Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Lois d'échelle (physique)'
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LaalaiI, Iyadh. "Effets d'échelle dans les matériaux quasi-fragiles à microstructure aléatoire : approches locale et non locale." Marne-la-vallée, ENPC, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ENPC9308.
Full textLe, Van Duong. "Modélisation physique de la suffusion dans les ouvrages hydrauliques en terre." Nantes, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NANT2120.
Full textSuffusion is an internal erosion mechanism, which means detachment and transport of fine particles within the soil skeleton due to hydraulic seepage flows. Different researchers observed that value of critical hydraulic gradient required to initiate suffusion decreases with length of the specimen tested. A specific centrifuge bench was designed to study the suffusion process and to study this scale effect under a controlled effective stress. Clayey sand specimens were subjected to centrifuge acceleration and to a downward flow under a constant hydraulic head. The study underlines the influence of specimen length on critical hydraulic gradient and also on the rate of erosion. A new energy analysis of tests is developed, linking the erosion rate to the power expended by fluid flow, and the eroded clay mass to the energy dissipation. This method permits the effect of specimen length to be avoided
Souffaché, Élisabeth. "Lois d'échelle et effets mémoires dans les polymères semi-cristallins." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112069.
Full textBrodie, Of Brodie Edward-Benedict. "De l'analyse des séquences d'ADN à la modélisation de la réplication chez les mammifères." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSL0325.
Full textPicone, Alan. "Effets des fluctuations et invariance d'échelle locale dans les systèmes stochastiques hors-équilibre." Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10035.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the general area of ageing in ferromagnetic spin systems. Very remarkably, the physical properties of these materials can be organized in terms of a simple scaling picture and can be classified through some universal reference curves. Precisely, our study consists in rephrasing the problem of ageing in terms of the dynamical symmetries which caracterize this phenomena. On a theoretical point of view, we turn these invariances into a statistical field theory, through a systeamtic treatment of noisy effects, either of thermal type, or due to the preparation of the sample. In the framework of a Langevin stochastic differential equation with z=2, and for a ferromagnet which is Galilee-invariant without noise, we establish the two-point response function to be independent of the thermal fluctuations. Owing these hypothesis, we produce some analytic prediction of the form of the two-point correlation function when the system undergoes a phase-ordering dynamics at zero temperature. We test our results in some concrete situations. On a more descriptive point of view, we study some aspects of the ageing dynamics with quantifying the distance away from equilibrium. For exactly solvable models, we are interested in both the influence of the thermal history of the quench and the initial conditions on the long-time dynamics of the ferromagnet. We enlarge the validity of local-scale invariance to certain of these situations, and thus confirm the strength of this theory
Falize, Émeric. "Similitudes et autosimilarité en physique des hautes densités d’énergie : application à l’astrophysique de laboratoire." Observatoire de Paris (1667-....), 2008. https://hal.science/tel-02095047.
Full textThis thesis deals with the very promising new field of laboratory astrophysics. It aims at strengthening the link between powerful laser experiments and astrophysical situations. Firstly I explained the laboratory astrophysics approach by developing new scaling laws in radiative hydrodynamics using the Lie group theory. For the first time it is strictly proved that radiating plasmas in astrophysics can be reproduced homologously in laboratory by laser plasmas. This study led me to propose a new experimental project – the POLAR project – which aims at a better understanding of the physics of the magnetic cataclysmic variables accreting column. This project is among the first ones trying to create a real model of an astrophysical object. Then I built a group of new self-similar solutions describing the dynamics of polytropic gases and the radiating collapse using the Burgan-Feix-Munier transformation. I explicitly showed that the latter seems to be a unifying method which allows to generate a whole group of self-similar solutions. These solutions allowed me to study the basic physics of the phenomena at stake and to validate the numerical simulation code I developed during the thesis. These solutions also proved to fit the modelling of the laboratory jet experiences carried out with the LULI2000 facility, the aim of which was to reproduce the plasma ejection phenomena encountered around young stars
Desbuquois, Rémi. "Thermal and superfluid properties of the two-dimensional Bose gas." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066068.
Full textLes propriétés physiques d'un système homogène à l'équilibre thermodynamique sont fortement contraintes par sa dimensionnalité. Le gaz de Bose à deux dimensions est un système particulier de ce point de vue : bien que l'établissement d'un ordre à longue portée soit impossible à température non-nulle, il existe néanmoins une transition de phase vers un état superfluide à basse température. De plus, la dimensionnalité réduite du système rend son équation d'état invariante par changement d'échelle pour de faibles interactions atomiques répulsives. Dans ce manuscrit de thèse, nous présentons une étude expérimentale du gaz de Bose à deux dimensions. Nous mesurons son équation d'état de deux méthodes différentes, et trouvons un résultat en bon accord avec les prédictions analytiques et numériques. Ces résultats ont également permis de confirmer l'invariance d'échelle du système. De plus, l'une des méthodes ne nécessite qu'un seul paramètre ajustable pour la mesure de l'équation d'état. Nous présentons ensuite une mesure locale du caractère superfluide du gaz. A cet effet, nous avons mis en évidence l'absence de dissipation lors de la perturbation du système par un obstacle en mouvement. Enfin, nous effectuons une analyse des fluctuations du gaz de Bose 2D, qui a permis de confirmer la suppression des fluctuations de densité dans la phase superfluide, ainsi que le rôle dominant joué par les phonons dans les fluctuations de phase
Sarrazin, Jérôme. "Polymères modèles à ramifications longues : Rhéologie et modèles de viscoélasticité linéaire." Pau, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PAUU3032.
Full textThis work is dedicated to the study of the linear viscoelastic behaviour of model long chain branched (LCB) polymer melts, either pure or blended with a commercial polymer. The systematic study of LCB polymer melts of different topologies (stars, H-shaped polymers, Pom-Pom's and combs) of different chemical species (polyethylene, polystyrene, polyisoprene) allows to build a quantitative and predictive model of molecular dynamics for the behaviour of pure model LCB polymer melts, based on existing theories (tube model, arm fluctuation theory, concepts of dynamic dilution and hierarchization of relaxation processes). The study of the behaviour of model LCB polyethylenes in a matrix of linear low density polyethylene through the use of various plots proposed in the literature (Van Gurp Palmen plot, Cole-Cole plot, variation of the imaginary part of the complex viscosity vs. The frequency) allowed to determine relavant scaling laws relating the specific topology of LCB species to their behaviour in the blend
Frécon, Jordan. "Méthodes d'optimisation pour l'analyse de processus invariants d'échelle." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSEN031/document.
