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Journal articles on the topic 'Logjam'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 28 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Lombardo, Umberto. "River logjams cause frequent large-scale forest die-off events in southwestern Amazonia." Earth System Dynamics 8, no. 3 (July 11, 2017): 565–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-8-565-2017.

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Abstract. This paper investigates the dynamics of logjam-induced floods and alluvial deposition in the Bolivian Amazon and the effects these have on forest disturbance and recovery cycles. It expands on previous work by Gullison et al. (1996) who reported a case of catastrophic floods triggered by logjams in the Chimane Forest in the Bolivian Amazon. No further studies have followed up on this observation and no research has been published on the effects of large wood in tropical lowland rivers. The study is based on the analysis of a time series of Landsat imagery (1984–2016) and field evidence. Results show that logjam-induced floods are a major driver of forest disturbance along the Andean piedmont in the Bolivian Amazon. New logjams form on an almost yearly basis, always further upriver, until an avulsion takes place. Logjam-induced floods are characterized here by the sudden deposition of a thick sand layer and the death of forest in a V-shaped area. The Bolivian Amazon offers a unique opportunity for further research on how large wood affects river behavior in lowland tropical settings and how large and frequent forest disturbance events resulting from river logjams affect forest biodiversity and community successions.

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2

Bluestone, Mimi. "Immunoconjugate Logjam Ends." Nature Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (March 1992): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0392-246.

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3

JOHNSON, JEFF, and SUSAN MORRISSEY. "CONGRESS BREAKS STIMULUS LOGJAM." Chemical & Engineering News 87, no. 7 (February 16, 2009): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v087n007.p007.

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4

Brown, Ashley C. "Breaking the transmission logjam." Electricity Journal 1, no. 1 (July 1988): 14–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1040-6190(88)80030-7.

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5

Lou, Kai-Jye. "Bypassing the iPS logjam." Science-Business eXchange 3, no. 7 (February 2010): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scibx.2010.206.

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6

Montgomery, David R., and Tim B. Abbe. "Influence of logjam-formed hard points on the formation of valley-bottom landforms in an old-growth forest valley, Queets River, Washington, USA." Quaternary Research 65, no. 1 (January 2006): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2005.10.003.

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AbstractField surveys and radiocarbon dating of buried logjams in the floodplain of an old-growth forest river demonstrate the formation of erosion-resistant “hard points” on the floodplain of the Queets River, Washington. These hard points provide refugia for development of old-growth forest patches in frequently disturbed riparian environments dominated by immature forest. Our surveys show that local bed aggradation associated with logjams not only influences channel patterns and profiles but leads to development of a patchwork of elevated landforms that can coalesce to form portions of the valley bottom with substantial (i.e., 1 to > 4 m) relief above the bankfull elevation. In addition, logjam-formed hard points promote channel avulsion, anastomosing morphology, and growth of mature patches of floodplain forest that, in turn, provide large logs needed to form more logjam-formed hard points. Hence, our findings substantiate the potential for a feedback mechanism through which hard points sustain complex channel morphology and a patchwork floodplain composed of variable-elevation surfaces. Conversely, such a feedback further implies that major changes in riparian forest characteristics associated with land use can lead to dramatic simplification in channel and floodplain morphology.

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7

Aldhous, Peter. "Logjam ahead for UK academics." Nature 354, no. 6353 (December 1991): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/354422c0.

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8

Sletten, Hazel, and Brian Barclay. "Utility Goes Paperless, Eliminates Logjam." Opflow 40, no. 1 (January 2014): 26–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.5991/opf.2014.40.0007.

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9

Mason, Betsy. "Ecologists attack endangered-species logjam." Nature 426, no. 6967 (December 2003): 592. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/426592a.

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10

Woodward, C. "Obama breaks a century's logjam." Canadian Medical Association Journal 182, no. 8 (March 29, 2010): E317—E318. http://dx.doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-3222.

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11

Sachs, Jeffrey D. "Breaking the Climate Debate Logjam." Scientific American 302, no. 3 (March 2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0310-30.

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12

Russett, Bruce, Barry O'Neill, and James Sutterlin. "Breaking the Security Council Restructuring Logjam." Global Governance 2, no. 1 (July 19, 1996): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/19426720-002-01-90000005.

