Academic literature on the topic 'Loi du 13 mars 2000'

La loi française du 11 mars 1957 sur la propriété littéraire et artistique appliquée au Cameroun jusqu’en 1982 était inadaptée au contexte politico-culturel camerounais, ce qui a provoqué son remplacement par la Loi n° 82-18 du 26 novembre 1982 relative au droit d’auteur. Cette dernière a eu le mérite de protéger le folklore et les oeuvres qui s’en inspirent, mais avait la faiblesse de ne pas protéger les droits voisins du droit d’auteur. La nécessité de protéger les droits voisins a conduit à l’adoption de la Loi n° 90/ 010 du 10 août 1990 relative au droit d’auteur et droits voisins du droit d’auteur. Le développement prodigieux de l’informatique et des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication, à l’origine de l’émergence d’oeuvres nouvelles et de nouvelles possibilités de diffusion, a rapidement révélé l’obsolescence de la loi de 1990. La loi adoptée le 19 décembre 2000 sur le droit d’auteur et droit voisin intègre l’environnement numérique dans lequel l’on vit désormais, élargit les catégories d’oeuvres protégées et améliore la condition matérielle des créateurs et diffuseurs des oeuvres de l’esprit. En droit positif camerounais, de nouvelles catégories d’oeuvres protégées sont venues enrichir l’éventail qui existait déjà. Il s’agit des oeuvres de commande et des oeuvres informatiques comme les logiciels, les bases de données, les oeuvres multimédias. En même temps, les mécanismes de protection des oeuvres de l’esprit ont été simplifiés et améliorés en vue de procurer aux créateurs et diffuseurs des oeuvres des garanties les plus efficaces. C’est ainsi qu’on note un renforcement des attributs moraux des auteurs et artistes et la sécurisation de leur rétribution en vue de les sortir de la précarité des conditions matérielles.

With the aim of understanding the insertion of higher education into a new context of organization of society and State, which is managed according to the New Public Management, this work presents a comparative historical study of the organization of French and Brazilian higher education. It is concluded that the French adherence to the New Public Management is based on the knowledge economy, while the Brazilian one is based on State size reduction along the lines of the Washington Consensus; in addition, higher education institutions in both countries are organized to participate in competitions: in France, the international competition promoted by rankings, and in Brazil, the market competition.ResumoCom o objetivo de compreender a inserção do ensino superior dentro de um novo contexto de organização da sociedade e do Estado, gerido pela Nova Gestão Pública, o trabalho apresenta um estudo histórico comparativo da organização do ensino superior brasileiro e o francês. Conclui-se que a adesão francesa à Nova Gestão Pública tem como norte a economia do conhecimento, e a brasileira, a redução do Estado nos moldes do Consenso de Washington; e que as instituições de ensino superior nos dois países são organizadas para participarem de concorrências: na França, a internacional promovida pelos ranqueamentos, no Brasil, a mercantil.Palavras-chave: Ensino superior brasileiro, Ensino superior francês, Nova gestão pública, Universidade.Keywords: Brazilian higher education, French higher education, New public management, University.ReferencesAEBISCHER, S. Réinventer l'école, réinventer l'administration. Une loi pédagogique et managériale au prisme de ses producteurs. Politix, n. 98, n.2 p. 57-83 2012/2.AERES. Repères historiques. Agence d’évaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement supérieur. Disponível em: <www.aeres-evaluation.fr/Agence/Presentation/Reperes-historiques>. Acesso em: 17 nov. 2016.AMARAL, N. C. O vínculo avaliação-regulação-financiamento nas IES brasileiras: desafios para a gestão institucional. Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação, v.27, n.1 p. 95-108, jan./abr. 2011.ATTALI, J. Rapport Pour un modèle européen d’enseignement supérieur. Paris: Ministère de l'éducation nationale, de la recherche et de la technologie, 1998.AUST, Jérôme ; CRESPY, Cécile, Napoléon renversé ? Institutionnalisation des Pôles de recherche et d'enseignement supérieur et réforme du système académique français. Revue française de science politique : Paris 2009/5 (Vol. 59), p. 915-938.BARREYRO, G. B.; ROTHEN, J. C. Para uma história da avaliação da educação superior brasileira: análise dos documentos do PARU, CNRES, GERES e PAIUB. Avaliação. Campinas - Sorocaba/SP, v.13, n.1, p. 131-152, mar 2008.BARREYRO, G. B.; ROTHEN, J. C. O Nupes e a avaliação da educação superior: concepções, propostas e posicionamentos públicos. In: CATANI, A. M.; SILVA JR., J. R.; MENEGHEL, S. A cultura da universidade pública brasileira. São Paulo: Xamã, 2011.BARROSO, H. M.; FERNANDES, I. R. Mantenedoras educacionais privadas: Histórico, organização e situação jurídica. Rio de Janeiro: Observatório Univesitário, 2007.BEZES, P. Réinventer l’État: Les réformes de l’administration française (1962-2008). Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2009.BOLTANSKI, L.; CHIAPELLO, È. Le nouvel esprit du capitalisme. Paris: Gallimar, 2011.BRESSER-PEREIRA, L. C. A crise da América Latina: consenso de Washington ou crise fiscal? Pesquisa e Planejamento Econômico. Brasília, v. 21. n.1, p. 3-23, abr 1991.BRESSER-PEREIRA, L. C. Plano Diretor da Reforma do Aparelho do Estado. Brasília. 1995.BRUNETIÈRE, J.-R. Les indicateurs de la loi organique relative aux lois de finances (LOLF): une occasion de débat démocratique? Revue française d'administration publique, v. 117 n. 1, p. 95-111, 2006/1.CALLON, M. Éléments pour une sociologie de la traduction la domestication des coquilles Saint-Jacques et des marins-pêcheurs dans la baie de Saint-Brieuc. L’année sociologique, v. n. 36, p. 170-208, 1986.CASTRO, A. M. D. A.; PEREIRA, R. L. D. A. Contratualização no ensino superior: um estudo à luz da Nova Gestão Pública. Acta Scientiarum. Maringá, v. 36, n. 2, p. 287-296. jul.- dez. 2014.CATANI, A. M.; HEY, A. P.; GILIOLI, R. D. S. P. PROUNI: democratização do acesso às Instituições de Ensino Superior? Educar. Curitiba, n. 28, p. 125-140, 2006.CDEFI, Conférence de Directeurs des Écoles Françaises. Les écoles Françaises d’ingénieurs: trois siècles d’histoire, sd. Disponível em: <www.cdefi.fr/files/files/Historique%20des%20%C3%A9coles%20fran%C3%A7aises%20d%27ing%C3%A9nieurs.pdf.>. Acesso em: 11 octobre 2016.CHARLE, C. Les Universités entre démocratie et élites de la IIIe à la V République. In: LEMIÈRE, J. L’université: situation actuelle. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2015.CHARLE, C.; VERGER, J. Histoire des universités: XIIe – XXIe siècle. Paris: PFU, 2012.CIP, Comité d’initiative et de propositions. Rapport des Etats Généraux de la recherche. Paris, 2004.CNPQ. A criação. Disponível em www.cnpq.br/web/guest/a-criacao/ acesso 10/10/2017CONVERT, B. ; GUGENHEIM, F. ; JACUBOWSKI, S.. La « professionnalisation » de l’université, trente ans avant la loi LRU : l’exemple de l’université de Lile. in Thierry Chevaillier et Christine Musselin (dir.), Réformes d’hier et réformes d’aujourd’hui : l’enseignement supérieur recomposé. Rennes : Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014. P. 61 – 80.CONSEIL EUROPEEN. Conseil Européen Lisbonne 23 et 24 mars 2000: conclusions de la présidence. Lisbone, p. 41. 2000.CROCHE, S. Qui pilote le processus de Bologne? Education et sociétés, v.18, n. 2, p. 203-217, 2006.CROCHE, S. Évolution d'un projet d'Europe sans Bruxelles: Le cas du processus de Bologne. Education et sociétés, v. 24, n. 2, p. 11-27, 2009.CUNHA, L. A. A universidade brasileira nos anos oitenta: sintomas de regressão institucional. Em aberto. Brasília, ano 8, n 43, p. 3-9, jul./set. 1989.CUNHA., L. A. A universidade temporã: o ensino superior da Colônia à Era de Vargas. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1980.DÉCLARATION DE BOLOGNE. L’espace européen de l’enseignement supérieur. Bologne. 1999.DEROUET, J. L. Entre la récupération des savoirs critiques et la construction des standards du management libéral : bougés, glissements et déplacements dans la circulation des savoirs entre recherche, administration et politique en France de 1975 à 2005. Revue Française de Pédagogie, Paris, v. n. 154, p. 5-18, jan/fev 2006.DURHAM, E. Educação superior pública e privada. São Paulo: NUPES, 2003.ENQA. European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. Standards and Guidelines for Quality Assurance in the European Higher Education Area. 3ed. Helsinki. 2009.EUR-LEX. Glossaire des synthèses: Méthode ouverte de coordination. Disponível em: <http://eur-lex.europa.eu/summary/glossary/open_method_coordination.html?locale=fr>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.EYRAUD, C.; MIRI, M. E.; PEREZ, P. Les enjeux de quantification dans la LOLF. Le cas de l'enseignement supérieur. Revue Française de Socio-Économie, 2011. p. 147-168. vol. 7, no. 1, p. 147-168, 2011,FÁVERO, M. D. L. D. A. A universidade brasileira: em busca de sua identidade. Petrópolis: Vozes, 1977.FIFA. Status de la FIFA. Zurich: FIFA, 2016.FRANCE. Loi relative à la création de l'Université, 10 mai 1806. Disponível em: <www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson/document.php?id=3762 >. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2016.FRANCE. Loi relative à la constitution des universités. 10 Juillet 1896. Disponível em: <fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Loi_du_10_juillet_1896_relative_%C3%A0_la_constitution_des_universit%C3%A9s >. Acesso em: 06 out. 2016.FRANCE. Loi n.84-52 sur l’enseignement supérieur. 26 Janvier 1984. Disponível em: <www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000692733>>. Acesso em: 13 ago. 2016.FRANÇE. Loi n°89-486 d'orientation sur l'éducation. 10 juillet 1989. Disponível em: <www.education.gouv.fr/cid101274/loi-d-orientation-sur-l-education-n-89-486-du-10-juillet-1989.html>. Acesso em: 17 nov 2016.FRANCE. Code de la recherche Modifications du code de la recherche prenant en compte le Projet de loi de programme pour la recherche. Texte définitif adopté le 4 avril 2006. 2006. Disponível em: <www.sg.cnrs.fr/daj/textes/reglementation/docs/code_recherche_consolide_0504.pdf >. Acesso em: 17 nov 2016.FURTADO, C. Formação econômica do Brasil. São Paulo: Nacional, 1972.GERMANO, J. W. Estado Militar e educação no Brasil: 1964-1965. 2ª. ed. São Paulo: Cortez, 1994.GOULARD, F. L’enseignement supérieur en France, état des lieux et propositions. La Documentation française. Paris: Ministère de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, 2007.GUILLAUME, J. Université – Les universités de l’ancien régime. In: BUISSON, F. Nouveau dictionnaire de pédagogie et d’instruction primaire. 1911. Disponível em: <www.inrp.fr/edition-electronique/lodel/dictionnaire-ferdinand-buisson/document.php?id=3764>. Acesso em: 07 jun. 2016.JANET, M. Le Gouvernement des universités au Québec et en France : Conceptions de l’autonomie et mouvements vers un pilotage stratégique. In: CHEVAILLIER, T.; MUSSELIN, C. Réformes d’hier et réformes d’aujourd’hui, l’enseignement supérieur recomposé. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2014. p. p. 21-49.LEHER, R. Projetos e modelos de autonomia e privatização das universidades públicas. Revista da ADUEL. Londrina, p. 7-20 set. 2003.LEITE, R. D. R. Análise do Conflito entre a Norma Constitucional (artigo 217) e Norma Internacional (artigo 61, Estatuto FIFA). 2008. Disponível em https://universidadedofutebol.com.br/analise-do-conflito-entre-a-norma-constitucional-artigo-217-e-norma-internacional-artigo-61-estatuto-fifa/ acesso em 20/10/2017MELLO, J. M. C. D. O capitalismo tardio: contribuição à revisão crítica da formação e desenvolvimento da economia brasileira. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1998.MUSSELIN, C. La longe marche des universités françaises. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2001.NORMAND, R. The Changing Epistemic Governance of European Education: The fabrication of the Homo Academicus Europeanus, Cham (ZG)/Switzerland: Springer, 2016. 247 p.OGIEN, Al. « La valeur sociale du chiffre. La quantification de l'action publique entre performance et démocratie », Revue Française de Socio-Économie. Paris, 2010/1 (n° 5), p. 19-40.PAIN, A. Por uma universidade no Rio de Janeiro. In: SCHWARTZMAN, S. Universidades e Instituições Científicas no Rio de Janeiro. Brasília: CNPq, 1982.PECRESSE, V. Opération Campus: rénovation de 10 projets de campus. Communiqué - 6.02.2008. Disponível em: <www.enseignementsup-recherche.gouv.fr/cid20924/operation-campus-renovation-de-10-projets-de-campus.html>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.PICARD, J. F.; PRADOURA. La longue marche vers le CNRS (1901 – 1945). Cahiers pour l’histoire du CNRS (1988 - 1), 2009. Disponível em: <www.histcnrs.fr/pdf/cahiers-cnrs/picard-pradoura-88.pdf>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.PROST, A. Éducation société et politiques: une histoire de l’enseignement en France, de 1945 à nous jours. Sueil: Paris, 1992.RAMUNI, G. Le CNRS : principal enjeu de la politique scientifique. La revue pour l’histoire du CNRS, Paris, n. 1, nov. 1999. 1-21.RAVINET, P. La coordination européenne « à la bolognaise »: réflexions sur l'instrumentation de l'espace européen d'enseignement supérieur. Revue française de science politique, V. 61 n. 1, p. 23-49, 2011.ROMANELLI, O. D. O. História da educação no Brasil: 1930-1973. 3a. ed. 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Nicolas Sarkozy, Président de la République, adressée à Mme Valérie Pécresse, ministre de l'enseignement supérieur et de la recherche, sur les priorités en matière d'enseignement supérieur et de recherche, le 5 juillet 2007. Disponible en discours.vie-publique.fr/notices/077002458.html.SAVIANI, D. Ensino público e algumas falas sobre universidade. São Paulo: Cortez, 1984.SGUISSARDI, V. A avaliação defensiva no “modelo CAPES de avaliação” – É possível conciliar avaliação educativa com processos de regulação e controle do Estado? Perspectiva. Florianópolis, v. 24, n. 1, p. 49-88, jan/un. 2006a.SGUISSARDI, V. Universidade no Brasil: dos modelos clássicos aos modelos de ocasião? In: MOROSINI, M. A universidade no Brasil: concepções e modelos. Brasília: INEP, 2006b.SGUISSARDI, V. Estudo diagnóstico da política de expansão da (e acesso à) educação superior no Brasil. 2002-2012. OEI. Brasília, p. 191. 2014.SILVA JR., J. D. R.; KATO, F. B. G.; FERREIRA, L. R. O papel da CAPES e do CNPq após a reforma do Estado Brasileiro: Indução de pesquisa e da produção de conhecimento. In: ALMEIDA, M. D. L. P. D.; CATANI, A. M. Educação superior iberoamericana: uma análise para além das perspectivas mercadológicas da produção de conhecimento. Buenos Aires: CLACSO, 2015.VASCONCELLOS, M. Enseignement supérieur en France. Paris: La découverte, 2006.VIE PUBLIQUE. Les autorités administratives indépendantes, 2012. Disponível em: <http://www.vie-publique.fr/decouverte-institutions/institutions/administration/organisation/etat/aai/qu-est-ce-qu-autorite-administrative-independante-aai.html>. Acesso em: 21 out. 2017.

