Academic literature on the topic 'Logical encodings'

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Journal articles on the topic "Logical encodings"

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Kovács, Tibor, Gábor Simon, and Gergely Mezei. "Benchmarking Graph Database Backends—What Works Well with Wikidata?" Acta Cybernetica 24, no. 1 (2019): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/actacyb.24.1.2019.5.

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Knowledge bases often utilize graphs as logical model. RDF-based knowledge bases (KB) are prime examples, as RDF (Resource Description Framework) does use graph as logical model. Graph databases are an emerging breed of NoSQL-type databases, offering graph as the logical model. Although there are specialized databases, the so-called triple stores, for storing RDF data, graph databases can also be promising candidates for storing knowledge. In this paper, we benchmark different graph database implementations loaded with Wikidata, a real-life, large-scale knowledge base. Graph databases come in
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Yoder, Theodore J., and Isaac H. Kim. "The surface code with a twist." Quantum 1 (April 25, 2017): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2017-04-25-2.

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The surface code is one of the most successful approaches to topological quantum error-correction. It boasts the smallest known syndrome extraction circuits and correspondingly largest thresholds. Defect-based logical encodings of a new variety called twists have made it possible to implement the full Clifford group without state distillation. Here we investigate a patch-based encoding involving a modified twist. In our modified formulation, the resulting codes, called triangle codes for the shape of their planar layout, have only weight-four checks and relatively simple syndrome extraction ci
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Steiner, Erich. "Ideational grammatical metaphor." Languages in Contrast 4, no. 1 (2004): 137–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.4.1.07ste.

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In this paper I want to explore the systemic-functional notion of ‘grammatical metaphor’ from a cross-linguistic perspective. After a brief introduction to the concept of ‘grammatical metaphor’, I shall discuss the distinction between ‘congruent’ and ‘metaphorical’ encodings of meaning, as well as the distinction between rankshift, transcategorization, and grammatical metaphor as semogenic resources (Section 1). In a second section, I shall then focus on ideational grammatical metaphors in English and German and revisit the notion of direct vs. indirect mapping of experiential and logical sema
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Pal, Amit Kumar, Philipp Schindler, Alexander Erhard, et al. "Relaxation times do not capture logical qubit dynamics." Quantum 6 (January 24, 2022): 632. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2022-01-24-632.

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Quantum error correction procedures have the potential to enable faithful operation of large-scale quantum computers. They protect information from environmental decoherence by storing it in logical qubits, built from ensembles of entangled physical qubits according to suitably tailored quantum error correcting encodings. To date, no generally accepted framework to characterise the behaviour of logical qubits as quantum memories has been developed. In this work, we show that generalisations of well-established figures of merit of physical qubits, such as relaxation times, to logical qubits fai
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Scala, Enrico, Miquel Ramírez, Patrik Haslum, and Sylvie Thiebaux. "Numeric Planning with Disjunctive Global Constraints via SMT." Proceedings of the International Conference on Automated Planning and Scheduling 26 (March 30, 2016): 276–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/icaps.v26i1.13766.

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This paper describes a novel encoding for sequential numeric planning into the problem of determining the satisfiability of a logical theory T. We introduce a novel technique, orthogonal to existing work aiming at producing more succinct encodings that enables the theory solver to roll up an unbounded yet finite number of instances of an action into a single plan step, greatly reducing the horizon at which T models valid plans. The technique is then extended to deal with problems featuring disjunctive global constraints, in which the state space becomes a non-convex n dimensional polytope. In or
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CAVE, ANDREW, and BRIGITTE PIENTKA. "Mechanizing proofs with logical relations – Kripke-style." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 28, no. 9 (2018): 1606–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129518000154.

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Proofs with logical relations play a key role to establish rich properties such as normalization or contextual equivalence. They are also challenging to mechanize. In this paper, we describe two case studies using the proof environmentBeluga: First, we explain the mechanization of the weak normalization proof for the simply typed lambda-calculus; second, we outline how to mechanize the completeness proof of algorithmic equality for simply typed lambda-terms where we reason about logically equivalent terms. The development of these proofs inBelugarelies on three key ingredients: (1) we encode l
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Dennis, Louise A., Martin Mose Bentzen, Felix Lindner, and Michael Fisher. "Verifiable Machine Ethics in Changing Contexts." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 35, no. 13 (2021): 11470–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v35i13.17366.