Full textScale invariance relies on the intuition that temporal dynamics are not driven by one (or a few) characteristic scale(s). This property is massively used in the modeling and analysis of univariate data stemming from real-world applications. However, its use in practice encounters two difficulties when dealing with modern applications: scaling properties are not necessarily homogenous in time or space ; the multivariate nature of data leads to the minimization of highly non-linear and non-convex functionals in order to estimate the scaling parameters.The first originality of this work is to investigate the study of non-homogenous scale invariance as a joint problem of detection/segmentation and estimation, and to propose its formulation by the minimization of vectorial functionals constructed around a total variation penalization, in order to estimate both the boundaries delimiting the changes and the scaling properties within each region.The second originality lies in the design of a branch and bound minimization procedure of non-convex functional for the full identification of the bivariate extension of fractional Brownian motion, considered as the reference for modeling univariate scale invariance. Such procedure is applied in practice on Internet traffic data in the context of anomaly detection.Thirdly, we propose some contributions specific to total variation denoising: Poisson data-fidelity model related to a state detection problem in intermittent fluorescence ; automatic selection of the regularization parameter
Bernard, Stéphane. "Caractérisation hydrodynamique des réservoirs carbonatés fracturés : application au site expérimental hydrogéologique (SEH) de l'Université de Poitiers." Poitiers, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005POIT2315.
Full textThe Hydrogeological Experimental Site (HES) in Poitiers is set up over the two main aquifers (fractured limestone) of the Region Poitou-Charentes. The site encloses 35 wells spatially distributed so that nested scales in the range 10 - 600 m for lag-distances between wells are available. Most of the hydrodynamic study proposed in this work rests on the interpretation of interference hydraulic pumping tests. Classical methods of interpretation are devoted to porous media and cannot be applied here because of the convex shape in time of observed draw-down curves. A new model has been built. It is based on a fractal approach to the fractured medium and a logarithmic approximation to the solution of radial flow with cylindrical symmetry. This model handles dimensioned variables which allow its inversion by optimization over each available draw-down curve. The results show that the medium has a fractal behavior very close to that of a 2D percolation network at the percolation threshold, with transmissivity and storage capacity obeying power scaling laws. It is shown that transmissivity values rapidly homogenize even for small lag-distance between the pumped well and the observed-one. On the other hand, the storage capacity keeps decreasing over almost one order of magnitude with the lag-distance. These results from interference tests have been compared to that from a study, at the scale of the well, of porosity and storage capacity deduced from cross-correlation and spectral analysis between hydraulic head and atmospheric pressure. Even though the comparison shows a few discrepancies between results, it point out that flow in fractured rocks and the determination of hydrodynamic parameters are very sensitive to the scale over which measurements are performed
Loiseau, Patrick. "Contributions to the Analysis of scaling Laws and Quality of Service in Networks : Experimental and Theoretical Aspects." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ENSL0554.
Full textIn today's context of rapid expansion of the Internet, deep understanding of the statistical properties of network traffic is essential for Internet Service Providers to offer users the best Quality of Service possible. A major breakthrough in that direction was the discovery in 1993 of the self-similarity of network traffic, followed up by the ON/OFF model proposed in 1997 that posits the heavy-tailness of flow-size distributions as a plausible origin of this property. While of great interest, such mathematical models always rely on necessary simplifying assumptions which can limit their practical applicability to real networks, in particular due to the complexity of the TCP protocol. In this thesis, we use a hybrid approach based on the combination of real traffic traces, controlled experiments and theoretical developments to address some open questions concerning network traffic properties and their impact on QoS. Our experiments are based on a large-scale controllable testbed and an efficient traffic capture system. Then, we first address issues related to aggregate network traffic: we extend previous long-range dependent models and we propose an estimator of the flow-size distribution's tail index under sampling. We also perform an empirical study of the impact of long-range dependence and heavy-tails on QoS. Finally, we turn to the packet-level traffic of one TCP source and show, using a large-deviation principle, that it can be finely characterized by a multifractal structure intimately related to the control mechanism AIMD, and naturally reproduced by Markov models
Yang, Heejun. "Atomic-scale study of graphene and electroluminescence properties of PTCDI on 6H-SiC(0001) Surface by scanning tunneling microscopy." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112190.
Full text6H-SiC (0001), a wide band gap material, is used to make graphene and study the luninescence property of PTCDI molecules. Among several methods to grow grapheme, epitaxial growth method on Sic is a UHV (Ultra High Vacuum) process and has many advantages in STM study of graphene. We could observe atomic arrangement of graphene edges ant its influence on electron scattering near those edges. This was possible because we made the clean grapheme in UHV STM chamber. Another interesting measurement was conducted to see the vertical structure of this epitaxial grapheme. Z-V spectroscopy enabled us to investigate the electronic interfaces of the epitaxial grapheme very precisely. Luminescence of a single molecule, PTCDI, was studied on SiC surface. Thin insulating layer has played an important role in this field, but we tried a new way by using wide band gap material. We expected that the molecular orbitals involved in the luminescence are located within the band gap and this would decouple the molecules from the substrate. Two spectroscopy methods, I-V, I-Z were used to quantitatively study the resulting electronic structure and their roles for the light emission. Trapped carrier dynamics was studied on dielectric nanodots grown by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) and on silicon oxide grown by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) on Si wafer. Carrier dynamics can be explained with a model based on Coulomb interaction with the boundary conditions of the nanodot structure. The trapped charge can be estimated quantitatively from the measured trap dynamics, elucidating the electrostatic effect in a small dielectric system
Buld'ireva, Žanna Vasil'evna. "Modeli rovanire spektral'n'ih proävlenij vra^satel'noj relaksacii v molekulârn'ih gazah." Sankt-Peterburgskij gosudarstvennyj universitet, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BESA2082.
Full textCaucheteux, Claude. "Etude, par diffusion des rayons X, de la cinétique d'évolution d'un verre d'orientation : le 1-cyanoadamante : mécanisme de la transition vitreuse." Lille 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LIL10021.