À la suite de la condamnation de la Belgique par la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme le 13 juin 1979, le droit belge de la filiation a été « décodifié ». Le législateur a tenté de reconstruire le Code civil par la loi du 31 mars 1987 modifiant diverses dispositions légales relatives à la filiation. Cette recodification a échoué, la Cour d’arbitrage et les juridictions du fond ayant déclaré, à de multiples reprises, plusieurs dispositions nouvelles contraires aux droits de la personne, spécialement sous l’angle du principe de l’égalité et de la non-discrimination. Comment analyser cet échec ? Certes, le législateur n’a pas toujours fait preuve de suffisamment de discernement en 1987 ; certes encore, la difficulté de proposer un droit de la famille cohérent se heurte aujourd’hui à la diversité des modèles familiaux et à la disparition de repères sociaux univoques en la matière. Mais la difficulté s’explique surtout par la perte de la prévalence du législateur sur le juge, condition d’une codification stable.

ABSTRAK Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui: (1) Hubungan antara Koordinasi Mata-Kaki Dengan Ketepatan Passing Pada Pemain Putra Umur13-14 Tahun Klub SSB Mars Surakarta Tahun 2019. (2) Hubungan antara Keseimbangan Dinamis Dengan Ketepatan Passing Pada Pemain Putra Umur 13-14 Tahun Klub SSB Mars Surakarta Tahun 2019. (3) Hubungan antara Kelentukan Dengan Ketepatan Passing Pada Pemain Putra Umur 13-14 Tahun Klub SSB Mars Surakarta Tahun 2019. (4) Hubungan antara Koordinasi Mata- Kaki, Keseimbangan Dinamis Dan Kelentukan Dengan Ketepatan Passing Pada Pemain Putra Umur 13-14 Tahun Klub SSB Mars Surakarta Tahun2019. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SSB Mars Surakarta dan penelitian ini dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober tahun 2019. Dalam penelitian ini variabel bebas disebut juga sebagai prediktor dan variabel terikat yang disebut juga sebagai kriterium. Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah menggunakan teknik tes dan pengukuran. Adapun jenis tes yang digunakan adalah: (1) Tes dan pengukuran koordinasi mata kaki dengansoccer wall voley test (Ismaryati, 2011: 54-56). (2) Tes dan pengukuran keseimbangan dinamis dengan modifikasi bass test (Ismaryati, 2008: 51-53). (3) Tes dan pengukuran kelentukan dengan sit and reach (Ismaryati, 2008: 101-102). (4) Tes dan pengukuran ketepatan Passing bola diukur dengan tes Passing bola dari Siem Ployer (Soekatamsi, 2000:623).Petunjuk peleksanaan masing-masing tes terlampir. Berdasarkan analisis data dan pengujian hipotesis yang telah dilakukan, maka simpulan yang dapat diperoleh adalah: (1) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Koordinasi Mata Kaki dengan Ketepatan Passing, rhitung = 0.426 > rtabel5% = 0,361. (2) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Keseimbangan Dinamis dengan Ketepatan Passing, rhitung = 0.494 > rtabel5% = 0,361. (3) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Kelentukan dengan KetepatanPassing termasuk data inversi karena lebih kecil dari r tabel, rhitung = 0.491 > rtabel5% = 0,361. (4) Ada hubungan yang signifikan antara Koordinasi Mata Kaki, Keseimbangan Dinamis dan Kelentukan dengan Ketepatan Passing, R2y(123) sebesar 0,406 > rtabel5% pada taraf signifikansi 5% sebesar 0.361 dan F0 sebesar 5.9340 > ftabel pada taraf signifikansi 5% sebesar2,89. Kata Kunci : Koordinasi Mata Kaki, Keseimbangan Dinamis, Kelentukan, Ketepatan Passing.

