Academic literature on the topic 'London (England)'

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Journal articles on the topic "London (England)"

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RICE, B. D., K. SINKA, B. PATEL, T. R. CHADBORN, and V. C. DELPECH. "The changing epidemiology of diagnosed prevalent HIV infections in England: greatest impact on the London environs." Epidemiology and Infection 135, no. 1 (June 6, 2006): 151–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268806006522.

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Data from the 1997–2004 Surveys of Prevalent HIV Infections Diagnosed were analysed by three geographical areas of residence and treatment to describe the heterogeneous growth of the HIV epidemic in England and provide projections to 2007. Between 1997 and 2004, the number of diagnosed HIV-infected adults resident in England increased by 163% (14223 to 37459). Within the ‘London environs’ the increase was 360% (742 to 3411), within the rest of England 219% (4417 to 14088) and within London 120% (9064 to 19960). By 2004, the London environs had the largest proportion of infections acquired through heterosexual sex (and in particular women) and the most recently diagnosed population. Projections indicate over half of diagnosed HIV-infected adults will live outside London by 2007. The epidemiology of diagnosed HIV infection within the London environs is likely to be a predictor of future trends in England overall.
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Thorne, Robert. "London and theBuildings of England." London Journal 24, no. 2 (November 1999): 74–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/ldn.1999.24.2.74.

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Roots, Melanie. "The Watersides of London, England." Environmental Conservation 12, no. 2 (1985): 178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900015630.

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Hill, Maury, Lorraine Gardner, Pam Leigh, and Vicki Seymor. "London, England, 29 November 1989." Applied Ergonomics 21, no. 2 (June 1990): 176. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-6870(90)90194-3.

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Berry, Ralph. "London, England Stage Design 1985." Canadian Theatre Review 45 (December 1985): 130–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.45.014.

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“I think that I shall never see,/A billboard lovely as a tree.” Let Nash’s haunting lines stand as emblem for the strategic options of design, realism, or symbolism. They are nicely illustrated In English stage practice this summer. Take Wild Honey at the National, a version of Chekhov’s Platonov. For Chekhov one needs a country house deep in Russia, a measure of naturalism, and trees. John Gunter’s setting supplied them all. I counted over 20 birches, visible from the porch of the country house set; they looked perfectly real to me. This was a clearcut design theme – the birches were repeated in the poster and programme – and congruent with the elaborately detailed schoolroom of scene four, no tricks, square on, an interior that could have been created at any time this century.
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Chernova, Larisa N. "London and the towns of England in 1350–1370: Socio-economic aspect of their relations." Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, no. 3 (September 23, 2022): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-3-319-328.

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The article examines the directions and forms ofsocio-economic interaction between London and provincial towns of England in 1350– 1370 based on the material of the original sources. It is shown that the main sphere in their relationship was trade, which was implemented in various organizational forms, with extensive use of commodity and monetary credit. Also, the field for interaction was the return of runaway apprentices who left the masters in London and found refuge in different cities of England. Often the mayor of London had to defend the commercial and financial interests of his citizens in the face of opposition from the government of provincial towns. The author concludes that the relations between London and the town “periphery” of England in the XIV century were complicated. But the contradictions that arose were resolved in the existing justice field.
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Boyer, George R. "The Influence of London on Labor Markets in Southern England, 1830-1914." Social Science History 22, no. 3 (1998): 257–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200021751.

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Historians have long acknowledged that London, because of its enormous size and rapidly growing demand for labor, acted as a powerful magnet for migrants from throughout southern England. However, while there is a large literature documenting the flow of migrants to London, there have been surprisingly few attempts to determine the consequences of this migration for southern labor markets. This article attempts to redress the imbalance in the literature by examining the influence of London on agricultural labor markets during the nineteenth century. In particular, the article examines the effect of distance from London on wage rates in southern England at various points in time, and the effect of labor market conditions in London on short-run changes in agricultural wage rates.
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Haddad, Razieh Khaksari, and Zambri Harun. "Fire incident data for England road tunnels." Modern Transportation 12, no. 1 (August 25, 2023): 8855. http://dx.doi.org/10.18686/mt.v12i1.8855.

