Relevant bibliographies by topics / Logicality of language

Academic literature on the topic 'Logicality of language'

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Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Logicality of language"

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Pistoia-Reda, Salvatore, and Luca San Mauro. "On logicality and natural logic." Natural Language Semantics 29, no. 3 (July 14, 2021): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11050-021-09184-0.

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AbstractIn this paper we focus on the logicality of language, i.e. the idea that the language system contains a deductive device to exclude analytic constructions. Puzzling evidence for the logicality of language comes from acceptable contradictions and tautologies. The standard response in the literature involves assuming that the language system only accesses analyticities that are due to skeletons as opposed to standard logical forms. In this paper we submit evidence in support of alternative accounts of logicality, which reject the stipulation of a natural logic and assume instead the meaning modulation of nonlogical terms.
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LAPPIN, S. "Generalized Quantifiers, Exception Phrases, and Logicality." Journal of Semantics 13, no. 3 (January 1, 1996): 197–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jos/13.3.197.

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Chierchia, Gennaro. "Broaden Your Views: Implicatures of Domain Widening and the “Logicality” of Language." Linguistic Inquiry 37, no. 4 (October 2006): 535–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/ling.2006.37.4.535.

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This article presents a unified theory of polarity-sensitive items (PSIs) based on the notion of domain widening. PSIs include negative polarity items (like Italian mai ‘ever’), universal free choice items (like Italian qualunque ‘any/whatever’), and existential free choice items (like Italian uno qualunque ‘a whatever’). The proposal is based on a ‘‘recursive,’’ grammatically driven approach to scalar implicatures that breaks with the traditional view that scalar implicatures arise via post- grammatical pragmatic processes. The main claim is that scalar items optionally activate scalar alternatives that, when activated, are then recursively factored into meaning via an alternative sensitive operator similar to only. PSIs obligatorily activate domain alternatives that are factored into meaning in much the same way.
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Petrovskaya, Anastasia V. "Discourse features of scientific abstracts on agricultural topics in the English language." Library & Information Discourse 1, no. 1 (December 27, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47612/lid-2021-1-1-17-22.

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The article describes the discourse features of abstracts of scientific papers on agriculture: logicality, abstractness, performativity, terminology, specific sentence length, structural categories and components. It was found that the logicality was achieved due to contrastive, elaborative, inferential and temporal discourse markers in the abstracts of the scientific publications on agriculture in the English language. The abstractness was expressed by the predominance of indefinite or zero articles and the use of words describing processes and phenomena. The terminology of the abstracts of the scientific articles on agricultural topics was described in accordance with the following classification: 1) well-known terms; 2) special professional terms; 3) abbreviations. The performativity was manifested in the first person material presentation using general science clichés. The predominance of sentences the length of which ranges from 16 to 25 words was observed in the abstracts of the scientific articles on the agricultural topics. It was found that most of these abstracts were characterized by the following structural components: background (72%), aims (73%), research methods and materials (62%), results (80%), conclusions (58%).
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Del Pinal, Guillermo. "The Logicality of Language: A new take on Triviality, “Ungrammaticality”, and Logical Form*." Noûs 53, no. 4 (December 18, 2017): 785–818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nous.12235.

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SAGI, GIL. "INVARIANCE CRITERIA AS META-CONSTRAINTS." Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 28, no. 1 (December 2, 2021): 104–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bsl.2021.67.

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AbstractInvariance criteria are widely accepted as a means to demarcate the logical vocabulary of a language. In previous work, I proposed a framework of “semantic constraints” for model-theoretic consequence which does not rely on a strict distinction between logical and nonlogical terms, but rather on a range of constraints on models restricting the interpretations of terms in the language in different ways. In this paper I show how invariance criteria can be generalized so as to apply to semantic constraints on models. Some obviously unpalatable semantic constraints turn out to be invariant under isomorphisms. I shall connect the discussion to known counter-examples to invariance criteria for logical terms, and so the generalization will also shed light on the current existing debate on logicality. I analyse the failure of invariance to fulfil its role as a criterion for logicality, and argue that invariance conditions should best be thought of as merely methodological meta-constraints restricting the ways the model-theoretic apparatus should be used.
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Zhang, Youwen, and Zhihui Yang. "The Soft Power of Teacher’s Instructional Decision Making: An Empirical Study of 4 Chinese EFL Teachers and Native English Teachers." English Language and Literature Studies 7, no. 1 (January 27, 2017): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ells.v7n1p36.