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13

Wadman, Meredith. "Canadian cannabis research hits licensing logjam." Science 365, no. 6455 (August 22, 2019): 729–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.365.6455.729.

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14

Dumont, Larry J., Sherrill J. Slichter, and Michael C. Reade. "Cryopreserved platelets: frozen in a logjam?" Transfusion 54, no. 8 (August 2014): 1907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/trf.12758.

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15

Garrett, Duejean. "Ideas for breaking the transmission logjam." Electricity Journal 4, no. 10 (December 1991): 14–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6190(91)90204-7.

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16

Straub, Detmar, and Andrew Burton-Jones. "Veni, Vidi, Vici: Breaking the TAM Logjam." Journal of the Association for Information Systems 8, no. 4 (April 2007): 223–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00124.

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17

Drom, Richard A. "Litigation Logjam May Force Action in 1994." Natural Gas 10, no. 7 (August 20, 2008): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/gas.3410100707.

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18

Brumbaugh, R. Dan, and Kenneth E. Scott. "A Political Logjam Still Blocks Banking Reform." Challenge 35, no. 2 (March 1992): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/05775132.1992.11471574.

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19

Chakrabarti, Somnath, Vijay Chadha, and Rajiv Agarwal. "Bhuira Jams: changing lanes to break logjam." Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies 9, no. 2 (August 23, 2019): 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/eemcs-04-2018-0055.

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Learning outcomes This case provides insights about the importance of market research, market segmentation, distribution, product positioning, branding and advertising for a small but growing enterprise. This case provides insights into nuances about organizing and running a family-owned small business –Bhuira Jams has to objectively decide on its way-forward which can be a pure social enterprise or a pure commercial enterprise. This case provides understanding regarding the differences between the two models in terms of funding, accounting, legal, marketing and operational aspects. Case overview/synopsis In January 2017, Linnet Mushran had just won an award from the PHD Chamber of Commerce for her work in generating local employment for rural women in the village Bhuira, Himachal Pradesh, India. This award did make her feel happy. However, more than happiness, it got her thinking as to how would Bhuira Jams – the child born out of her passion for mountains and out of the desire to do something good survive in the coming years? Bhuira Jams was never designed like a formal business. Being a family run socially relevant business, Bhuira Jams faces the challenge of operational efficiency, along with an uphill task in marketing and distribution. Almost 35 per cent of its sales comes from Fabindia, which re-sells the Bhuira products under the Fabindia label. Thus, currently there is very little focus and expenditure in Bhuira on marketing and distribution. Another challenge faced by Bhuira Jams is driven by the health and lifestyle changes occurring in the Indian society. Consumer preferences are shifting towards low fat diets, and there is growing Americanization of the Indian society. This can be a double whammy for Bhuira’s main product line of preserves, which are high on calorie and are traditionally British. Complexity academic level Bhuira Jams conceptually is close to a family owned business due to the involvement of husband, daughter-in-law and son-in-law of Linnet. Thus, this case provides insights into nuances about organizing and running a family owned small business. Supplementary materials Teaching Notes are available for educators only. Please contact your library to gain login details or email support@emeraldinsight.com to request teaching notes. Subject code CSS 11: Strategy

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20

Mackinlay, John. "Beyond the logjam: A doctrine for complex emergencies." Small Wars & Insurgencies 9, no. 1 (March 1998): 114–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09592319808423199.

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21

Jones, Alan M., and Jeffery L. Dangl. "Logjam at the Styx: programmed cell death in plants." Trends in Plant Science 1, no. 4 (April 1996): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1360-1385(96)90005-9.

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22

Dixon, Simon James. "A dimensionless statistical analysis of logjam form and process." Ecohydrology 9, no. 6 (January 8, 2016): 1117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1710.

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23

Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Haris Gazdar, and Lawrence Haddad. "Seeing the Unseen: Breaking the Logjam of Undernutrition in Pakistan." IDS Bulletin 44, no. 3 (May 2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1759-5436.12025.

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24

Bunn, George, and John B. Rhinelander. "The Duma‐Senate Logjam on arms control: What can be done?" Nonproliferation Review 5, no. 1 (December 1997): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10736709708436695.

