Academic literature on the topic 'Logiciel MERLIN'

Internet memes are the most pervasive and malleable form of digital popular culture (Wiggins 2019: vii). They are a way a society expresses and thinks of itself (Denisova 2019: 2) used for the purpose of satire, parody, critique to posit an argument (Wiggins 2019, see also Ponton 2021, this issue). The acts of viewing, creating, sharing and commenting on memes that criticise or troll authority figures have become central to our political processes becom[ing] one of the most important forms of political participation and activism today (Merrin 2019: 201). However, memes do not communicate to us in logical arguments, but emotionally and affectively through short quips and images that entertain. Memes are part of a new politics of affectivity, identification, emotion and humour (Merrin 2019: 222). In this paper, we examine not only what politics memes communicate to us, but how this is done. We analyse memes, some in mainstream social media circulation, that praise and criticise the authoritarian tendencies of former US President Donald Trump, taken from 4Chan, a home of many alt-right ideas. Through a Multimodal Critical Discourse Studies approach, we demonstrate how images and lexical choices in memes do not communicate to us in logical, well-structured arguments, but lean on affective and emotional discourses of racism, nationalism and power. As such, though memes have the potential to emotionally engage with their intended audiences, this is done at the expense of communicating nuanced and detailed information on political players and issues. This works against the ideal of a public sphere where debate and discussion inform political decisions in a population, essential pillars of a democratic society (Habermas 1991).

This paper presents a novel smart local backup protection SLBP used for the support and backup of the protective relays in a smart substation. The proposed SLBP is based on the IEC61850 standards and the concept consists of the acquisition of Generic Object Oriented Substation Event GOOSE used for tripping and interlocks exchange between Intelligent Equipment Devices IEDs and the reading of the Sampled Value SV existing in the process bus coming from Mergin Units MU or Non-Conventional Instrument Transformers NCIT. Several logical schemes to protect different zones of the substation are presented and how can be integrated using data in the substation automation system. The SLBP was developed using an open source library and free operating system. Moreover, a low cost prototype is presented in order to evaluate the efficiency and the operation of the SLBP under diverse scenarios of the proposed logical protective schemes such us breaker failure and overcurrent protection

ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is the largest integration effort applied in developing countries in Southeast Asia. By the implementation of MEA, It will create a free market with the movement of goods, services, foreign investment, labor and freer movement which is covers approximately 590 million people. By the implementation of the free market, then the market will work without some distortion. A logical consequence of these condition is high competitiveness and challenge to be able to compete. Under these conditions, the ideal leader is needed to achieve the vision and mission of the nation and constantly competitive in the competition that will happen. This study will be analyze and assessed the benefits of visionary leadership to face MEA 2015. The type of visionary leadership is important because this leadership type is emphasized that a leader must develop social architecture and to encourage people to be able to cooperate and raced in creating their creativity. Thus, the visionary leadership is expected to be a solution for the leaders in this country to be able to stay ahead in the competition and could lead this nation into a production base not to be a market base. Abstrak Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) merupakan upaya integrasi terbesar yang diterapkan di negara berkembang di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Dengan diterapkannya MEA, akan tercipta pasar bebas dengan pergerakan barang, jasa, investasi asing, tenaga kerja serta pergerakan yang menjadi lebih bebas yang meliputi sekitar 590 juta orang. Dengan diterapkannya pasar bebas tersebut, maka pasar akan bekerja tanpa adanya distorsi. Konsekuensi logis yang muncul adalah terciptanya daya saing dan tantangan yang tinggi untuk dapat berkompetisi. Dengan kondisi demikian, pemimpin yang ideal sangat dibutuhkan untuk dapat meraih visi misi bangsa dan tetap kompetitif dalam persaingan yang akan terjadi. Dalam penelitian ini akan dianalisa dan dikaji manfaat dari tipe kepemimpinan visioner dalam menghadapi MEA 2015. Tipe Kepemimpinan visioner menjadi penting karena dalam tipe kepemimpinan ini ditekankan bahwa seorang pemimpin harus mengembangkan arsitektur sosial dan mendorong orang-orang untuk dapat bekerjasama dan berpacu dalam menciptakan kreativitas mereka. Sehingga, tipe kepemimpinan visioner diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi bagi para pemimpin di negeri ini untuk dapat tetap unggul dalam persaingan yang semakin ketat serta dapat mendorong bangsa ini menjadi production base bukan menjadi market base.