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Beliefs, concepts and perceptions drive teachers’ practices. This study reports a comparative enquiry into the soft power of decision making of two categories of teachers when approaching teaching in the language classroom. Decisions of tasks and participation structures teachers adopted in their instructions, and the underlying soft power of decision making in class are identified with reference to beliefs, knowledge, prior experiences and context. And it reveals that these teachers tend to capitalize on these theories eclectically, though they differ in the extent to which they stress one focus or another, and the logicality between teacher’s soft power and instructional decision making exists and gives an insight into the critical issues related to future study.
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Liu, Xinzhu. "A Study of Tactics of Cultivating Senior High Students’ Critical Thinking Skills of English Writing Based on the Production-oriented Approach." Theory and Practice in Language Studies 11, no. 7 (July 1, 2021): 816–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1107.07.

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As an embodiment of the comprehensive language competence, writing is also an effective way of promoting students’ critical thinking ability, and the writing process involves not only language usage but critical analysis as well. In traditional English classes, however, the cultivation of critical thinking skills is sometimes overlooked and the teaching of English writing pays more attention to the usage of grammar or lexical knowledge, in other words. A lot of students just write for high scores by applying flowery language without logicality or internal essay structure, and writing teaching is always one of the difficulties in English classes. In this case, in order to enhance senior high school students’ English writing ability, arouse their English writing interests and train their critical thinking skills in the meantime, in this paper, the author sets the production-oriented approach as the theoretical basis, applying it to English writing classes and discussing feasible teaching strategies from three aspects: preparation for English writing production, process of English writing production and assessment of English writing production, aiming at providing a guidance or some new ideas for English writing teaching in Chinese senior high schools.
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Fitri, Nia Annisa, Dewi Rochsantiningsih, and Hefy Sulistyawati. "AN ERROR ANALYSIS ON THE APPROPRIATENESS OF WORD CHOICE IN WRITTEN TEXT OF ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS." English Education 4, no. 1 (September 21, 2015): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/eed.v4i1.34840.

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The article aims at describing the appropriateness of word choice and its causes in written text. An error analysis was conducted to the second semester students of English Education in a university in Central Java to investigate errors in word choice. The errors are categorized in superficial descriptive categories (morphosyntactic and lexical derivational and pragmatics) and complementary descriptive categories (lexical syntactic, semantic and collocational problems and overlap, logicality and topic knowledge). Based on these categories, errors committed by students in word choice are caused by lack of vocabulary, lack of holistic understanding in grammar, lack of interaction with target language, lack of research of the topic given, not rereading their own texts, and being too dependent on bilingual dictionaries. Most of errors that are produced by students however did not hinder readers’ comprehension but still needs to get a thorough attention.
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Pei, Zhengwei, Chaoqun Zheng, Meng Zhang, and Fangzhou Liu. "Critical Thinking and Argumentative Writing: Inspecting the Association among EFL Learners in China." English Language Teaching 10, no. 10 (September 3, 2017): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n10p31.

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Nurturing critical thinking (CT) has been acknowledged as a core objective of tertiary education, and drawn attention from academia of teaching English as a Foreign Language (EFL) in China. The thrust of the present study was to determine the association between CT and EFL argumentative writing among Chinese undergraduates. To this end, 110 English majors across three grades at two universities were conveniently selected and given the critical thinking skills (CTS) test and EFL argumentative writing test. The results of this study indicated that undergraduate English majors in China did not possess strong CTS. Though their CTS was not found to be significantly correlated with EFL argumentative writing performance, textual analysis of typical essays showed that strong-CTS learners outperformed weak-CTS ones in relevance, clarity, logicality, profundity and flexibility of argumentative writing. The obtained results suggest a need to integrate CT into EFL writing instruction.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Logicality of language"

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FOPPOLO, FRANCESCA. "The logic of pragmatics. An experimental investigation with children and adults." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10281/9949.