Digitaaliset oppimisympäristöt ja verkkovalmennukset ovat nousseet 2000-luvulla keskeisiksi työntekijöiden ja -yhteisöjen osaamisen kehittämisen paikoiksi. Verkkopohjaisissa valmennuksissa on kuitenkin havaittu erilaisia osallistumiseen liittyviä haasteita. Tämän tutkimuksen tavoitteena on kuvata osallistumisaktiivisuutta, tekstipohjaiseen vuorovaikutukseen osallistumista ja niihin liittyviä tekijöitä verkko-oppimisyhteisössä monimenetelmällisesti työelämän kehittämisen kontekstissa. Tutkimus perustuu verkkovalmennuksen alustan analytiikkaan (N=45) sekä valmennuksiin osallistuneiden asiantuntijoiden ja kouluttajien kokemuksiin (haastattelut N=13, kysely N=98). Määrällinen aineisto analysoitiin tarkastelemalla frekvenssi- ja prosenttijakaumia, ristiintaulukoinnilla ja Poisson-regressioanalyysillä, ja laadullinen aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysin avulla. Analytiikkatarkastelut vahvistavat käsitystä, että keskeyttäneiden määrä nousee alkuinnostuksen jälkeen, osallistumisaktiivisuus on hyvin eritasoista, alustavierailut eriaikaisia ja keskusteluaktiivisuus jakautuu alustalla epätasaisesti. Lisäksi tutkimus osoittaa, että aktivointiviestit ovat yhteydessä osallistumisaktiivisuuteen. Haastatteluaineistoissa osallistumisen keskeisinä lähtökohtina näyttäytyivät tarve ja aika: valmennuksen tuli vastata osallistujien tarpeisiin ja aikahaasteet nousivat esiin vahvimpina osallistumisen esteinä. Osallistujat olivat valmennuksessa hyvin erilaisilla osallistumisen orientaatioilla. Osa selkeästi kehitti itseään eikä osallistunut yhteisiin keskusteluihin, osa oli yhteisössä aktiivisia ja osa toivoi ryhmän sosiaalisen läsnäolon olevan vahvempaa. Kaikkiaan tutkimus loi aikaisempaa monipuolisemman kuvan työn kontekstiin sijoittuvan verkko-oppimisyhteisön osallistumisaktiivisuudesta, vuorovaikutukseen osallistumisesta ja niiden edellytyksistä.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de implementação do Programa Mais Educação na rede municipal pública de Dourados-MS, no período compreendido entre 2009 e 2015, com vistas a identificar e discutir a concepção de educação de tempo integral explicitada nesse processo. Para tanto, realizou-se pesquisa qualitativa, tendo como campo empírico as 45 escolas públicas municipais de Dourados – MS, utilizando como instrumento de coleta de dados questionário junto aos integrantes do Programa. Constata-se que a concepção de educação integral presente no Programa Mais Educação está relacionada à ampliação da jornada escolar; consequentemente, tal concepção está em consonância com a proposta preconizada pelo Programa que considera como educação integral, além de outros fatores, a jornada escolar com duração igual ou superior a sete horas diárias.REFERÊNCIASARROYO, M. O direito a tempos-espaços de um justo e digno viver. In MOLL, J. et al. Caminhos da Educação Integral no Brasil: direito a outros tempos e espaços educativos. Porto Alegre: Penso, 2012.BRASIL. Portaria Normativa Interministerial n° 17, de 24 de abril de 2007. Institui o Programa Mais Educação que visa fomentar a educação integral de crianças, adolescentes e jovens, por meio do apoio a atividades sócio-educativas no contraturno escolar. Diário Oficial da União, Brasília, DF, 26 abr. 2007a._______. Constituição (1988). Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil. Brasília: Senado Federal, 1998.________ Decreto nº 7.083, de 27 de janeiro de 2010. Institucionaliza o Programa Mais Educação. Brasília, DF, 2010a.________. Lei n º 9.394, de 20 de dezembro de 1996. Estabelece as diretrizes e bases da educação nacional. Brasília: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, 23 dez. 1996._______. Lei nº 10.172 de 9 de janeiro de 2001. Aprova o Plano Nacional de Educação e dá outras providências. Brasília: Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Poder Executivo, 9 de janeiro de 2001. Obtido em [https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/leis_2001/l10172.htm]. Acesso em 29 de dezembro de 2016.________. Manual de Educação Integral para Obtenção de Apoio Financeiro através do Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola – PDDE/Integral, no exercício de 2008. Brasília, DF.________. Manual de Educação Integral para Obtenção de Apoio Financeiro através do Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola – PDDE/Integral, no exercício de 2009 Brasília, DF, 2009a.________. Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente: promulgado em 13 de julho de 1990. 9ª Ed. São Paulo: Saraiva, 1999b.________. Manual de Educação Integral para Obtenção de Apoio Financeiro através do Programa Dinheiro Direto na Escola – PDDE/Integral, no exercício de 2013 a. Brasília, DF.________. Programa Mais Educação: passo a passo. Brasília: MEC, Secad. 2009b. Disponível em http://portal.mec.gov.br/dmdocuments/passoapasso_maiseducacao.pdf. Acesso em 21 de junho de 2015.CAVALARI, R. M. F. Integralismo – ideologia e organização de um partido de massa no Brasil (1932-1937). Bauru: EDUSC, 1999. 239 p.CAVALIERE, A.M. Escolas de tempo integral versus alunos em tempo integral. Em Aberto, v.21, p. 51-63, 2009.CARVALHO, L. M. As políticas públicas de educação sob o prisma da ação pública: esboço de uma perspectiva de análise e inventário de estudos. Currículo sem fronteiras. V. 15, n.2, p.314-333, maio/ago. 2015.COELHO, L.M. da C. História (s) de educação integral. In: MAURÍCIO, L. V. (org).: Educação Integral em Tempo Integral. Em Aberto, Brasília, v. 22, n° 80, 2009. p. 83-96.CEPAL. Comissão Economica Para a America Latina e Caribe. Equidad, desarrollo y ciudadanía. México, DF: CEPAL, 2000.DOURADO, L. F; OLIVEIRA, J. F. A qualidade da educação; perspectivas e desafios. Cadernos Cedes. Campinas vol. 29, n. 78, maio/ago. 2009.DOURADOS. Secretaria Municipal de Educação. Relatório de Avaliação do Programa Mais Educação. Dourados: SEMED, 2014.GADOTTI, M. Educação integral no Brasil: inovações em processo. São Paulo: Instituto Paulo Freire, 2009.LECLERC, G. F. E.; MOLL, J. Programa Mais Educação: avanços e desafios para uma estratégia indutora da Educação Integral e em tempo integral. Educar em Revista. Curitiba. nº. 45, p. 91-110, jul./set. 2012.MONTEIRO, E. S. A implementação do Programa Mais Educação no município de Dourados-MS: concepções e práticas. Dourados, MS: Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, 2016. (Dissertação de Mestrado).O PROGRESSO. Cidade de Dourados (MS) universaliza a educação em tempo integral. 28 de Abril, 2014.PARO, V. Educação integral em tempo integral: uma concepção de educação para a Modernidade. In: COELHO, Lígia Martha C. da Costa (Org.). Educação integral em tempo integral: estudos e experiências em processo. Petrópolis, RJ: FAPERJ, 2009.RODRIGUES, C. M. L.; VIANA, L. R.; BERNARDES, J. A. O Programa Mais Educação: breve análise do contexto político e dos pressupostos teóricos. Cadernos ANPAE, v. 17, p. 1-16, 2013.ROSA, V. S. O Programa Mais Educação como Política Pública Nacional de Educação Integral. In: IX ANPEd SUL Seminário de Pesquisa em Educação da Região Sul, 2012, Caxias do Sul, RS. Anais: ANPEd SUL, 2012.TEIXEIRA, A. Centro Educacional Carneiro Ribeiro. Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos. Rio de Janeiro, v.31, n.73, jan./mar. 1959. p. 78-84. Disponível em: http://www.bvanisioteixeira.ufba.br/produde.htm. Acesso em: 17 jul. 2015.UNESCO. Boletin. Proyecto principal de educacion em America Latina y Caribe. Santiago UNESCO, 1996.Recebido em 11-04-2018 e aceito em 28-08-2018.

The efficiency of ICSI-mediated transgenesis can be influenced by many different factors. In this study, we have assessed the impact of transgene concentration and of the presence of transgene-flanking matrix attachment regions (MARs) on the efficiency of this procedure. Presented data include assays with three DNA constructs; a plasmid EGFP of 5.4 kb (pEGFP, Clontech Laboratories, Inc., Palo Alto, CA, USA); this plasmid EGFP construct flanked with two MAR elements (M-EGFP-M; 2.3 kb of the human �-interferon domain boundaries) (Guti�rrez-Ad�n et al. 2000 Transgenic Res. 9, 81-89); and a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) of 520 kb. ICSI-mediated transgenesis was done in the B6D2 hybrid mouse strain as previously described (Moreira et al. 2004 Biol. Reprod. 71, 1943-1947), using two concentrations (1 and 15 ng/�L) of the M-EGFP-M transgene, three concentrations (1, 6, and 15 ng/�L) of the pEGFP transgene, and three concentrations (2, 3.6, and 5 ng/�L) of the YAC construct. Embryos were cultured in vitro until the 2-cell stage and transferred into Day 1 pseudopregnant females. Live offspring or Day 14 fetuses were analyzed by PCR for the detection of the genomic presence of the integrated transgene. The proportion of transgenics (PT) obtained with 2, 3.6, and 5 ng/�L of the YAC construct was 10, 21, and 13% respectively. A Z-test analysis of the data generated with this construct indicated that the number of transgenic offspring, when expressed as a proportion of injected ova (efficiency rate of the procedure, ER), increased with DNA concentration up to a threshold of 3.6 ng/�L, and suggested that higher concentrations of this transgene (and maybe of co-purifying contaminants) decreased the ER of the procedure. Interestingly, although much higher transgene concentrations were used for the pEGFP construct, this threshold was not reached. With an increase in transgene concentration (from 1 to 15 ng/�L), the PT increased (from 39 to 70%), as well as the ER of the procedure (from 3 to 7%). In addition, independently of the transgene concentration tested, when M-EGFP-M was used, the ER of the procedure and the PT observed were similar to the ones obtained with pEGFP. These results indicate that, regardless of the importance of other factors such as transgene size, purity, and copy number, the concentration to be used on ICSI-mediated transgenesis should be optimized for each construct, in order to maximize the PT among the liveborn offspring and the overall efficiency of the procedure. Our results also indicate that transgene-flanking MARs do not have a significant impact on the efficiency of this transgenesis method.

Au commencement, il y a le constat, en ce début de XXIe siècle, de l'influence de la sphère économique sur la refonte de la matière successorale. Certes, cela n'est pas officiel. Dans le cadre de l'élaboration de la loi n° 2006-728 du 23 juin 2006 réformant le droit des successions et des libéralités, le législateur préfère mettre en exergue des objectifs généraux ; il est question de « simplifier », d’« accélérer » et de « sécuriser » les règlements successoraux. Si tout cela semble bien transparent de prime abord, en réalité, derrière cette « profession de foi un peu courte », se cachent des objectifs de nature économique qui traversent l'ensemble de la réforme. On peut immédiatement en citer un à titre d’exemple : celui de la survie de l’entreprise au décès de son exploitant. Cet objectif transparaît sans difficulté ; il suppose de faciliter la transmission de l’unité économique, […], mais également d'assurer la continuité de la gestion de celle-ci, […].[…] Plus avant, la dialectique suivie par le législateur du XXIe siècle n'est pas seulement celle d'une adaptation des normes juridiques aux réalités économiques contemporaines ; elle est aussi celle d'une promotion de ces normes comme instruments de compétitivité de l'économie nationale. La légistique est désormais conçue comme un vecteur dopant de la conjoncture. […] Multiplier les échanges, relancer la croissance, mettre en valeur le patrimoine économique français : ce sont là certaines des nouvelles valeurs du droit des successions, au sens de la loi du 23 juin 2006. Pour autant, cette influence de la sphère économique est-elle complètement nouvelle ? Ne sommes-nous pas en présence de l'aboutissement, ou du prolongement, d'un phénomène ancien ? On peut en effet songer que les codificateurs étaient déjà soucieux d'adapter notre ancien droit français à l'avènement de la proto-industrie, ainsi qu’au développement d'une économie d'échanges ; dans le même sens, on doit bien constater que la loi n° 71-523 du 3 juillet 1971 ne réalise, pour l'essentiel, qu’une adaptation des règles liquidatives aux fluctuations monétaires de l'après-guerre. Sans entrer plus avant dans les détails, on perçoit immédiatement en quoi ces interrogations nous portent vers la présente étude : une analyse comparative des métasources « économiques » et « non économiques », sur le thème de l'influence de la sphère économique sur le droit des successions dans son élaboration depuis 1804
To start with, we can notice that at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the economic sphere is already clearly influencing the inheritance rules modification process. Admittedly, this is not an official statement. Writing the law n ° 2006-728 of June 23, 2006 which aims to reform the inheritances and liberalities regulations, the legislator prefers to highlight general objectives. This is a question of "simplifying", "speeding up" and "securing" the inheritance law. If all of this may seem very transparent at first glance, in reality, behind this "a little short profession of faith", there are some hidden economic objectives that cross the whole reform. The simplest example to cite is the survival of a company at the death of its manager. This objective is easily visible; it helps to facilitate the transmission of the economic unit, [...], but also to ensure its management continuity [...]. [...] Further, the dialectics followed by the legislator of the twenty-first century are not only for adaptation of legal norms to contemporary economic realities, but also for promoting these standards as instruments to increase the national economy's competitiveness. Legislation is now conceived as a driving force for the economic situation. [...] Multiplying trade, relaunching growth, enhancing French economic patrimony: these are some of the new values of inheritance regulations, as defined by the law of 23 June 2006. However, is this influence of the economic sphere entirely new or not ? Perhaps, we are dealing with culmination or prolongation of an old phenomenon ? We may indeed think that the legislators have already been concerned with adapting our old French law to the advent of proto-industry, as well as to the development of the trading economy ; in the same sense, it should be noted that, for the most part, the law n° 71-523 of July 3d, 1971 has done nothing more than making an adjustment of the liquidation rules to the monetary fluctuations of the post-war period. Without going further into the details, we can immediately notice how these questions lead us to the present study : a comparative analysis of "economic" and "non-economic" metasources, on the subject of influence of the economic sphere on the inheritance rights in its development since 1804