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<p>This paper presents a study carried out to estimate the fire rate in England road tunnels. The result is a dataset of 28 road tunnels and 59 fire incidents. All tunnels studied in this project are continuously monitored by the National Highways, Transport for London, and Fire and Rescue Services. The work presents a hitherto unavailable dataset demonstrating the fire safety rate of these tunnels. The average fire rate was estimated by a safety analysis and the findings indicate that the average fire rate in England’s road tunnels is 1.481 per billion veh-km. There is an obvious difference between the number of fire incidents in England road tunnels and the number of fire incidents on England roads. It is also found that the fire rate in England’s road tunnels is less than in other European countries considered in this study.<strong></strong></p>
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Gruhl, Boris. "back to london." tanz 14, no. 6 (2023): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/1869-7720-2023-6-030.

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Blair, Lorrie. "Book review for Crits: A student manual, by Terry Barrett / Critique de livre du Crits: A Student Manual, par Terry Barrett." Canadian Review of Art Education / Revue canadienne d’éducation artistique 46, no. 2 (September 13, 2019): 82–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26443/crae.v46i2.79.

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Book Review: Crits: A Student Manual, by Terry Barrett. London, England, Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2019, 188 pp., ISBN:978-1-3500-4159-2. Keywords: Crits; Visual arts; Art education; Student manual.Critique de livre: Crits: A Student Manual, by Terry Barrett. London, England, Bloomsbury Visual Arts, 2019, 188 pp., ISBN:978-1-3500-4159-2 Mots-clés : crits ; arts visuels; éducation artistique ; manuel de l’étudiant.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "London (England)"

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Chong, Uven. "Air quality and climate impacts of Greater London buses and London Paddington trains." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708158.

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Yurchuk, Dorian. "Ranelagh Gardens and the recombinatory utopia of masquerade." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ43986.pdf.

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Richards, Keith Owen. "The Red Bull as community theatre in Clerkenwell." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ37230.pdf.

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Bradley, Helen Lesley. "Italian merchants in London c1350-1450." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282053.

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Deiter, Kristen. "The Tower of London icon of early modern English drama /." Diss., Online access via UMI:, 2005.

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Morin, Nathan L. ""Some might say it is not really busking" : the impact of the Carling Busking Scheme in London, England." Virtual Press, 2008. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1397645.

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Artists have been performing on city streets since the rise of the first ones. Their performances throughout this time period have been shown to have several characteristics that have formed the basis for a model that frames most contemporary street performances. Previous studies suggest that to regulate street performers would be antithetical to this model. However, no study to date has tested these assertions. In order to determine if a licensed street performance is consistent with the prevailing model, I traveled to London, England to work closely with the performers and administrators of a newly introduced licensing scheme on the London Underground. The data shows that these licensed performers do indeed fit the model because the regulations — in the form of place-time-manner restrictions - have preserved a street performer's sense of freedom.
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Eller, Erin E. "A legitimate space for the consumption of art : how Sotheby's, London sells a cultural experience through fine art auctions." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99370.

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The contemporary fine art auction house is a space where aesthetics and commerce merge into a spectacular experience. Sotheby's, London is one example of an auction house turned entertainment space, which masks its blatant capitalist tendencies through the replication of validated cultural institutions. The auction house mimics museum and theatre space in order to create a legitimate social and cultural experience for its clients. Every aspect of the auction event is choreographed to generate demand for its art and an authentic experience for its patrons. Individuals with the approved educational and economical background have access to these constructed locations, and attend the auction performance to purchase social status in conjunction with the art. As a result of this, Sotheby's effectively transforms economic capital into class acceptance through its spectacular space and legitimized cultural events.
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Boyles, Miriam Claire. "Moving with change and loss : an embodied network analysis of later life in London." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.707945.