Full textAnokhin, Sergey. "Evolution des lois d'échelle dans les amas de galaxies à partir d'observations du satellite XMM : physique de la formation des grandes structures." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077001.
Full textClusters of galaxies are the largest gravitationally bound objects in the Universe. It is possible to study the hierarchical structure formation based on these youngest objects in the Universe. In order to complete the results found with hot clusters, we choose the cold distant galaxy clusters selected from The Southern SHARC catalogue. In the same time, we studied archived galaxy clusters to test the theory and treatment analysis. To study these weak cluster of galaxies, we optimized our treatment analysis: in particular, searching for the best background subtraction and modeling it for our surface brightness profile and spectra. Our results are in a good agreement with Scaling Relation obtained from hot galaxy clusters
Baumann, Florian. "Vieillissement et comportement d’échelle dynamique hors équilibre." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10106/document.
Full textAgeing phenomena and dynamical scaling behaviour have been observed in many out-of-equilibrium systems, but a general framework for the description of such systems is still missing. A first step in this direction is the theory of local scale-invariance (LSI), which attempts to identify generalised forms of spatio-temporal dynamical scaling. For systems with a dynamical exponent z = 2, it has already been known how to treat stochastic partial differential equations and the consequences have been verified in many explicit models. In this thesis a reformulation and extension of LSI for systems with z ? 2 is presented. We infer for the first time generalised Bargmann superselection and discuss extended dynamical symmetries of Langevin equations with z ? 2. We can establish a formalism for the calculation of non-equilibrium correlation -and response functions and the results are confirmed in several new model calculations. Secondly, the ageing behaviour in reaction-diffusion systems is investigated. Although the main features of ageing as seen in magnets are still valid, important differences in exponent relations are found. Explicitly, the contact process is studied through field-theoretical methods and two bosonic models are solved exactly. For the latter, we show how to extend LSI with z = 2 to nonlinear models. Thirdly, the ageing behaviour in semi-infinite magnetic systems close to the surface is considered. The results show that the general scaling picture known from infinite systems remains valid, but some ageing exponents and scaling functions differ from the bulk quantities
Jourdy, Benjamin. "Analyse des effets d'échelle sur le comportement thermo-hydraulique de jets impactants." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2023. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2023_0063_JOURDY.pdf.
Full textSafety studies and numerical modelling implemented within the framework of studies on fast neutron reactors imply a need for validation of calculation codes using representative mock-ups. A safety issue identified in this type of reactor is the rise of the radial jet resulting from the impact of hot jets from the core to the Upper Core Structure (UCS). This rise induces thermal fluctuations and thermal stratification in the upper plenum causing thermal fatigue on the components. Understanding the various mechanisms at work in the phenomenon of radial jet raising is necessary in order to be predictive about the operating conditions for which this phenomenon occurs. For this purpose, the MICAS mock-up is used, which geometrically reproduces the upper plenum of the ASTRID reactor on a 1/6 scale, using water as a simulating fluid instead of sodium. In order to validate the ASTRID simulation codes, the representativeness of the MICAS mock-up must be validated with respect to its reduced scale but also to its simulating fluid. In order to study the transposition of the jet behaviour between different scales, a method of scale effects analysis is introduced, based on three mock-ups at different scales but representative of the reactor. A phenomenological study is carried out on a simplified model, PIGNIA, allowing to verify experimentally the theoretical dependence of the trajectory of the jet on the densimetric Froude number of the radial jet, justifying its conservation as a similarity parameter for the transposition of the jet behaviour. A transfer function to relate the radial jet conditions to the nozzle outlet conditions is established theoretically and validated experimentally. To obtain a critical value of the densimetric Froude number in representative geometry, tests are performed on the MICAS model. Based on the experimental conditions of MICAS leading to the rise of the jet, two representative mock-ups are sized: MOJIT-Eau and MOJI/4, respectively at scales 1/2,5 and 1/4 relative to MICAS. A study of the flow under isothermal conditions on the MOJIT-Eau and MOJI/4 mock-ups shows an attachment of the radial jet to the surface of the core, due to Coanda effect. This effect depends only on the geometrical quantities of the system. A thermal-hydraulic study is finally carried out to verify the conditions of extrapolation of the recovery phenomenon. A binary behaviour is observed on the rise of the jet, which is either attached and runs along the core or detached and rises in the plenum. The Coanda effect plays a major role on the stability of the jet. The densimetric Froude number alone is not sufficient to characterize this phenomenon, which occurs on MICAS. A new dimensionless number L, representing the competition between inertia, buoyancy and Coanda effects, is then defined. This number allows for the correct transposition of the detachment and thus the rise of the jet between MICAS, MOJIT-Eau and MOJI/4. The conditions expected on ASTRID by the conservation of this number allow to study the distortion of the water-sodium similarity on the heat exchanges. Water is then verified as a relevant choice for the representativeness of small-scale mock-ups with respect to ASTRID by estimating the Péclet number (representing the heat exchange modes) of the reactor: the change of fluid corrects the change of scale on these aspects
Chazottes, Jean-René (19. "Entropie relative, dynamique symbolique et turbulence/ Jean-René Chazottes." Aix-Marseille 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999AIX11028.
Full textChainais, Pierre. "Cascades log-infiniment divisibles et anlayse multirésolution : application à l'étude des intermittences en turbulences." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENSL0205.
Full textMonir, Abdelilah. "Contribution à la modélisation et à la synthèse des signaux aléatoires : signaux non gaussiens, signaux à corrélation non exponentielle." Angers, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ANGE0020.
Full textThe complex systems that bring a large number of interacting agents which play in a non commonplace way, can in some operating systems present non standard statistical properties, which are opposed to those of the traditional linear systems. In particular, the statistics of the first order are often characterized by a non gaussian probability density, this density in the majority of the cases with a heavy-tail. In the same way, for statistics of the second order, the correlations are often non exponential, freqquently with long statistical dependence. It is precisely with the modeling and the synthesis of random signals obeying these statistical properties, that this work is devoted. Initially, we approach the heavy-tail phenomenon of the probability density. In order to model it, we use the "generalized gaussian with an α exponent". Particulary, we succeed to reverse the distribution function of the generalized gaussian noise with an 1/2 exponent, which will be presented by means of special function called "Lambert function". For the first time, we propose a synthesis method of this noise with controlled accuracy starting from the numerical evaluation of this function. We study then the long statistical dependence phenomenon through the development of a new model, based on dynamic systems (max,+). For the synthesis of the e®ective achievements, the model proposed has the advantage of taking the form of a simple recurrence of one order, easily programmable, allowing an on-line synthesis on potentially unlimited temporal horizons. These models would find some applications in simulation of real physical systems for many areas such as computer network tra±c, telecommunications network tra±c, transport road tra±c and stock exchange. .
