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Prádanos, Luis I. "Toward a Euro-Mediterranean Socioenvironmental Perspective: The Case for a Spanish Ecocriticism // Hacia una perspectiva socioecológica euro-mediterránea: El ejemplo de la ecocrítica española." Ecozon@: European Journal of Literature, Culture and Environment 4, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 30–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37536/ecozona.2013.4.2.527.
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This essay analyzes two ecological movements that emerged and developed in Southern European Mediterranean countries (France, Italy, and Spain) during the last couple of decades. Both the de-growth and the slow movement challenge the illogical logic of constant economic growth in the context of a limited biosphere and denounce the social and ecological degradation generated by global capitalism. Both articulate a redefinition of European environmentalism by opposing the environmental thinking of strong Euro-American tradition—very rooted in the official discourse of the European Union, such as the “gospel of eco-efficiency” (Martínez Alier 31)—that try to solve the ecological problems with the same logic that causes and perpetuates them (green capitalism, sustainable development). The de-growth and the slow movement propose instead sustainable, systemic alternatives which are socially and ecologically possible. These alternatives are based on conviviality, voluntary simplicity, slowness, and the reduction of the socioeconomic metabolism. They point out the necessity of an epistemological change and question the tyranny of industrial time (to augment constantly the production and consumption pace) to conclude that we can and need to live better with less, since it is more desirable, sustainable, and just. Since the 2008 financial crisis the de-growth and slow movement are acquiring certain popularity and visibility beyond their Euro-Mediterranean context, which makes them relevant actors on the global movement for environmental justice and the critique of global capitalism. Finally, this essay explores one of the many ways in which these Euro-Mediterranean socioenvironmental insights can be translated into ecocriticism in the specific case of recent Spanish novels. In the last decade, there have been a number of Spanish novels that use complex and sophisticated narrative strategies to focus on aspects related to neoliberal globalization. While some of them perpetuate the mainstream discourse of the European Union by privileging the uncritical celebration of digital culture, progress, and globalization, others challenge this by questioning our society’s blind faith in technological progress and economic growth—such texts advocate instead for a change of logic and lifestyle. The latter narratives seem to be more in-tune with the Euro-Mediterranean socioenvironmental movements mentioned previously and are therefore able to articulate a meaningful critique of the myths of progress, development, and economic growth by exposing the ecological and social degradation that is often generated by global capitalism. On the contrary, the kind of novel that reproduces mainstream European discourse—and, more importantly, the critics that celebrate it—tends to overtly and abundantly represent digital culture while failing to acknowledge its relation to the culture of new capitalism and its environmental and social impact. Resumen El presente ensayo analiza dos movimientos de raigambre ecologista que emergen y se desarrollan en las dos últimas décadas en los países mediterráneos del sur de Europa (Francia, Italia y España). Ambos, decrecimiento y movimiento lento, cuestionan la ilógica del crecimiento económico constante en el marco de una biosfera limitada y denuncian la degradación ecológica y social generada por el capitalismo global. Tanto uno como otro suponen una redefinición del ecologismo Europeo al oponerse a ciertos ecologismos de tradición Euroamericana—muy arraigados en el discurso oficial de la Unión Europea, como el “evangelio de la ecoeficiencia” (Martínez Alier 31)—sospechosos de querer solucionar el problema ecológico con la misma lógica que lo genera y perpetúa (desarrollo sostenible, capitalismo verde). El decrecimiento y el movimiento lento, en cambio, proponen alternativas sostenibles, sistémicas y viables económica y socialmente, basadas en la convivialidad, la simplicidad voluntaria, la desaceleración, la descomplejización y la reducción del metabolismo económico y social. Abogan, entonces, por un cambio de lógica, epistemológico, y cuestionan la tiranía del tiempo industrial (aumentar constantemente la velocidad de producción y consumo) para concluir que se puede y se debe vivir mejor con menos por ser más justo, deseable y sostenible. Desde la crisis financiera del 2008 el decrecimiento y el movimiento lento están adquiriendo cierta popularidad y visibilidad más allá del ámbito euro-mediterráneo, lo que les transforma en actores relevantes en el movimiento global por la justicia ecológica y la crítica altermundista al capitalismo global. En los últimos años se están publicando numerosas novelas españolas con estructuras narrativas complejas en las que el tema de la globalización está muy presente. Algunas de estas novelas celebran la cultura digital y la globalización de manera acrítica, coincidiendo con la corriente tecnófila hegemónica del discurso oficial europeo, mientras que otras cuestionan el modelo de crecimiento económico y la aceleración industrial, siendo más afines a las nuevas tendencias socioecológicas euro-mediterráneas. Son estas últimas narraciones las que mejor articulan una crítica coherente a la degradación ecológica y social generada por el capitalismo global al deconstruir los mitos sobre crecimiento económico y progreso tecnológico. En cambio, el otro tipo de novelas suele perpetuar en su discurso la ilógica del crecimiento económico por ser incapaces de relacionar las conexiones entre la cultura digital, la degradación ecológica y la lógica del nuevo capitalismo.
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Silva, Markelane Santana, Daylana Pacheco da Silva, Eduarda Sales Leal, Anne Grazielle Lopes Carvalho, Paula Anaíde Leal de Miranda, and Carlos Alberto Monteiro Falcão. "Percepção do ruído ocupacional e perda auditiva em estudantes de Odontologia." Revista da ABENO 16, no. 2 (July 12, 2016): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.30979/rev.abeno.v16i2.255.
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Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a percepção do ruído ocupacional e a perda auditiva em estudantes de Odontologia de uma instituição pública. O estudo transversal foi realizado em Parnaíba, Brasil, em uma amostra intencional com alunos a partir do terceiro ano do curso (n= 62). Os dados coletados em questionários autoaplicáveis foram analisados pelos Testes do Qui-quadrado de Pearson e Exato de Fisher. Os estudantes consideraram o ruído ocupacional nocivo à saúde (82,3%) e o cirurgião-dentista susceptível à perda auditiva (88,7%). As queixas mais relatadas foram cefaleia constante (35,5%) e irritação/nervosismo (32,3%). Medidas de prevenção não são utilizadas (98,4%), apesar de serem conhecidas (75,8%). Os estudantes já receberam informações sobre a perda auditiva (53,2%), a maioria na própria Instituição de Ensino Superior (81,8%). Audiometria nunca foi realizada (80,6%). A legislação sobre tolerância ao ruído não é conhecida (77,4%) e este conhecimento foi estatisticamente associado com o período em curso (p=0,004). Os estudantes de Odonto-logia desta instituição conhecem as consequências e medidas de prevenção, embora não as utilizem.
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Chernov, Viktor. "Locally constant constructive functions and connectedness of intervals." Journal of Logic and Computation 30, no. 7 (July 20, 2020): 1425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exaa038.
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Abstract We prove that every locally constant constructive function on an interval is in fact a constant function. This answers a question formulated by Andrej Bauer [ 1]. As a related result, we show that an interval consisting of constructive real numbers is in fact connected but can be decomposed into the disjoint union of two sequentially closed nonempty sets.
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Wang, Hongguang, and Guoping Du. "Chinese Research on Mathematical Logic and the Foundations of Mathematics." Asian Studies 10, no. 2 (May 9, 2022): 243–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2022.10.2.243-266.