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Abernethy, Simon Thomas. "Class, gender, and commuting in greater London, 1880-1940." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2016. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.709477.

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Sterling, Lorelei Rose. "The greening of Russell Square Russell Square as a lens on the historical development of early nineteenth century London /." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2009. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Thesis/Spring2009/L_Sterling_042409.pdf.

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Books on the topic "London (England)"

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Stacey, Gill. London. Milwaukee: World Almanac Library, 2004.

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Deary, Terry. London. London: Scholastic, 2010.

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Reynolds, Ray. The London sessions, American Bar Association, London, England. Chicago, Ill.]: American Bar Association, 1986.

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Ray, Reynolds, and American Bar Association Meeting, eds. The London sessions: American Bar Association, London, England. [Chicago, Ill.?]: ABA, 1994.

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Collins, Roland. London. [London]: APA Publications, 1994.

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(Firm), Michelin Travel Partner. London. Boulogne, Billancourt (France): Michelin Travel Partner, 2015.

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Michelin Travel Publications (EDT). London. Greenville, SC: Michelin Travel Publications, 2007.

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Barton, Robin. London. Basingstoke: AA, 2010.

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Hall, Peter. London 2001. London: Unwin Hyman, 1989.

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map, Ordnance Survey. South East England including London. Southampton: Ordnance Survey, 1997.

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Book chapters on the topic "London (England)"

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Bloom, Clive. "The United States of England." In Violent London, 170–88. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230289475_9.

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Fox, Sue, and Eivind Torgersen. "Language Change and Innovation in London: Multicultural London English." In Sociolinguistics in England, 189–213. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-56288-3_8.

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Stenton, Frank. "Norman London." In Social Life in Early England, 179–207. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003539278-7.

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McBride, Joe R., Judith Stilgenbauer, Igor Lacan, Sheauchi Cheng, Scot Medbury, and Deborah L. McBride. "England: London and Coventry." In Reconstruction of Urban Forests, 29–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64938-8_4.

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Rowse, A. L. "London and the Towns." In The England of Elizabeth, 186–248. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599444_5.

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BERRY, CHRIS, and ANGELA W. LITTLE. "Multigrade teaching in London,England." In EDUCATION FOR ALL AND MULTIGRADE TEACHING, 67–86. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/1-4020-4591-3_4.

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Wolfreys, Julian. "The Hieroglyphic Other: The Beetle, London and the Anxieties of Late Imperial England." In Writing London, 8–35. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230591943_2.

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Lewis, Michael. "Toy Coach from London." In Practices of Ephemera in Early Modern England, 169–72. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003058588-14.

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Goddard, Richard. "London: The Commercial Powerhouse." In Credit and Trade in Later Medieval England, 1353-1532, 195–242. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-48987-6_5.

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Fulford, Tim. "Wesley in London.—Whitefield Returns to England." In The Life of Wesley: and the Rise and Progress of Methodism, by Robert Southey, 142–58. London: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003266747-7.

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Conference papers on the topic "London (England)"

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Candfield, Sophie, Emma Plugge, Maciej Czachorowski, and Eamonn O’Moore. "P382 Factors affecting hepatitis C care in prisons in England: a qualitative analysis of stakeholders in london and england." In Abstracts for the STI & HIV World Congress (Joint Meeting of the 23rd ISSTDR and 20th IUSTI), July 14–17, 2019, Vancouver, Canada. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/sextrans-2019-sti.479.

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Thompson, Kevin P. "The first optical convention (in English): the 1905 Optical Convention in London, England." In Contract Proceedings 2006, edited by G. Groot Gregory, Joseph M. Howard, and R. John Koshel. SPIE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.692186.

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"37th DASC Digital Avionics Systems Conference, London, England, UK / September 23-27, 2018." In 2018 IEEE/AIAA 37th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dasc.2018.8569352.