Avec l’arrivée des technologies de l’information, l’ère de la dématérialisation s’est étendue à tous les niveaux de la société. Le droit a dû s’adapter et encadrer ces nouvelles pratiques afin de mettre en place un climat de confiance. Dans ce contexte, la présente étude analyse l’influence de la dématérialisation sur le droit de la preuve civile français et québécois. Ces deux ordres juridiques ont rapidement pris des mesures de nature à encadrer la preuve sous forme électronique. S’il s’avère que les choix législatifs français et québécois ont sensiblement pu différer, tant sur le fond que sur la forme, dans l’ensemble, une finalité similaire apparaît, celle de l’équivalence fonctionnelle entre les supports matériels et immatériels. Dans les deux cas, il s’agit de parvenir à une égalité des supports, non pas basée sur la forme du moyen de preuve, traditionnel ou électronique, mais sur sa fonction, telle que l’intégrité, l’intelligibilité, l’identification, la durabilité, etc. À cette fin, les droits français et québécois sont parvenus à reconnaître une force probante équivalente entre les supports, à condition que les critères fonctionnels aient dûment été satisfaits et que cela soit possible de le démontrer. En effet, il apparaît que l’accomplissement des critères fonctionnels ne relève pas d’un même degré de diligence entre les supports. Dès lors, si une même fonction diverge d’un support à un autre, la recevabilité d’un moyen de preuve électronique devient tributaire d’un plus grand aléa juridique que le moyen de preuve traditionnel.Se pourrait-il alors que le droit ne soit finalement pas parvenu à assurer une équivalence des supports ? À travers une comparaison théorique des droits français et québécois, la présente analyse permet de constater que la confiance dans l’outil numérique ne relève pas inéluctablement de la rigueur de son encadrement, mais au contraire, d’un subtil équilibre entre une fiabilité juridique suffisante et une commodité d’usage nécessaire
With the emergence of information technology, the era of dematerialization has spread to all areas of society. The legal framework was forced to evolve and to regulate these new practices in order to establish a climate of trust. In this context, this study analyzes the influence of dematerialization on French and Quebec civil evidence law. These two legal systems have rapidly taken measures in order to regulate evidence in electronic form. As it turns out, the French and Quebec legislative choices differ noticeably, both in substance and in form, in fact, a similar purpose appears, that of functional equivalence between tangible and intangible media. In both cases, it is a question of achieving equality of media, not based on the form of the means of media, traditional or electronic, but on its function, such as integrity, intelligibility, identification, durability etc. To this end, the French and Quebec laws have succeeded to recognize an equivalent probative force, provided that the functional criteria have been duly fulfilled and it is possible to demonstrate it. Indeed, it appears that the fulfillment of the functional criteria does not have the same level of diligence between the medium. Therefore, if the same function differs from one medium to another, the admissibility of the electronic evidence becomes dependent on greater legal risk than the traditional means of evidence. Could it be the case that the law did not succeed in ensuring the equivalence between the mediums ? Through a theoretical comparison between French and Quebec law, this analysis shows that trust in digital tools does not inevitably depend on the rigor of its framework, but to the contrary, on a subtle balance between sufficient legal reliability and necessary practical use

La révision de la Constitution algérienne par la loi n° 16-01 du 6 mars 2016 a été l’occasion d’introduire dans la Loi fondamentale le contrôle de constitutionnalité par voie d’exception (article 188) et le principe de séparation des pouvoirs (préambule, paragraphe 13 et article 15, alinéa 1er). L’extension de la saisine du Conseil constitutionnel permet, en principe, de rendre plus effectifs les droits et libertés garantis par la Constitution. Elle interroge à cette occasion le pluralisme des sources qui caractérise l’ordre juridique algérien. Quant au principe de séparation des pouvoirs, cette révision l’a pour la première fois inscrit dans le texte de la Loi fondamentale, tandis que le Conseil constitutionnel l’avait déjà reconnu dans son avis n° 1.A.L.CC.89 du 28 août 1989, suite à la Constitution du 28 février 1989 qui avait supprimé toute mention au parti unique. Néanmoins, les pouvoirs du président de la République n’ont pas fondamentalement changé depuis la Constitution présidentialiste du 22 novembre 1976 où ce principe avait été ouvertement rejeté au profit du parti unique. Si la Constitution algérienne s’inscrit désormais formellement dans le constitutionnalisme, les limites constitutionnelles aux principes nouvellement proclamés en interrogent la réalité
The revision of the Algerian Constitution by the law n° 16-01 of March 6, 2016 gave the opportunity to introduce in the Basic Law the verification of constitutionality by way of exception (article 188) and the principle of separation of powers (Preamble, paragraph 13 and Article 15, paragraph 1). The extension of the referral of the Constitutional Council allows, in principle, to make the rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution more effective. On this occasion, it questions the pluralism of sources that characterizes the Algerian legal order. With regard to the principle of the separation of powers, this revision has, for the first time, included it in the text of the Basic Law whereas the Constitutional Council had already recognized it in its opinion n° 1.ALCC.89 of 28 August 1989, following the Constitution of 28 February 1989, which removed all references to the one party system. Nevertheless, the powers of the President of the Republic have not fundamentally changed since the Presidentialist Constitution of November 22, 1976 where this principle had been openly rejected in favor of the one party. If the Algerian Constitution is now formally part of constitutionalism, the constitutional limits to the newly proclaimed principles question its reality

L’accélération continue du progrès technique et la pénalisation des rapports sociaux ont été deux des traits les plus caractéristiques du siècle écoulé. Cette évolution n’a pas épargné le champ de l’action administrative. Toutefois, les difficultés liées à l’application du droit pénal aux agents publics et élus n’interviennent véritablement que dans des hypothèses où la consistance de l’élément moral susceptible de servir de support à une sanction pénale est faible. Une telle pénalisation de comportements relevant parfois bien plus de la simple maladministration que de l’agissement antisocial est lourde de conséquences. Pour les titulaires de fonctions publiques, elle entraîne notamment l’apparition de stratégies d’autodéfense se traduisant bien souvent par un reflux des services publics ainsi que de la démocratie locale. Le législateur a tenté par deux fois de pallier ces dérives. Mais le mouvement de pénalisation de l’action publique, en ce qu’il a de plus excessif, est accompagné et encouragé par une partie de la doctrine juridique,notamment pénaliste. Celle-ci, en professant avec vigueur l’idée selon laquelle le respect du principe d’égalité ne laissait d’autre choix à la représentation nationale que d’adopter des lois de portée générale, a considérablement pesé sur les débats entourant l’adoption des lois du 13 mai 1996 et du 10 juillet 2000. L’efficacité de ces dispositions a considérablement pâti de cet état de fait. Le discours des partisans de ce que le Professeur Olivier BEAUD appelle l’ « idéologie du droit commun » s’articule principalement autour de trois axiomes erronés : une définition contestable de l’égalité devant la loi pénale, une négation de la singularité des missions exercées par les titulaires de fonctions publiques et l’affirmation d’une substituabilité de la responsabilité pénale à la responsabilité politique. Tous trois ont conduit à une grave dénaturation polémique des discussions relatives à ces difficiles questions. La thèse s’attache à rechercher les causes de cette dénaturation en procédant à une exploration systématique de l’évolution du droit pénal applicable aux titulaires de fonctions publiques de l’Ancien Régime jusqu’à nos jours (Première Partie). Cette étude historique de l’évolution du droit positif et des doctrines juridiques associées donne de nombreuses clefs permettant notamment de comprendre l’origine de la thèse de la substituabilité de la responsabilité pénale à la responsabilité politique ou encore d’expliquer pourquoi les problèmes liés à la répression pénale des infractions involontaires ne sont apparus que relativement récemment. Elle met surtout au jour l’influence du souvenir du système de l’autorisation préalable aux poursuites sur les débats contemporains. L’étude du droit pénal substantiel (Deuxième Partie) met quant à elle en évidence le fait qu’en matière d’infractions volontaires les titulaires de fonctions publiques ont toujours fait l’objet d’incriminations spécifiques visant à protéger le bon fonctionnement des services publics dont ils ont la charge. Ils forment donc indiscutablement une catégorie distincte de destinataires de la loi pénale auxquels s’appliquent des règles spéciales. Un tel constat contredit singulièrement les positions doctrinales dominantes en 1996 et 2000. Il suggère, ce qui est la position défendue dans cette thèse, qu’il serait non seulement possible mais également indispensable d’adapter la répression pénale des infractions involontaires aux spécificités de la situation des titulaires de fonctions publiques. Faute d’avoir été définitivement réglée par la loi du 10 juillet 2000, la question de l’application de la loi pénale aux agents publics et aux élus se posera nécessairement à nouveau devant la représentation nationale dans les années à venir. En contribuant à exorciser le vieux démon de l’article 75 de la Constitution de l’an VIII, nous espérons que cet essai critique contribuera à ce qu’elle soit alors débattue plus sereinement et sur des bases scientifiques exactes
The continuous acceleration of technical progress and the criminalisation of social relations were two of the most characteristic features of the last century. This evolution did not spare the domain of administrative proceedings. Nevertheless, the difficulties linked to the application of criminal law to civil servants and elected representatives only really come into play in the assumption that the substance of the moral element likely to serve as a medium for criminal sanctions is weak. Such criminalisation of behaviour which is sometimes based more on simple maladministration than on anti-social dealings is fraught with consequences. For holders of public office, it leads especially to the appearance of self-defence strategies which often result in a retreat of public services as well as that of local democracy. The legislator has tried to offset these deviations on two occasions. But the movement of criminalisation of public proceedings, at its most excessive, is accompanied and encouraged by part of legal doctrine, especially criminal doctrine. The latter, by vigorously professing the idea according to which respect for the principle of equality left no other choice to national representation than that of adopting laws of general application, weighed considerably on debate surrounding the adoption of the laws of 13 May 1996 and of 10 July 2000. The effectiveness of these measures suffered considerably as a result of this fact. The views of advocates of that which Professor Olivier BEAUD calls “the ideology of common law” are hinged mainly on three erroneous axioms: a questionable definition of equality before criminal law, negation of the unique nature of missions carried out by holders of public office and the affirmation of substitutability of criminal liability with political responsibility. All three have led to the serious controversial denaturing of discussions in relation to these difficult issues. This thesis tries to seek the causes of this denaturing by carrying out a systematic exploration of the evolution of criminal law applicable to holders of public office from the Ancien Régime until today (Part One). This historic study of the evolution of substantive law and the legal doctrines associated, provide several clues allowing us in particular to understand the origin of the notion of substitutability of criminal liability with political responsibility or even to explain why the problems linked to criminal prosecution of involuntary offences have only appeared relatively recently. It especially brings to light the influence of the memory of the system of prior authorisation to prosecute on current-day debate. The study of substantive criminal law (Part Two) highlights the fact that concerning voluntary offences, holders of public office have always been the subject of specific accusations aimed at protecting the correct operation of the public services of which they are in charge. They therefore indisputably make up a distinct category of recipients of criminal law to which special rules apply. Such an observation radically contradicts the dominating doctrinal positions from 1996 and 2000. It suggests that it would not only be possible but also crucial to adapt criminal prosecution of involuntary offences to the specificities of the situation of holders of public office. Such is the position defended in this thesis. For the lack of having been definitively settled by the law of 10 July 2000, the issue of the application of criminal law to civil servants and elected representatives will necessarily be raised again before the national representation in the years to come. By contributing to exorcising the old demons of Article 75 of the French Constitution of the Year VIII, we hope that this critical essay will contribute to the fact that this Constitution is debated more serenely and on an exact scientific basis