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Many systems proposed for the implementation of ethical reasoning involve an encoding of user values as a set of rules or a model. We consider the question of how changes of context affect these encodings. We propose the use of a reasoning cycle, in which information about the ethical reasoner's context is imported in a logical form, and we propose that context-specific aspects of an ethical encoding be prefaced by a guard formula. This guard formula should evaluate to true when the reasoner is in the appropriate context and the relevant parts of the reasoner's rule set or model should be upda
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RABE, FLORIAN. "A logical framework combining model and proof theory." Mathematical Structures in Computer Science 23, no. 5 (2013): 945–1001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960129512000424.

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Mathematical logic and computer science have driven the design of a growing number of logics and related formalisms such as set theories and type theories. In response to this population explosion, logical frameworks have been developed as formal meta-languages in which to represent, structure, relate and reason about logics.Research on logical frameworks has diverged into separate communities, often with conflicting backgrounds and philosophies. In particular, two of the most important logical frameworks are the framework of institutions, from the area of model theory based on category theory
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Locher, David F., Lorenzo Cardarelli, and Markus Müller. "Quantum Error Correction with Quantum Autoencoders." Quantum 7 (March 9, 2023): 942. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2023-03-09-942.

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Active quantum error correction is a central ingredient to achieve robust quantum processors. In this paper we investigate the potential of quantum machine learning for quantum error correction in a quantum memory. Specifically, we demonstrate how quantum neural networks, in the form of quantum autoencoders, can be trained to learn optimal strategies for active detection and correction of errors, including spatially correlated computational errors as well as qubit losses. We highlight that the denoising capabilities of quantum autoencoders are not limited to the protection of specific states b
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Hardie, Andrew. "From legacy encodings to Unicode: the graphical and logical principles in the scripts of South Asia." Language Resources and Evaluation 41, no. 1 (2007): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10579-006-9003-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Logical encodings"

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Dubois, De Prisque Louise. "Prétraitement compositionnel en Coq." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASG040.

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Cette thèse présente une méthodologie de prétraitement visant à transformer certains énoncés de la logique de l'assistant de preuve Coq en énoncés de logique du premier ordre, de façon à les envoyer à des prouveurs automatiques, et en particulier des prouveurs SMT. Cette méthodologie consiste à composer de petites transformations indépendantes et certifiantes, prenant la forme de tactiques Coq. Une implémentation de cette méthodologie est proposée dans un plugin appelé Sniper, qui offre une tactique "pousse-bouton" d'automatisation. Par ailleurs, un ordonnanceur de transformations logiques per
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Sheridan, Daniel. "Temporal logic encodings for SAT-based bounded model checking." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/1467.

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Since its introduction in 1999, bounded model checking (BMC) has quickly become a serious and indispensable tool for the formal verification of hardware designs and, more recently, software. By leveraging propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, BMC overcomes some of the shortcomings of more conventional model checking methods. In model checking we automatically verify whether a state transition system (STS) describing a design has some property, commonly expressed in linear temporal logic (LTL). BMC is the restriction to only checking the looping and non-looping runs of the system that have
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Malik, Usama Computer Science &amp Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Configuration encoding techniques for fast FPGA reconfiguration." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Computer Science and Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/26212.

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This thesis examines the problem of reducing reconfiguration time of an island-style FPGA at its configuration memory level. The approach followed is to examine configuration encoding techniques in order to reduce the size of the bitstream that must be loaded onto the device to perform a reconfiguration. A detailed analysis of a set of benchmark circuits on various island-style FPGAs shows that a typical circuit randomly changes a small number of bits in the {\it null} or default configuration state of the device. This feature is exploited by developing efficient encoding schemes for configur
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Hamdaoui, Yann. "Concurrency, references and linear logic." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCC190/document.

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Le sujet de cette thèse est l’étude de l’encodage des références et de la concurrence dans la Logique Linéaire. Notre motivation est de montrer que la Logique Linéaire est capable d’encoder des effets de bords, et pourrait ainsi servir comme une cible de compilation pour des langages fonctionnels qui soit à la fois viable, formalisée et largement étudiée. La notion clé développée dans cette thèse est celle de zone de routage. C’est une famille de réseaux de preuve qui correspond à un fragment de la logique linéaire différentielle, et permet d’implémenter différentes primitives de communication
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Karmarkar, Kedar Madhav. "SCALABLE BUS ENCODING FOR ERROR-RESILIENT HIGH-SPEED ON-CHIP COMMUNICATION." OpenSIUC, 2013. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/dissertations/720.