Vilella, Kenny. "Modélisation théorique et numérique de la convection thermique, applications aux manteaux planétaires." Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015USPCC124.
Full textThermal convection is fundamental for the thermal evolution of a telluric planet, such as the Earth. Here we study the complexity of thermal convection with both numerical simulations and theoretical modeling. In the first part of the thesis we present numerical simulations, under the Boussinesq approximation, of a horizontal layer of fluid with no heat flux at the bottom and constant temperature at the top. Each part of the fluid is spatially and temporally homogeneously heated. We establish scaling laws linking the temperature jump and the thickness of the thermal boundary layer as a function of the Rayleigh-Roberts number (RaH) which provides, at first order, the thermal structure of the system. The novelty of our approach is to obtain, fc the first time, purely theoretical scaling laws that agree with numerical simulations, by postulating that the thermal boundary layer becomes unstable and breaks off at the same limit of stability, whatever the RaH of the system. We also characterize the horizontal structure of the convective system and quantify how the convection planform varies with RaH. We establish scaling laws linking the number of instabilities and the minimum distance between instabilities as a function of RaH. However, the scaling laws are very sensitive to the criteria used to identify an instability. To highlight this issue we propose, for each RaH, a range of plausible values for the number of instabilities per surface unit and their spacing. The second part uses the methods previously developed to characterize the implications of the spin state transition of Fe2+ in ferropericlase on mantle dynamics. More specifically, we study the spin-induced density modifications caused by the volume collapse of ferropericlase and by the variation of Fe partitioning betweer ferropericlase and perovskite. The iron behaviour strongly depends on the presence of A1203, therefore, we consider two pyrolitic compositions, with and without alumina. Our thermodynamically based model enables us to calculate, for each composition, the spin configuration of ferropericlase at lower mantle conditions. Then, we use the Mie-Grüneisen-Debye equation of state to obtain the density of the minerai assemblages as a function of temperature and pressure. The resulting density agrees with both PREM and experimental results. The density tables are then included in a compressible convection code with phase transitions, and with temperature and depth dependent viscosity. The effect of spin state transition on mantle temperatures is minor, the most important implication is the increase of the vertical component of the fluid velocity at the bas of the mantle
Richeton, Thiebaud. "Dynamique et complexité de la déformation plastique : étude par émission acoustique." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00118329.
Full textLouf, Rémi. "Wandering in cities : a statistical physics approach to urban theory." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066359/document.
Full textThe amount of data that is being gathered about cities is increasing in size and specificity. However, despite this wealth of information, we still have little understanding of the processes that drive cities. In this thesis we apply some ideas from statistical physics to the study of cities. We first present a stochastic, out-of-equilibrium model of city growth that describes the structure of the mobility pattern of individuals. The model explains the appearance of secondary subcenters as an effect of traffic congestion. We are also able to predict the sublinear increase of the number of centers with population size, a prediction that is verified on American and Spanish data. Within the framework of this model, we are further able to give a prediction for the scaling exponent of the total distance commuted daily, the total length of the road network, the total delay due to congestion, the quantity of CO2 emitted, and the surface area with the population size of cities. Predictions that agree with data gathered for U.S. cities. In the third part, we focus on the quantitative description of the patterns of residential segregation. We propose a unifying theoretical framework in which segregation can be empirically characterised. We propose a measure of interaction between the different categories. Building on the information about the attraction and repulsion between categories, we are able to define classes in a quantitative, unambiguous way. Finally, we revisit the traditional dichotomy between poor city centers and rich suburbs; we provide a measure that is adapted to anisotropic, polycentric cities. In the fourth and last part, we succinctly present the most important theoretical and empirical results of our studies on spatial networks. Throughout this thesis, we try to convey the idea that the complexity of cities is almost paradoxically better comprehended through simple approaches. Looking for structure in data, trying to isolate the most important processes, building simple models and only keeping those which agree with data, constitute a universal method that is also relevant to the study of urban systems
Gruyer, Diego. "Aspects dynamiques de la désexcitation nucléaire : de la fission à la multifragmentation." Caen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CAEN2057.
Full textIn this work we study the evolution and nature of reaction and decay mechanisms of hot nuclei produced in heavy ion collisions from E = 8 to 25 MeV/A measured with INDRA. In central Xe+Sn collisions from E = 8 to 25 MeV/A, three-fragment events present a significant cross section without the underlying production mechanism being clearly established. We have shown that fragments arise from two successive binary splittings. The time interval between these two splittings decreases with increasing incident energy, becoming compatible with a simultaneous three-body break-up above E = 20 MeV/A, which was interpreted as the signature of the onset of multifragmentation. Then we have investigated the nature of the multifragmentation process. A statistical analysis of the largest fragment charge (Zmax) distribution produced in central Xe+Sn collisions at E = 25-50 MeV/A allowed us to establish that multifragmentation is a dynamical aggregation process. It also demonstrates the effects of collective radial expansion on multifragmentation partitions through the link between the timescale of the process and the shape of the Zmax distribution. The comparison of fragmentation paterns of comparable size systems produced in symmetric (Xe+Sn) and asymmetric (Ta+Zn) central collisions, which are supposed to follow different trajectories in the nuclear phase diagram, confirm the link between collective radial expansion and fragment partitions in multifragmentation
Gilormini, Pascal. "Contribution à la modélisation de la permittivité diélectrique de matériaux composites absorbants aux ondes hyperfréquences : lois de mélange, lois de changement d'échelle et équations du milieu effectif généralisé." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 1995. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL_T_1995_GILORMINI_P.pdf.
Full textDecrouez, Geoffrey. "Génération de signaux multifractals possédant une structure de branchement sous-jacente." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPG0002.