Promulguée le 13 décembre 2000 la loi SRU imposait, par son article 55, un seuil minimal de 20% de logements sociaux à la plupart des communes situées dans les grandes agglomérations. En cela, elle avait pour vocation de contribuer au droit au logement et, surtout, de favoriser la « mixité sociale ». Fortement critiquée, maintes fois menacée, la loi SRU a finalement été renforcée en 2013 par l’élévation à 25% du seuil minimal de logements sociaux. Plus de quinze ans après son entrée en vigueur, la loi est entrée dans une phase de maturité rendant possible l’établissement d’un bilan circonstancié, objectif de cette thèse. L’étude s’attache à analyser les données quantitatives et qualitatives sur la construction de logements sociaux dans les communes déficitaires des Yvelines, le département comptant le plus grand nombre de communes déficitaires à l’échelle nationale. Ce faisant, il apparaît que, globalement, les communes déficitaires respectent la lettre de la loi – en construisant les logements sociaux exigés – mais contournent son esprit – en limitant la mixité sociale. En effet, les logements sociaux qu’elles réalisent présentent de nombreuses spécificités et, parallèlement, de nombreux logements privés continuent à être implantés, rendant inatteignable le taux exigé. Afin de comprendre les raisons de cette application partiale et partielle, cette thèse s’intéresse au jeu d’acteurs auquel donne lieu la loi SRU. Les enquêtes mettent alors en évidence que c’est le rejet toujours vivace du logement social sur le terrain qui grippe la mécanique prévue par le législateur et qui empêche au dispositif d’avoir les effets escomptés
Promulgated on December 13th 2000, the SRU law decreesed with its article 55 that there should be a 20% minimum limit of social housing in most of the communes located in big urban areas. Therein, it was designed to contribute to the right to housing and above all to promote « social mix ». Although strongly criticized, many times jeopardized, the SRU law was eventually reinforced in 2013 through the rise of the minimum limit up to 25% of social housing. More than 15 years after coming into force, the law entered a phase of development that allows a detailed and objective assessment of this thesis. This study focuses on the analysis of quantitative and qualitative datas on the construction of social housing in the non-law abiding communes of the Yvelines, the department with the highest number of non-law abiding communes on a national level. By doing so, it appears that overall, the non-law abiding communes respect the letter of the law- by building the required social housing - while getting round its spirit - by limiting social mix. Indeed, the social housing that they build have several specific features and at the same time, numerous private housing continue to be set up, making it impossible to reach the demanded percentage. So as to understand the reasons for this partial and biased implementation, it was necessary to study the interplay of stakeholders that the SRU law results in. This survey thus puts forward the fact that it is the everlasting rejection of social housing in the field that hinders the mechanism introduced by the legislator and prevents the SRU law from achieving its intended effect

Estudos demográficos mostram que ano após ano a expectativa de vida vem aumentando e a população mundial está envelhecendo. Globalmente, a expectativa de vida ao nascer cresceu de 70 anos em 2010 para 73 anos em 2020 (STATISTA, 2023a). Uma expectativa de vida mais longa significa mais pessoas trabalhando por mais tempo. De acordo com a Organização para a Cooperação e Desenvolvimento Econômico - OCDE (2019), hoje em dia as pessoas vivem muito e com boa saúde, como nunca antes na história. A Figura 1 mostra o crescimento da força de trabalho com idade acima de 55 anos, entre 2012 e 2019, nas maiores economias do mundo e também no Brasil. Em 2019 a China contava com 17% dos trabalhadores com mais de 55 anos, os Estados Unidos 23%, Japão 30%, Alemanha 24%, Reino Unido 20% e Brasil 13% (STATISTA, 2023b). Os trabalhadores mais velhos estão cada vez mais saudáveis e dispostos a adiar a aposentadoria. A idade de aposentadoria desejável, que no passado era de 60 anos (HURSH et al., 2006), aumentou junto com o aumento da expectativa de vida. O aumento da participação dos idosos no mercado de trabalho leva as empresas a tentarem compreendê-los melhor, considerando suas características, comportamentos e desejos de carreira, com o objetivo de aumentar o sucesso profissional, fazê-los permanecer mais tempo na empresa e gerenciar o envelhecimento (KIM e KIM, 2022). Diversos fatores pessoais influenciam a tomada de decisão de quem está prestes a se aposentar, tornando a aposentadoria mais ou menos atrativa: saúde; situação financeira; atitudes em relação ao trabalho; aposentadoria; lazer; e fatores sociais e familiares (YEATTS et al., 2000).

O presente estudo tem como objetivo principal analisar a violência doméstica e familiar praticada contra a mulher, com base na Lei Maria da Penha que foi sancionada em 07 de agosto de 2006. A cada ano, mais de um milhão de mulheres são vítimas da violência praticada no País, segundo dados do IBGE. Sob o aspecto sócio cultural e positivo, desde suas possíveis raízes culturais existe a necessidade de criação de mecanismos de proteção que possam garantir os seus direitos fundamentais, trazendo novos mecanismos, com respostas efetivas do Estado, possibilitando o encorajamento das mulheres a formalizar denúncias. A Lei do Feminicídio foi sancionada pela presidente Dilma Roussef em 2015, colocando a morte de mulheres no rol dos crimes hediondos, diminuindo a tolerância de tamanha violência. Os diferentes conceitos relacionados à violência contra a mulher, bem como suas possíveis manifestações, apresentando instrumentos voltados ao combate e prevenção deste grave problema social que atinge um número enorme de mulheres vítimas da violência. Será focalizada uma análise mais detida da lei de combate e prevenção da violência contra a mulher, no âmbito doméstico e familiar, a Lei nº 11.340/06, a “Lei Maria da Penha”, promulgada com o objetivo de efetivar os direitos constitucionalmente definidos à mulher, uma vez que a violação desses direitos continua sendo desrespeitada. A Lei Maria da Penha é reconhecida pela ONU como uma das três melhores legislações no enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres no mundo, a qual contribuiu para uma diminuição de cerca de 10% na taxa de homicídios. A aplicação da lei garante o mesmo atendimento para mulheres que se relacionam com outras mulheres, garantindo a aplicação da lei para transexuais que se identificam como mulheres, em relação ao gênero.

Johannes G. de Vries of DSM Pharmaceuticals prepared (Chem. Commun. 2009, 3747) Fe nanoparticles that selectively mediated the hydrogenation of Z alkenes and not trisubstituted alkenes. This should allow the conversion of 1 to 2. In the course of a synthesis (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 4368) of centrolobine, Teck-Peng Loh of Nanyang Technological University employed an elegant protocol for the reduction of the secondary bromide 3. István Markó of the Université catholique de Louvain observed (Tetrahedron 2009, 65, 10930) that toluates such as 5 can be reduced smoothly with SmI2 to the corresponding C-H. Dan Yang of the University of Hong Kong devised (Organic Lett. 2009, 11, 3302) a triethylsilane-based procedure for the reductive amination of aldehydes and ketones such as 7. Jon A. Tunge of the University of Kansas developed (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 16626) a complementary protocol for the conversion of an aldehyde or ketone to the protected amine 12. Mark T. Hamann of the University of Mississippi established (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 3901) that a nitroaromatic 13 could be reduced in the presence of an acid chloride 14 to deliver the amide 15 directly. Matthias Beller of the Universität Rostock (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9507) and Hideo Nagashima of Kyushu University (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 9511; J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2009, 131, 15032) reported parallel investigations of the silane-based reduction of an amide 16 to the amine 17. Xue-Long Hou of the Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry demonstrated (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 5578) that a terminal alkyne 18 could be oxidized to the α-acetoxy ketone 19. Philippe Renaud of the Universität Bern and Armido Studer of West fälische-Wilhelms-Universität established (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2009, 48, 6037) that both zinc enolates and silyl enol ethers could combine with chlorocatechol borane followed by TEMPO to give the α-oxygenated ketone. Stephen P. Marsden of the University of Leeds devised (Tetrahedron Lett. 2009, 50, 6106) a protocol for oxidizing a primary amine 18 to the benzoxazole 24, which has the oxidation state of the carboxylic acid.