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Shrinking minimum feature size in deep sub-micron has made fabrication of progressively faster devices possible. The performance of interconnects has been a bottleneck in determining the overall performance of a chip. A reliable high-speed communication technique is necessary to improve the performance of on-chip communication. Recent publications have demonstrated that use of multiple threshold voltages improves the performance of a bus significantly. The multi-threshold capture mechanism takes advantage of predictable temporal behavior of a tightly coupled bus to predict the next state of th
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Johnson, Justin Scott Escobar Martha Cecilia. "Initially held hypothesis does not affect encoding of event frequencies in contingency based causal judgment." Auburn, Ala., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10415/1948.

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Yuan, Zeying. "Sequential Equivalence Checking of Circuits with Different State Encodings by Pruning Simulation-based Multi-Node Invariants." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/56693.

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Verification is an important step for Integrated Circuit (IC) design. In fact, literature has reported that up to 70% of the design effort is spent on checking if the design is functionally correct. One of the core verification tasks is Equivalence Checking (EC), which attempts to check if two structurally different designs are functionally equivalent for all reachable states. Powerful equivalence checking can also provide opportunities for more aggressive logic optimizations, meeting different goals such as smaller area, better performance, etc. The success of Combinational Equivalence Checki
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Mailly, Jean-Guy. "Dynamics of argumentation frameworks." Thesis, Artois, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ARTO0402/document.

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Cette thèse traite du problème de l'intégration d'une nouvelle information dans un système d'argumentation abstrait. Un tel système est un graphe orienté dont les nœuds représentent les arguments, et les arcs représentent les attaques entre arguments. Il existe divers moyen de décider quels arguments sont acceptés par l'agent qui utilise un tel système pour représenter ses croyances.Il peut arriver dans la vie d'un agent qu'il soit confronté à une information du type "tel argument devrait être accepté", alors que c'est en contradiction avec ses croyances actuelles, représentées par son système
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Abrahamsson, Olle. "A Gröbner basis algorithm for fast encoding of Reed-Müller codes." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Matematik och tillämpad matematik, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-132429.

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In this thesis the relationship between Gröbner bases and algebraic coding theory is investigated, and especially applications towards linear codes, with Reed-Müller codes as an illustrative example. We prove that each linear code can be described as a binomial ideal of a polynomial ring, and that a systematic encoding algorithm for such codes is given by the remainder of the information word computed with respect to the reduced Gröbner basis. Finally we show how to apply the representation of a code by its corresponding polynomial ring ideal to construct a class of codes containing the so cal
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Sastrawan, Dewa Ayu Dwi Damaiyanti. "The Instagram News Logic : The Encoding and Decoding of News Credibility on Instagram in the COVID-19 Infodemic in Indonesia." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-446746.

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In the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic, a trend of Instagram as a news source emerged in the Reuters Institute Digital News Report 2020 (Reuters, 2020). Instagram’s visual factor has made accessing news more feasible and convenient through a curated feed. Consequently, news producers are migrating to social media platforms, including Instagram to serve news consumption needs. However, journalism on social media has been criticized for its lack of journalistic legitimacy where media trust is challenged by the sensationalism of news to drive engagement metrics. Moreover, the COVID-19 infodem
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Book chapters on the topic "Logical encodings"

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Smoryński, Craig. "Arithmetic Encoding." In Logical Number Theory I. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75462-3_1.

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Smoryński, Craig. "Diophantine Encoding." In Logical Number Theory I. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75462-3_2.

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Eisenhofer, Clemens, Ruba Alassaf, Michael Rawson, and Laura Kovács. "Non-Classical Logics in Satisfiability Modulo Theories." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-43513-3_2.

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AbstractWe show that tableau methods for satisfiability in non-classical logics can be supported naturally in SMT solving via the framework of user-propagators. By way of demonstration, we implement the description logic $$\mathcal {ALC}$$ in the Z3 SMT solver and show that working with user-propagators allows us to significantly outperform encodings to first-order logic with relatively little effort. We promote user-propagators for creating solvers for non-classical logics based on tableau calculi.
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Seiffertt, John. "Encoding Code." In Digital Logic for Computing. Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56839-3_10.

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Sasao, Tsutomu. "Encoding Method." In Memory-Based Logic Synthesis. Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8104-2_6.

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Heuer, Jan, and Christoph Wernhard. "Synthesizing Strongly Equivalent Logic Programs: Beth Definability for Answer Set Programs via Craig Interpolation in First-Order Logic." In Automated Reasoning. Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63498-7_11.