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In the first part of my dissertation I present some experimental works that investigate how adults interpret scalar items such as or in different syntactic contexts, such as (1) and (2), and ambiguous sentences like (3), in which the pronoun "it" admits of two interpretations, due to the presence of an indefinite antecedent: (1) If an A has a B or a C, then she also has a D (2) If an A has a D, then she also has a B or a C (3) If a farmer owns a donkey, he beats it In interpreting these sentences, adults display a high degree of “spontaneous logicality”, showing sensitivity to logic properties (such as entailment patterns and monotonicity properties) of the elements in the sentence. The second part is focused on the investigation of “pragmatic” inferences in children, aiming at attesting which factors may influence children’s computation of Scalar Implicatures (like the ones arising in (2)) and eventually contribute to their failure or their improvement in this task
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Books on the topic "Logicality of language"

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Rosemary, Patton, ed. Writing logically, thinking critically. 7th ed. New York: Cengage Learning/Longman, 2011.

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Rosemary, Patton, ed. Writing logically, thinking critically. 3rd ed. New York: Longman, 2001.

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Cooper, Sheila. Writing logically, thinking critically. 4th ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2004.

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Cooper, Sheila. Writing logically, thinking critically. 2nd ed. New York: Longman, 1997.

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Cooper, Sheila. Writing logically, thinking critically. 6th ed. New York: Pearson/Longman, 2009.

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Cooper, Sheila. Ergo: Thinking critically and writing logically. New York: HarperCollins College Publishers, 1993.

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Rosemary, Patton, ed. Writing logically, thinking critically: With readings. New York: Longman, 2001.

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Cecchetto, Carlo, and Ivano Caponigro. From Grammar to Meaning: The Spontaneous Logicality of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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Cecchetto, Carlo, and Ivano Caponigro. From Grammar to Meaning: The Spontaneous Logicality of Language. Cambridge University Press, 2013.

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Cecchetto, Carlo, and Ivano Caponigro. From Grammar to Meaning: The Spontaneous Logicality of Language. University of Cambridge ESOL Examinations, 2019.

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Book chapters on the topic "Logicality of language"

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Bonnay, Denis. "Carnap’s Criterion of Logicality." In Carnap’s Logical Syntax of Language, 147–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230235397_6.

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Quer, Josep. "Non-logicalif." In Current Issues in Romance Languages, 241–54. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cilt.220.17que.

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Cleaveland, Rance, and Bernhard Steffen. "Computing behavioural relations, logically." In Automata, Languages and Programming, 127–38. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-54233-7_129.

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Salvati, Sylvain, Giulio Manzonetto, Mai Gehrke, and Henk Barendregt. "Loader and Urzyczyn Are Logically Related." In Automata, Languages, and Programming, 364–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31585-5_34.

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Ésik, Zoltán, and Pascal Weil. "On Logically Defined Recognizable Tree Languages." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 195–207. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24597-1_17.

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Chierchia, Gennaro. "The Spontaneous Logicality of Language." In Logic in Grammar, 11–85. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199697977.003.0002.

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Pinal, Guillermo Del. "Semantic Minimalism and Contextualism in Light of the Logicality of Language." In The Cambridge Handbook of the Philosophy of Language, 194–214. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108698283.011.

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Weiner, Joan. "Language and the Standard Interpretation." In Taking Frege at his Word, 3–33. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198865476.003.0001.

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On the Standard Interpretation, Frege means to be giving some sort of theory of the workings of language. The interpretation is easily justified, many think, by mere reportage of the words on his pages. This chapter begins with a closer look at this reportage and shows that a great deal of the widely accepted reportage is inaccurate. The chapter goes on to exhibit problems with the Standard Interpretation. Frege’s aim is to develop, not a perfect language, but a logically perfect language—a language adequate for the expression and evaluation of inference. And, as it turns out, a language that does the work of a natural language cannot satisfy the demands that must be satisfied by a logically perfect language.
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Tennant, Neil. "Inferentialism, Logicism, Harmony, and a Counterpoint." In Logic, Language, and Mathematics, 223–48. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199278343.003.0009.