"LIVRETO DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS PARA O ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS E BIOLOGIANOS DIAS ATUAIS, N?S PROFESSORES, ESTAMOS CONSTANTEMENTE PROCURANDO FORMAS DE OTIMIZAR NOSSAS AULAS E FAZER COM QUE OS CONTE?DOS ENSINADOS GANHEM MAIS SENTIDO E SIGNIFICADO PARA OS ALUNOS. GUIMAR?ES (2009, P. 13) EVIDENCIA A IMPORT?NCIA DE UMA ?METODOLOGIA DE ENSINO QUE TENHA EM VISTA A COMPLEXIDADE E A DIVERSIDADE DAS CI?NCIAS NATURAIS E QUE N?O ESTEJA RESTRITA ? SIMPLES MEMORIZA??O?. A PARTIR DESSA EVID?NCIA PODEMOS NOS QUESTIONAR: EXISTE UMA METODOLOGIA ?NICA PARA UTILIZARMOS EM NOSSAS AULAS? A RESPOSTA ? NEGATIVA, POIS O QUE EXISTE S?O METODOLOGIAS (NO PLURAL) ADEQUADAS PARA DETERMINADOS CONTEXTOS E SITUA??ES. ATRELADA A QUEST?O METODOL?GICA, TEMOS O DESAFIO DE COLOCAR O SABER CIENT?FICO (T?O VALORIZADO ATUALMENTE) AO ALCANCE DO P?BLICO ESCOLAR, O QUAL ? VASTO E HETEROG?NEO, VISTO QUE ATUALMENTE ? REPRESENTADO ?POR TODOS OS SEGUIMENTOS SOCIAIS E COM MAIORIA EXPRESSIVA ORIUNDA DE CLASSES E CULTURAS QUE AT? ENT?O N?O FREQUENTARAM A ESCOLA? (DELIZOICOV, ANGOTTI E PERNAMBUCO, 2011, P. 33). TENDO ESSE P?BLICO PLURAL EM NOSSAS SALAS DE AULA, EVIDENCIAMOS A DEMANDA DE PENSAR EM VARIADAS ESTRAT?GIAS DID?TICAS PARA CONTEMPLAR ESSES DIFERENTES PERFIS. DELIZOICOV, ANGOTTI E PERNAMBUCO (2011) NOS AUXILIAM A COMPREENDER QUE UMA DAS FUN??ES DA ESCOLA ? PREPARAR PARA O EXERC?CIO CONSCIENTE DA CIDADANIA, N?O SENDO POSS?VEL QUE SEU ENSINO N?O SEJA PERMEADO PELAS POSSIBILIDADES DO CONHECIMENTO CIENT?FICO. OS AUTORES COMPREENDEM TAMB?M QUE DIVERSAS QUEST?ES EXTRAPOLAM O ?MBITO EXCLUSIVO DAS CI?NCIAS NATURAIS E N?O PODEM SER ENFRENTADAS SEM OUTROS CONHECIMENTOS. DESSA FORMA, NA TENTATIVA DE FORNECER MAIS SIGNIFICADO AOS CONTE?DOS TRABALHADOS EM SALA DE AULA, ATENDER A UMA MAIOR DIVERSIDADE DE ALUNOS E AUXILI?-LOS NO EXERC?CIO DA CIDADANIA APOSTAMOS NA UTILIZA??O DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS DIVERSIFICADOS PARA POTENCIALIZAR O ENSINO. NESTE SENTIDO, A PROFESSORA DO COMPONENTE CURRICULAR DE PR?TICAS FORMATIVAS E EDUCATIVAS II (PFE II), DO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PAMPA (UNIPAMPA) ? CAMPUS S?O GABRIEL, RS, BRASIL, JUNTAMENTE COM O PROFESSOR COORDENADOR DO PROJETO DE ENSINO ?MODALIDADES DID?TICAS ALTERNATIVAS PARA O ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS E BIOLOGIA?, CADASTRADO NA UNIVERSIDADE, ORGANIZARAM ATIVIDADES PARA ATENDER AS DEMANDAS QUE SE COLOCAM NA FORMA??O INICIAL E CONTINUADA DE PROFESSORES. O PROJETO DE ENSINO, EST? VINCULADO AO COMPONENTE CURRICULAR PR?TICAS FORMATIVAS E EDUCATIVAS II. DESSA FORMA, AS ATIVIDADES INICIARAM NO ?MBITO DO COMPONENTE, CONTANDO COM AS SEGUINTES ATIVIDADES: ESTUDO, LEITURA E DISCUSS?O DE TEXTOS SOBRE M?TODOS E T?CNICAS DE ENSINO; APROFUNDAMENTO DAS FORMAS DE SE ORGANIZAR/PLANEJAR O ENSINO; PLANEJAMENTOS E DESENVOLVIMENTO DE ATIVIDADES ALTERNATIVAS COM CONTE?DOS/TEMAS DAS CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS; ELABORA??O DE MATERIAIS DID?TICOS, AVALIA??O DOS MATERIAIS PRODUZIDOS, ELABORA??O DO LIVRETO E REALIZA??O DE UM WORKSHOP PARA PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA DO MUNIC?PIO DE S?O GABRIEL, RS. NO QUADRO ABAIXO PODE-SE OBSERVAR AS ETAPAS DO PROJETO, RESPONS?VEIS PELAS A??ES E O PER?ODO DE REALIZA??O: ETAPA ATIVIDADES RESPONS?VEIS PER?ODO 1? LEITURA E DISCUSS?O DE TEXTOS SOBRE M?TODOS E T?CNICAS DE ENSINO PROFESSORA PFE II E ALUNOS AGOSTO 2019 2? APROFUNDAMENTO DAS FORMAS DE SE ORGANIZAR/PLANEJAR O ENSINO PROFESSORA PFE II E ALUNOS AGOSTO 2019 3? PLANEJAMENTOS DE ATIVIDADES ALTERNATIVAS COM CONTE?DOS/TEMAS DAS CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS PROFESSORA PFE II E ALUNOS SETEMBRO 2019 4? ELABORA??O DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS ALUNOS SETEMBRO 2019 5? AVALIA??O DOS RECURSOS PRODUZIDOS ALUNOS OUTUBRO 2019 6? ELABORA??O DE LIVRETO ALUNOS OUTUBRO 2019 7? ORGANIZA??O DO LIVRETO PROFESSORA PFE II E PROFESSOR COORDENADOR DO PROJETO NOVEMBRO 2019 8? ORGANIZA??O DO WORKSHOP PROFESSOR COORDENADOR DO PROJETO E PROFESSORA PFE II NOVEMBRO 2019 9? REALIZA??O DE WORKSHOP PARA PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA DO MUNIC?PIO PROFESSOR COORDENADOR DO PROJETO, PROFESSORA PFE II E ALUNOS DEZEMBRO 2019 10? AVALIA??O DO WORKSHOP PELOS ORGANIZADORES, SEGUNDA OS FORMUL?RIOS DE AVALIA??O DOS LICENCIANDOS EM CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS E PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA PARTICIPANTES DO EVENTO PROFESSOR COORDENADOR DO PROJETO E PROFESSORA PFE II DEZEMBRO 2019 JANEIRO 2020 NA ETAPA 1, OS ALUNOS PARTICIPARAM DE ATIVIDADES EM AULA QUE ENVOLVIAM O ESTUDO DIRIGIDO DE TEXTOS E DISCUSS?ES SOBRE RECURSOS DID?TICOS. KRASILCHIK (2004) DEFENDE A UTILIZA??O DA MODALIDADE DID?TICA DISCUSS?O, POIS ATRAV?S DELA H? TRANSI??O DE UMA AULA EM QUE SOMENTE O PROFESSOR FALA, PARA UMA A QUAL EXISTE O DI?LOGO ENTRE TODAS AS PARTES. A DISCUSS?O ESTRUTURADA E ORIENTADA, POSSIBILITOU UMA TROCA DE CONHECIMENTOS E REFLEX?O CR?TICA DOS ALUNOS SOBRE O PAPEL DA UTILIZA??O DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS NO ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS E BIOLOGIA. POSTERIORMENTE, NAS ETAPAS 2 E 3, OS ALUNOS ESTIVERAM ENVOLVIDOS EM ATIVIDADES DE APROFUNDAMENTO TE?RICO SOBRE AS ?MODALIDADES DID?TICAS? (KRASILCHIK, 2004). TAIS ETAPAS VISARAM COMPREENDER E AUXILIAR OS ALUNOS NA ELABORA??O DE PLANEJAMENTOS DE AULA CONTEMPLANDO A INSER??O DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS. LIB?NEO (1994, P. 22) DESTACA A IMPORT?NCIA DO PLANEJAMENTO POR TRATAR-SE DE ?UM PROCESSO DE RACIONALIZA??O, ORGANIZA??O E COORDENA??O DA A??O DOCENTE?. A ETAPA 4, FOI O MOMENTO DEDICADO A ELABORA??O DOS RECURSOS DID?TICOS PELOS ALUNOS. A DEFINI??O DAS TEM?TICAS E/OU CONCEITOS TRABALHADOS POR CADA GRUPO ERA DE ESCOLHA LIVRE, PARTINDO DE SEU TEMA DE INTERESSE. NESSE CONTEXTO, ALGUNS ALUNOS OPTARAM POR ELABORAR MODELOS DID?TICOS, OUTROS CRIARAM JOGOS. ESTE MOMENTO DE IMERS?O DOS ALUNOS POSSIBILITOU ENVOLVIMENTO E MOTIVA??O PARA ELABORA??O DOS RECURSOS DID?TICOS, VISTO QUE SENTIRAM A NECESSIDADE DE PROCURAR INFORMA??ES EM DIFERENTES FONTES, EXPLORANDO A SUA CRIATIVIDADE. BUSCARAM TAMB?M CONTEMPLAR ASPECTOS REGIONAIS (BIOMA PAMPA) E VIABILIZAR A PRODU??O DE TAIS RECURSOS PELOS PROFESSORES (FACILIDADE DE TRANSPORTE E MATERIAIS DE BAIXO CUSTO). A PARTICIPA??O ATIVA DOS ALUNOS TORNOU-OS PROTAGONISTAS NO PROCESSO DE APRENDIZAGEM. DE ACORDO COM COSTA (2000) O PROTAGONISMO, ENQUANTO PARTICIPA??O GENU?NA RESULTA NUM GANHO DE AUTONOMIA, AUTOCONFIAN?A, AUTODETERMINA??O NA CONSTRU??O DA IDENTIDADE PESSOAL, SOCIAL E NO PROJETO DE VIDA. NA ETAPA 5 BUSCOU-SE ANALISAR OS RECURSOS PRODUZIDOS PELOS ESTUDANTES DIALOGANDO COM OS TEXTOS E FUNDAMENTOS TE?RICOS ABORDADOS NA DISCIPLINA. NESTE MOMENTO FOI POSS?VEL REFLETIR SOBRE A ELABORA??O E, POR MEIO DE SUGEST?ES DO GRUPO, APERFEI?OAR AS PROPOSTAS. AO FINAL DESTAS ETAPAS PENSOU-SE EM ELABORAR UM LIVRETO CONTEMPLANDO OS RECURSOS PRODUZIDOS NA DISCIPLINA. O INTUITO DESSE MATERIAL RESIDIA EM SOCIALIZAR A CONSTRU??O DOS LICENCIANDOS E DISPONIBILIZAR, AOS PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA DE S?O GABRIEL, UM MATERIAL COM SUGEST?ES PARA O ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS E BIOLOGIA. ASSIM, NA ETAPA 6 OCORREU A ELABORA??O DO LIVRETO, ONDE CADA GRUPO FICOU RESPONS?VEL DE ESTRUTURAR O PLANEJAMENTO DO RECURSO ELABORADO, DE ACORDO COM OS CRIT?RIOS ESTABELECIDOS NO COMPONENTE CURRICULAR PFE II. POSTERIORMENTE A PROFESSORA DA DISCIPLINA, JUNTAMENTE COM O COORDENADOR DO PROJETO ORGANIZARAM O LIVRETO, UNINDO OS MATERIAIS DOS ALUNOS, ELABORANDO CAPA, PREF?CIO, APRESENTA??O E AS DEVIDAS FORMATA??ES. O LIVRETO (FIGURA 1) SOCIALIZA UM CONJUNTO DE RECURSOS DID?TICOS, ORGANIZADOS NA FORMA DE M?DULOS DE ATIVIDADES, VOLTADAS AO ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS E BIOLOGIA. OS M?DULOS EST?O ORGANIZADOS DA SEGUINTE FORMA: INTRODU??O, OBJETIVOS, MATERIAIS E EXPLORA??O DID?TICA. AL?M DO LIVRETO, COM O AUX?LIO DE UM DOS ALUNOS, FOI ELABORADO UM BLOG QUE APRESENTA ALGUNS RECURSOS DE FORMA MAIS DETALHADA, COM OP??ES DE IMPRESS?ES DE JOGOS E MATERIAIS. FIGURA 1: CAPA DO LIVRETO PRODUZIDO OS RECURSOS DISPONIBILIZADOS NO LIVRETO ABORDAVAM AS SEGUINTES TEM?TICAS: R?PTEIS, C?LULAS, BACT?RIAS, PIR?MIDE ALIMENTAR, SISTEMA GENITAL, SISTEMA DIGESTIVO, SISTEMA CIRCULAT?RIO, SISTEMA IMUNOL?GICO, SISTEMA ARTICULAR E SISTEMA SOLAR. NESTA PERSPECTIVA, FOI ORGANIZADO UM WORKSHOP PARA PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA DO MUNIC?PIO (ETAPA 8), A FIM DE SOCIALIZAR OS JOGOS E RECURSOS DID?TICOS PRODUZIDOS. DADOS OBTIDOS NA AVALIA??O (ETAPA 9) TANTO DOS PROFESSORES PARTICIPANTES, COMO DOS ALUNOS DA LICENCIATURA EM CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS DA UNIPAMPA APRESENTAVAM QUE O EVENTO TINHA ALCAN?ADO O SEU OBJETIVO. PALAVRAS CHAVE: ENSINO DE CI?NCIA, ENSINO DE BIOLOGIA, RECURSO DID?TICO, JOGO DID?TICO, FORMA??O DE PROFESSORES. AGRADECIMENTOS AOS ALUNOS DO CURSO DE LICENCIATURA EM CI?NCIAS BIOL?GICAS DA UNIPAMPA PELO EMPENHO NA ELABORA??O DOS RECURSOS. AOS ALUNOS E PROFESSORES DO CAMPUS S?O GABRIEL DA UNIPAMPA QUE COLABORARAM COM A REALIZA??O DO WORKSHOP. AOS PROFESSORES DA EDUCA??O B?SICA DE S?O GABRIEL PELA ACOLHIDA E PARTICIPA??O NO WORKSHOP. REFER?NCIAS COSTA, A. C. G. PROTAGONISMO JUVENIL: ADOLESC?NCIA, EDUCA??O E PARTICIPA??O DEMOCR?TICA. SALVADOR: FUNDA??O ODEBRECHT, 2000. DELIZOICOV, D.; ANGOTTI, J. A.; PERNAMBUCO, M. M. ENSINO DE CI?NCIAS: FUNDAMENTOS E M?TODOS. 4 ED. S?O PAULO: CORTEZ, 2011. GUIMAR?ES, LUCIANA RIBEIRO. ATIVIDADES PARA AULAS DE CI?NCIAS: ENSINO FUNDAMENTAL, 6? AO 9? ANO. S?O PAULO: NOVA ESPIRAL, 2009. KRASILCHIK, M. 2004. PR?TICA DO ENSINO DE BIOLOGIA. EDITORA EDUSP, 2004. LIB?NEO; J. C. DID?TICA. S?O PAULO: CORTEZ, 1994."