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AbstractWe show a projective Beth definability theorem for logic programs under the stable model semantics: For given programs P and Q and vocabulary V (set of predicates) the existence of a program R in V such that $$P \cup R$$ P ∪ R and $$P \cup Q$$ P ∪ Q are strongly equivalent can be expressed as a first-order entailment. Moreover, our result is effective: A program R can be constructed from a Craig interpolant for this entailment, using a known first-order encoding for testing strong equivalence, which we apply in reverse to extract programs from formulas. As a further perspective, this allows transforming logic programs via transforming their first-order encodings. In a prototypical implementation, the Craig interpolation is performed by first-order provers based on clausal tableaux or resolution calculi. Our work shows how definability and interpolation, which underlie modern logic-based approaches to advanced tasks in knowledge representation, transfer to answer set programming.
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Pompe, Uroš. "Efficient proof encoding." In Inductive Logic Programming. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-63494-0_62.

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Schürmann, Carsten. "Recursion for Higher-Order Encodings." In Computer Science Logic. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-44802-0_41.

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Cortadella, J., M. Kishinevsky, A. Kondratyev, L. Lavagno, and A. Yakovlev. "State Encoding." In Logic Synthesis for Asynchronous Controllers and Interfaces. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55989-1_5.

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Saeedloei, Neda. "A Logical Encoding of Timed $$\pi $$ -Calculus." In Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation. Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-14125-1_10.

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Conference papers on the topic "Logical encodings"

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Bienvenu, Meghyn, and Camille Bourgaux. "Querying Inconsistent Prioritized Data with ORBITS: Algorithms, Implementation, and Experiments." In 19th International Conference on Principles of Knowledge Representation and Reasoning {KR-2022}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/kr.2022/54.

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We investigate practical algorithms for inconsistency-tolerant query answering over prioritized knowledge bases, which consist of a logical theory, a set of facts, and a priority relation between conflicting facts. We consider three well-known semantics (AR, IAR and brave) based upon two notions of optimal repairs (Pareto and completion). Deciding whether a query answer holds under these semantics is (co)NP-complete in data complexity for a large class of logical theories, and SAT-based procedures have been devised for repair-based semantics when there is no priority relation, or the relation
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Roux, Johannes D., and F. Wilhelm Leuschner. "Polarization-based optical computing using liquid crystals." In Optical Computing. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1989.tui13.

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Many architectures that perform digital optical logic have been proposed and built. Most of them use intensity-encoded logic where, for example, the presence of light would indicate logical true and the absence of light logical false. This way of encoding logic information has several disadvantages, e.g. light being irretrievably lost when switching from light ON to light OFF.
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Feyzbakhsh Rankooh, Masood, and Tomi Janhunen. "Capturing (Optimal) Relaxed Plans with Stable and Supported Models of Logic Programs (Extended Abstract)." In Thirty-Third International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-24}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2024/930.

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We establish a novel relation between delete-free planning, an important task for the AI Planning community also known as relaxed planning, and logic programming. We show that given a planning problem, all subsets of actions that could be ordered to produce relaxed plans for the problem can be bijectively captured with stable models of a logic program describing the corresponding relaxed planning problem. We also consider the supported model semantics of logic programs, and introduce one causal and one diagnostic encoding of the relaxed planning problem as logic programs, both capturing relaxe
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de Haan, Ronald, and Marija Slavkovik. "Answer Set Programming for Judgment Aggregation." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/231.

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Judgment aggregation (JA) studies how to aggregate truth valuations on logically related issues. Computing the outcome of aggregation procedures is notoriously computationally hard, which is the likely reason that no implementation of them exists as of yet. However, even hard problems sometimes need to be solved. The worst-case computational complexity of answer set programming (ASP) matches that of most problems in judgment aggregation. We take advantage of this and propose a natural and modular encoding of various judgment aggregation procedures and related problems in JA into ASP. With thes
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Wagner, Kelvin, Robert T. Weverka, and Demetri Psaltis. "Global Communication, Accuracy and Optical Threshold Device Tolerances in Digital Optical Matrix Multipliers." In Optical Bistability. Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/obi.1985.ma5.

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Analog optical array processors are limited in dynamic range and accuracy to about 1000:1. To circumvent this limitation residue, binary, or other radix encoding schemes can be employed. Invariably, nonlinear logical operations must be performed on the input data streams in order to perform operations such as additions and multiplications on the encoded data samples. The standard approach used in electronic systems is to perform pairwise locally connected bit operations sequentially in a tree or array configuration of adder or multiplier primitives, each formed out of boolean switching devices
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Ji, Zhang, Liu Weiwei, Zhong Licheng, and Gou Yili. "Optical Space-variant Logic-gate Using a New Hybrid BSO Spatial Light Modulator." In Optical Computing. Optica Publishing Group, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optcomp.1989.mg3.