Full textFractal geometry, pioneered by Mandelbrot in the 70s, has been recognized in many areas of science. The novelty of this thesis is the generation of fractal and multifractal processes with underlying construction tree. I study two models in particular. The first one is a generalisation of Iterated Function Systems (IFS), introduced by Hutchinson in the early 80s. IFS are an efficient tool to generate fractal sets and functions, by iterating a given set of operators. The idea here is to allow a random number of random operators at each iteration of the algorithm. We derive simple conditions under which the IFS possesses a fixed point. A few properties of the fixed point are also investigated. The second model, called Multifractal Embedded Branching Process (MEBP), is obtained via a multifractal time change of a discrete self-similar process, the Canonical EBP (CEBP). We give an efficient simulation online algorithm which generates X(n+1) from X(n) in O(log n) steps. We also derive an upper bound of the multifractal spectrum of the time change and we confirm the theoretical results with simulations. Subordinated Brownian motions are particular cases of MEBP processes, which suggests a potential application of MEBP in finance. Finally, we propose to imitate a fractional Brownian motion with an MEBP
Sicsic, Paul. "Modeling and simulation of the nucleation and propagation of damage in quasi-brittle materials: Contribution of the variational approach." Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/90/33/60/PDF/13_these_sicsic.pdf.
Full textThis thesis explores the use of damage models to predict the onset and propagation of cracks in a coherent manner. The results are based on the definition of a bulk energy density and a stability principle. Firstly, we study the nucleation of cracks in a notched domain. The limit loading can be decomposed as the product of three stress intensity factors: a scale effect, a geometry induced factor, function of the angle of the notch, and one due to the damage model. The cracks that appear have a characteristic profile whose width is of the order of the internal length. When the latter is small in front of the dimensions of the structure, by separating scales, and using a local minimum principle, we prove that the length of these damage bands follow Griffith's law. This fundamental results extends those based on global minimization but with a sounder physical base. A thorough investigation of the thermal shock problem leads to a better understanding of the nucleation of cracks. Especially the global property of crack periodicity is exhibited. These results are based on the variational approach and the properties would probably be lost for models developed in an other framework. Finally, numerical results based on an alternate minimization algorithm are established. The nucleation phase is controlled by the critical stress whereas the propagation is governed by the toughness. Size effects in two and three dimensions are captured. These numerical simulations are then confronted to experimental results
Hébert-Dufresne, Laurent. "On the growth and structure of social systems following preferential attachment." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/25331.
Full textSocial systems are notoriously unfair. In this thesis, we focus on the distribution and structure of shared resources and activities. Through this lens, their extreme inequalities tend to roughly follow a universal pattern known as scale independence which manifests itself through the absence of a characteristic scale. In physical systems, scale-independent organizations are known to occur at critical points in phase transition theory. The position of this critical behaviour being very specific, it is reasonable to expect that the distribution of a social resource might also imply specific mechanisms. This analogy is the basis of this work, whose goal is to apply tools of statistical physics to varied social activities. As a first step, we show that a system whose resource distribution is growing towards scale independence is subject to two constraints. The first is the well-known preferential attachment principle, a mathematical principle roughly stating that the rich get richer. The second is a new general form of delayed temporal scaling between the population size and the amount of available resource. These constraints pave a precise evolution path, such that even an instantaneous snapshot of a distribution is enough to reconstruct its temporal evolution and predict its future states. We validate our approach on diverse spheres of human activities ranging from scientific and artistic productivity, to sexual relations and online traffic. We then broaden our framework to not only focus on resource distribution, but to also consider the resulting structure. We thus apply our framework to the theory of complex networks which describes the connectivity structure of social, technological or biological systems. In so doing, we propose that an important class of complex systems can be modelled as a construction of potentially infinitely many levels of organization all following the same universal growth principle known as preferential attachment. We show how real complex networks can be interpreted as a projection of our model, from which naturally emerge not only their scale independence, but also their clustering or modularity, their hierarchy, their fractality and their navigability. Our results suggest that social networks can be quite simple, and that the apparent complexity of their structure is largely a reflection of the complex hierarchical nature of our world.
Wendt, Herwig. "Contributions of Wavelet Leaders and Bootstrap to Multifractal Analysis : Images, estimation performance, dependence structure and vanishing moments. Confidence Intervals and Hypothesis Tests." Lyon, École normale supérieure (sciences), 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008ENSL0474.
Full textThis thesis studies the benefits of the use of wavelet Leaders and bootstrap methods for multifractal analysis. The statistical properties of wavelet Leader based multifractal analysis procedures are characterized, and the extension to images is validated. Certain theoretical questions of crucial practical importance are investigated: minimum regularity, function space embedding, linearization effect. The proposed bootstrap procedures permit the construction of confidence intervals and hypothesis tests from one single finite length observation of data. This is achieved by an original time-scale block bootstrap approach in the wavelet domain. The study of the dependence structures of wavelet coefficients of multiplicative cascades shows that the number of vanishing moments of the analyzing wavelet is ineffective for reducing the long range dependence structure. The multifractal analysis procedures are applied to hydrodynamic turbulence data, and to texture image classification
Montévil, Maël. "Temps biologique et transitions critiques étendues : Vers une objectivation de l’état vivant de la matière." Paris 5, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA05T020.
Full textThis work takes place in the context of a theoretical approach in biology which uses the examples of objectivation in physical theories without reducing biological phenomenalities to them. We begin by investigating the empirical biological scaling relationships found in the literature (allometric relationships, fractals, …), including their variability. We will then consider two different aspects of biological time. First, we will develop the notions of protension and retention as an account of local organization of biological time. Then we consider a supplementary temporal dimension to accommodate proper biological rhythms. Since the notion of symmetry plays a foundational role in physics, we investigate its possible role in biology. In relation with the notion of extended critical transitions, we propose the hypothesis that organisms and evolution can be understood as characterized by ubiquitous symmetry changes. This transform the status of biological objects, provides an approach of their historicity and leads to propositions on the theoretical nature of biological measurement. We also discuss anti-entropy as a measurement of a potential of variability. We focus then on the notion of level of organization. We start from the notion of organizational closure, which is considered as a core biological invariant by many theoretical biologists. Then, we will approach levels of organization by the paradigm of criticality, which will allow to define them in a strong theoretical way. Finally, we sketch an operatorial scheme of the coherence of organisms, which combines most of the above mentioned approaches
Lashermes, Bruno. "Analyse multifractale pratique : coefficients dominants et ordres critiques : Applications à la turbulence pleinement développée : Effets de nombre de Reynolds fini." Phd thesis, Ecole normale supérieure de lyon - ENS LYON, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011012.