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This paper outlines the Chinese research on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics. Firstly, it presents the introduction and spread of mathematical logic in China, especially the teaching and translation of mathematical logic initiated by Bertrand Russell’s lectures in the country. Secondly, it outlines the Chinese research on mathematical logic after the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The research in this period experienced a short revival under the criticism of the Soviet Union, explorations under the heavy influence of the Cultural Revolution, and the vigorous development of mathematical logic teaching and research after the period of “Reform and Opening Up” that started in the late 1970s, and the full integration of Chinese mathematical logic research into the international academic circle in the new century after 2000. In the third part, it focuses on the unique and original results of the Chinese mathematical logic research teams from the following three aspects: medium logic, lattice implication algebras and their lattice-valued systems of logic, and Chinese notation of logical constants, which can be used as a substantive supplement to the relevant literature on the history of mathematical logic in China. The last part is a reflection on the shortcomings of contemporary Chinese research on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics.
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Fromage, Diane, and Kolja Raube. "Les parlements des États membres dans une Union européenne en constante mutation." Politique européenne 59, no. 1 (2018): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/poeu.059.0009.
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Campos, Fabiano Victor Oliveira, and Luis Fernando Pires Dias. "DEUS ALÉM DA ESSÊNCIA." PARALELLUS Revista de Estudos de Religião - UNICAP 12, no. 31 (December 29, 2021): 585–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.25247/paralellus.2021.v12n31.p585-600.
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O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar a abordagem do filósofo Emmanuel Lévinas sobre a questão de Deus e a possibilidade de sua narrativa. Trata-se de uma perspectiva que se desenvolveu a partir de uma contundente crítica à onto-teo-logia, que, segundo o filósofo, reduziu Deus a um objeto dentre os demais, suprimindo sua alteridade, restringindo-o às estruturas do Mesmo e situando-o na imanência. Longe do cenário da ontologia e de pretensões à comprovação da existência de Deus, Lévinas busca as circunstâncias nas quais esse nome excepcional pode ser proferido como palavra significante. A vinda de Deus à ideia relaciona-se ao campo ético, pois, no pensamento levinasiano, a relação com o Infinito está associada à trama ética e à justiça social, tendo como referência maior o rosto do outro homem. A palavra de Deus se revela como vestígio do rosto, como um traço refratário à apreensão através do conceito determinativo ou às caracterizações discursivas rígidas. Ao anunciar o além do ser, ou o outro modo que ser do Infinito, Lévinas faz a distinção entre duas estruturas linguísticas, diferenciando o Dizer pré-originário, relativo à esfera ética, e o Dito, de matriz ontológica. Para Lévinas, O Dizer imemorial carrega o traço do Infinito. Portanto, o Dito da narrativa sobre Deus deve se mover em constante evolução autocorretiva, tendo como escopo a significância da palavra Deus contida no Dizer da ética, fora do alcance da tematização
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Schmerl, James H. "Coinductive ℵ0-categorical theories." Journal of Symbolic Logic 55, no. 3 (September 1990): 1130–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2274478.
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Let L be a countable language which contains only constant and relation symbols but no function symbols. All theories considered here will be L-theories. A theory is coinductive if it can be axiomatized by a set of ∃∀ sentences, and a structure is coinductive if its theory is.The object of this paper is to show that coinductive ℵ0-categorical structures are especially simple. First, they are ω-stable with Morley rank ≤ 1; and second, they have simple algebraic closures, by which is meant that the algebraic closure of the union of two sets is the union of their algebraic closures. While these two properties do not characterize coinductive ℵ0-categorical structures, they do characterize those structures which are cellular.We will say that a countable structure is cellular if there is a finite subset A0 ⊆ A and there are equivalence relations E and F on A∖A0 such that the following hold:(1) There are only finitely many E-classes.(2) If C is an E-class and D an F-class, then ∣C ∩ D ∣ = 1.(3) If a0, a1, …, ak − 1, b0, b1, …, bk − 1 Є A, then 〈a0, a1, …,ak − 1〉 and 〈b0,b1, …, bk − 1〉, satisfy the same quantifier-free formulas provided that:(a) if i < k and either ai Є A0 or bi Є A0, then ai = bi;(b) if i < k, then ai; and bi are E-equivalent; and(c) if i, j < k, then ai; is F-equivalent to aj if bj is F-equivalent to bj.The main result of this paper is the following theorem.Theorem 1. Ifis coinductive and ℵ0-categorical, thenis cellular.The results of this paper were obtained independently of similar results obtained by Lachlan which can be found in [4] and [5]. The proofs here are quite different.
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Rashid Khanbabayeva, Dilara. "Classification of phraseological synonyms in English and Azerbaijani." SCIENTIFIC WORK 60, no. 11 (November 6, 2020): 134–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2663-4619/60/134-137.
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The presented article deals with the classification of English synonyms. The notion of phraseology is wide.Here concepts of some distinguished scientists are presented in the given article. Phraseology (from Greek φράσις phrasis, "way of speaking" and -λογία -logia, "study of") is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology and lexicography in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969) within the approach of transformational grammar, Arnold (1973), and Lipka. In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. European scholarship in phraseology is more active than in North America. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie & Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field. Key words: phraseology,synonym,language,linguistics,scientist
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Ocampo Sánchez, Fernando. "The Central American Customs Union: Challenges for Progressing Toward Economic Integration." Relaciones Internacionales 89, no. 1 (June 30, 2016): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.15359/ri.89-1.10.
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En los últimos años la región Centroamérica ha consolidado el proceso de integración económica a través de una unión aduanera, que mediante la aplicación del libre comercio entre sus miembros y el establecimiento de una arancel externo común aplicado a más del 95% del universo arancelario, ha promovido un crecimiento constante del comercio de bienes y servicios intra y extra regional. A pesar de estos avances, la región todavía tiene importantes retos que atender para profundizar esa integración económica, dentro de los que destacan la adopción de medidas de facilitación del comercio, la consolidación del libre comercio y la libre circulación de mercancías en el territorio aduanero, la conclusión del arancel externo común, el diseño de una política comercial conjunta centroamericana, y la definición mecanismo común de recaudación arancelaria y fiscal, asi como consolidar la institucionalidad y los mecanismos de coordinaciónintrarregional.
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Lee, Dae Gwan. "On Construction of Bounded Sets Not Admitting a General Type of Riesz Spectrum." Axioms 13, no. 1 (January 5, 2024): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms13010036.
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We construct a bound set that does not admit a Riesz spectrum containing a nonempty periodic set for which the period is a rational multiple of a fixed constant. As a consequence, we obtain a bounded set V with an arbitrarily small Lebesgue measure such that for any positive integer N, the set of exponentials with frequencies in any union of cosets of NZ cannot be a frame for the space of square integrable functions over V. These results are based on the proof technique of Olevskii and Ulanovskii from 2008.
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Buha, Hanna, Dmytro Yevenko, and Vitalii Pastushenko. "CONCEPT AND CLASSIFICATION OF NON-BANKING FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 9, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2023-9-1-18-26.