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Thompson, Kevin P. "The “1st” Optical Convention (in English) The 1905 Optical Convention in London, England." In International Optical Design Conference. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/iodc.2006.mb1.

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Morin, Gary, Scott L. Deaton, Roger Chandler, and Simon Miles. "Silvertown Tunnel, London, England—A Case Study Applying BIM Principles to the Geotechnical Process." In Geotechnical Frontiers 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480441.061.

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Beckett, P., R. Dickinson, R. Hubbard, A. Khakwani, and D. West. "S99 Lung cancer surgical outcomes in england (2015)." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2017, QEII Centre Broad Sanctuary Westminster London SW1P 3EE, 6 to 8 December 2017, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210983.105.

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Чернова, Л. Н. "CITIZENS AND THE CHURCH IN ENGLAND DURING THE REFORMATION (BASED ON LONDON MATERIAL OF THE XVIth c.)." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.87.13.004.

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В статье рассматривается влияние Реформации на экономическую жизнь и социокультур-ные представления горожан Лондона, выявляются различные конфессиональные предпочтения и неоднозначное отношение купцов и ремесленных мастеров к церковной политике английских мо-нархов, особенно к секуляризации монастырских имуществ. На материале оригинальных источни-ков автор показывает активное участие богатых горожан в покупке бывших монастырских и цер-ковных земель, переориентацию купечества с рынка в Антверпене на рынки Гамбурга и Данцига, заинтересованность предприимчивых горожан в светском образовании, нашедшую отражение в основании ими бесплатных грамматических школ. Вместе с тем отмечается, что среди части го-рожан сохранялась приверженность католичеству: неприятие реформационного вероучения и но-вой обрядности, политики королевской власти в отношении церкви. The article examines the influence of the Reformation on the economic life and socio-cultural views of Londonʼs citizens, reveals various confessional preferences and the ambiguous attitude of mer-chants and artisans to the ecclesiastical policy of the English monarchs, especially to the secularization of monastic properties. Basing on the material of the original sources the author shows the active participa-tion of rich citizens in the purchase of former monastery and church lands, the merchantsʼ reorientation from the market in Antwerp to the markets of Hamburg and Danzig, the interest of enterprising citizens in secular education that is reflected in the foundation of free grammar schools. At the same time it is noted that among some of the citizens remained committed to Catholicism: rejection of the Reformation doctrine and the new rite, the policy of the royal government in relation to the Church.
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"USING OCCUPIER SURVEYS AS AN INDICATOR OF FUTURE OFFICE DEMAND: THREE SURVEYS IN LONDON AND SOUTH EAST ENGLAND." In 2006 European Real Estate Society conference in association with the International Real Estate Society: ERES Conference 2006. ERES, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.15396/eres2006_267.

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Куцева, Е. А. "THE BOOK CULTURE IN ENGLAND IN XVIIIth CENTURY." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/mcu.2021.90.39.009.

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В XVIII веке Англия становится одной из самых читающих стран в Европе, количество публикаций растет, как в Лондоне, так и в провинции. Развитие книжной торговли было связано с повышением грамотности населения, что стимулировало рост спроса на печатную продукцию. Периодические издания активно развивались, появлялись новые их виды и жанры (обзоры, еже-дневные издания). Повышению спроса также способствовало развитие рекламы и обострение по-литической борьбы в стране. Отмена предварительной цензуры 1695 г. и Статут королевы Анны 1710 г. сыграли важную роль в формировании английской книжной культуры XVIII века, послед-ний заложил основу авторского права в Англии. В статье исследуется организация книжного рын-ка в Англии XVIII века, анализируется развитие авторского права, особенности книгоиздания, проблема пиратства или нарушения авторских прав, создание системы библиотек. In the XVIIIth century England becomes one of the most reading countries in Europe, the number of publications is growing, both in London and in the provinces. The development of the book trade was due to an increase in literacy of the population, which stimulated an increase in demand for printed products. Periodicals are actively developing, new types of printed publications and new genres (reviews, daily editions) appear. The rise in demand also contributed to the development of advertising and intensification of political strife in the country. The abolition of preliminary censorship in 1695 and the Statute of Queen Anne of 1710 were significant for the formation of English book culture in the XVIIIth century, the latter laid the foundation for copyright in England. The article examines the organization of the book market in England in the XVIIIth century, analyzes the development of copyright, features of book publishing, the problem of piracy or copyright infringement, the creation of a system of libraries.
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Mak, V., A. Saleem, J. Khambh, M. Dockey, and P. Davies. "S102 The use of preventative inhaler treatment across england – time for a rethink?" In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2018, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 5 to 7 December 2018, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2018-212555.108.

