "Molecular weight distribution of long chain branched polyethylene." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=79248.

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To fully understand the properties of Long Chain Branched Metallocene Polyethylene (LCB mPE), we need to understand its molecular structure and Molecular Weight Distribution (MWD). Gel Permeation Chromatography (GPC) is the most important and widely applied technique to measure the MWD. In this analytical technique, polymer molecules are fractionated by their hydrodynamic volume (i.e. the sizes of polymer molecules in dilute solution). This work is focused on the simulation of GPC for the MWD of LCB mPE.
The polymerization reaction mechanism of LCB mPE provides a method to simulate the generation of LCB mPE molecules thus allowing the development of a statistical model of the structure and molecular weight distribution of LCB mPE by previous researchers. This statistical model gives a theoretical MWD. In this work after simulating the generation of one million LCB mPE molecules, we calculate the sizes (i.e. radii of gyration) of molecules at both theta and good solvent conditions to obtain the molecular size distributions. Then we simulate the fractionation in GPC and the different GPC detector responses to obtain simulated GPC MWDs. The simulated MWDs are compared to real GPC results provided by the Dow Chemical Company. We analyze the performance of GPC for long chain branched polyethylene and relate the results to the theoretical MWD.
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Books on the topic "Long chain"

1

Long chain of death. London: Collins, 1988.

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Wolf, Sarah. Long chain of death. Leicester: Ulverscroft, 1990.

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Wolf, Sarah. Long chain of death. New York: Walker, 1987.

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Illsley, Derek Ronald. The polymerisation of long chain alkenes. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1990.

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Harald, Breivik, ed. Long-chain omega-3 specialty oils. Bridgwater, England: Oily Press, 2007.

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Das, Undurti N. A Perinatal Strategy For Preventing Adult Disease: The Role Of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8564-4.

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Carlson, Susan E. Assessment of infant visual and cognitive function in relation to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Basel: Editiones Roche, 1996.

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A perinatal strategy for preventing adult disease: The role of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. Boston, Mass: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2002.

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Whitfield, Helen V. The synthesis and utilization of very long chain fatty acids by developing seeds of nasturtium and other oilseeds. Norwich: University of East Anglia, 1992.

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Coffey, P. E. The synthesis and characterisation of hexa-alkoxy-substituted cyclotriphosphazenes with straight-chain alkyl groups of5 to 10 carbons long. Manchester: UMIST, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Long chain"

1

Durif, A. "Long-Chain Polyphosphates." In Crystal Chemistry of Condensed Phosphates, 111–86. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-9894-4_3.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Long-Chain Branching." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 433. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_7007.

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Cerf, Raphaël, and Joseba Dalmau. "Long Chain Regime." In Probability Theory and Stochastic Modelling, 41–45. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-08663-2_6.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, Margit Salzmann, and Dörte Stephan. "Long-chain-aldehyde dehydrogenase." In Enzyme Handbook, 211–14. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58051-2_43.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Dörte Stephan. "Long-chain-alcohol oxidase." In Enzyme Handbook 10, 438–43. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57756-7_116.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Dörte Stephan. "Long-chain-alcohol dehydrogenase." In Enzyme Handbook 10, 140–42. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-57756-7_40.

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Sherwood, Amanda R., Vikas V. Dukhande, Matthew S. Gentry, Sarah Sullivan, Weiguo Zhang, John H. White, Mario R. Calderon, et al. "Long-Chain Base Phosphate." In Encyclopedia of Signaling Molecules, 1025. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0461-4_100711.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, Margit Salzmann, and Dörte Stephan. "Long-chain-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase." In Enzyme Handbook, 687–89. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-58051-2_145.

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Schomburg, Dietmar, and Margit Salzmann. "Long-chain-enoyl-CoA hydratase." In Enzyme Handbook 1, 869–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-86605-0_196.

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Das, Undurti N. "Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids." In A Perinatal Strategy For Preventing Adult Disease: The Role Of Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, 135–74. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8564-4_9.

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Conference papers on the topic "Long chain"

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Gu, Liangliang, Yuewen Xu, Grant Fahnhorst, and Christopher W. Macosko. "Long chain branching of PLA." In NOVEL TRENDS IN RHEOLOGY VII. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4982985.