L’utilisation des logiciels CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) pour la prédiction numérique d’expériences difficiles telles que les conséquences des explosions de gaz en milieux industriels reste un enjeu majeur en génie des procédés. A partir de l’état de l’art dans ce domaine de recherche où des résultats de simulations numériques ont été comparés à des résultats expérimentaux valides, on conclut que ces logiciels ne peuvent pas contribuer à améliorer la sécurité (les écarts entre résultats expérimentaux et résultats numériques ont été comparés à des résultats expérimentaux valides, on conclut que ces logiciels ne peuvent pas contribuer à améliorer la sécurité (les écarts entre résultats expérimentaux et résultats numériques sont importants). Cependant, au vu des potentialités que regorge le domaine de la mécanique des fluides numériques (CFD), il serait sans doute déraisonnable de la marginaliser dans les études de danger. Cette thèse a contribué à définir des stratégies d’estimation des conséquences des explosions par la CFD. Une partie des travaux réalisés a consisté à déterminé les équations, techniques, modèles et méthodes les plus fréquents dans les logiciels CFD les plus utilisés (dans le cadre d’études de prédiction des conséquences d’une explosion en milieux industriels). La technique URANS (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) a été retenue pour la résolution numérique des lois fondamentales de la mécanique des fluides. Le modèle de turbulence k-epsilon ainsi qu’une de ses variantes (le modèle k-epsilon à bas nombre de Reynolds) ont été sélectionnés pour la simulation de la turbulence. La modélisation des écoulements réactifs est effectuée en utilisant le modèle CREBCOM (CRiteria and Experimentally Based COmbustion Model) et le modèle EDM (Eddy Dissipation Model). La méthode des volumes finis a été utilisée pour al discrétisation des équations continues (les lois de la mécanique des fluides ainsi que les modèles de turbulences et de combustion qui y sont associés). Les termes convectifs de ces équations sont résolus à l’aide du schéma numérique de Roe et celui de Van-Leer. La discrétion des termes diffusifs a été effectuée en utilisant des schémas centrés classiques. Les termes instationnaires sont résolus à l’aide de la méthode d’Euler explicite. Les maillages sélectionnés sont de type Voronoï et de types structurés redécoupés utilisant la technique AMA (Anisotropic Mesh Adapatation). Les conditions aux limites retenues sont principalement de type Dirichlet et de type Neumann. Pour aller au-delà des aspects utilisateurs et avoir une parfaite maîtrise du logiciel utilisé (seuls gages d’une bonne analyse des contenus physiques et mathématiques des outils CFD), un logiciel CFD baptisé MERLIN a été intégralement développé. Il contient toutes les équations, techniques, modèles et méthodes sélectionnés préalablement et a été utilisé pour l’ensemble des simulations numériques effectuées dans cette thèse. Afin d’assurer la fiabilité des expériences réalisées avec MERLIN, sa vérification a été effectuée en utilisant la méthode MMS (The Method of Manufactured Solutions). Pour comprendre la représentation numérique des phénomènes physiques associés au phénomène de l’explosion, on a dans un premier temps réalisé une étude portant sur la propagation d’onde de choc dans différentes configurations (cas subsonique du problème du tube à choc, réflexion d’un choc instationnaire sur une rampe compression, écoulement supersonique sur une marche montante). Il en résulte que la précision d’une prédiction numérique d’onde de choc dépend du schéma numérique et du type de maillage utilisés. Le choix du schéma numérique et du type de maillage dépend du type d’onde de choc à simuler numériquement. La seconde étude réalisée a consisté à simuler la dispersion de gaz
The use of CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) software for the numerical prediction of difficult experiments such as the consequences of gas explosions in industrial environments remains a major challenge in process engineering. From the state of the art in this area of research where numerical simulation results have been compared to valid experimental results, it is concluded that these software can not contribute to improve safety (the differences between experimental results and numerical results are important). However, given the potentiality of the field of Computational Fluid Dynamics, it would probably be unreasonable to marginalize it in hazard studies. This thesis helped to define strategies for estimating the consequences of explosions by CFD. Part of the work carried out consisted in determining the most common equations, techniques, models and methods in the most used CFD software (in the framework of study concerning the prediction of the consequences of an explosion in industrial environments). The URANS technique (Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes) was chosen for the numerical resolution of the fundamental laws of fluid mechanics. The kepsilon turbulence model and one of its variants (the low Reynolds number kepsilon model) were selected for the turbulence simulation. The modeling of reactive flows is established using the CREBCOM model (CRiteria and Experimentally Based COmbustion Model) and the EDM model (Eddy Dissipation Model). The finite volume method has been used for the discretization of continuous equations (the laws of fluids mechanics and associated turbulence and combustion models). The convective terms of these equations are solved using the numerical scheme of Roe and that of Van-Leer. The discretization of the diffusive terms was carried out using classical centered schemes. The unsteady terms are solved using the explicit Euler method. The selected meshes are of type Voronoi and of type structured and re-cutting using the AMA technique (Anisotropic Mesh Adaptation). Boundary conditions used are mainly Dirichlet type and Neumann type. To go beyond the user aspects and have a perfect control of the software used (only pledges of a good analysis of the physical and mathematical content of CFD tools), a CFD software called MERLIN has been fully developed. It contains all the equations, techniques, models and methods selected previously and was used for all numerical simulations performed in this thesis. In order to ensure the reliability of the experiments performed with MERLIN, its verification was carried out using the MMS (The Method of Manufactured Solutions) method. To understand the numerical representation of the physical phenomena associated with the phenomenon of the explosion, we first carried out a study on shock wave propagation in different configurations (subsonic case of the Sod’shock tube problem, reflection of an unsteady shock on a compression ramp, supersonic flow on a rising step). As a result, the accuracy of a shock wave structure predicted numerically depends on the numerical scheme and the type of mesh used. The choice of the numerical scheme and type of mesh depends on the type of shock wave to be simulated numerically. The second study performed consisted in simulating the dispersion of gas. This numerical experiment revealed that a good numerical approximation of gas dispersion is independent of the numerical scheme chosen but rather relies on the turbulence model and the type of mesh used. The choice of the turbulence model is relative to the presence or not of confinement and the type of mesh depends on the flow. The last study carried out concerns the simulation of flame propagation in different configurations (confined and unconfined environments, with and without obstacles). It demonstrates that the accuracy of a numerical prediction of the flame behavior flame is based on the choice of the combustion model and the type of mesh