Full textAlbert, Samuel. "Un point critique thermodynamique dans les verres dévoilé par les réponses d'ordre élevé." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS534/document.
Full textThe puzzle of the glass transition mainly resides in the fact that a supercooled liquid undergoes when cooled down, a spectacular dynamics slow down, while no evidence of any kind of thermodynamic transition has been measured through usual means.The absence of any known growth of a length scale that could explain the glassy dynamics leads to a wide range of competing models and theories trying to explain the origins of this dynamics.In the last decade, a promising lead has been put forward, that could allow the community to experimentally access such a growing length scale, through third order non-linear dielectric response measurements, and more in particular this response's temperature dependence. Indeed, non-linear response measurements reflect the collective effects that characterize the amorphous order and translate into high order correlation functions.During this PhD, we have built upon this experimental and theoretical background to design a fifth order non-linear dielectric response measurement experiment. In collaboration with a team of experimentalists and theoreticians, we have used these results in conjunction with third order response measurement results to make a very strong case advocating the existence of a thermodynamic critical point in Glycerol and Propylene Carbonate. This is a very significant advance in the understanding of the behaviour of glassy materials.This ground breaking discovery puts very strong constraints on existing theories and will contribute to end some decades-long theoretical debates within the glassy community
Buyukdagli, Sahin. "Etude de la dynamique et de la physique statistique de modèles d'ADN non-linéaires à la dénaturation thermique." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185960.
Full textVincent, Chloé. "Caractérisation du comportement au feu des matériaux de l'habitat : influence de l'effet d'échelle." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT244/document.
Full textThe origin of home fires can be as diverse as poor wiring, a smoldering cigarette, poor maintenance of a fireplace... This manuscript deals with the flammability of various household materials exposed to a radiative source. Several parameters such as dimension, orientation and nature of materials were investigated in similar operating conditions. These studies led to the development of new experimental device enabling working at different scales: RAPACES (RAdiant PAnel Concentrator Experimental Setup). The results obtained on PMMA showed that geometric factors play a major role (i) on ignition (variation of thermal radiative properties) and (ii) on combustion dynamics through structural phenomena (destabilization, collapsing and polymer melting). This approach was also applied to complex materials (plywood, tapestry, carpet). A numerical model was used to validate some hypothesis regarding the fire behavior of PMMA. Finally, original configurations including material assemblies were performed and clearly evidenced the effect of fuel interactions on ignition and flame propagation
Akrour, Nawal. "Simulation stochastique des précipitations à fine échelle : application à l'observation en milieu urbain." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLV014.
Full textPrecipitations are highly variable across a wide range of both spatial and temporal scales. This variability is a major source of uncertainty for the measurement and modeling, also for the simulation and prediction. Moreover, rainfall is an extremely intermittent process with multiple scale invariance regimes. The rain-field generator developed during the thesis is based on the fine-scale statistic modeling of rain by the mean of its heterogeneity and intermittency. The modeling originality partially rest on the analysis of fine-scale disdrometer data. This model differs from other existing models whose resolution is roughly a minute or even an hour or a day. It provides simulations with realistic properties across a wide range ofscales. This simulator produces time series with statistical characteristics almost identical to the observations both at the 15s resolution and, after degradation, at hourly or daily resolutions. The multi-scale properties of our simulator are obtained through a hybrid approach that relies on a fine scale simulation of rain events using a multifractal generator associated with a rain support simulation based on a Poissonian-type hypothesis. A final re-normalization step of the rain rate is added in order to adapt the generator to the relevant climate area. The simulator allows the generation of 2D water-sheets. The methodology developed in the first part is extended to the 2 Dimension case. The multi-scale 2D stochastic simulator thus developed can reproduce geostatistical and topological characteristics at the spatial resolution of 1x1 km2.This generator is used in the scope of the feasability study of a new observation system for urban area. The principle of this system is based on the opportunistic use of attenuation measurements provided by geostationary TV satellites which radio waves lay in the 10.7 to 12.7 GHz bandwidth. More specifically it is assumed that the SAT-TV reception terminals installed in private homes are able to measure such attenuations. At this stage of the study we do not have such observations. The study is therefore based on rainfall maps generated using the 2D generator in addition to a hypothetical sensor network. The considered observation system will allow to estimate precipitation fields (30 x 30 km2) with a spatial resolution of 0.5x0.5 km2
Balbin, Arias Julio José. "Investigation of the dependency of separatrix density of tokamaks as a function of engineering parameters." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AIXM0174.
Full textThe analysis of JET H-mode discharges considered for this work is detailed. A first analysis of the dataset shows that some engineering parameters cannot be considered as independent for our analysis because many discharges were performed considering the same typical values of these parameters, such as the toroidal magnetic field and the plasma current. Thus, two main engineering parameters are first identified and will be used for the scaling law on the ratio of the separatrix density to the top pedestal one, namely the plasma current IP and the total injected power PTOTAL. This first scaling law seems to predict the experimental data quite well for low and medium values of the separatrix density, while at high density a strong discrepancy appears. In order to get further insight on such behavior the discharges were analyzed in terms of divertor magnetic configuration. A clear difference is observed between experiments with a corner-corner divertor magnetic configuration compared to the horizontal-vertical ones or vertical-vertical ones. This result suggests the introduction a parameter taking into account the quality of confinement. In this way, a better agreement between predictions and experimental results is obtained for both low and high-density values. Finally, the same type of study is performed on TCV and a scaling law taking into account both devices is derived
Stella, Francesco. "Caractérisation d’un décollement turbulent sur une rampe : entraînement et lois d’échelle." Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2043/document.