Como forma de ampliar sua missão institucional e abranger a Educação pelo Ensino, a Pesquisa e a Extensão, contemplando as bases das instituições universitárias de Ensino Superior (IES), através do desenvolvimento de ações sociais, com foco direcionado à população adulta e/ou idosa, na faixa etária a partir dos 55 (cinquenta e cinco) anos, em específico de Foz do Iguaçu e dos municípios lindeiros, a Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Paraná (Unioeste), no campus de Foz do Iguaçu, deu início no ano de 2008 ao projeto de extensão denominado Universidade aberta à terceira Idade (UNATI). O Programa UNATI com esse formato/estrutura se faz presente em 13 (treze) Estados brasileiros, na forma de educação não formal onde desenvolve projetos com objetivos de criar espaços de convivência para essa faixa etária e a promoção da saúde, através de atividades físicas, manuais, artísticas e intelectuais, além de atualizar os conhecimentos do dia a dia nos mais diversos temas, onde se inclui: informática, línguas, nutrição, educação financeira, entre outros. O Programa UNATI não tem caráter assistencial, nem expectativa de retorno lucrativo de investimento, e sua base é voltada com a finalidade de reduzir a carência de conhecimento das famílias cadastradas. O Programa se faz em um processo de educação permanente de ações conjuntas que assegurem a essa faixa etária seus direitos sociais, autonomia, integração e participação social, conforme declarado no texto da Lei 8.842/94 relativa à Política Nacional do Idoso. Além disso, o Programa se insere nos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS), apresentados pela Organização das Nações Unidas (ONU) como indispensáveis para garantir prosperidade e qualidade de vida. Neste contexto, diversos projetos são ofertados a esse público alvo, divididos em módulos, e dentre eles, um voltado à área da alimentação saudável, intitulado: “(Re) Aproveitamento de Alimentos: uma nova visão de saúde para coletividade da terceira idade”, tema desse relato de experiência. O Programa UNATI neste módulo em específico, teve o objetivo de implantar através da educação alimentar o aproveitamento e reaproveitamento de alimentos, de forma a enfatizar a importância e destinação de seus resíduos orgânicos produzidos dentro da cozinha doméstica, além de mostrar o valor funcional e nutritivo dos alimentos, sem perda de nutrientes e manutenção da saúde corporal

Santiago, capital de la República de Chile, se sitúa en el valle central del país en los 33º 27’ de latitud sur y 70º 42’ de longitud oeste, presentando un clima templado cálido con una estación seca prolongada de 7 a 8 meses de duración. La temperatura media anual es de 12,2°C y la oscilación térmica es considerable: hay casi 13°C de diferencia en la temperatura media entre el mes más cálido (enero) y el más frío (julio) y la diferencia entre las medias de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas para todos los meses del año fluctúan entre 10 y 16°C. De acuerdo a datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), el 37,4% de los permisos de edificación de viviendas nuevas del 2006, declara que el ladrillo es su material predominante de muros, mientras que otro 36,0% está asociado con el hormigón armado. Dada la generalmente nula presencia de aislación térmica en estos sistemas constructivos y su alta inercia térmica de absorción, se podría esperar para Santiago un comportamiento térmico - en términos de confort - más bien desfavorable en invierno y favorable en verano. Sin embargo, estudios recientes presentan un escenario opuesto, dado que un gran porcentaje de usuarios encuestados acusa un alto nivel de sobrecalentamiento en sus viviendas. Esta aparente contradicción podría entenderse desde las limitaciones propias de esta base datos del INE del año 2006, puesto que por ejemplo, no refleja el impacto de la implementación de la 2° etapa de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional. Esta regulación, en vigencia desde enero de 2007, establece valores máximos de transmitancia térmica admisible para los diversos elementos de la envolvente de una vivienda. A partir del valor exigido en muros en Santiago (1,9 W/m2K), los nuevos edificios de departamentos han tenido que necesariamente incorporar al menos 10 mm de aislante térmico en su envolvente vertical, modificando su comportamiento térmico tanto en invierno como en verano.Este artículo propone la simulación del desempeño energético y condiciones de confort térmico para invierno y verano, de edificios de departamentos en Santiago para estratos socioeconómicos medios y medios altos, con el objetivo de establecer los impactos de las soluciones constructivas adoptadas en estos. Estas simulaciones numéricas se realizarán sobre tipologías de productos de vivienda ofertadas en el mercado privado durante el periodo 2006-2007, incorporando su materialidad y los datos de mercado, precios y atributos inmobiliarios, según datos de oferta del Portalinmobiliario.com. Estas tipologías de vivienda se traducirán en nichos, los cuales serán determinados a partir de la generación de grupos homogéneos de viviendas mediante a la técnica de generación de conglomerados, sobre las variables de cada producto inmobiliario. Estos grupos de viviendas se encontrarán en los mismos sub mercados inmobiliarios, evaluándose diferentes combinaciones de atributos asociados a las materialidades. Las simulaciones numéricas del comportamiento térmico en invierno y en verano, se realizan mediante el software de evaluación de desempeño energético TAS, mediante un sistema dinámico que calcula las condiciones de las viviendas en régimen horario, evaluando las condiciones de confort térmico. Se espera probar que las soluciones técnico-arquitectónicas actuales, y su interpretación de la Reglamentación Térmica vigente, generan desfavorables condiciones de confort independiente del nicho de mercado donde estén compitiendo. Estas conclusiones permitirán establecer desafíos y oportunidades para el mercado inmobiliario privado, tanto en términos de tecnología de la construcción, como en el diseño arquitectónico, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas para integrar las exigencias de la Reglamentación Térmica nacional a la realidad del mercado de vivienda privada. Santiago de Chile (33°27’S and 70°42’W), capital city of the country, is placed in the central valley. It has a Mediterranean climate with a long dry season (between 7 and 8 months). Its annual average temperature is 12,2°C, whereas the thermal oscillation is considerable: there is almost 13°C between January and July average temperatures (hottest and coldest months, respectively) and the difference between maximum and minimum temperatures ranges between 10°C and 16°C during all the year. According to the National Statistics Institute, 37.4% and 36.0% of new housing during 2006 were built using mainly brick masonry and concrete in their walls, respectively. In both cases, thermal insulation was not generally considered. On the contrary for the heating period, a favorable thermal performance in summer should be expected (low thermal insulation in combination to high thermal mass). However, some recent studies show the completely opposite scenario, since an important percentage of users declare overheating in their own dwellings. This apparent contradiction could be understood from a database limitation, due to these official data do not reflect the impact of the current thermal regulation, which is in force since January 2007. Notwithstanding the required standards are weak in comparison to the international state-of-art (e.g. 1,9 W/m2K as maximum U-value for walls in Santiago), nowadays apartment buildings in Santiago are including at least 20 mm of thermal insulation in their walls to give compliance to the code. This paper proposes a series of dynamic thermal simulations to apartment buildings in Santiago, with the aim of establish the impact of different constructive solutions by means of thermal behavior, both in winter and summer. These digital models are statistically based on the typologies offered in the private real estate market during both periods 2001-2002 and 2006-2007, according to a database from Portalinmobiliario.com. These were determined using a multivariate analysis of their attributes – producing homogeneous market niches - through the hierarchical clustering technique. These homogeneous niches were identified in the real estate private submarkets, assessing different attributes. Thermal simulations were made using the TAS software, a dynamic-state digital tool. According to the results, the implementation of the thermal regulation – intended mainly to reduce heating consumption – have produced unfavorable comfort conditions in all the studied market niches, in comparison with the business as usual scenario. These conclusions allow establishing challenges and opportunities for the private real estate market, in order to integrate new thermal regulations with the private market reality.

The rock shelter of the Roc-aux-Sorciers at Angles-sur-lAnglin (Vienne, France) is one of the archaeological reference sites for the Upper Paleolithic. The sculpted, painted and engraved frieze was gradually brought to light in its archaeological context by Susanne Cassou de Saint-Mathurin and Dorothy Garrod from 1949 onwards (Saint-Mathurin, Garrod, 1950). A wealth of archaeological material was discovered alongside the parietal art, comprising numerous works of portable art, tools made of animal bone, jewellery, etc. It was very rapidly observed that the portable art and the parietal art shared the same graphic and thematic conventions. For example, images of female bodies are rendered in high relief, in a monumental way, but also in the form of small statuettes. Our research has demonstrated the undeniable intra-site links between the portable art and the parietal art (Pinon, 2012). Here we propose to broaden this analysis within a well-identified culture of the Middle Magdalenian known as the Magdalenian of Lussac-Angles spearpoints. At the time of the discovery of the Magdalenian site of La Marche in 1937 (Vienne) (Lwoff, Pricard, 1940), some similarities had been identified between this site and that of Le Roc-aux-Sorciers, where the discoveries dated back to 1927 (Rousseau, 1933). These similarities are also perceptible in shared techniques (Chehmana, Beyries, 2010), as well as in the production of objects in hard organic materials such as the Lussac-Angles spearpoints (Pinon, 1988), the jewellery in fossil mammoth ivory (Dujardin, Pinon, 2000), the engraved horse incisors (Mazire, 2009) and the figurative art (Bourdier et al., 2016 Fuentes, 2016). We propose to further explore the links between these two sites through the analysis of the dynamic processes of reworking images. In particular we examine the engraved plaquettes of La Marche and the parietal art of Le Roc-aux-Sorciers to bring these links into perspective. This could shed light on some common ways of seeing the world in this Magdalenian group. Bourdier, C., Pinon, G., Bosselin, B. (2016). Norme et individualit au Rocaux-Sorciers (Vienne, France): approches des mains du registre animalier au travers de la forme. In M. Groenen, M.-Ch. Groenen (Eds.), Style, Techniques and Graphic expression in Rock Art (pp. 1735). BAR S2787. Chehmana, L., Beyries, S. (2010). Lindustrie lithique du Roc-aux-Sorciers (collection Rousseau). In J. Buisson-Catil, J. Primault (Eds.), Prhistoire entre Электронная библиотека ИА РАН: https://www.archaeolog.ru/ru/el-bib 16 Vienne et Charente. Hommes et socit du Palolithique (pp. 453460). Association des publications Chauvinoises, mmoire XXXVIII. Dujardin, V., Pinon, G. (2000). Le Magdalnien dans la Vienne et la Charente. In G. Pion (Dir.), Le Palolithique suprieur rcent: nouvelles donnes sur le peuplement et lenvironnement (pp. 213222). Actes de la table ronde de Chambry, 12-13 mars 1999, Mmoire de la Socit prhistorique franaise 28. Fuentes, O. (2016). The social dimension of human depiction in Magdalenian rock art (16,500 cal. BP 12.000 Cal. BP): the case of the Roc-aux-Sorciers rockshelter. Quaternary International, 430, 97113. https://doi.org/10.1016/ j.quaint.2016.06.023 Pericard, L., Lwoff, S. (1940). La Marche. Commune de Lussac-les-Chteaux (Vienne). Premier atelier de Magdalnien III dalles graves mobiles. Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique franaise, 37(79), 155180. Pinon, G. (1988). Fiche sagaie de Lussac-Angles. In H. Camps Fabrer (Dir.), Fiches typologiques de lindustrie osseuse prhistorique. Commission de nomenclature sur lindustrie de los prhistorique. Cahier I: sagaies (fiche 3bis). Universit de Provence. Pinon, G. (2012). Art mobilier et art parital du Roc-aux-Sorciers (Angles-surlAnglin, Vienne, France): disparits ou sens communs In J. Clottes (Ed.), Lart plistocne dans le monde / Pleistocene art of the world / Arte pleistoceno en el mundo (pp. 15491558). Bulletin Socit Prhistorique Arige-Pyrnes. Mazire, G. (2009). Les incisives de chevaux graves. In G. Pinon (Dir.), Le Roc-aux-Sorciers: art et parure du Magdalnien. Runion des Muses Nationaux. http://www.catalogue-roc-aux-sorciers.fr Rousseau, L. (1933). Le Magdalnien dans la Vienne. Dcouverte et fouille dun gisement du Magdalnien, Angles-sur-lAnglin (Vienne). Bulletin de la Socit Prhistorique franaise, 30, 239256. Saint-Mathurin (de), S., Garrod, D. (1950). Une frise sculpte du Magdalnien ancien dcouverte Angles-sur-lAnglin, dans la Vienne. Acadmie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, 94(2), 123128.