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25

Wojan, Christopher, Aaron Devoe, Eric Merten, and Todd Wellnitz. "Web-building Spider Response to a Logjam in a Northern Minnesota Stream." American Midland Naturalist 172, no. 1 (July 2014): 185–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1674/0003-0031-172.1.185.

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26

Bell, Ruth Greenspan, Kuldeep Mathur, Urvashi Narain, and David Simpson. "Clearing the Air: How Delhi Broke the Logjam on Air Quality Reforms." Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 46, no. 3 (April 2004): 22–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00139150409604376.

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27

Umazano, Aldo M., and Ricardo N. Melchor. "Volcaniclastic sedimentation influenced by logjam breakups? An example from the Blanco River, Chile." Journal of South American Earth Sciences 98 (March 2020): 102477. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsames.2019.102477.

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28

Bates, Benjamin J. "Breaking the structural logjam: The impact of cable on local TV market concentration." Journal of Media Economics 4, no. 3 (September 1991): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08997769109358210.

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29

Chatrchyan, Allison M. "Humphreys, David. 2006. Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global Governance. London: Earthscan." Global Environmental Politics 9, no. 1 (February 2009): 144–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/glep.2009.9.1.144.

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30

Grabowski, Julia, and Ellen Wohl. "Logjam attenuation of annual sediment waves in eolian-fluvial environments, North Park, Colorado, USA." Geomorphology 375 (February 2021): 107494. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2020.107494.

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31

Carney, Ginger E., and Barbara J. Taylor. "logjam Encodes a Predicted EMP24/GP25 Protein That Is Required for Drosophila Oviposition Behavior." Genetics 164, no. 1 (May 1, 2003): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/164.1.173.

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Abstract A newly characterized Drosophila melanogaster gene, logjam (loj), functions in female reproduction by modulating oviposition behavior. The locus encodes at least six overlapping transcripts with unique 5′ ends. P-element mutants that express very low levels of loj transcripts are unable to oviposit mature eggs. This phenotype can be rescued by the introduction of a transgene expressing the most abundant loj transcript. As for many genes that specify behavioral outputs, loj is present in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, it is also observed in vitellogenic egg chambers, suggesting that there may be multiple functions for this gene in egg-laying behavior. loj encodes a predicted protein with homology to the EMP24/GP25 transmembrane components of cytoplasmic vesicles and likely functions in intracellular trafficking.

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32

Coulson, Robert. "Will the Model Employment Termination Act Provide a Remedy for the Employment Discrimination Case Logjam?" Journal of Individual Employment Rights 2, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/pu8g-7rdc-vbbx-cn3j.

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33

Zolnhöfer, Reimut. "An End to the Reform Logjam? The Reform of German Federalism and Economic Policy-Making." German Politics 17, no. 4 (December 2008): 457–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644000802490444.

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34

Cadol, Daniel, and Ellen Wohl. "Coarse sediment movement in the vicinity of a logjam in a neotropical gravel-bed stream." Geomorphology 128, no. 3-4 (May 2011): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.007.

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35

Thompson, Louise. "From Minority Government to Parliamentary Stalemate: Why Election 2019 was Needed to Break the Brexit Logjam." Parliamentary Affairs 73, Supplement_1 (September 1, 2020): 48–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa038.

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36

Huang, Xiaodu, and Dali L. Yang. "NIMBYism, waste incineration, and environmental governance in China." China Information 34, no. 3 (February 3, 2020): 342–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0920203x20901432.

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With the world’s largest population and rapid urbanization, China is in the throes of a waste management crisis. Efforts to cope with this crisis through waste incineration have been met with growing NIMBYism as the Chinese public become more environmentally aware and are determined to protect their health and economic interests. We review the turn to incineration and the major characteristics of NIMBYism and ensuing protests against waste incinerators. We then describe the May 2014 Jiufeng incinerator protest in Hangzhou and the subsequent efforts to successfully respond to NIMBYist protests and build the proposed incineration plant on the planned site. The Hangzhou Jiufeng case offers a model for breaking the logjam between development and NIMBYism, leading to important improvements in environmental governance and regulation.