De plus en plus de logiciels sont développés par des équipes de développeurs travaillant de manière collaborative en parallèle. Les développeurs peuvent altérer un ensemble d'artéfacts, inspecter et in- tégrer le code de changements faits par d'autres développeurs. Par exemple, les corrections d'erreurs, les améliorations ou nouvelles fonctionnalités doivent être intégrées dans la version finale d'un logi- ciel et ceci à différents moments du cycle de développement. A un niveau technique, le processus de développement collaboratif est mis en pratique à l'aide d'outils de contrôle de versions (ex: git, SVN). Ces outils permettent aux développeurs de créer leurs propres branches de développement, faisant des tâches de fusion ou d'intégration de ces branches une partie intégrante du processus de développement. Les systèmes de versions de contrôle utilisent des algorithmes de fusion pour aider les développeurs à fusionner les modifications de leur branche dans le base de code commune. Cependant ces techniques travaillent à un niveau lexical, et elles ne garantissent pas que le système résultant soit fonctionnel. Alors que l'utilisation de branches offre de nombreux avantages, la fusion et l'intégration de mod- ifications d'une branche sur une autre est difficile à mettre en oeuvre du fait du manque de support pour assister les développeurs dans la compréhension d'un changement et de son impact. Par exemple, l'intégration d'un changement peut parfois avoir un effet inattendu sur le système et son comporte- ment menant à des bugs subtiles. De plus, les développeurs ne sont pas aidés lors de l'évaluation de l'impact d'un changement, ou lors de la sélection de changements à intégrer d'une branche vers une autre (cherry picking), en particulier lorsque ces branches ont divergé. Dans cette dissertation, nous présentons une approche dont le but est d'apporter des solutions à ces problèmes pour les développeurs, et plus précisément les intégrateurs. Cette approche se base sur des outils et solutions semi-automatisés aidant à de changements la compréhension à l'intérieur d'une branche ou entre branches. Nous nous attachons à satisfaire les besoins en information des intégrateurs quand ils doivent comprendre et intégrer des changements. Pour cela, nous caractérisons les changements et/ou séquences de changements et leurs dépendances. Ces caractérisations sont basées sur la représentation comme citoyens de première classe de l'historique du système et des changements approtés considérant les entités logicielles (ex: classes ou méthodes) et leurs relations plutôt que des fichiers et du texte comme le font les outils de con- trôle de versions. Pour cela, nous proposons une famille de méta-modèles (Ring, RingH, RingS et RingC) qui offrent une représentation des entités du système, de son historique, des changements apportés dans les différentes branches et de leurs dépendances. Des instances de ces meta-modèles sont ensuite utilisées par nos outils destinée à assister les intégrateurs: Torch, un outil visuel qui car- actérise les changements, et JET un ensemble d'outils qui permettent de naviguer dans des séquences de changements. Mots clés: programmation à objets; méta-modèles; historique et versions de programmes; vi- sualisation de programmes; fusion sémantique; analyse de programmes. Samenvatting Hedendaagse software is het resultaat van een collaboratief ontwikkelingsproces met meerdere teams van ontwikkelaars. Het doel van dit proces is om het toe te laten dat ontwikkelaars gelijktijdig en onafhankelijk van elkaar kunnen werken. Hiervoor hebben ze toegang tot een gedeelde verzameling van artefacten die ze kunnen aanpassen, en