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Reports on the topic "London (England)"

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Fishman, S. G., and Y. P. Rajapakse. International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM-6) (6th) Held in London, England. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209214.

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Russell, Mark, James Galloway, Sumera Qureshi, Joanna Ledingham, Arti Mahto, Andrew Rutherford, Maryam Adas, et al. Incidence and management of inflammatory arthritis in England before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. OpenSAFELY, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53764/rpt.ca5bce7991.

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The National Early Inflammatory Arthritis Audit (NEIAA) is the largest audit of its kind globally, reporting on care delivered across rheumatology services in the NHS in England. Clinical researchers from King’s College London are collaborating with OpenSAFELY to recreate key aspects of NEIAA, and benchmark the quality of care for people with inflammatory arthritis in England. This report will be updated on a regular basis.
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Sadowski, Dennis R. Workshop Proceedings on Composite Aircraft Certification and Airworthiness Held in London, England on 16 July 1987. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, October 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209321.

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Brown, A., Martin Sommerfeid, A. D. Gosman, A. M. Taylor, Jayant S. Sabnis, R. Heiser, G. Klingenberg, R. Perez-Ortiz, and K. C. Schadow. Abstracts of Presentations at Workshop on Unsteady and Two-Phase-Flows, Held in London, England on June 28-29, 1990. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225749.

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Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, and Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security: UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.

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The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.
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Hughes, Ceri, Miguel Martinez Lucio, Stephen Mustchin, and Miriam Tenquist. Understanding whether local employment charters could support fairer employment practices: Research Briefing Note. University of Manchester Work and Equalities Institute, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3927/uom.5176698.