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37

Hess, DavidC, and JungMi Park. "Breaking out from the neuroprotective logjam: combined treatment with remote ischemic conditioning and minocycline in the prehospital setting." Neural Regeneration Research 10, no. 4 (2015): 537. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/1673-5374.155413.

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38

Sear, D. A., C. E. Millington, D. R. Kitts, and R. Jeffries. "Logjam controls on channel:floodplain interactions in wooded catchments and their role in the formation of multi-channel patterns." Geomorphology 116, no. 3-4 (April 2010): 305–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.11.022.

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39

Redfern, P. A. "A New Look at Gentrification: 1. Gentrification and Domestic Technologies." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 29, no. 7 (July 1997): 1275–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a291275.

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In this paper I take issue with what I identify as a basic consensus in gentrification studies. I argue that gentrification studies have been conducted within a context framed by two basic models of urban development, namely the Burgess concentric-zone model and the Alonso bid-rent model. These two models lie at the heart of what are more usually seen as the parameters of the gentrification debate, namely the ‘supply-side’ rent-gap account of gentrification offered by Neil Smith and his followers and the ‘demand-side’ consumption-oriented explanations offered by David Ley and his followers. Both sets of explanations are, however, fatally compromised by seeking to answer the question ‘why does gentrification occur?’ before answering the question ‘how does gentrification occur?’. Starting with the question ‘how?’, rather than ‘why?’, draws attention to the hitherto almost completely neglected role of domestic technologies in permitting gentrification to occur, thereby helping break the theoretical logjam in which the gentrification debate currently finds itself.

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40

Eichner, E. Randy. "Sickle Cell Trait." Journal of Sport Rehabilitation 16, no. 3 (August 2007): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jsr.16.3.197.

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Sickle cell trait can pose a grave risk for some athletes. In the past few years, exertional sickling has killed nine athletes, including five college football players in training. Exercise-physiology research shows how and why sickle red cells can accumulate in the bloodstream during intense exercise bouts. Sickle cells can “logjam” blood vessels and lead to collapse from ischemic rhabdomyolysis. Diverse clinical and metabolic problems from explosive rhabdomyolysis can threaten life. Sickling can begin in 2-3 minutes of any all-out exertion, or during sustained intense exertion – and can reach grave levels very soon thereafter if the athlete struggles on or is urged on by coaches despite warning signs. Heat, dehydration, altitude, and asthma can increase the risk for and worsen sickling. This exertional sickling syndrome, however, is unique and in the field can be distinguished from heat illnesses. Sickling collapse is a medical emergency. Fortunately, screening and precautions can prevent sickling collapse and enable sickle-trait athletes to thrive in their sports.

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41

Ali, Muhammad Umair, Amad Zafar, Sarvar Hussain Nengroo, Sadam Hussain, Muhammad Junaid Alvi, and Hee-Je Kim. "Towards a Smarter Battery Management System for Electric Vehicle Applications: A Critical Review of Lithium-Ion Battery State of Charge Estimation." Energies 12, no. 3 (January 30, 2019): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12030446.

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Energy storage system (ESS) technology is still the logjam for the electric vehicle (EV) industry. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the EV industry owing to their high energy density, lifespan, nominal voltage, power density, and cost. In EVs, a smart battery management system (BMS) is one of the essential components; it not only measures the states of battery accurately, but also ensures safe operation and prolongs the battery life. The accurate estimation of the state of charge (SOC) of a Li-ion battery is a very challenging task because the Li-ion battery is a highly time variant, non-linear, and complex electrochemical system. This paper explains the workings of a Li-ion battery, provides the main features of a smart BMS, and comprehensively reviews its SOC estimation methods. These SOC estimation methods have been classified into four main categories depending on their nature. A critical explanation, including their merits, limitations, and their estimation errors from other studies, is provided. Some recommendations depending on the development of technology are suggested to improve the online estimation.

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42

Greenhalgh, Susan. "Missile Science, Population Science: The Origins of China's One-Child Policy." China Quarterly 182 (June 2005): 253–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741005000184.