hebben ze de mogelijkheid om de aanpassingen die an- dere ontwikkelaars maken aan de broncode te inspecteren en te integreren. Zo kunnen bijvoorbeeld bug fixes, verbeteringen en nieuwe functionaliteit tijdig geïntegreerd worden in een versie van een softwaresysteem. Op een technisch niveau wordt dit collaboratief ontwikkelingsproces ondersteund door versiecon- trolesystemen. Gezien deze versiecontrolesystemen het mogelijk maken voor ontwikkelaars om in hun eigen branch van het systeem te werken, zijn merging en integratie een volwaardig onderdeel van het ontwikkelingsproces geworden. Hiertoe bieden deze versiecontrolesystemen geavanceerde en geautomatiseerde merge-technieken aan die ontwikkelaars helpen om hun aanpassingen samen te voegen met de aanpassingen van andere ontwikkelaars. Echter, deze technieken garanderen niet dat het resultaat van dit samenvoegen tot een werkend systeem zal leiden. Alhoewel het gebruik van branching binnen het ontwikkelingsproces vele voordelen biedt, wor- den de hieraan verbonden taken van het invoegen en integreren van aanpassingen bemoeilijkt door een gebrek aan ondersteuning. Bijvoorbeeld, het integreren van aanpassingen kan een onverwachte impact hebben op het ontwerp of het gedrag van het systeem, wat dan weer kan leiden tot de intro- ductie van subtiele fouten. Bovendien wordt er aan ontwikkelaars geen ondersteuning geboden bij het integreren van veranderen die afkomstig zijn uit een andere branch van het systeem (het zogenaamde cherry picking), bij divergerende branches, bij het zoeken naar afhankelijkheden tussen aanpassingen, of bij het inschatten van de mogelijke impact van een verzameling veranderingen op het systeem. In dit proefschrift stellen we een techniek voor die bovenvermelde problemen aanpakt door on- twikkelaars - en in het bijzonder integrators - semi-automatisch te assisteren bij het integreren van aanpassingen, zowel binnen één branch als tussen verschillende branches. We leggen hierbij de klem- toon op het helpen van integrators om de informatie te verkrijgen die ze nodig hebben om aanpassin- gen aan de software te begrijpen en te integreren. Hiervoor maken we gebruik van een karakterisering van aanpassingen en van aanpassingsstromen (dit zijn een opeenvolging van aanpassingen binnen een branch), te samen met een karakterisatie van de afhankelijkheden tussen de aanpassingen. Deze karakteriseringen zijn gebaseerd op een eersterangs voorstelling van de historiek van een systeem en de aanpassingen die binnen deze historiek werden uitgevoerd. Deze voorstelling is gedefinieerd in termen van de feitelijke programma-entiteiten, in plaats van bestanden en tekst die integrators niet de noodzakelijke informatie verschaffen. Hiervoor bieden we een familie van meta- modellen aan (Ring, RingH, RingS en RingC) die een implementatie verschaffen van de voorstelling van programma-entiteiten, de historiek van het systeem, aanpassingen, en de afhankelijkheden tussen aanpassingen. Deze meta-modellen bieden ook de analyses aan om versies van een systeem te vergeli- jken, en om aanpassingen en afhankelijkheden te berekenen. Verder stellen we tools voor die, gebruik makende van instanties van onze meta-modellen, het mogelijk maken voor integrators om de karak-iv teriseringen van aanpassingen te analyseren. De visuele tool Torch en de verzameling van JET-tools, voorzien in de informatie die noodzakelijk is om assistentie te bieden bij respectievelijk het integreren van aanpassingen binnen één branch en tussen verschillende branches. Trefwoorden: objectgericht programmeren; meta-modellen; historiek en versies van pro- gramma's; visualisatie; semantisch mergen; programma-analyses