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Inferentialism is explained as an attempt to provide an account of meaning that is more sensitive (than the tradition of truth-conditional theorizing deriving from Tarski and Davidson) to what is learned when one masters meanings. The logically reformist inferentialism of Dummett and Prawitz is contrasted with the more recent quietist inferentialism of Brandom. Various other issues are highlighted for inferentialism in general, by reference to which different kinds of inferentialism can be characterized. Inferentialism for the logical operators is explained, with special reference to the Principle of Harmony. The statement of that principle in the author’s book Natural Logic is fine-tuned here in the way obviously required in order to bar an interesting would-be counterexample furnished by Crispin Wright, and to stave off any more of the same.
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Oliveira, Paulo. "Übersetzung als Aufbau des Vergleichbaren (Auf Ricoeurs Pfad mit Wittgenstein und Toury)." In Cognition and Comprehension in Translational Hermeneutics, 235–73. Zeta Books, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/zeta-cognition20219.

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Many of the apparent impasses and/or paradoxes in Translation Studies result from the lack of greater coherence between our basic assumptions about the relation language/world and the theories we derive from them. One of these apparent dilemmas is the concept of hypothetical untranslatability, which is logically dependent on the premise that translation is a phenomenon of language as a system, as opposed to the primacy of the practice from which language itself emerges. Paul Ricoeur, in three conferences published posthumously, coined a formula capable of dissolving this impasse: translation as the Construction of the Comparable. My aim here is to show the profound implications of this insight of Ricoeur, assuming a conception of language informed by the philosophical therapy of the later Wittgenstein and considering authors who start out from this therapy to formulate philosophical theses on how language and perception are articulated. This is another step towards an Epistemology of Translating, tributary of the later Wittgenstein and in line with Arley Moreno’s Epistemology of the Usage.
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Conference papers on the topic "Logicality of language"

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Gaskell, Alexander, Yishu Miao, Francesca Toni, and Lucia Specia. "Logically Consistent Adversarial Attacks for Soft Theorem Provers." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/573.

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Recent efforts within the AI community have yielded impressive results towards “soft theorem proving” over natural language sentences using language models. We propose a novel, generative adversarial framework for probing and improving these models’ reasoning capabilities. Adversarial attacks in this domain suffer from the logical inconsistency problem, whereby perturbations to the input may alter the label. Our Logically consistent AdVersarial Attacker, LAVA, addresses this by combining a structured generative process with a symbolic solver, guaranteeing logical consistency. Our framework successfully generates adversarial attacks and identifies global weaknesses common across multiple target models. Our analyses reveal naive heuristics and vulnerabilities in these models’ reasoning capabilities, exposing an incomplete grasp of logical deduction under logic programs. Finally, in addition to effective probing of these models, we show that training on the generated samples improves the target model’s performance.
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Chen, Wenqing, Jidong Tian, Liqiang Xiao, Hao He, and Yaohui Jin. "Exploring Logically Dependent Multi-task Learning with Causal Inference." In Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.173.

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Obie, Humphrey O., Caslon Chua, Iman Avazpour, Mohamed Abdelrazek, John Grundy, and Tomasz Bednarz. "A Framework for Authoring Logically Ordered Visual Data Stories." In 2019 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages and Human-Centric Computing (VL/HCC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/vlhcc.2019.8818925.

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Kun, Ludovic, Jayesh Bankoti, and David Kiskovski. "Logically at the Constraint 2022: Multimodal role labelling." In Proceedings of the Workshop on Combating Online Hostile Posts in Regional Languages during Emergency Situations. Stroudsburg, PA, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.constraint-1.4.

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Pietrusewicz, Krzysztof, and Michael Scopchanov. "Domain specific language for structural modeling of logically controlled discrete-event mechatronic systems." In 2017 22nd International Conference on Methods and Models in Automation and Robotics (MMAR). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/mmar.2017.8046788.

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Giunchiglia, Eleonora, Mihaela Catalina Stoian, and Thomas Lukasiewicz. "Deep Learning with Logical Constraints." In Thirty-First International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-22}. California: International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/767.