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Hirschmann, R., and J. Friedrich. "Hole Burning in Long Chain Molecular Aggregates." In Persistent Spectral Hole Burning: Science and Applications. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/pshb.1991.fe15.

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The salts of pseudoisocyanine (PIC) have very specific optical properties. Under certain conditions (concentration, temperature) the PIC-molecules form linear aggregates in solution. Since the coupling between the molecules comprising the aggregate is very strong, the excited states are delocalized over a large range. A coherence length on the order of 1000 Å is not uncommon. These excitonic states carry momentum and, hence, the physics of these systems shows novel phenomena as compared to small probe systems. Such phenomena are , for instance, extreme motional narrowing of inhomogeneous line broadening and a very specific temperature dependence of the homogeneous width due to exciton-phonon-scattering processes in which both, energy as well as momentum, have to be conserved.
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Baumel, Tal, Raphael Cohen, and Michael Elhadad. "Query-Chain Focused Summarization." In Proceedings of the 52nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.3115/v1/p14-1086.

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Moreau, Robert, Alberto Nunez, Andrew Harrron, Megan Hums, and Michael Powell. "Unusual Long Chain Fatty Acids in Sorghum Wax." In Virtual 2021 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/am21.133.

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Pazdera, P., J. Šimbera, and K. Sedlácek. "Preparation of Long-Chain Alkoxyethoxysulfates and Synthetic Applications." In The 9th International Electronic Conference on Synthetic Organic Chemistry. Basel, Switzerland: MDPI, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ecsoc-9-01499.

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ERONEN, L., F. GEERTS, and H. TOIVONEN. "A MARKOV CHAIN APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION OF LONG HAPLOTYPES." In Proceedings of the Pacific Symposium. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812704856_0011.

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Choucri, Nazli, and Gaurav Agarwal. "Securing the Long-Chain of Cyber-Physical Global Communication Infrastructure." In 2019 IEEE International Symposium on Technologies for Homeland Security (HST). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/hst47167.2019.9032933.

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Li, Haotian, and Zijian Xing. "A long chain-like reader antenna for UHF RFID application." In 2017 Sixth Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (APCAP). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/apcap.2017.8420477.

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Khan, Fazlullah, Syed Asif Kamal, and Fahim Arif. "Fairness improvement in long chain multihop wireless ad hoc networks." In 2013 International Conference on Connected Vehicles and Expo (ICCVE). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iccve.2013.6799854.

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Karjala, T. P., R. L. Sammler, M. A. Mangnus, L. G. Hazlitt, M. S. Johnson, C. M. Hagen, J. W. L. Huang, et al. "Detection of Low Levels of Long-Chain Branching in Polyolefins." In THE XV INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON RHEOLOGY: The Society of Rheology 80th Annual Meeting. AIP, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2964685.

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Reports on the topic "Long chain"

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Duncan, Andrew J., Donald J. Leo, Timothy E. Long, and James F. Snyder. Synthesis of Long-Chain-Branched (LCB) Polysulfones for Multifunctional Transport Membranes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada528735.

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Stone, Rebecca L., Joseph M. Mabry, and Timothy S. Haddad. Synthesis and Characterization of Long-Chain Fluorinated Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (F-POSS). Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada533419.

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Mobley, David P. Biosynthesis of long-chain dicarboxylic acid monomers from renewable resources. Final technical report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/763082.

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Jubin, Robert Thomas, Stephanie H. Bruffey, Nick R. Soelberg, and Amy K. Welty. Joint Test Plan for the Evaluation of Iodine Retention for Long-Chain Organic Iodides. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1459294.

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Bruffey, Stephanie, Allison Greaney, Nick Soelberg, Amy Welty, and Robert Jubin. Iodine Retention of Long-chain Organic Iodides on Silver-based Sorbents under DOG and VOG Conditions. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1814401.

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Sukenik, Assaf, Paul Roessler, and John Ohlrogge. Biochemical and Physiological Regulation of Lipid Synthesis in Unicellular Algae with Special Emphasis on W-3 Very Long Chain Lipids. United States Department of Agriculture, January 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1995.7604932.bard.