La biodiversité est confrontée à une érosion accélérée et est devenue une préoccupation environnementale mondiale ces dernières décennies. En France, la séquence Éviter–Réduire–Compenser (ERC) est un des outils réglementaires mis en place dans un contexte de destruction et de fragmentation des habitats d’espèces. Elle permet le développement des territoires tout en visant une absence de perte nette de biodiversité. Cependant, malgré les récentes évolutions réglementaires européennes et françaises, le triptyque ERC présente de nombreuses limites et enjeux d’ordre opérationnel. En positionnant nos travaux à l’interface entre recherche et opérationnalité, nous proposons un cadre méthodologique basé sur plusieurs approches de modélisation afin d’améliorer les processus d’évaluation et décisionnels aux différentes étapes d’aménagement, de la planification à l’opérationnel au moment de l’autorisation des projets. Dans une première partie du travail, nous intégrons les enjeux spatio-temporels de la biodiversité à l’ensemble de la séquence ERC, de l’évaluation des impacts potentiels au dimensionnement des mesures écologiques. À partir du cas précis de l’aménagement du Grand Stade de Lyon, nous montrons l’intérêt de combiner les modèles de distribution d’espèces et les graphes paysager pour identifier les réseaux écologiques et poser un cadre de calcul de l’équivalence écologique basé sur le volet fonctionnel de la biodiversité. Intégrer les dimensions spatiales et temporelles permet d’accroitre la connectivité des habitats et améliorer la conception des projets. Nous montrons ensuite qu’organiser la compensation à l’échelle des territoires en les intégrant aux réseaux écologiques améliore davantage les bénéfices et réduit le risque d’échecs des mesures. Notre démarche est présentée dans le contexte périurbain de l’Ouest de Lyon. Enfin, nous démontrons les implications d’une démarche anticipée et planifiée de la séquence ERC dans la planification stratégique des territoires. Pour cela, nous montrons dans le cadre de la Métropole de Toulouse l’intérêt d’étudier conjointement les dynamiques urbaines et écologiques pour mettre en place une stratégie de conservation de la biodiversité à l’horizon 2040 en assurant l’absence de perte nette sur les habitats d’espèces et leur connectivité selon différentes trajectoires d’urbanisation et de ratio de compensation. Cette thèse offre une approche globale pour orienter les décideurs et améliorer la prise en compte des fonctionnalités écologiques à différentes échelles spatiales et temporelles dans l’aménagement des territoires et l’application de la séquence ERC. Ce travail est basé sur des logiciels novateurs et accessibles pour tous les acteurs et constitue une contribution intéressante à l’appui des maitres d’ouvrage qui souhaitent s’assurer de l’absence d'effets significatifs ou irréversibles sur la biodiversité, et des autorités environnementales qui veillent à ce que l’ensemble des enjeux environnementaux soient bien pris en compte dans la conception des projets d’aménagement
Over the past decades, biodiversity erosion has speeded up and become a global environmental concern since. Anthropization has led to. The mitigation hierarchy (avoidance, reduction and offsetting of impacts) is a regulatory tool implemented in a context of habitat destruction and fragmentation, disrupting species’ life cycle. The objective is to achieve “no net loss” of biodiversity following urban development. Although biodiversity conservation regulations have recently better addressed ecosystem functioning, the mitigation hierarchy is still being implemented with little concern for the spatial configuration of ecosystems in the landscape. This thesis hypothesizes that the major difficulties encountered by stakeholders are, in part, methodological and technical. Situating our research at the knowledge-action interface, we propose a methodological framework based on several modeling approaches, to respond to the different scientific and operational challenges. This thesis joins forces with other scientific projects and stakeholders’ networks by exploring complementary axes. To this end, we first integrate spatio-temporal issues of biodiversity into overall mitigation hierarchy application, focusing on potential impacts and dimensioning at “territorial development project” scale through a case study on the new stadium in Lyon (Southern France). Combining species distributions models and spatial graphs improves habitat connectivity and therefore the design of the development projects. Next, we demonstrate the positive impacts on peri-urban habitat connectivity of pooling and anticipating offsets in the suburbs of Lyon. In the last part, we demonstrate the implications of an anticipated and planned approach to the mitigation hierarchy on a planning scale. We consider both ecological connectivity and urban dynamics, in an attempt to minimize the ecological impacts of urban sprawl by avoiding urbanization of areas of highest ecological value and then enhance the application of biodiversity offsetting. This method is tested on projections for the Toulouse conurbation (Southern France) by 2040. Thus, this thesis presents an overall approach that can help to increase habitat connectivity and to improve the design of territorial development projects at different spatial and temporal scales. This methodology is based on freeware available to all practitioners. It will serve planners, designers, and decision-makers needing to ensure that there are no significant or irreversible effects on biodiversity, and environmental authorities making sure that all environmental issues are taken into account in the design of development projects