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In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in exploiting logically specified background knowledge in order to obtain neural models (i) with a better performance, (ii) able to learn from less data, and/or (iii) guaranteed to be compliant with the background knowledge itself, e.g., for safety-critical applications. In this survey, we retrace such works and categorize them based on (i) the logical language that they use to express the background knowledge and (ii) the goals that they achieve.
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Lee, Jae-Hyun, and Hyo-Won Suh. "OWL-Based Product Ontology Architecture and Representation for Sharing Product Knowledge on a Web." In ASME 2007 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2007-35312.

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A collaborative product development environment requires sharing of product information among its participants. Product knowledge models and international standards have been developed for product information sharing. However, their models have limitations in representing their semantics explicitly, so a computer can not understand their semantics properly. It results in lack of information sharing. Recently, ontology gets attentions for automatic knowledge sharing because it can specify the semantics explicitly and logically. In addition, ontology-related standard language, such as web ontology language (OWL), is also proposed. In this paper, we propose an architecture for an ontology-based product knowledge and a product web ontology language (POWL) based on OWL. The architecture consists of three-level ontologies; meta-, generic and particular product ontology. The meta-product ontology is derived from previous top-level ontologies such as SUMO, DOLCE and Guarino’s ontology. The generic product ontology is developed to provide comprehensive knowledge primitives representing product knowledge. A particular product ontology specify knowledge about a specific product such as car, telephone, ship, etc., and it is defined based on the generic product ontology. Meanwhile, POWL has product knowledge primitives defined in the generic product ontology, and it can be transformed to OWL. So users can define the specific product knowledge based on POWL. We implement the tranformation logic with XSLT and demonstrate a POWL usage with an example.
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Zeng, Y., A. Pardasani, H. Antunes, Z. Li, J. Dickinson, V. Gupta, and D. Baulier. "Representation and Interpretation of Sketches in Mechanical Design: Experimental and Theoretical Approaches." In ASME 2003 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2003/dtm-48657.

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This paper aims to establish a theoretical foundation for representing and interpreting free-hand design sketches throughout the conceptual design process. Both experimental and theoretical approaches are used. In using the experimental approach, one case study from a book and one case study from an automobile assembly system manufacturer are used to illustrate the characteristics of design sketches. These characteristics provide the requirements for models of sketch representation and interpretation. In using the theoretical approach, a mathematical structure of design sketches is established. This mathematical structure can naturally and logically model the evolving sketches generated in the design process, through integrating the strengths of set theory and mereology. Based on the results of these two approaches, a design sketch language is developed to be a formal foundation of sketch representation and interpretation.
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Ali Tribaldos, Jicmat, and Chiradeep Sen. "Evolutionary Grasp Planning for Sheet Metal Parts With Multi-Type Grippers." In ASME 2021 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2021-71632.

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Abstract Grasping sheet metal objects for manufacturing operations requires custom-made robot-mounted end-effectors to grip the parts. Modern end-effectors use multi-type grasp where a combination of gripper types such as suction cups, magnets, and fingers may be used. This paper presents a genetic algorithm-based approach of grasp design automation. The algorithm first generates an option space of possible grasping locations by analyzing the geometry of the sheet metal part and then uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the grasp using up to five magnets and suction cups. The algorithm includes as fitness criteria the factor of safety of the total gripping force against part weight, the unbalanced moment created by the gripping forces and part weight, the cost of the grasp, and three combinations of these parameters. The GA features asexual reproduction, mutation, and elitism. The algorithm is implemented in the Siemens NX™ Knowledge Fusion language and on Microsoft VBA code. The paper presents detailed test results and sensitivity analyses that indicate that genetic algorithms can produce viable solutions for multi-type grasp configurations and that the algorithm behaves in response to varying its control parameters in ways that are logically anticipated.
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Reports on the topic "Logicality of language"

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Makhachashvili, Rusudan K., Svetlana I. Kovpik, Anna O. Bakhtina, and Ekaterina O. Shmeltser. Technology of presentation of literature on the Emoji Maker platform: pedagogical function of graphic mimesis. [б. в.], July 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/3864.