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The purpose of this article is to define the concept and classification of non-bank financial institutions. Subject of the research – concept and classification of non-bank financial institutions. The concept of a non-banking financial institution is presented; the characteristics of a financial institution are defined; the classification of non-banking financial institutions has been carried out; the classification of financial intermediaries has been carried out; the concept of investment funds is defined; the classification of NFIs by lending method has been carried out; the functions performed by financial intermediaries between creditor and borrower are defined; the concept of a credit union is presented. Credit unions are a relatively new and under-studied type of financial institution. Looking at them in the context of the system of subjects of administrative law, it should be noted that they occupy a special place because, thanks to them and their activities, the state in a certain way performs its functions and tasks. Credit unions do not exist in a legal vacuum, they are not completely separated from the state, they are not subject to regulation by only one branch of the law, nor are they the subject of research in only one branch of the law. Credit unions are in constant close interaction with the state, its bodies, systematically feel its influence or the influence of the legal and political processes taking place in the state. Methodology – the article uses general scientific methods of formal logic (analysis, synthesis, deduction, induction, analogy, abstraction and modelling). Results. The concept of a non-banking financial institution is defined – as a legal entity that is not a bank, has a special legal status of a financial intermediary, is registered in the Unified State Register of Financial Institutions on the basis of a licence issued by the National Bank of Ukraine, provides one or more financial services in the markets of insurance, credit cooperatives, accumulating pension funds, attracting investments from business entities and the population; has been classified as a non-banking financial institution; has demonstrated that important elements of the system of administrative and legal regulation and supervision are in place: requirements for reporting by NFIs, conducting scheduled and unscheduled inspections of their activities and ensuring compliance with legal requirements, in particular by applying certain influence measures in case of detection of violations of legislation.
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Zambella, Domenico. "Foundation versus induction in Kripke-Platek set theory." Journal of Symbolic Logic 63, no. 4 (December 1998): 1399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2586657.
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We denote by KP_ the fragment of set-theory containing the axioms of extensionality, pairing, union and foundation as well as the schemas of ∆0-comprehension and ∆0-collection, that is: Kripke-Platek set-theory (KP) with the axiom of foundation in place of the ∈-induction schema. The theory KP is obtained by adding to KP_ the schema of ∈-inductionUsing ∈-induction it is possible to prove the existence of the transi tive closure without appealing to the axiom of infinity (see, e.g., [1]). Vice versa, when a theory proves the existence of the transitive closure, some induction is immediately ensured (by foundation and comprehension). This is not true in general: e.g., the whole of Zermelo-Fraenkel set-theory without the axiom of infinity does not prove ∈-induction (in fact, it does not prove the existence of the transitive closure; see, e.g., [3]). Open-induction is the schema of ∈-induction restricted to open formulas. We prove the following theorem.KP_ proves open-induction.We reason in a fixed but arbitrary model of KP_ whom we refer to as the model. The language is extended with a name for every set in the model. We call this constants parameters. Let φ(x) be a satisfiable open-formula possibly depending on parameters and with no free variable but x. We show that φ(x) is satisfied by an ∈-minimal set, that is, a set a such that φ(a) and (∀x ∈ a) ¬φ(x). We assume that no ordinal satisfies φ(x), otherwise the existence of a ∈-minimal set follows from foundation and comprehension.
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Bakhlova, Olga V., and Ekaterina G. Uliashkina. "Dynamics of Interests and Positions in the Field of Economic Integration of Russia and Belarus (2019–2020)." Economic History 17, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 404–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2409-630x.055.017.202104.404-418.
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Introduction. Economic cooperation between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus is based on the platforms of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union State, and the Eurasian Economic Union. These associations contribute to the identification and promotion of promising business niches and areas of economic integration, taking into account the interests of the participating countries. The Union State, embodying a more multidimensional idea of integration, encourages us to turn to a deeper and more substantive analysis of the relationship between various factors and spheres. The purpose of the article is to identify positive and negative constants and dominants of economic interaction between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus in the general course of integration processes in the CIS and in the context of current challenges of modernity for both countries and the Union State. Materials and Methods. The main research methods are diachronic analysis, event analysis and the method of studying documents. The main sources are materials posted on the Internet resources of integration associations with the participation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. Results. The key actors – state and non-state participants in the economic integration of Russia and Belarus – are identified, the degree of their involvement in integration processes and the dynamics of interaction are characterized. The most attractive traditional spheres of Russian-Belarusian integration are shown, as well as new vectors determined by current needs. Discussion and Conclusion. A moderate positive scenario is considered the most likely in the field of economic integration of Russia and Belarus. The deepening of integration is determined by the content and orientation of the “road maps”, the established economic relationships and political motives in the internal and external spheres. However, the economy in the process of union building largely continues to follow politics. The necessity of closer coupling of efforts within the framework of the CGB and the EAEU is shown. At the same time, the “dissolution” of the Union State in the EAEU and subordination to it in the logic of integration development are assessed as undesirable.
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Vorobyeva, Maria V., and Evgeny I. Rabinovich. "Soviet Recreation Park as a Project of the 1930s: Metropolitan Patterns and Provincial Practices." Izvestia Ural Federal University Journal Series 1. Issues in Education, Science and Culture 28, no. 4 (2022): 131–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/izv1.2022.28.4.071.
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The article is devoted to the restoration of the logic of the formation of a network of recreation parks in the Soviet Union and the identification of the real conditions of existence of provincial parks. The key features of park projects are highlighted, the dynamics of their development is shown. The authors for the first time introduce into scientific circulation the minutes of general meetings in the party organization of the Central recreation park named after V. Mayakovsky (Sverdlovsk). The difficulties of the first years of the parks are disclosed and described on the material of these minutes, namely: the lack of qualified personnel, constant transformations of the parks project and lack of funding. It is concluded that due to such serious problems, the main task of the park administration was to organize normal functioning. The tasks of ideological influence on visitors in order to form a new Soviet person were not set at this stage.
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Matos, Jefferson David Melo de, Leonardo Jiro Nomura Nakano, Marco Antonio Bottino, Ricardo Huver de Jesus, and Lucas Campagnaro Maciel. "Current Considerations for Dental Ceramics and Their Respective Union Systems." Revista Brasileira de Odontologia 77 (April 6, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.18363/rbo.v77.2020.e1768.
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Objetivo: avaliar as principais caracteristicas das cerâmicas odontológicas, cimentos resinosos, tratamentos de superfície e verificação dos seus devidos modos de falha, frente à literatura e suas respectivas utilizações clínicas. Material e Métodos: foi realizada uma busca bibliográfica nos principais bancos de dados de saúde PUBMED (www.pubmed.gov) e Scholar Google (www.scholar.google.com.br), no qual coletou-se trabalhos que foram publicados de 2002 a 2020. Foram inclusos estudos laboratoriais, relatos de casos, revisões sistemáticas e revisões de literatura, que fossem desenvolvidos em indivíduos vivos. Logo, foram excluídos artigos que não tratavam a respeito das caracteristicas das cerâmicas odontológicas, cimentos resinosos, tratamentos de superfície e verificação dos seus devidos modos de falha, frente à literatura e suas respectivas utilizações clínicas. Resultados: as cerâmicas podem ser classificadas em cerâmicas vítreas, cerâmicas policristalinas e as cerâmicas híbridas. Do mesmo modo que existem diferentes composições das cerâmicas e agentes de união, há também alguns protocolos de tratamento de superfície que se diferem de acordo com a escolha desses materiais. Conclusão: diversos sistemas cerâmicos estão disponíveis no mercado, fazendo com que os profissionais da área protética necessitem de uma constante reciclagem acerca das suas propriedades e indicações, visto que bons resultados não são devidos exclusivamente ao tipo de material utilizado, mas sim, à seleção do melhor material, tipo de preparo em conjunto à habilidade do profissional, cimentos resinosos, tratamentos de superfície e verificação dos seus devidos modos de falha. Nesse contexto, fazem-se necessários maiores estudos com relação às cerâmicas odontológicas e seu devido uso em um cenário clínico
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Linde Paniagua, Enrique. "La libertad de circulación de los ciudadanos europeos : los nuevosretos más allá de la supresión de los controles fronterizos = Free movement of european citizens : new challenges beyond the border controls suppression." Teoría y Realidad Constitucional, no. 32 (July 1, 2013): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/trc.32.2013.11784.