AbstractJava Ranger is a path-merging tool for Java Programs. It identifies branching regions of code and summarizes them by generating a disjunctive logical constraint that describes the behavior of the code region. Previously, Java Ranger showed that a reduction of 70% of execution paths is possible when used to merge branching regions of code that support numeric constraints.In this paper, we describe the support of two additional features since participation in SV-COMP 2020: symbolic array and symbolic string operations. Finally, we present a preliminary evaluation of the effect of the structure of the disjunctive constraint on the solver’s performance. Results suggest that certain constraint structures can speed up the performance of Java Ranger.

AbstractSeveral validation techniques based on the cross-tabulation matrix can be applied to validate Land Use Cover (LUC) maps. The exercises in this chapter focus, in particular, on the cross-tabulation techniques proposed by Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr., who has developed many indices and techniques in this field. Given his major contribution to this family of validation techniques, we have associated his name here with cross-tabulation techniques without this in any way implying that his scientific activity is limited to this field. The null model (Sect. 1) is especially useful for validating simulations, comparing the modelled map to a reference map with full persistence. LUCC budget (Sect. 2) only focusses on changes, which it splits into different components. This method can be used to compare the changes we want to validate with a reference set of changes, so providing interesting information as to how well our maps capture the dynamics of the landscape. Quantity and allocation disagreement (Sect. 3) analyse the differences between the reference map and the map being validated using two indices: disagreement in quantity and disagreement in allocation. The Figure of Merit (FoM) (Sect. 4) technique is used to validate a set of LUC changes by comparing them with a reference, distinguishing between different components of agreement: correctly simulated change, wrongly simulated or missing change. Incidents and States (Sect. 5) allows us to identify illogical transitions in a time series of maps by providing the number of states and transitions that a cell undergoes over the course of the series. Intensity analysis (Sect. 6) and Flow matrix (Sect. 7) also enable us to validate the logic of LUC changes in a time series of maps. Intensity analysis provides information on the speed of changes, identifying those transitions or changes that do not follow a logical trend, while the flow matrix enables us to spot unstable changes in a series of maps. In this chapter, we present examples of how these techniques can be used in different cases: to validate single LUC maps, to validate a series of maps with two or more time points, to validate simulated changes against a reference map of changes and to validate changes simulated by various models. All these techniques are illustrated by exercises using datasets from the Asturias Central Area and the Ariège Valley.

This chapter presents brief biographical sketches of George Boole and Claude Shannon. George was born in Lincoln, a town in the north of England, on November 2, 1815. His father John, while simple tradesman (a cobbler), taught George geometry and trigonometry, subjects John had found of great aid in his optical studies. Boole was essentially self-taught, with a formal education that stopped at what today would be a junior in high school. Eventually he became a master mathematician (who succeeded in merging algebra with logic), one held in the highest esteem by talented, highly educated men who had graduated from Cambridge and Oxford. Claude was born on April 30, 1916, in Petoskey, Michigan. He enrolled at the University of Michigan, from which he graduated in 1936 with double bachelor's degrees in mathematics and electrical engineering. It was in a class there that he was introduced to Boole's algebra of logic.

This chapter will clarify that the recent spread of populism is based on the fact that logical and emotional thinking/behaving are merging, especially in the West. In the West since the era of Greek philosopher Plato, people have tried to separate logic and emotion and have emphasized the superiority of logic to emotion. However, because of the invention and progress of media technologies, recently people's ways of thinking/behaving are becoming emotional. Therefore, the trend of populism could be understood that the people's ways of thinking/behaving in the West are approaching those in Asia. This phenomenon can be called “Asianization.” This means that populism is not a temporal trend but a long-time lasting trend. Also, this chapter will describe how to overcome populism.