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The article deals with the technology of visualizing fictional text (poetry) with the help of emoji symbols in the Emoji Maker platform that not only activates students’ thinking, but also develops creative attention, makes it possible to reproduce the meaning of poetry in a succinct way. The application of this technology has yielded the significance of introducing a computer being emoji in the study and mastering of literature is absolutely logical: an emoji, phenomenologically, logically and eidologically installed in the digital continuum, is separated from the natural language provided by (ethno)logy, and is implicitly embedded into (cosmo)logy. The technology application object is the text of the twentieth century Cuban poet José Ángel Buesa. The choice of poetry was dictated by the appeal to the most important function of emoji – the expression of feelings, emotions, and mood. It has been discovered that sensuality can reconstructed with the help of this type of meta-linguistic digital continuum. It is noted that during the emoji design in the Emoji Maker program, due to the technical limitations of the platform, it is possible to phenomenologize one’s own essential-empirical reconstruction of the lyrical image. Creating the image of the lyrical protagonist sign, it was sensible to apply knowledge in linguistics, philosophy of language, psychology, psycholinguistics, literary criticism. By constructing the sign, a special emphasis was placed on the facial emogram, which also plays an essential role in the transmission of a wide range of emotions, moods, feelings of the lyrical protagonist. Consequently, the Emoji Maker digital platform allowed to create a new model of digital presentation of fiction, especially considering the psychophysiological characteristics of the lyrical protagonist. Thus, the interpreting reader, using a specific digital toolkit – a visual iconic sign (smile) – reproduces the polylaterial metalinguistic multimodality of the sign meaning in fiction. The effectiveness of this approach is verified by the poly-functional emoji ousia, tested on texts of fiction.
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Yatsymirska, Mariya. SOCIAL EXPRESSION IN MULTIMEDIA TEXTS. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11072.

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The article investigates functional techniques of extralinguistic expression in multimedia texts; the effectiveness of figurative expressions as a reaction to modern events in Ukraine and their influence on the formation of public opinion is shown. Publications of journalists, broadcasts of media resonators, experts, public figures, politicians, readers are analyzed. The language of the media plays a key role in shaping the worldview of the young political elite in the first place. The essence of each statement is a focused thought that reacts to events in the world or in one’s own country. The most popular platform for mass information and social interaction is, first of all, network journalism, which is characterized by mobility and unlimited time and space. Authors have complete freedom to express their views in direct language, including their own word formation. Phonetic, lexical, phraseological and stylistic means of speech create expression of the text. A figurative word, a good aphorism or proverb, a paraphrased expression, etc. enhance the effectiveness of a multimedia text. This is especially important for headlines that simultaneously inform and influence the views of millions of readers. Given the wide range of issues raised by the Internet as a medium, research in this area is interdisciplinary. The science of information, combining language and social communication, is at the forefront of global interactions. The Internet is an effective source of knowledge and a forum for free thought. Nonlinear texts (hypertexts) – «branching texts or texts that perform actions on request», multimedia texts change the principles of information collection, storage and dissemination, involving billions of readers in the discussion of global issues. Mastering the word is not an easy task if the author of the publication is not well-read, is not deep in the topic, does not know the psychology of the audience for which he writes. Therefore, the study of media broadcasting is an important component of the professional training of future journalists. The functions of the language of the media require the authors to make the right statements and convincing arguments in the text. Journalism education is not only knowledge of imperative and dispositive norms, but also apodictic ones. In practice, this means that there are rules in media creativity that are based on logical necessity. Apodicticity is the first sign of impressive language on the platform of print or electronic media. Social expression is a combination of creative abilities and linguistic competencies that a journalist realizes in his activity. Creative self-expression is realized in a set of many important factors in the media: the choice of topic, convincing arguments, logical presentation of ideas and deep philological education. Linguistic art, in contrast to painting, music, sculpture, accumulates all visual, auditory, tactile and empathic sensations in a universal sign – the word. The choice of the word for the reproduction of sensory and semantic meanings, its competent use in the appropriate context distinguishes the journalist-intellectual from other participants in forums, round tables, analytical or entertainment programs. Expressive speech in the media is a product of the intellect (ability to think) of all those who write on socio-political or economic topics. In the same plane with him – intelligence (awareness, prudence), the first sign of which (according to Ivan Ogienko) is a good knowledge of the language. Intellectual language is an important means of organizing a journalistic text. It, on the one hand, logically conveys the author’s thoughts, and on the other – encourages the reader to reflect and comprehend what is read. The richness of language is accumulated through continuous self-education and interesting communication. Studies of social expression as an important factor influencing the formation of public consciousness should open up new facets of rational and emotional media broadcasting; to trace physical and psychological reactions to communicative mimicry in the media. Speech mimicry as one of the methods of disguise is increasingly becoming a dangerous factor in manipulating the media. Mimicry is an unprincipled adaptation to the surrounding social conditions; one of the most famous examples of an animal characterized by mimicry (change of protective color and shape) is a chameleon. In a figurative sense, chameleons are called adaptive journalists. Observations show that mimicry in politics is to some extent a kind of game that, like every game, is always conditional and artificial.
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3