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La constante expansión del mercado interior de la Unión Europea está desbordando las estrictas previsiones que se deducirían para el derecho a la libertad de circulación y residencia regulada en el Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea y en el derecho derivado. Así, a la primigenia conexión del derecho a la libertad de circulación y residencia con la eliminación de las fronteras interiores han sucedido en la actualidad las múltiples conexiones de dicho derecho con el derecho fiscal, los derechos de la personalidad, la educación y la sanidad, tal y como acredita la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea. Esas son las nuevas fronteras que deberán ser afrontadas por el Derecho de la Unión para lograr una ciudadanía plena.The steady expansion of the internal market of the European Union is overflowing the strict provisions that would be deducted for the right to freedom of movement and residence regulated in the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and legislation. Thus, the primal connection of the right to freedom of movement and residence with the elimination of controls on persons at internal borders have happened today the multiple connections of this right with the tax law, rights of personality, the education and health, as proving the Court of Justice of the European Union. These are the new frontiers that must be addressed by EU law to achieve full citizenship.
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Sokolov, A. V., and O. N. Zhdanov. "THE CLASS OF PERFECT TERNARY ARRAYS." «System analysis and applied information science», no. 2 (August 7, 2018): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21122/2309-4923-2018-2-47-54.
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In recent decades, perfect algebraic constructions are successfully being use to signal systems synthesis, to construct block and stream cryptographic algorithms, to create pseudo-random sequence generators as well as in many other fields of science and technology. Among perfect algebraic constructions a significant place is occupied by bent-sequences and the class of perfect binary arrays associated with them. Bent-sequences are used for development of modern cryptographic primitives, as well as for constructing constant amplitude codes (C-codes) used in code division multiple access technology. In turn, perfect binary arrays are used for constructing correction codes, systems of biphase phase- shifted signals and multi-level cryptographic systems. The development of methods of many-valued logic in modern information and communication systems has attracted the attention of researchers to the improvement of methods for synthesizing many-valued bent-sequences for cryptography and information transmission tasks. The new results obtained in the field of the synthesis of ternary bent-sequences, make actual the problem of researching the class of perfect ternary arrays. In this paper we consider the problem of extending the definition of perfect binary arrays to three-valued logic case, as a result of which the definition of a perfect ternary array was introduced on the basis of the determination of the unbalance of the ternary function. A complete class of perfect ternary arrays of the third order is obtained by a regular method, bypassing the search. Thus, it is established that the class of perfect ternary arrays is a union of four subclasses, in each of which the corresponding methods of reproduction are determined. The paper establishes the relationship between the class of ternary bent-sequences and the class of perfect ternary arrays. The obtained results are the basis for the introduction of perfect ternary arrays into modern cryptographic and telecommunication algorithms.
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Esplugues Mota, Carlos. "La propuesta de reglamento estableciendo un marco para la evaluación de las inversiones extranjeras directas en la Unión Europea de septiembre de 2017 = Proposal for a regulation establishing a framework for screening of foreign direct investments into the European Union of september’17." CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2018.4120.
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Resumen: Las inversiones extranjeras han aumentado de forma constante en las últimas décadas. Sin embargo, la crisis financiera y el protagonismo de algunas economías emergentes, esencialmente China, están afectando a su vitalidad. No puede hablarse todavía un cambio de tendencia, pero sí se constata una actitud de creciente prevención, cuando no de rechazo, hacia ellas. La introducción de mecanismos de control de las inversiones extranjeras refleja este cambio de actitud. La situación alcanza una particular relevancia en el seno de la UE debido, entre otros extremos al estado embrionario de la política de inversiones común La Propuesta de Reglamento de 2017 estableciendo un marco para la evaluación de las inversiones extranjeras directas en UE cumple la doble función de poner de manifiesto la relevancia del tema y de aportar un primer texto para el debate.Palabras clave: Inversiones extranjeras directas, control de inversiones extranjeras, seguridad nacional, política común europea de inversiones, mecanismos de control de inversiones extranjeras.Abstract: Foreign investment flows have increased steadily in the last decades, although the financial crisis and the role played by certain emerging economies, mainly PRC, are negatively influencing them. A change of trend is not ascertainable yet, but some backlash against foreign direct investment exists in particular countries. The development of mechanisms of control of foreign investment shows this change of attitude. The situation is especially relevant in the European Union because of the embryonic condition of the Common Investment Policy. The publication of the Proposal for a Regulation establishing a framework for screening of foreign direct investments into the European Union reflects the relevance of the topic at the same time that offers a first text for debate.Keywords: Foreign Direct Investment, Control of Foreign Direct Investment, National Security, Common Commercial and Investment Policy, Screening systems of evaluation of foreign direct investment.
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Korniłowicz, Artur, Ievgen Ivanov, and Mykola Nikitchenko. "Kleene Algebra of Partial Predicates." Formalized Mathematics 26, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/forma-2018-0002.
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Summary We show that the set of all partial predicates over a set D together with the disjunction, conjunction, and negation operations, defined in accordance with the truth tables of S.C. Kleene’s strong logic of indeterminacy [17], forms a Kleene algebra. A Kleene algebra is a De Morgan algebra [3] (also called quasi-Boolean algebra) which satisfies the condition x ∧¬:x ⩽ y ∨¬ :y (sometimes called the normality axiom). We use the formalization of De Morgan algebras from [8]. The term “Kleene algebra” was introduced by A. Monteiro and D. Brignole in [3]. A similar notion of a “normal i-lattice” had been previously studied by J.A. Kalman [16]. More details about the origin of this notion and its relation to other notions can be found in [24, 4, 1, 2]. It should be noted that there is a different widely known class of algebras, also called Kleene algebras [22, 6], which generalize the algebra of regular expressions, however, the term “Kleene algebra” used in this paper does not refer to them. Algebras of partial predicates naturally arise in computability theory in the study on partial recursive predicates. They were studied in connection with non-classical logics [17, 5, 18, 32, 29, 30]. A partial predicate also corresponds to the notion of a partial set [26] on a given domain, which represents a (partial) property which for any given element of this domain may hold, not hold, or neither hold nor not hold. The field of all partial sets on a given domain is an algebra with generalized operations of union, intersection, complement, and three constants (0, 1, n which is the fixed point of complement) which can be generalized to an equational class of algebras called DMF-algebras (De Morgan algebras with a single fixed point of involution) [25]. In [27] partial sets and DMF-algebras were considered as a basis for unification of set-theoretic and linguistic approaches to probability. Partial predicates over classes of mathematical models of data were used for formalizing semantics of computer programs in the composition-nominative approach to program formalization [31, 28, 33, 15], for formalizing extensions of the Floyd-Hoare logic [7, 9] which allow reasoning about properties of programs in the case of partial pre- and postconditions [23, 20, 19, 21], for formalizing dynamical models with partial behaviors in the context of the mathematical systems theory [11, 13, 14, 12, 10].