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Abstract:
Employment charters are voluntary initiatives that attempt to describe ‘good’ employment practices and to engage and recognise those employers that meet or aspire to meet these practices. They can operate at different spatial scales, ranging from international and national accreditation schemes to local charters that focus on engaging employers in specific regions or cities. The latter are the focus of this briefing paper. At least six city-regions in England had local employment charters at the time of our research. These areas alone account for over a fifth (21 per cent) of the resident working-age population (based on ONS 2022 population estimates), highlighting the potential reach and significance of these voluntary initiatives in terms of setting employment standards, although the number of employers directly accredited with local schemes is still relatively small. Despite their popularity with policymakers, there is only limited research on local employment charters. A few studies have explored issues relating to the design, implementation and evaluation of charters, reflecting demand from policymakers for toolkits and support to develop local policy initiatives (e.g. Crozier, 2022). But several years into the implementation of some of these charter initiatives, and as more areas look to develop their own, we argue that it is time to revisit some more foundational questions around what local charters are for, and how far they can support ‘good work’ agendas. It remains to be seen which employers can and will engage substantively with these initiatives, how employer commitments might be validated and the good employment criteria enforced, and how local charters will be integrated with local authority commissioning and procurement practices (TUC, 2022). The local charters that have emerged so far within the UK have been conceived predominantly as employer engagement tools, adopting language and approaches designed to appeal to employer interests and priorities and emphasising the value that employers can derive from being part of the initiative. This contrasts with approaches emphasising the engagement of other constituents, like citizens and employees, as a route to influencing employer engagement (Scott, Baylor and Spaulding, 2016; Johnson, Herman and Hughes, 2022). This briefing paper shares findings from a scoping study involving key informants in the North West of England (2022-2023) which explored how local charter initiatives could influence employers to improve their employment practices. Participants in the study shared their views on: 1) How voluntary local employment charters could influence employers to change their employment practices? 2) What types of employers local charters could engage and influence? Alongside this study, we have also developed a series of case studies of the charters that have been introduced across six city regions in England. These encompass the Fair Work Standard (London); Good Employment Charter (West of England); Good Work Pledge (North of Tyne Combined Authority); Fair Employment Charter (Liverpool City Region Combined Authority); Good Employment Charter (Greater Manchester) and the Fair Work Charter (West Yorkshire Combined Authority). The case studies are published separately. Our conversations with policymakers, union representatives and campaigners indicate that while there are some potential ‘win-win’ outcomes from promoting good employment practices, there are also some key tensions that should be more clearly acknowledged. In particular, one point of divergence relates to what would be the most effective and meaningful way to engage with employers in order to secure improvements in employment practices. On the one hand, employment charter initiatives could set consistent, clear and relatively high standards of practice that employers could be required to meet from the outset, creating a clear dividing line between those employers who were engaged in some way with the initiative and those who are not. On the other, these initiatives could prioritise engaging as many employers as possible with few or no specific red lines (e.g. around paying the living wage) so that the charter provides an opportunity to work with employers to secure hopefully more substantive commitments down the road. There are challenges and trade-offs associated with both of these viewpoints. One problem with the former strategy of setting a consistent standard is that the principles of employment that the charter promotes may not be particularly stretching in some sectors, or indeed may only describe a minimum set of commitments for certain types of work; whilst in other sectors they may be viewed as being too stringent. A more incremental, flexible strategy of engaging with employers and working with them to change their employment practices, in contrast, relies on sustained commitment from both policymakers and employers. Whether charters can simultaneously offer a ‘safe space’ to employers to share information and change their practices whilst also operating in a more regulatory way appears as a fundamental tension in existing visions for these initiatives. We return to these different views on how to engage employers and secure change in the conclusion to this paper.
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7

London - Aerial view of Bank of England and Royal Exchange. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-000278.

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8

Bank's Functions - Overseas Travel - Dr Coombs, Mr Kershaw, Bank of England, and Mr LU Rusden, Manager London - London 1953. Reserve Bank of Australia, March 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001113.

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Bank's Functions - Overseas Travel - Dr Coombs with Mr Beale, Bank of England - London - 1953. Reserve Bank of Australia, September 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.47688/rba_archives_pn-001116.

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10

PERT prescribing in pancreatic cancer. Dlab, January 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53764/rpt.a0b1b51c7a.

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Background: Cancer treatments were variably disrupted during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite UK national guidelines recommending pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy to all people with unresectable pancreatic cancer, observational studies demonstrate under-prescribing. Aim: To investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prescribing of pancreatic enzyme replacement to people with unresectable pancreatic cancer. Methods: With the approval of NHS England, we conducted a cohort study using 24 million health records through the OpenSAFELY-TPP research platform. We modelled prescribing rates from 1st January 2015 to 30th November 2022 and investigated the effect of COVID-19 with multivariable linear regression. Results We found no reduction in pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Overall, since 2015, the rates of prescribing increased steadily over time by 1% every year. The national rates ranged from 41% in 2015 to 50% in 2022. There was substantial regional variation. The highest rates of 50% to 60% were in the West Midlands and lowest (20% to 30%) in London. Conclusions: The COVID-19 pandemic did not affect PERT prescribing in unresectable pancreatic cancer. Although overall rates increased over time, substantial under-prescribing persists. At just under 50% in 2022, the rates were still below the recommended 100% standard. Despite the national guidelines, under-prescribing of PERT continued and has improved only marginally since their publication. This could be an important missed opportunity to reduce morbidity for patients with pancreatic cancer. The research into barriers to prescribing of PERT and geographic variation is urgently needed to improve quality of care.
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