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This article traces the origins of China's one-child-for-virtually-all policy to Maoist militarism and post-Mao military-to-civilian conversion. Focusing on the work of Song Jian, leading missile scientist and scientific architect of the strict one-child policy, it shows how during 1978–80 the resources of defence science and the self-confidence of the elite scientist enabled him boldly and arbitrarily to modify the work of the Club of Rome and use that Sinified cybernetics of population to redefine the nation's population problem, create a radical one-child-for-all solution to it, and persuade China's leaders that his “scientific” solution was the only way out. Although the advent of “scientific decision-making” in the population arena helpfully broke a political logjam, allowing China's leaders to adopt a strong policy on population control, the making of social policy by an elite scientist/engineer from the defence world posed dangers for the Party and China's people. The case of population policy is important because it provides rare insight into the way scientists have sometimes shaped elite policy-making and because the social and political consequences of the one-child policy have been so troubling.

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43

Haga, Hirokazu, Takuya Moriishida, Naoya Morishita, and Takaaki Fujimoto. "Properties of small instream wood as a logjam clogging agent: Implications for clogging dynamics based on wood density, water content, and depositional environment." Geomorphology 296 (November 2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2017.08.043.

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44

Thomka, James R., Carlton E. Brett, Troy A. Bole, and Hunter J. Campbell. "A noteworthy accumulation of disparid crinoids from the type Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of southwestern Ohio, USA: implications for the palaeoecology and taphonomy of crinoid “logjam” assemblages." Swiss Journal of Palaeontology 137, no. 2 (August 21, 2018): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13358-018-0159-8.

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45

Amer, M., and H. Mekky. "Avian gastric yeast (AGY) infection (macrorhabdiosis or megabacteriosis)." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 4 (2020): 397–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2019-0035.

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The review on avian gastric yeast (AGY) aimed to collect and update available information about this infection from clinical point of view which can help for better understanding of the disease. Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (M. ornithogaster) is the causative agent of proventriculitis in birds. The organism is large, rod-like, classified as anamorphic ascomycetous yeast. Clinical signs may vary from acute with sudden death or chronic wasting. Diarrhoea or enteritis has also been reported in infected birds. Birds can have other concurrent infections (enteric parasites, bacteria or viruses). Gross lesions may include proventricular oedema, hyperaemia, or haemorrhage, with overproduction of mucus accumulated in the proventricular lumen. The proventriculus may be dilated with or without ulceration in mucosa. The organism can be cultured on De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe (MRS) agar, but it is easily detected in Gram’s, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and Giemsa stained proventricular/ventricular junction, or isthmus sections. Histological changes are more prominent in the ventriculus. Affected birds have marked disruption of the koilin layer with disorganisation and degeneration, and demonstrate large numbers of yeasts with matchstick or logjam appearance. The organism can be detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The disease is common in budgerigars, canaries, finches, and parrotlets. Organisms are identified retrospectively in approximately one-fourth of canaries and budgerigars. The infection has also been reported in chickens, partridges, and ostriches but mildly in chickens. The affected birds can be successfully treated with amphotericin B.

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46

Radner, Wolfgang, and Thomas Benesch. "Age-related changes in baseline reading acuity and speed as measured using RADNER Reading Charts in healthy eyes with best corrected ETDRS distance acuity." British Journal of Ophthalmology 103, no. 10 (December 20, 2018): 1518–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-313384.

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PurposeTo assess age-related differences in baseline measures of reading performance obtained from the RADNER Reading Charts in healthy eyes with best corrected (ETDRS) distance acuity.MethodsCross-sectional study of participants (n=200) aged 25–74 years (n=20 per 5 years age group). Best corrected distance visual acuity was measured monocularly with ETDRS 2000 Charts. Reading performance was evaluated binocularly with the RADNER Reading Charts. Reading acuity (RA), reading acuity score (RA score), mean reading speed (MEAN-RS), maximum reading speed, reading speed with a long paragraph, critical print size (CPS) and the logMAR/logRAD ratio were analysed.ResultsRA, RA score, CPS-1 (last logRAD with normal reading speed) and ETDRS acuity did not change significantly between age 25 and 54 years. Overall, the mean RA was −0.091±0.07 logRAD, and the RA score was −0.069±0.07 logRAD. The mean difference between the RA and best ETDRS acuity was 0.0603±0.055 logMAR (r=0.62; p<0.05). The logMAR/logRAD ratio was 87.75%±11.23%. The MEAN-RS ranged from 189±21.9 words per minute (wpm) for the group aged 70–74 years to 236±22.5 wpm for the group aged 40–44 years and correlated well with the long paragraph results (r=0.87).ConclusionBest corrected RA, reading speed and ETDRS distance acuity were constant until the age of 54 years. An age-related break point was found between the groups aged 50–54 years and 55–59 years; for reading speed, the break point can be assumed to be within the age range of 50–54 years.