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Martínez Pérez, Miriam. "Derecho de patentes versus derecho de defensa de la competencia en la Unión Europea: ¿una relación de complementariedad? = Patent law versus competition law in the European Union: a complementary relationship?" CUADERNOS DE DERECHO TRANSNACIONAL 10, no. 1 (March 8, 2018): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/cdt.2018.4126.
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Resumen: Las relaciones existentes entre el Derecho de patentes y el Derecho de defensa de la competencia en el Derecho de la Unión Europea se hallan en constante tensión. En muchas ocasiones, resulta realmente complicado determinar dónde termina el ámbito de actuación de uno para dejar paso a la aplicación del otro. Surge así la necesidad de analizar la difícil convivencia de estos dos sectores del ordenamiento jurídico, en aras a determinar si entre ellos existe una relación de complementariedad o si, por el contrario, se presentan como regulaciones antagónicas. Al estudio de estas cuestiones se dedicará el presente trabajo.Palabras clave: Derecho de patentes, Derecho de defensa de la competencia, relación de complementariedad, conductas anticompetitivas, correctivos ex ante y ex post.Abstract: Relationships between Patent law and Competition law in European Union law are in constant tension. In many cases, it is really difficult to determine where the scope of the action of one ends and where the application of the other begins. Thus, the need to analyse the difficult coexistence of these two sectors of the legal system arises in order to determine whether there is a complementary relationship between them or whether, on the contrary, they are antagonistic regulations. This paper will be dedicated to the study of these issues.Keywords: Patent law, Competition law, complementary relationship, anticompetitive behaviour, ex ante and ex post corrective tools.
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Levin, Ya A. "Proclamation of the PRC: Reaction of the American Press." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 12 (December 31, 2020): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2020-12-262-270.
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The article is devoted to the reaction of the American press to such an important historical event as the founding of the People’s Republic of China. The emergence of a new communist state in the East was a great shock and blow to the foreign policy ambitions of the United States, which developed in the logic of a global confrontation with the Soviet Union. China, rich in resources since the end of the 19th century, has been the scene of a constant clash of interests of various states, as a result, on the eve and, especially, after World War II, the two main political forces operating in this territory — the Communist Party of China (CCP) and the nationalist party Kuomintang — found themselves powerful patrons in the form of the USSR and the USA. The topic of the reaction of the American press to the actual failure or, as he later said, was dubbed by numerous experts and publicists who wrote about China — the “loss of China” is an interesting marker of how socio-political thought developed in the American media. American journalists are trying to predict the political consequences of the “loss”, to level the image damage caused to the population by Washington’s foreign policy, to convey the facts and at the same time assess the situation in the region. The study of US press articles will make it possible to better understand the development of American ideas about China and its place in the new paradigm of international relations, to better explore the level of media awareness of this region and the impact that ideas and assessments broadcast by journalists had on society, as well as generally to better understand the initial reaction of American society to the founding of the PRC. Many of the ideas formed at that time remain today an important component of the discursive practices of US public and political life, especially taking into account the complex relations between modern China and the United States.
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ARIZAGA BATIZ, ANA. "La integración europea en la política de I+D: el espacio europeo de investigación, la resiliencia de un proyecto en constante evolución." RVAP 123, no. 123 (August 1, 2022): 17–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.123.2022.01.
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El proyecto político de creación de un Espacio Europeo de Investigación(EEI), concebido como un mercado interior del conocimiento en el quese materialice la libre circulación de investigadores, conocimiento y tecnologías,viene históricamente inspirando el despliegue de la política europea de investigacióny desarrollo tecnológico. De hecho, constituye su visión más ambiciosa,orientada a una verdadera integración de la investigación europea. Se trata, sinembargo, de un objetivo muy ambicioso que ha progresado de forma vacilante yaún queda recorrido para alcanzar su compleción y óptimo funcionamiento. El EEI,pese a todo, sigue constituyendo el marco teórico y político que impulsa esa integracióneuropea en el sector de la I+D, gracias a su capacidad para reinventarsea la luz de las sucesivas agendas políticas europeas y, en esta década 2021-2030,mantiene su protagonismo como herramienta al servicio de los actuales retos dela Unión. Europako Ikerketa Esparrua (EEI) sortzeko proiektu politikoa,ikerlarien, ezagutzaren eta teknologien zirkulazioa askea gauzatuko den esparruaeta ezagutzaren barne-merkatu izateko pentsatua, ikerketa eta garapen teknologikorakoEuropako politika hedatzeko inspirazio-iturri izan da historikoki. Izan ere,asmo handiko ikuspegia da, Europako ikerketa benetan integratzera bideratua.Oso asmo handiko helburua izanik ere, modu gorabeheratsuan egin du aurreraeta oraindik ere bide luzea du osatu eta egoki funtzionatzen hasteko. Hala eta guztizere, EEIk jarraitzen du izaten I+Gren sektorean europar integrazio hori bultzatzenduen esparru teoriko eta politikoa, une bakoitzeko Europako agenda politikoraegokitzeko izan duen gaitasunari esker. 2021-2030 hamarkada honetan protagonistaizaten jarraitzen du Batasunaren egungo erronken zerbitzurako tresna gisa. The political project of creating a European Research Area (ERA),conceived as an internal knowledge market in which the free circulation ofresearchers, knowledge and technologies materializes, has historically inspiredthe deployment of European research and technological development policy.In fact, it constitutes its most ambitious vision, aimed at a true integration ofEuropean research. It is, however, a very ambitious objective that has progressedhesitantly and there is still a long way to go to achieve its completion and optimalfunctioning. The ERA, despite everything, continues to constitute the theoreticaland political framework that drives this European integration in the R&D sector,thanks to its ability to reinvent itself in the light of successive European politicalagendas and, in this decade 2021-2030, maintains its leading role as a tool at theservice of the Union¿s current challenges.
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Hillesheim, Jaime. "Resolução de conflitos trabalhistas pela via conciliatória: expressão do (neo)conservadorismo." Argumentum 9, no. 2 (September 12, 2017): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.18315/argum..v9i2.15184.
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RESUMO: Pretende-se, aqui, apresentar e problematizar as proposições do empresariado brasileiro no âmbito das relações de trabalho, tendo como fonte de pesquisa documentos elaborados e publicados por entidades patronais. Sob o argumento de que, no Brasil, tem-se uma legislação rígida e em descompasso com as exigências do mercado, a burguesia nacional pugna pela “modernização” das relações laborais. No corolário da pauta da prevalência do “negociado sobre o legislado”, a conciliação trabalhista é vislumbrada como um importante mecanismo de resolução de conflitos entre patrão e empregado. No seu conjunto, as propostas dos empregadores revelam e dão materialidade ao conservadorismo que, num processo de constante renovação, impõe aos trabalhadores a perda de direitos. Por isso, no tempo presente – marcado pelo avanço dos interesses do capital sobre o trabalho – a discussão marxiana sobre os limites da emancipação política deve ser retomada. Palavras-chave: Conciliação Trabalhista; Conservadorismo; Emancipação Política. ABSTRACT: This paper intends to evidence and problematize the premises of brazilians entrepreneurs within the scope of labor relations, having documents developed and published by employer's union entities as source of research. Under the reasoning that there is a stern legislation at play in Brazil, and that it is out of sync with market demands, the national middle-class fights for the “upgrading” of labor relations. At the unveiling of the agenda for prioritising the exercising of the “negotiated over the legislated” mindset, labor conciliation is perceived as a fundamental gear to solve labor related conflicts. As a whole, the employer's premises reveal, and give substance to, conservatism, that, due to a constant renewal process, imposes the loss of rights on the working class. Thus, currently - discernible by the capital’s overpowering of labor - the Marxist debate regarding the limitations of political emancipation must be resumed. Keywords: Labor Conciliation; Conservatism; Political Emancipation.