Sustainable development is a process involving the society, the environment and the economy to meet human needs while preserving the environment. Sustainable development not only addresses the present needs but also the future needs of humanity. Lab on a chip technologies play an important role in this process. This paper reports examples of low-cost polymeric lab-on-a-chip (LOC) devices for sustainable development in food supply, namely the detection of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and the detection of insecticides in agriculture. As the first example, the paper presents a close-loop ferrofluid-driven LOC for rapid amplification and detection of GMOs. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) sample was contained in a circular closed microchannel and driven by magnetic force generated by an external magnet through a small oil-based ferrofluid plug. Successful amplification of genetically modified soya and maize were achieved in less than 13 minutes. The LOC provides a cost saving and less time-consuming way to conduct preliminary screening of GMOs. As the second example, the paper reports a LOC for detection of organophosphorus insecticides for occupational hygiene in agriculture. Nerve agent sarin diluted in water was used to test the device concept. The sample was tested for trace levels of regenerated sarin using immobilised cholinesterase on the chip. Activity of immobilised cholinesterase was monitored by enzyme-assisted reaction of a substrate and reaction of the end-product with a chromophore. Resultant changes in chromophore-induced absorbance were recorded on the. Loss of enzyme activity obtained prior and after passage of the treated blood sample, as shown by a decrease in recorded absorbance values, indicates the presence of either free or regenerated nerve agent in the sample.

Rotordynamic data are presented for a rocker-pivot tilting-pad bearing in load-on-pad (LOP) configuration for (345–3101 kPa) unit loads and speeds from 4k to 13k rpm. The bearing was direct lubricated through a leading-edge groove with 5 pads, .282 preload, 60% offset, 57.87° pad arc angle, 101.587 mm (3.9995 in) rotor diameter, 0.1575 mm (.0062 in) diametral clearance, and 60.325 mm (2.375 in) pad length. Measured results were reported for this bearing by Carter and Childs in 2008 in the load-between-pad (LBP) configuration. Results for the LOP are compared to predictions from a bulk-flow Navier-Stokes model (as utilized by San Andres in 1991) and to the prior LBP results. Frequency effects on the dynamic-stiffness coefficients were investigated by applying dynamic-force excitation over a range of excitation frequencies. Generally, the direct real parts of the dynamic-stiffness coefficients could be modeled as quadratic functions of the excitation frequency and accounted for by adding a mass matrix to the conventional [K][C] model to produce a frequency-independent [K][C][M] model. Measured added mass terms in the loaded direction approached 60 kg. The static load direction in the tests was y. The direct-stiffness coefficients Kyy and Kxx depend strongly on the applied unit load, more so than speed. They generally increased linearly with load, shifting to a quadratic dependence at higher unit loads. At lower unit loads, Kyy and Kxx increase monotonically with running speed. The experimental results were compared to predictions from a bulk-flow CFD analysis. Stiffness orthotropy was apparent in test results, significantly more than predicted, and it became more pronounced at the heavier unit loads. Measured Kyy values were consistently higher than predicted, and measured Kxx values were lower. Comparing the LOP results to prior measured LBP results for the same bearing, at higher loads, Kyy is significantly larger for the LOP configuration than LBP. Measured values for Kxx are about the same for LOP and LBP. At low unit loads, stiffness orthotropy defined as Kyy / Kxx is the same for LOP and LBP, progressively increasing with increasing unit loads. At the highest unit load, Kyy / Kxx = 2.1 for LOP and 1.7 for LBP. Measured direct damping coefficients Cxx and Cyy were insensitive to changes in either load or speed in contrast to predictions of marked Cyy sensitivity for changes in the load. Only at the highest test speed of 13 krpm were the direct damping coefficients adequately predicted. No frequency dependency was observed for the direct damping coefficients.

Abstract With the development of high performance gas turbine engines, the temperature before turbine is rising and it presents a serious challenge to existing thermal management. It is very attractive to use fuel as the cooling medium for gas turbine engines. For this purpose, the effects of fuel temperature on combustion characteristics are urgently needed to be understood. In this work, the characteristics of lean direct injection (LDI) combustor is simulated by changing the physical properties of fuel with different temperatures. The predictions of gas phase and droplet velocity, droplet diameter are compared well with the experiment data. The numerical results show that as fuel temperature rises, the droplet evaporation rate and mixing efficiency of fuel and air in non-reacting case is improved significantly, the spray angle, concentration and distribution profile of fuel in reacting case are enlarged as well. When fuel temperature is raised from 350K to 550K, the peak value of droplet evaporation rate at the vicinity of nozzle is increased by 26.7 times, the uniformity index downstream of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) is increased by 2.57%, the axial length and maximum negative axial velocity of PRZ are reduced by 13% and 21%. The average temperature and NO emission at combustor outlet are increased by 1.99% and 48.15%, the mass fraction of CO is decreased by 5.45%. Besides, the number, diameter, and distribution space of droplets are decreased sharply. The formation of premixed flame and propagation of high-temperature region are promoted, the flame front is changed from a conical shape to a recessed shape. The combustion efficiency can be improved by increasing fuel temperature. The present study is expected to provide insightful information for understanding characteristics of LDI combustor with elevated fuel temperatures.

The Jockey Hollow section and the New Jersey Brigade Area of Morristown National Historical Park (MORR) are predominantly comprised of upland oak-hickory forests that have regrown over the past 200 years from previous land uses. The forest is being damaged by two major stressors, a large population of white-tailed deer and an abundance of non-native, invasive shrubs and herbaceous species. This study explores changes to the forest over 26 years and suggests management techniques to avoid future degradation. The forest is typical of many upland stands in the region, and studies here would be applicable to many lands controlled by the National Park Service and to many public and private land owners. In 1995, 18 vegetation experimental plots were established in the forest, each 20 x 20 m. Ten plots were in areas that had no non-native, invasive plants. The other eight plots had invasive species. All trees, shrubs and a sampling of herbs were recorded in each of the 18 plots. At that time, no GPS technology was available and handwritten maps were used to record locations. The plots were revisited and resurveyed in 2001; however, only 13 plots were found. This 2021 study is a new survey of the plot conditions. The investigators were able to relocate 17 of the original plots. New GPS locations were recorded for these 17 plots to facilitate future studies. The goal of the study was to test if changes over 26 years in forest conditions differed between the original invaded plots as compared to the uninvaded plots. Also, these data will allow us to measure the progress of invasion into previously uninvaded areas. Together, these results will allow the forest managers to focus attention on the most aggressive plant invaders and to understand the fate of this forest type that is being challenged by deer and non-native plants. Over the last 26 years there has been no hunting for deer here. Also, the plots were not within the few deer exclosures at MORR; deer were able to enter the landscape from surrounding heavily wooded areas. Data were collected in four layers of vegetation – mature trees, saplings, shrubs, and herbaceous groundcovers. The mature trees in the invaded forest plots demonstrated declining trends. The species richness declined by 6%, the average number of trees declined by 30%, white ash and flowering dogwood had the most losses, and basal area did not increase over time because very few new saplings grew into mature tree sizes. The uninvaded plots’ mature trees also revealed a 20% declined in richness, number of trees declined by 18%, the greatest losses occurred for red maple and black birch, but basal area increased slightly due to growth of large persisting trees. Saplings in the invaded forest experienced declines over the 26 years. Species richness declined by 38%, number of native saplings decreased by 44%, and number of invasive saplings increased by 600%. In the uninvaded forest, the conditions and trends were variable. Richness decreased by 21%, no invasive saplings found, number of native saplings increased by 37% (due to increases in American beech). With American beech excluded, the number of native saplings decreased by 60%. In both forest types, the declining number of native saplings was primarily caused by excessive deer damage. For the shrub layer in invaded plots, Japanese barberry stems increased by 122% by 2001 and 276% by 2021. Barberry became the dominant species. Similarly, wineberry stands increased 486% in 2001 and 157% for 2021. It is now the second most common species. However, in the uninvaded plots there was no significant increase in the number of barberry stems and wineberry was not present in 1995 or 2001, and only averaged 1.5 stems per plot in 2021. Neither species has a significant presence now and eradication is possible. A major finding is that the process of invasion of these shrubs over 26 years is very slow. For the herbaceous plants, in the invaded plots there was a sharp decrease in cover by 2021 due to the competitive impact by the abundant invasive shrubs. The invasive Japanese stiltgrass declined 86% in cover and native Carex (sedge) species declined by 78%. In the uninvaded forest plots, stiltgrass was present in very low amounts and did not increase significantly over 26 years. The number of quadrats with any stiltgrass only increased from 3 to 5 over the 26 years. These data show that stiltgrass invades slowly in the uninvaded plots, but in the invaded plots it was greatly replaced by invasive shrubs. Overall, the rate of change of the native herb cover was slow. Together, these data suggest that currently uninvaded forest areas can be protected by monitoring and rigorously eliminating any initial invasions by non-native shrubs and herbs. Once these species reach a significant presence in number of stems or cover in a plot they explode in number. Early intervention when invasive plants first appear is the most practical management tool. Reduction of deer density will also increase the reproductive potential and sustainability of our main forest tree species. Planting of new young canopy tree species, with protection from deer, can retard the ability of invasive plants to begin new populations.