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Various unicellular algae produce omega-3 (w3) very-long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFA), which are rarely found in higher plants. In this research and other studies from our laboratories, it has been demonstrated that the marine unicellular alga Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae) can be used as a reliable and high quality source for the w3 VLC-PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). This alga is widely used in mariculture systems as the primary component of the artificial food chain in fish larvae production, mainly due to its high EPA content. Furthermore, w3 fatty acids are essential for humans as dietary supplements and may have therapeutic benefits. The goal of this research proposal was to understand the physiological and biochemical mechanisms which regulate the synthesis and accumulation of glycerolipids enriched with w3 VLC-PUFA in Nannochloropsis. The results of our studies demonstrate various aspects of lipid synthesis and its regulation in the alga: 1. Variations in lipid class composition imposed by various environmental conditions were determined with special emphasis on the relative abundance of the molecular species of triacylglycerol (TAG) and monogalactosyl diacylglycerol (MGDG). 2. The relationships between the cellular content of major glycerolipids (TAG and MGDG) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis were studied. The results suggested the importance of UDP-galactose diacylglycerol galactosyl (UDGT) in regulation of the cellular level of MGDG. In a current effort we have purified UDGT several hundredfold from Nannochloropsis. It is our aim to purify this enzyme to near homogeneity and to produce antibodies against this enzyme in order to provide the tools for elucidation of the biochemical mechanisms that regulate this enzyme and carbon allocation into galactolipids. 3. Our in vitro and in vivo labeling studies indicated the possibility that phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) are associated with desaturation of the structural lipids, whereas shorter chain saturated fatty acids are more likely to be incorporated into TAG. 4. Isolation of several putative mutants of Nannochloropsis which appear to have different lipid and fatty acid compositions than the wild type; a mutant of a special importance that is devoid of EPA was fully characterized. In addition, we could demonstrate the feasibility of Nannochloropsis biomass production for aquaculture and human health: 1) We demonstrated in semi-industrial scale the feasibility of mass production of Nannochloropsis biomass in collaboration with the algae plant NBT in Eilat; 2) Nutritional studies verified the importance algal w3 fatty acids for the development of rats and demonstrated that Nannochloropsis biomass fed to pregnant and lactating rats can benefit their offspring.
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Nikam, Jaee, Daniel Ddiba, and George Njoroge. Analysis of the Plastic Waste Value Chain in India: A Scoping Study. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2022.037.

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Plastic waste accumulation and inadequate disposal are global issues that are especially problematic for countries with large and growing populations and long coastlines, such as India. This report provides an overview of the complex plastic value chain in India, the key stakeholders involved, and their roles and interactions. Also provided are an overview of some innovative solutions along the plastic value chain and a map of relevant policies and regulations, both nationally and focusing on Tamil Nadu State, as well as the barriers and enablers for their implementation.
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Khan, Saif M. Securing Semiconductor Supply Chains. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/20190017.

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The countries with the greatest capacity to develop, produce and acquire state-of-the-art semiconductor chips hold key advantages in the development of emerging technologies. At present, the United States and its allies possess significant leverage over core segments of the supply chain used to produce these chips. This policy brief outlines actions the United States and its allies can take to secure that advantage in the long term and use it to promote the beneficial use of emerging technologies, such as artificial intelligence.
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9

Masset, Edoardo. Evaluating complex interventions: What are appropriate methods? Centre for Excellence and Development Impact and Learning (CEDIL), February 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.51744/cmb7.

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In this CEDIL Methods Brief, we identify four types of complex development interventions: long causal chain interventions, multicomponent interventions, portfolio interventions, and system-level interventions. These interventions are characterised by multiple activities, multiple outcomes, multiple components, a high level of interconnectedness, and non-linear outcomes. We identify a number of approaches that support the evaluation of different types of complex interventions.
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10

Stall, Nathan M., Kevin A. Brown, Antonina Maltsev, Aaron Jones, Andrew P. Costa, Vanessa Allen, Adalsteinn D. Brown, et al. COVID-19 and Ontario’s Long-Term Care Homes. Ontario COVID-19 Science Advisory Table, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47326/ocsat.2021.02.07.1.0.