This concluding chapter sketches a fuller picture of life in institutions such as Ravenwood—disciplined by market and merit. Despite faculty stereotypes, administrators were not universally malicious, incompetent, apathetic, or obsessed only with dollars. Administrators can be a convenient symbol of the corporatization of higher education in the last forty years, and certainly, university administration has been radically transformed over the course of the twentieth century. The chapter also discusses how the confluence of metrics position Ravenwood College and the value of its credential in a particular place in the hierarchy and what the consequences are for how it operates. The ways that administrators interacted with numbers, deployed persuasive scripts, moved individuals through the admission funnel, and handled Ravenwood's financial precarity were partly a logical way to handle their position in the meritocracy.

Acting upon the recommendations of a review of information and communications technology (ICT) governance and services at USQ, a major restructure was effected merging ICT units previously scattered across the university. The new Division of ICT Services embodies both CobiT and ITIL principles. To ensure the radical change was managed professionally, a change manager was seconded to the project. The value and importance of this role was underestimated and in retrospect it was removed too early. With the new structure now in place, a single service desk has been implemented and service level agreements have been formulated. This chapter describes the new reporting structure of the Division of ICT Services, the internal structure, the goals of the Division and how they align with the USQ corporate goals. Care was taken to ensure that the new ICT structure was logical and conducive to operational effectiveness, efficiency and sound ICT governance. The new structure provides pathways and opportunities for career progression, reflects a client focus and provides role delineation and functional accountability.

Abstract Husserl attributes to Christoph Sigwart’s Logik the dubious merit of having contributed more than any other work of the time to fostering a psychologistic approach to logic. Husserl terms the brand of sceptical relativism which informs Sigwart’s approach to logic ‘Anthropologism’. He contends that to the psychologistic philosopher only a relativistic notion of truth is available: truth is made to rest on subjective certainty and no room is left for the idea that there are ideal truths which might transcend our apprehension of them. Along similar lines, in the first volume of his Grundgesetze der Arithmetik of 1893, Gottlob Frege had criticized Benno Erdmann’s Logic: idealism and solipsism are, according to Frege’s diagnosis, the inevitable consequences of all philosophical approaches to logic which tend to obliterate the gap between being true and being held true. In his opinion, an instance of such a strategy was the attempt, on the part of psychologistic logicians, to explain the meaning and epistemological status of logical laws by appealing to the psychological processes which go on in the head of ‘normal’ representatives of the species homo sapiens at a given stage of its evolution. The main aim of this chapter is to better understand the motivations for this anti-psychologistic trend. The first few sections of this chapter concentrate on Husserl’s criticism of Sigwart, while the later sections speculate on what Frege might have objected to in Sigwart’s conception of a judgement and its content.

The chapter suggests that the dominant architectural history is too logocentric and not speculative enough. As such, its only merit is to translate a coexistence of becomings into a succession of neat logically necessary types. The case will be made for the role of topology as the antidote to the pernicious typological essentialism. Architecture needs to be free from the ideas of epoch and destiny. Following Brian Massumi’s lead, the speculative aspect relates to the contingently obligatory becoming, an event: “intrepidly future-facing, far-rangingly foretracing.” While it would appear logical that space should precede affordance, in fact the inverse holds true. The degree zero of spatial experience occurs at the level of the unconscious and is proto-subjective and sub-representational. As Hayles put it, consciousness is overrated. In terms of architectural thinking everything begins from the sensible. However, the task of speculative thinking is to go beyond the sensible to the potentials that make sensibility possible. After all, the basic medium of the discipline of architecture, as we see it, is the ‘space of experience’. This spatium, which is not to be confused with the ‘experience of space’, does not pre-exist but subsists as a virtuality. According to Deleuze, the plane of composition - as a work of sensation - is aesthetic: "it is the material that passes into the sensation." Once aesthetics is drawn into the context of production its realm expands to become a dimension of being itself. Both subjects and objects come to be seen as derivative. Consequently, the mereological relationship - which is perfectly suitable for the realm of the extensive - needs to be radically revamped in order to become capable of capturing topological transformations. But what we are advocating is not a formalisable model. Quite the contrary, any technological determinism needs to be kept at bay. What is needed instead is heuristics as a practice of material inference. However disadvantageous this may seem to the architect, it will prove not to be so once we fully grasp the Affective Turn and its implications for the discipline. It might become apparent that it is through habit, rather than attention, and collectivity, rather than individualism, that we find the (royal) road to the understanding of ‘space’, or better still, that we take a (minor) apprenticeship in spatialisation.