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47

Hall, Joseph. "Summer Habitat Preferences and Activity Patterns of River Otters In Grand Teton National Park." UW National Parks Service Research Station Annual Reports 25 (January 1, 2001): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.13001/uwnpsrc.2001.3455.

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I studied the natural history of river otters. (Lontra canadensis) during the summers of 1982-1986 and 1995-1997 in Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming. Habitat preferences were analyzed by tallying sightings on 5 types of habitat along 16 km of the Snake River. Otters were seen on all 5 habitat types and exhibited a strong preference for the logjam/beaver lodge category. Beavers and otters sometimes occupied a lodge simultaneously. I recorded daytime activity directly in 1982 and noted a large peak in mid-morning and a small one in late afternoon. To obtain information indirectly on round-the-clock activity I employed 6 modified camera monitors activated by treadle-switches at frequently used sites. Pooled records for 3 summers showed almost two and a half times higher activity by day than by night, a finding opposite of what was expected. The hypothesis I suggest is that diurnal activity exceeds nocturnal activity because of the habituation of otters to humans over a half century's tradition of frequent exposure and non-harassment in the national park. In the summers of 1982-1986 and 1995-1997 I made a study of the natural history of river otters (Lontra canadensis), in Grand Teton National Park under auspices of the University of Wyoming - National Park Service Research Center. Occasional observations were made along the Snake River from Flagg Ranch near the north boundary of the park to the north end of Jackson Lake and from Pacific Creek to Deadman's Bar. However, the 3 km stretch of river from just below Jackson Lake Dam to the Oxbow was the site of most intensive study. (See Fig. 1)

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48

Baldwin, Richard. "The World Trade Organization and the Future of Multilateralism." Journal of Economic Perspectives 30, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 95–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.30.1.95.

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When the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed by 23 nations in 1947, the goal was to establish a rules-based world trading system and to facilitate mutually advantageous trade liberalization. As the GATT evolved over time and morphed into the World Trade Organization in 1993, both goals have largely been achieved. The WTO presides over a rule-based trading system based on norms that are almost universally accepted and respected by its 163 members. Tariffs today are below 5 percent on most trade, and zero for a very large share of imports. Despite its manifest success, the WTO is widely regarded as suffering from a deep malaise. The main reason is that the latest WTO negotiation, the Doha Round, has staggered between failures, flops, and false dawns since it was launched in 2001. But the Doha logjam has not inhibited tariff liberalization—far from it. During the last 15 years, most WTO members have massively lowered barriers to trade, investment, and services bilaterally, regionally, and unilaterally—indeed, everywhere except through the WTO. For today's offshoring-linked international commerce, the trade rules that matter are less about tariffs and more about protection of investments and intellectual property, along with legal and regulatory steps to assure that the two-way flows of goods, services, investment, and people will not be impeded. It’s possible to imagine a hypothetical WTO that would incorporate these rules. But the most likely outcome for the future governance of international trade is a two-pillar structure in which the WTO continues to govern with its 1994-era rules while the new rules for international production networks are set by a decentralized process of sometimes overlapping and inconsistent mega-regional agreements.

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MACKENZIE, CATHERINE. "Logjam: Deforestation and the Crisis of Global GovernanceBY DAVID HUMPHREYS xxv + 302 pp., 24 × 16 × 3 cm, ISBN 1 84407 301 7 hardback, GB£ 29.99, London, UK/Sterling, VA, USA: Earthscan, 2006." Environmental Conservation 34, no. 2 (June 2007): 174–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892907003943.

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Effros, Michelle, Ralf Koetter, and Muriel Médard. "Breaking Network Logjams." Scientific American 296, no. 6 (June 2007): 78–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0607-78.

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