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Flórez-Pareja, Luis David, Juan Pablo Escobar-Arenas, and David Stephen Fernandez Mc Cann. "Estimación de irregularidades en pavimentos mediante técnicas de procesamiento digital de imágenes." Revista Politécnica 19, no. 37 (March 28, 2023): 20–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33571/rpolitec.v19n37a2.
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Las vías de transporte cumplen un papel fundamental dentro de la comunicación de un país, algunas de ellas están pavimentadas y constituidas por diversos materiales que con el paso del tiempo pueden presentar diferentes tipos de irregularidades. En el siguiente documento se pretende dar una solución para estimar el daño ocasionado por estas irregularidades, específicamente: baches, grietas y pieles de cocodrilo, que son comunes en vías con constante deterioro. Con este objetivo, se realiza un tratamiento desde la perspectiva del procesamiento digital de imágenes usando para ello técnicas de transformación de perspectiva, umbrales, filtros, entre otros, con el propósito de estimar el área equivalente afectada que varía según la irregularidad, evaluando la veracidad del resultado por medio del método intersección sobre unión (IOU), obteniéndose valores de exactitud o precisión de 0.69, 0.87, 0.79 para deterioros como: piel de cocodrilo, bache y grietas considerados en este documento. Transportation roads play a fundamental role in the communication of a country, some of them are paved and made of different materials that over time may present different types of irregularities. The following document aims to provide a solution to estimate the damage caused by these irregularities, specifically: potholes, cracks and crocodile skins, which are common in roads with constant deterioration. With this objective, a treatment is carried out from the perspective of digital image processing using perspective transformation techniques, thresholds, filters, among others, with the purpose of estimating the equivalent affected area that varies according to the irregularity, evaluating the veracity of the result by means of the intersection over union (IOU) method, obtaining accuracy or precision values of 0.69, 0.87, 0.79 for deteriorations such as: crocodile skin, pothole and cracks considered in this document.
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Solas, Gian Marco. "Alternative Litigation Funding and the Italian Perspective." European Review of Private Law 24, Issue 2 (April 1, 2016): 253–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2016016.
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Abstract: Alternative Litigation Funding (ALF) refers to any practice whereby an entity not party to a dispute provides capital to claimants or defendants or in any way bears whole or part of the dispute costs, in exchange for a share of the expected financial recovery. For a few years, the use of ALF has experienced some success in certain common law jurisdictions but has not yet emerged in most (European Union) civil law countries. Italy is one of those countries in which ALF has not yet emerged, although court costs have steadily increased in recent years, and practitioners’ claims for access to justice have multiplied. Against this background, after a comparative overview, this article aims to shed light on the current status and issues related to ALF in Italy. In doing so, some Italian legislation that might potentially involve this manner of funding will also be analysed, particularly with regard to the recent reforms of (civil and commercial) justice. Résumé: Le financement alternatif du contentieux (FAC) se réfère à toute pratique par laquelle une entité non partie à une dispute fournit des capitaux aux parties, ou encore assume tout ou partie des coûts liés au litige, en échange d’une part des gains attendus. Depuis plusieurs années, le FAC connaît un succès grandissant dans certains pays de common law. En revanche, la plupart des pays de droit civil de l’Union Européenne se sont pas encore ouverts à cette pratique. En Italie par exemple, le FAC n’a pas encore vu le jour bien que, au cours des dernières années, les frais de justice aient augmenté de facon constante et les plaintes des praticiens concernant l’accès à la justice se soient multipliées. L’objectif de cet article sera donc d’établir un état des lieux des questions liées à l’introduction du FAC en Italie. Après un rapide apercu comparatif, nous analyserons la législation italienne pouvant concerner cette forme de financement. Nous intéresserons ainsi en particulier aux récentes réformes de la justice civile et commerciale.
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Sarrión Esteve, Joaquín. "La tutela de las libertades económicas fundamentales en el proceso de integración europea." Revista de Derecho de la UNED (RDUNED), no. 14 (January 1, 2014): 935. http://dx.doi.org/10.5944/rduned.14.2014.13294.
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Premio de artículos jurídicos «GARCÍA GOYENA» (Curso 2013-2014). Tercer accésit El proceso de integración europea, en el que vivimos inmersos, reviste caracteres económicos, sociales, políticos y jurídicos; que dotan de características peculiares a un proyecto de integración cuya naturaleza está en constante discusión, casi tanto como su futuro. Sin duda, uno de los grandes protagonistas del proceso de integración ha sido y es el Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, sobre todo con la proclamación y consagración de los principios definitorios de la relación entre el ordenamiento comunitario, hoy de la Unión Europea con los ordenamientos nacionales: los principios de eficacia directa y de primacía del Derecho comunitario. Esto lo ha hecho a la vez que desarrollaba su jurisprudencia sobre las libertades económicas fundamentales consagradas en el Tratado de la Comunidad Económica Europea (libre circulación de mercancías, libre prestación de servicios, libre circulación de trabajadores y libre circulación de capitales). Este trabajo tiene por objeto estudiar dicha jurisprudencia, analizando el papel preponderante de la libre circulación de mercancías, así como las perspectivas de futuro tras la entrada en vigor del Tratado de Lisboa.The process of European integration, in which we are immersed, has economic, social, political and legal characters giving special characteristics to an integration project whose nature is in constant discussion as its future. Certainly one of the great protagonists of the integration process has been and is the European Court of Justice, especially with the proclamation and consecration of the defining principles of the relationship between Community law, now European Union law, and national law: principles of direct effect and supremacy of EU law. ECJ recognised this principles while it developed its jurisprudence on fundamental economic freedoms recognised in the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (free movement of goods, freedom to provide services, free movement of workers and free movement of capitals). This work aims to study this case law, analyzing the dominant role of the free movement of goods as well as the future trends after the entry into force of Lisbon Treaty.
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Sindeev, Alexey Aleksandrovich. "A.A. Gromyko and security policy: setting up for Helsinki." Contemporary Europe, no. 4 (December 15, 2023): 183–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0201708323040113.