We study how belief merging operators can be considered as maximum likelihood estimators, i.e., we assume that there exists a (unknown) true state of the world and that each agent participating in the merging process receives a noisy signal of it, characterized by a noise model. The objective is then to aggregate the agents' belief bases to make the best possible guess about the true state of the world. In this paper, some logical connections between the rationality postulates for belief merging (IC postulates) and simple conditions over the noise model under consideration are exhibited. These results provide a new justification for IC merging postulates. We also provide results for two specific natural noise models: the world swap noise and the atom swap noise, by identifying distance-based merging operators that are maximum likelihood estimators for these two noise models.

Networks of compare-and-exchange (C&E) units can perform many useful functions including sorting, selecting, merging, packet switching, and the logical set operations. The throughput of these functions is critical to the performance of parallel operations for relational data bases and interconnection networks for telecommunications and parallel processors. Optics is well suited for the implementation of C&E since the simple units are hardwired, and they must be globally connected in multistage networks to perform the desired operations. Thus we present designs for C&E modules based on a variety of optical technology. The designs are evaluated in terms of their potential performance on the above applications.

The most significant challenges of organic farming are the fragmentation of the sector, unstable product supply and sales opportunities, as well as the lack of knowledge of how to manage agricultural production agronomically and economically effective. The predominant form of agricultural enterprises in Latvia is small and medium-sized farms. Thus, cooperation is an effective solution so that farmers can maintain the form of a family business and achieve an appropriate economic market, which would contribute to the possibility of sales and the value of the products produced. However, there are no fully organic and eligible grain cooperatives in Latvia in 2021. The research aim: to analyse factors affecting the needs of organic grain production through various alternatives to cooperation models. To achieve the aim, the following research methods were employed: logical construction, the graphical method, the monographic method, expert interviewing and factor ranking analysis. The research concluded that the factors influencing organic grain producer needs were most effectively implemented through the fully organic grain cooperative form � the normal distribution was 40.32. The weakest form of cooperation that provided opportunities for the development of organic grain production was mixed-type cooperatives, which combined both organic and conventional agricultural production. The normal distribution for mixed-type cooperatives was 25.00. The development of organic farming could be promoted by cooperation between organic producers. An organic single-product cooperative directly addresses the needs of organic producers � merging small and medium farms and providing appropriate infrastructure �, thus contributing to production consolidation and competitiveness.

Abstract Digitalization of the drilling process has the potential to improve drilling data quality and consistency, providing support for drilling optimization, safety and efficiency. A significant barrier to realizing this potential is the data streams from the multitude of service companies, which changes almost daily, with variable definition of each of the real-time signals. This paper provides a solution to this problem: a method describing the semantics of real-time drilling signals in a computer readable format. For illustration, consider the calculation of mechanical specific energy (MSE) in drilling. It is possible to calculate a simple MSE signal in many ways, by using surface or downhole measurements, by applying corrections to the raw data, or by interpreting the equation in alternate ways. There is typically only a delivered value – the underlying details are lost. Semantic graphs bring transparency to the calculation by describing facts about drilling signals that are interpretable by computer systems. This semantic information encompasses details about signal measurement, and about signal calculation, correction, or conversion, yet all without exposing proprietary mathematical methods of calculation. It is possible, using semantic graphs, to assess the meaning and potential application of a signal, and whether or not the quality of the signal is suitable for its intended purpose. A semantic network relies on a vocabulary that defines a specific language dedicated to a particular topic, here drilling signals. The semantic network language is versatile: an existing language can describe new information and newly created signals. This provides a method meeting future needs without having to modify a standard constantly. In practice, each data provider exposes the meaning of its signals in the form of individual semantic networks. Merging these distinct semantic graphs provides a larger set of facts. This opens the possibility for synergies between independent data providers. For instance, applying logical rules infers new information. Since it is possible to query the semantic graph for signals that have certain properties, discovery of the most relevant signals at any time is feasible. By keeping track of modifications made to the semantic network during the drilling operation, it is also possible to post-analyze facts known about the available drilling signals, in an historic perspective. This is essential information for interpreting real-time data during offline data mining. This work is part of the D-WIS initiative (Drilling and Wells Interoperability Standards), a cross-industry workgroup providing solutions to facilitate interoperability of computer systems at the rig site and beyond. The D-WIS workgroup continues to develop the semantic vocabulary. The benefit of a computer interpretable description of the meaning of real-time signal is not limited to signals in real-time. Indeed, the method allows automatic data mining of historical data sets, facilitating the application of machine learning methods.