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Key Message Ontario long-term care (LTC) home residents have experienced disproportionately high morbidity and mortality, both from COVID-19 and from the conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. There are several measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes, if implemented. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Third, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by approaches that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Summary Background The Province of Ontario has 626 licensed LTC homes and 77,257 long-stay beds; 58% of homes are privately owned, 24% are non-profit/charitable, 16% are municipal. LTC homes were strongly affected during Ontario’s first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic. Questions What do we know about the first and second waves of COVID-19 in Ontario LTC homes? Which risk factors are associated with COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario LTC homes and the extent and death rates associated with outbreaks? What has been the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the general health and wellbeing of LTC residents? How has the existing Ontario evidence on COVID-19 in LTC settings been used to support public health interventions and policy changes in these settings? What are the further measures that could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes? Findings As of January 14, 2021, a total of 3,211 Ontario LTC home residents have died of COVID-19, totaling 60.7% of all 5,289 COVID-19 deaths in Ontario to date. There have now been more cumulative LTC home outbreaks during the second wave as compared with the first wave. The infection and death rates among LTC residents have been lower during the second wave, as compared with the first wave, and a greater number of LTC outbreaks have involved only staff infections. The growth rate of SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC residents was slower during the first two months of the second wave in September and October 2020, as compared with the first wave. However, the growth rate after the two-month mark is comparatively faster during the second wave. The majority of second wave infections and deaths in LTC homes have occurred between December 1, 2020, and January 14, 2021 (most recent date of data extraction prior to publication). This highlights the recent intensification of the COVID-19 pandemic in LTC homes that has mirrored the recent increase in community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across Ontario. Evidence from Ontario demonstrates that the risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks and subsequent deaths in LTC are distinct from the risk factors for outbreaks and deaths in the community (Figure 1). The most important risk factors for whether a LTC home will experience an outbreak is the daily incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infections in the communities surrounding the home and the occurrence of staff infections. The most important risk factors for the magnitude of an outbreak and the number of resulting resident deaths are older design, chain ownership, and crowding. Figure 1. Anatomy of Outbreaks and Spread of COVID-19 in LTC Homes and Among Residents Figure from Peter Hamilton, personal communication. Many Ontario LTC home residents have experienced severe and potentially irreversible physical, cognitive, psychological, and functional declines as a result of precautionary public health interventions imposed on homes, such as limiting access to general visitors and essential caregivers, resident absences, and group activities. There has also been an increase in the prescribing of psychoactive drugs to Ontario LTC residents. The accumulating evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been leveraged in several ways to support public health interventions and policy during the pandemic. Ontario evidence showed that SARS-CoV-2 infections among LTC staff was associated with subsequent COVID-19 deaths among LTC residents, which motivated a public order to restrict LTC staff from working in more than one LTC home in the first wave. Emerging Ontario evidence on risk factors for LTC home outbreaks and deaths has been incorporated into provincial pandemic surveillance tools. Public health directives now attempt to limit crowding in LTC homes by restricting occupancy to two residents per room. The LTC visitor policy was also revised to designate a maximum of two essential caregivers who can visit residents without time limits, including when a home is experiencing an outbreak. Several further measures could be effective in preventing COVID-19 outbreaks, hospitalizations, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes. First, temporary staffing could be minimized by improving staff working conditions. Second, the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in staff could be minimized by measures that reduce the risk of transmission in communities with a high burden of COVID-19. Third, LTC homes could be further decrowded by a continued disallowance of three- and four-resident rooms and additional temporary housing for the most crowded homes. Other important issues include improved prevention and detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in LTC staff, enhanced infection prevention and control (IPAC) capacity within the LTC homes, a more balanced and nuanced approach to public health measures and IPAC strategies in LTC homes, strategies to promote vaccine acceptance amongst residents and staff, and further improving data collection on LTC homes, residents, staff, visitors and essential caregivers for the duration of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interpretation Comparisons of the first and second waves of the COVID-19 pandemic in the LTC setting reveal improvement in some but not all epidemiological indicators. Despite this, the second wave is now intensifying within LTC homes and without action we will likely experience a substantial additional loss of life before the widespread administration and time-dependent maximal effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines. The predictors of outbreaks, the spread of infection, and deaths in Ontario’s LTC homes are well documented and have remained unchanged between the first and the second wave. Some of the evidence on COVID-19 in Ontario’s LTC homes has been effectively leveraged to support public health interventions and policies. Several further measures, if implemented, have the potential to prevent additional LTC home COVID-19 outbreaks and deaths.
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