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The article continues the study of the role of the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the USSR A.A. Gromyko in the formation, development and maintenance of security policy, its principles and structural elements. The relevance of the article is determined by the importance of strategy and strategic thinking in modern foreign policy and diplomacy, their influence on interstate cooperation, the evolution and manageability of international relations. The chronological framework is limited to the events of 1971. The importance of these events allowed the author to identify and characterise some elements of the complex and controversial process of setting up for a future conference on security and cooperation in Europe, as well as to analyse A.A. Gromyko’s strategy of in this setting. The studied materials are presented in six subsections. The scientific novelty of the first subsection lies in the consideration of the logic and features of the diplomatic game of the West. The scientific novelty of the second subsection consists of five differences in the approaches of L.I. Brezhnev and A.A. Gromyko, who could help or hinder the defense of the interests of the Soviet Union at a future conference. The scientific novelty of the third subsection lies in the consideration of the Soviet position on a conference on security and cooperation in Europe by Western diplomats. The scientific novelty of the fourth and fifth subsections was determined by the proof of the hypothesis that A.A. Gromyko had two plans - in case the conference was convened or postponed. In the fourth and fifth subsections, the author presents the main activities and expected results of «Plan A» and «Plan B». The sixth subsection is devoted to conclusions that can be classified into historical conclusions (conclusion 3) and historical and political conclusions (conclusions 1-2, 4-5). The results obtained make it possible to test hypotheses related to the influence of the personal factor (long-term holding of a responsible position; constant strengthening of influence, authority and opportunities) on foreign policy and evolutionary processes in the systems of international relations. In relation to 1971, the author discovered Soviet version of the “magnet theory” developed by A.A. Gromyko's. The sources of the article are published documents of the Foreign Office of the Federal Republic of Germany, the use of which can be explained methodologically. It was important for the author to conduct the analysis on the basis of the foreign partners' assessment of the statements made by the Soviet Foreign Minister during official negotiations (outer reflection). The author's reasoning should be understood in the context of his earlier article in the journal.
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Gutiérrez, José David. "Resistencias desde la periferia: población Rrom en España." Áreas. Revista Internacional de Ciencias Sociales, no. 40 (December 30, 2020): 67–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/areas.402721.
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El artículo analiza, a partir del caso de estudio de asentamientos chabolistas en Madrid y Barcelona, la población Rrom que ubicándose en la periferia de dichas ciudades malvive en condiciones de pobreza y exclusión social. Basándose en una investigación de corte cualitativo donde se aprecian similitudes en cuanto a los medios de subsistencia empleados por el colectivo, así cómo la movilidad constante tanto en España como en Europa, el artículo se interroga el papel que tienen las administraciones públicas a nivel local y regional en la búsqueda de soluciones que permitan una mayor inclusión social y mejoras en la calidad de vida. Mediante una comparativa de los asentamientos, esta investigación presenta la experiencia profesional desarrollada en asentamientos con altos niveles de exclusión social donde se pone de relieve, la necesidad de intervenir socialmente desde el Trabajo Social y además, bajo una armonización de protocolos de atención social a la población Rrom desde una perspectiva igualitaria dentro de la Unión Europea, debido sobre todo a las prácticas similares de subsistencia de la población y por compartir procesos de exclusión y pobreza desde origen. The article analyzes, based on the case study of shanty towns in Madrid and Barcelona, the Rrom population, which is located on the periphery of these cities, lives in conditions of poverty and social exclusion. Based on qualitative research where similarities can be seen in terms of livelihoods used by the collective, as well as constant mobility both in Spain and in Europe, the article questions the role of public administrations at local and regional level in the search for solutions that allow greater social inclusion and improvements in the quality of life. Through a comparison of the settlements, this research presents the professional experience developed in settlements with high levels of social exclusion where it is highlighted, the need to intervene socially from Social Work and also, under a harmonization of social care protocols to the Rrom population from an egalitarian perspective within the European Union, mainly due to the similar practices of subsistence of the population and for sharing processes of exclusion and poverty from origin.
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Purnhagen, Kai. "United We Stand, Divided We Fall?: Collective Redress in the EU." European Review of Private Law 21, Issue 2 (March 1, 2013): 479–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2013024.
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Abstract: The lack of harmonized collective redress mechanisms in EU civil procedural law results in a substantial increase of litigation risks for insurers. The right to a fair trial, as well as the effect utile, enables the EU to introduce collective redress mechanisms under certain conditions. The doctrine of implied powers, Article 114 Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), as well as Article 81 TFEU, can serve as competence norms in this respect. The introduction of harmonized rules on collective redress mechanisms is hence desirable from the perspective of European insurance law. To cope with the newly emerging risks, insurers have amended certain practices: In order to avoid litigation risks, the insurance industry requires establishing a steady communication strategy with private intermediaries, who have a special standing in collective redress mechanisms. Insurers might amend their insurance policies in order to cope with these risks. The development of a new insurance product coping with the special litigation challenges from collective redress procedures is advisable. Résumé: L'absence de mécanismes harmonisés de recours collectif en droit européen de la procédure civile augmente les risques de litige pour les assureurs à un niveau guère gérable. Le droit à un procès équitable, tout comme l'effet utile du droit de l'Union, permettent à cette dernière, dans certaines conditions, d'introduire des mécanismes de recours collectif. En vertu de la doctrine des pouvoirs implicites, les articles 114 et 81 TFUE pourraient servir de base juridique à la compétence de l'Union dans ce domaine. L'introduction de règles harmonisées relatives aux recours collectifs apparait ainsi souhaitable du point de vue du droit européen des assurances. Pour faire face aux nouveaux risques émergents liés à l'incitation de l'utilisation des recours collectifs, les professionnels de l'assurance doivent modifier certaines de leurs pratiques. Afin d'éviter les risques de litige, l'industrie de l'assurance doit recourir à une stratégie de communication constante avec les intermédiaires privés qui jouent un rôle-clef dans le cadre des mécanismes de recours collectifs. Les assureurs devraient modifier leurs polices d'assurance pour prendre en compte ces risques. Le développement d'un nouveau produit d'assurance prenant en considération les défis, en termes de litige, soulevés par les recours collectifs est préconisé.
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Lois González, Rubén Camilo, Luis Alfonso Escudero Gómez, and Inês Gusman. "El debate actual sobre la(s) frontera(s) aplicado al caso ibérico: elementos de des-fronterización y re-fronterización entre España y Portugal en el siglo XXI = The current debate on border(s) applied to the Iberian case: elements of de-bordering and re-bordering between Spain and Portugal in the 21st Century." REVISTA DE HISTORIOGRAFÍA (RevHisto) 30 (May 28, 2019): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.20318/revhisto.2019.4747.