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A novel method on the basis of spatial encoding technique has been advanced by T.Yatagai. In this method, the multiple instruction multiple date-fluent (MIMD) is simply realizable in parallel by varing the decoding mask, but the method for encoding input pattern poses a problem in practical application. One of solution is to use the hybrid system, and encoding can be done with electronic computer. The other is using a new hybrid BSO SLM which can be used to encode input binary pattern with optical method. The hybrid BSO SLM can be used not only in encoding but also in neural logical process. I
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Wan, Lingxiao, Hui Zhang, Huihui Zhu, Leong Chuan Kwek, and Ai-Qun Liu. "Quantum Computing Chip with Error-Correction Encoding." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.ff2i.5.

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We design and fabricate a quantum photonic circuit to implement a quantum error correction code. A single logical qubit is encoded with 4 physical qubits to demonstrate its capability of detecting and correcting a single-bit error with an average state fidelity of 86%. We further extend the scheme to demonstrate a fault-tolerant teleportation process.
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Thomae, D. A., and D. E. Van den Bout. "Encoding logical constraints into neural network cost functions." In 1990 IJCNN International Joint Conference on Neural Networks. IEEE, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ijcnn.1990.137943.

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Claudette, Cayrol, and Lagasquie-Schiex Marie-Christine. "Logical Encoding of Argumentation Frameworks with Higher-Order Attacks." In 2018 IEEE 30th International Conference on Tools with Artificial Intelligence (ICTAI). IEEE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictai.2018.00106.

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Bednarczyk, Bartosz, and Sebastian Rudolph. "Worst-Case Optimal Querying of Very Expressive Description Logics with Path Expressions and Succinct Counting." In Twenty-Eighth International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence {IJCAI-19}. International Joint Conferences on Artificial Intelligence Organization, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2019/212.

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Among the most expressive knowledge representation formalisms are the description logics of the Z family. For well-behaved fragments of ZOIQ, entailment of positive two-way regular path queries is well known to be 2EXPTIME-complete under the proviso of unary encoding of numbers in cardinality constraints. We show that this assumption can be dropped without an increase in complexity and EXPTIME-completeness can be achieved when bounding the number of query atoms, using a novel reduction from query entailment to knowledge base satisfiability. These findings allow to strengthen other results rega
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Reports on the topic "Logical encodings"

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Baader, Franz, and Barbara Morawska. SAT Encoding of Unification in EL. Technische Universität Dresden, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.177.

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The Description Logic EL is an inexpressive knowledge representation language, which nevertheless has recently drawn considerable attention in the knowledge representation and the ontology community since, on the one hand, important inference problems such as the subsumption problem are polynomial. On the other hand, EL is used to define large biomedical ontologies. Unification in Description Logics has been proposed as a novel inference service that can, for example, be used to detect redundancies in ontologies. In a recent paper, we have shown that unification in EL is NP-complete, and thus
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Baader, Franz, Stefan Borgwardt, and Barbara Morawska. SAT Encoding of Unification in ELHR+ w.r.t. Cycle-Restricted Ontologies. Technische Universität Dresden, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.25368/2022.186.

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Unification in Description Logics has been proposed as an inference service that can, for example, be used to detect redundancies in ontologies. For the Description Logic EL, which is used to define several large biomedical ontologies, unification is NP-complete. An NP unification algorithm for EL based on a translation into propositional satisfiability (SAT) has recently been presented. In this report, we extend this SAT encoding in two directions: on the one hand, we add general concept inclusion axioms, and on the other hand, we add role hierarchies (H) and transitive roles (R+). For the tr
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Ruff, Grigory, and Tatyana Sidorina. THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF ENGINEERING CREATIVITY IN STUDENTS OF MILITARY INSTITUTIONS. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/model_of_engineering_creativity.

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The troops of the national guard of the Russian Federation are equipped with modern models of weapons, special equipment, Informatization tools, engineering weapons that have artificial intelligence in their composition are being developed, " etc., which causes an increase in the requirements for the quality of professional training of future officers. The increasing complexity of military professional activities, the avalanche-like increase in information, the need to develop the ability to quickly and accurately make and implement well-known and own engineering solutions in an unpredictable
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