Hillestad, Torgeir Martin. The Metapsychology of Evil: Main Theoretical Perspectives Causes, Consequences and Critique. University of Stavanger, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.31265/usps.224.

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The purpose of this text or dissertation is to throw some basic light on a fundamental problem concerning manhood, namely the question of evil, its main sources, dynamics and importance for human attitudes and behaviour. The perspective behind the analysis itself is that of psychology. Somebody, or many, may feel at bit nervous by the word “evil” itself. It may very well be seen as too connected to religion, myth and even superstition. Yet those who are motivated to lose oneself in the subject retain a deep interest in human destructiveness, malevolence and hate, significant themes pointing at threatening prospects for mankind. The text is organized or divided into four main ordinary chapters, the three first of them organized or divided into continuous and numbered sections. A crucial point or question is of cause how to define evil itself. It can of cause be done both intentional, instrumental and by consequence. Other theorists however have stated that the concept of evil exclusively rests on a myth originated in the Judean-Christian conception of Satan and ultimate evil. This last argument presupposes evil itself as non-existent in the real rational world. It seems however a fact that most people attach certain basic meaning to the concept, mainly that it represents ultimately bad and terrible actions and behaviour directed toward common people for the purpose of bringing upon them ultimate pain and suffer. However, there is no room for essentialism here, meaning that we simply can look “inside” some original matter to get to know what it “really” is. Rather, a phenomenon gets its identity from the constituted meaning operating within a certain human communities and contexts loaded with intentionality and inter-subjective meaning. As mentioned above, the concept of evil can be interpreted both instrumental and intentional, the first being the broadest of them. Here evil stands for behaviour and human deeds having terrifying or fatal consequences for subjects and people or in general, regardless of the intentions behind. The intentional interpretation however, links the concept to certain predispositions, characteristics and even strong motives in subjects, groups and sometimes political systems and nations. I will keep in mind and clear the way for both these perspectives for the discussion in prospect. This essay represents a psychological perspective on evil, but makes it clear that a more or less complete account of such a psychological view also should include a thorough understanding or integration of some basic social and even biological assumptions. However, I consider a social psychological position of significant importance, especially because in my opinion it represents some sort of coordination of knowledge and theoretical perspectives inherent in the subject or problem itself, the main task here being to integrate perspectives of a psychological as well as social and biological kind. Since humans are essential social creatures, the way itself to present knowledge concerning the human condition, must be social of some sort and kind, however not referring to some kind of reductionism where social models of explanation possess or holds monopoly. Social and social psychological perspectives itself represents parts of the whole matter regarding understanding and explanation of human evil. The fact that humans present, or has to represent themselves as humans among other humans, means that basically a social language is required both to explain and describe human manners and ways of being. This then truly represents its own way or, more correctly, level or standard of explanation, which makes social psychology some sort of significant, though not sufficient. More substantial, the vision itself of integrating different ontological and theoretical levels and objects of science for the purpose of manifesting or make real a full-fledged psychological perspective on evil, should be considered or characterized a meta-psychological perspective. The text is partially constructed as a review of existing theories and theorists concerning the matter of evil and logically associated themes such as violence, mass murder, genocide, antisocial behaviour in general, aggression, hate and cruelty. However, the demands of making a theoretical distinction between these themes, although connected, is stressed. Above all, an integral perspective combining different scientific disciplines is aimed at.
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