Full textMassive turbulent separations are common phenomena that can cause sizeable aerodynamical losses and detrimental effects in industrial flows, for example on airplane wings. This work contributes to their understanding with a phenomenological analysis of a canonical turbulent separation, representative of a large number of real flows. The first objective is to identify the scaling laws of turbulent separations, in particular with respect to their dependencies on the characteristics of the flow upstream of the ramp. A second objective is the analysis, both at large and small scale, of the transfert mechanisms that drive the functioning of separated flows. To this end, a new approach is proposed, centered on the experimental and analytical description of the separated shear layer and of the turbulent interfaces that bound it. Our results suggest that the scaling laws of the separated flow vary in a complex way, in function of the interaction of the incoming boundary layer, the separated shear layer and the free-stream. The size of the separation is related to the intensity of turbulent mass entrainment within the shear layer, which in turn depends on the turbulence in the incoming boundary layer, well upstream of the separation point. This dependency might apply over the entire range of turbulent length scales that are responsible for mass transfer. These observations clearly show the role of the shear layer in the functioning of massive separation. They also suggest the feasibility of new control strategies, both of feedback and feed-forward type, based on turbulent entrainment
Yefsah, Tarik. "Thermodynamique du gaz de Bose à deux dimensions." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00737502.
Full textPerrin, Clément. "Relations entre propriétés des failles et propriétés des forts séismes." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE4045/document.
Full textI examine the relations between the properties of long-term geological faults and the properties of the large earthquakes these faults produce. I have gathered available seismological information on large historical earthquakes worldwide and mapped in detail, on satellite images, both the long-term fault and the rupture traces. The combined analysis of the data shows that: i) long-term faults have a number of generic properties (arrangement of overall fault networks, lateral segmentation of fault traces, form of cumulative slip distribution, etc); ii) large earthquakes also have generic properties (similarity of envelope shape of coseismic slip-length profiles, of decrease in rupture width along rupture length, of number of broken segments, of stress drop on broken segments, of relative distance between hypocenter and zone of maximum slip, etc); iii) the structural maturity of the faults is the tectonic property most impacting the behavior of large earthquakes. The maturity likely acts in reducing both the static friction and the geometric complexity of the fault plane. It partly governs the location of the earthquake initiation, the location and amplitude of the maximum coseismic slip, the direction of the coseismic slip decrease, the rupture propagation efficiency and speed, the number of major fault segments that are broken, and hence the rupture length and its overall stress drop. To understand the physics of earthquakes, it thus seems necessary to analyze jointly the tectonic properties of the broken faults and the seismological properties of the earthquakes
Portefaix, Christophe. "Modélisation des signaux et des images par les attracteurs fractals de systèmes de fonctions itérées (IFS)." Angers, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ANGE0026.
Full textRésumé en anglais
Durang, Xavier. "Vieillissement dans les processus réaction-diffusion sans bilan détaillé." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NAN10051/document.
Full textThe objective of the project, which title is "Ageing in reaction-diffusion processes without detailed balance", is to arrive at a better understanding of the physical behaviour of strongly interacting many-body systems. In particular, such systems can exhibit a collective behaviour with new qualities which are not present at the microscopic level. It is in this context that we focus on the ageing. As an answer, we could argue that the second law of the thermodynamics might be sufficient to justify the ageing. However, that law alone does not suffice if one wishes to understand more deeply the underlying processes responsible of these ageing phenomena. For this motive, we consider exactly solvable systems in order to obtain precise analytical results on very simple models which later on could help to form a correct physical intuition. A common type of this kind of system is particle-reaction models with reaction-diffusion dynamics. More precisely, we have studied intrinsically irreversible systems, whose dynamics does not satisfy detailed balance and which relax towards non-equilibrium stationary states. Indeed, while for systems that obey the detailed balance relations, the fluctuation-dissipation relationship is well known, that is no longer the case for more general systems. This thesis focuses on two different models; the first one is the bosonic contact process (and also the bosonic pair-contact process) with a long range transport of particules ("Lévy flights") and the second one is the coagulation-diffusion process. In both models, characteristic two-time observables such as the two-time correlations and responses are found exactly and their exact scaling forms are extracted, especially the values of the non-equilibrium exponents characterising ageing are found. Our results suggest a novel generalisation of the fluctuation-dissipation ratio whose applicability is tested in a large set of models. Its physical interpretation remains an open question for future research
Decrouez, Geoffrey. "Génération de signaux multifractals possédant une structure de branchement sous-jacente." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00353827.
Full textLe premier modèle est une généralisation des Systèmes de fonctions Itérés ou IFS, introduits par Hutchinson dans les années 80. Les IFS constituent un moyen simple et efficace pour produire des ensembles et des processus fractals en itérant un nombre fixed d'opérateurs. L'idée est d'autoriser un nombre aléatoire d'opérateurs aléatoires à chaque itération de l'algorithme. Nous donnons des conditions simples et faciles à vérifier sous lesquelles l'IFS admet un point fixe. Quelques propriétés du point fixe sont également étudiées. Le deuxième modèle, que nous appellons Multifractal Embedded Branching Process (MEBP), s'obtient à l'aide d'un changement de temps multifractal d'un processus à invariance d'échelle discrète, le processus EBP Canonique (CEBP). Nous donnons un algorithm efficace de simulation "on-line" de ces processus, permettant de générer X(n + 1) à partir de X(n) en O(log n) opérations. Nous obtenons également un borne supérieure pour le spectre multifractal du changement de temps et confirmons les résultats théoriques à l'aide de simulations. Les mouvements Browniens en temps multifractal sont des cas particuliers des processus MEBP, ce qui suggère une application potentielle des processus MEBP en finance. Enfin, nous proposons d'imiter un mouvement Brownien fractionnaire à l'aide d'un processus MEBP.
Miled, Karim. "Effet de taille dans le béton léger de polystyrène expansé." Phd thesis, Ecole des Ponts ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001820.
Full textRoblin, Antoine. "Effets des collisions intermoléculaires sur les profils de diffusion Raman cohérente : application au diagnostic D.R.A.S.C. des milieux en réaction." Rouen, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ROUES014.
Full textCailliez, Jonathan. "Contributions à la modélisation et la commande de capteurs de forces actifs pour la méso et micro-robotique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS278.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the development of an original instrumentation, with performances beyond the state of the art, for the characterization and the measurement of forces at the small scales. The work covers the measurement of a wide range of forces involved in meso and micro-robotics, from intermolecular forces of the order of a few µN to forces at the Newton level. The focus lies in the development and implementation of sensors based on an active technology particularly adapted for the characterization of forces with a variable gradient thanks to a quasi-infinite sensor stiffness in closed loop. Three main contributions have been made. On the methodological aspect, a new robust hybrid control approach based on Eigen structure assignment has been proposed and experimentally validated for the robust characterization of intermolecular interaction forces using an Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). This characterization has allowed defining the basis of the specifications for the design and the control of active sensors better suited to finely characterize unstable areas in which the force gradients are important. The second contribution lies in the development, design, control and implementation of an original MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical System) type active sensor with the particularity of having a linear electromechanical characteristic over its entire measurement range, i.e. +- 20 µN, with a bandwidth greater than 2kHz. The third contribution lies in the proposition of a new architecture for the active measurement of forces over ranges from mN to N based on a magnetic actuation and an air bearing. This sensor has been implemented for the measurement of magnetic forces with unstable areas when the distance between the sensor tip and the magnetic sample is below a certain threshold. The perspectives to this thesis are numerous in materials science, biology and more generally in physics. It particularly opens a new path in scientific research related to active AFM
Duvernet, Laurent. "Analyse statistique des processus de marche aléatoire multifractale." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00567397.
Full textGhannoum, Maria. "Effets des hétérogénéités du béton sur le comportement mécanique des structures à plusieurs échelles." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAI035/document.
Full textThis thesis is a contribution to the modeling of the spatial variability of tensile strength of concrete structures, at different scales, and its influence on concrete cracking pattern. Particularly, a size effect law and random fields are used through two approaches:On the one hand, an analytical probabilistic approach of the Weakest Link and Localization (WL2) method is proposed. This method estimates the distribution of the tensile strength, at different scales, accounting for the stress redistributions around the weakest point.It depends on a scale length, whose identification is discussed. This scale length accounts for spatial randomness of the concrete tensile strengthOn the other hand, another contribution of this thesis is the development of a Stochastic Finite Element (SFE) method, used to model both size effect and the spatial variability of the tensile strength. The method consists first on defining a random field, using the mean tensile strength estimated from the analytical approach of WL2. Then, discretized autocorrelated random field realizations are generated. Moreover, the choice of autocorrelation parameters, used to define the random fields, is discussed.The applicability of both methods is evaluated using various experimental series exhibiting particularly statistical size effect. Furthermore, the SFE method is used to complete the simplified FE model of a 1/3 mock-up of a double-wall containment building. The uncertainties on the tensile strength, at this scale, are modeled using independent autocorrelated random field at each scale. Uncertainties propagation, at initial state, shows its pertinence in the estimation of crack positions
Samet, Mariem. "Étude théorique et expérimentale des effets de la polarisation interfaciale dans les spectres diélectrique des matériaux composites multiphasiques." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO10134.
Full textThis research is significant in that it not only develops a generalized approach for modeling the electrical properties of multiphase composite materials but also introduces novel experimental applications in the domain of dielectric properties of composite materials. In order to get complete information: numerical simulations, analytical calculations and dielectric measurements by means of Broadband Dielectric Spectroscopy (BDS) were carried out in this study. First, we derived the scaling laws through a systematically study of global dielectric response of composite materials with different morphology and the original contribution of this thesis is to succeed to derive a universal scaling laws for the global dielectric response of composite materials. Based on these scaling laws three achievements are taken place: designing layered polymer materials with high values of permittivity and low dielectric losses, by adjusting the values of conductivity and the volume fraction of the constituent phases. Also, we discover a new discrimination criterion for electrical polarizations at external and internal interfaces: electrode polarization vs. (MWS) interfacial polarization effects in dielectric spectra of materials. This work opens the general perspective of finding discrimination criteria for different types of electrical polarization, which will represent a useful tool in disseminating the nature of different contributions appearing in the dielectric spectra of materials. Based on our analysis, we derive a new formula. This formula is valid for both electrode polarization and interfacial polarization effects. It allows one to determine the conductivity value from the frequency position of the Maxwell-Wagner-Sillars peak. Measurements of the conductivity values of samples without a direct contact are done. An excellent agreement between experiment and calculations is obtained. This results offer the opportunity to develop a new coupled electrical-mechanical approach, by electrical measurements performed during mechanical stretching
Erignoux, Clément. "Limite hydrodynamique pour un dynamique sur réseau de particules actives." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLX011/document.
Full textCollective dynamics can be observed among many animal species, and have given rise in the last decades to an active and interdisciplinary field of study. Such behaviors are usually modeled by active matter, in which each individual is self-driven and tends to align its velocity with that of its neighbors.In a classical model introduced by Vicsek & al., as well as in numerous related active matter models, a phase transition between chaotic behavior at high temperature and global order at low temperature can be observed. Even though ample evidence of these phase transitions has been obtained for collective dynamics, from a mathematical standpoint, such active systems are not fully understood yet. Some progress has been achieved in the recent years under an assumption of mean-field interactions, however to this day, few rigorous results have been obtained for models involving purely local interactions.In this manuscript, we describe a lattice active particle system interacting locally to align their velocities. This thesis aims at rigorously obtaining, using the formalism developed for hydrodynamic limits of lattice gases, the scaling limit of this out-of-equilibrium system, for which numerous technical and theoretical difficulties arise
Mallick, Nicolas. "Exemples d'invariance d'échelle dans la fracture des matériaux fragiles désordonnés." Lyon, Ecole normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0560.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to characterize and understand the scale invariances in the fracture of brittle disordered materials, exhibited by both earthquakes series and fracture experiments in laboratory. In this thesis, two differents experimental situations are studied, the statical indentation of glass and the sub-critical rupture of paper in a creep experiment. In the first situation, the indentation crack dynamic is followed by acoustic emissions, and the statistical distributions of physical quantities associated with the microcracks are found to be power laws, wich indicates scale invariances. In particular, the dynamic follows an Omori law, as shown in a recent study in sapphire at 10mK. The influence of temperature is also shown. A modelisation, based on disordered fiber bundle is proposed and explains qualitatively the observations, with a thermal activation mechanism. In the second situation, the scaling laws wich characterize the morphology of the crack fronts in paper are analysed. We show experimentaly that the growth regime influences the roughness exponent and that the fronts can be considered as multifractal structures. In both situations, recent signal processing tools are implemented. This allows to improve the detection of acoustic emissions and to precisely and rigorously characterize the scaling laws