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Resumen: En las últimas décadas del siglo XX, los discursos sobre un mundo sin fronteras, donde las relaciones territoriales ya no son determinadas por los Estados, ganaron fuerza entre académicos y decisores políticos. Los proyectos de cooperación transnacional, como los que están en la base de la Unión Europea, parecían demostrar que las fronteras dejaban de significar discontinuidades económicas, políticas y sociales. Estos nuevos escenarios permitieron abrir una nueva fase en las relaciones entre territorios de España y Portugal y superar su separación histórica. Este acercamiento se refleja en la creación de estructuras de cooperación transfronteriza y décadas de constante crecimiento de las relaciones económicas entre ambos países. Este proceso conoció un decaimiento durante la crisis económica iniciada en 2008. En este artículo, se analiza la evolución de estas relaciones y se estudia la efectividad de esta cooperación como marco adecuado para la superación de los efectos de la crisis. Entre los territorios portugueses y españoles, una vez superada la recesión, las relaciones transfronterizas retomaron su vigor, especialmente a nivel local y regional. Así, avanzando en las complementariedades culturales, sociales y económicas, la cooperación puede ir más allá de los límites de los Estados y puede concebirse como un instrumento efectivo de desarrollo territorial.Palabras clave: Península Ibérica, cooperación regional, frontera, des-fronterización, re-fronterización.Abstract: Abstract: Since the last decades of the 20th century, the narrative of a world without borders, where territorial relations are no longer determined by States, has been gaining strength among academics and decision-makers. Transnational cooperation projects such as the European Union (EU) seem to demonstrate that borders no longer represent economic, political and social discontinuities. These new scenarios have opened a new phase in the relations between the territories of Spain and Portugal and overcome the historical separation. This is a rapprochement reflected in the creation of cross-border cooperation structures and in the decades of constantly growing economic relations between both countries, although the process was slowed by the economic crisis beginning in 2008. In this paper, the focus is the evolution of these relationships and also an analysis of the effectiveness of cooperation as an adequate means for overcoming the effects of the crisis. Since the crisis ended, cross-border relations between Portugal and Spain have regained their vigour, especially at the local and regional levels. Thus, thanks to cultural, social and economic complementarities, cooperation can overcome the limits of States and be conceived as an effective instrument for territorial development.Key words: Iberian Peninsula, regional cooperation, border, des-bordering, re-bordering.
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Onyeabo, Ebele Angela. "Resource curse and impunity gaps: National inadequacies, international responses and regional promises / Malédiction des ressources et impunité: Insuffisances nationales, réponses internationales et promesses régionales." Journal of the African Union Commission on International Law 2021 (2021): 269–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.47348/aucil/2021/a8.
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Kleptocracy has been a constant feature in Africa. The fallout of this relentless pursuit for state funds continues to threaten not only the economy, but also the security and stability of the region. Limited domestic judicial accountability for ‘grand corruption’ has exacerbated this problem, rendering both United Nations (UN) and African Union (AU) anti-corruption conventions ineffective. As a possible solution, the AU has adopted the Malabo Protocol, which creates a criminal chamber or a Regional Criminal Court (RCC) within the newly formed African Court of Justice and Human Rights (ACJHR), that merges the already existing AU courts. This represents the first supranational institution to tackle ‘grand corruption’ as defined in art 28I of the Protocol. This paper discusses the link between corruption, the ‘resource curse’ and regional security. It evaluates the efficacy of art 28I of the Protocol within the context of other mechanisms developed to address grand corruption globally, like transparency initiatives and the exercise of jurisdictional sovereignty over transnational crimes. The paper comments on the possible relationship between the International Criminal Court (ICC) and the RCC and proposes steps that the RCC could take to overcome anticipated challenges. La kleptocracie est une caractéristique constante en Afrique. Les retombées de cet engouement effréné pour vider les caisses de l’État sont une menace non seulement pour l’économie, mais aussi pour la sécurité et stabilité de la région. La responsabilité judiciaire nationale limitée pour les crimes de « grande corruption » ont exacerbé ce problème rendant de ce fait inefficaces les conventions des Nations unies (NU) et l’Union africaine (UA) contre la corruption. Comme solution, l’UA a adopté le protocole de Malabo qui crée une chambre criminelle ou un Tribunal Criminel Régional (TCR) au sein de la Cour africaine de Justice et des Droits de l’Homme (CAJDH) nouvellement créée, qui fusionne les tribunaux déjà existants de l’UA. Ceci représente la première institution supranationale qui tacle la « grande corruption » telle que définit par l’article 281 du Protocole. Cet article examine le lien entre la corruption, la « malédiction des ressources » et la sécurité régionale. Il évalue l’efficacité de l’article 281 du Protocole vis-à-vis d’autre mécanismes développés pour combattre la corruption à l’échelon mondial tels que les initiatives de transparence et l’exercice de la souveraineté juridictionnelle sur les crimes transnationaux. Cet article commente sur la possibilité d’une relation entre la Cour pénale internationale (CPI) et le TCR et propose des mesures que le TCR pourrait prendre afin de pallier aux problèmes éventuels.
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Terradas, Beatriz Añoveros. "Jurisdiction Clauses in International Premarital Agreements: A Comparison Between the US and the European System." European Review of Private Law 26, Issue 4 (September 1, 2018): 537–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2018036.
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Abstract: Society moves fast and constantly. Despite the persistence of gender roles in marriages, other factors including heightened job market access and economic independence for women, as well as greater bargaining power in marriage and the evolution of no-fault divorce, have increased the role of party autonomy in family matters – and therefore, caused a shift in the complex debate between state policy interest in family matters and individual private autonomy. As a consequence of these significant societal changes, there has been an increased use of premarital agreements in contemplation of divorce. Through these agreements, before they marry the prospective spouses determine the consequences of a future breakdown, i.e. the rights that would otherwise arise at the time of the dissolution of the marriage or the death of one of the spouses. International prenuptial agreements (agreements with significant contacts with numerous countries) raise relevant questions with regard to jurisdiction, applicable law, and recognition and enforcement. This article conducts a comparative study between the conflict of laws system in the US and the European Union with regard to prenuptial agreements in contemplation of divorce, focusing on questions of jurisdiction. The advisability of choice of forum clauses and their limits will be at the heart of this study. Résumé: Les sociétés évoluent vite et de manière constante. Malgré la persistance des rôles entre homme et femme dans le mariage, d’autres facteurs tels que l’accès accru des femmes au marché du travail et leur indépendance économique, le pouvoir de négociation élargi au sein du mariage et l’évolution du divorce sans faute, ont renforcé le rôle de l’autonomie des parties dans les affaires familiales – et par là, ont marqué un changement dans le débat complexe entre d’une part les intérêts d’une politique étatique dans les affaires familiales et d’autre part l’autonomie privée individuelle. Par l’effet de ces importants changements de société, on a vu apparaître un usage accru de contrats de mariage conclus en considération d’un divorce. Ces contrats permettent aux futurs époux de fixer avant leur mariage les conséquences d’une rupture future, par ex. les droits qui, autrement, naîtraient au moment de la dissolution du mariage ou du décès de l’un des époux. Les contrats de mariage internationaux (contrats comportant des rapports significatifs avec plusieurs pays) entraînent des questions importantes en ce qui concerne le tribunal compétent, le droit applicable, la reconnaissance et l’exécution. Cet article contient une étude comparative entre le système de conflit de lois aux Etats-Unis et dans l’Union européenne à propos des contrats de mariage conclus en vue d’un divorce, en mettant l’accent sur des questions de compétence juridictionnelle. L’opportunité de clauses de choix du for et leurs limites est au centre de cette étude.
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ABERASTURI GORRIÑO, Unai. "«Interneten ahaztua izateko eskubidea» Europar Batasuneko Justizi Auzitegiaren 2014ko maiatzaren 13ko epaiaren arabera." RVAP 99-100, no. 99-100 (December 30, 2014): 39–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47623/ivap-rvap.99.100.2014.001.
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LABURPENA: Norberaren datuak babesteko oinarrizko eskubidea etengabe berrikusten ari den ahalmena da. Berrikuspen honen nondik norakoa teknologia berrien garapenak baldintzatzen du. Azken urteetan asko azpimarratu da Interneten bilatzaile orokorrek eskubide honen gain sortzen dituzten arriskuak. Arrisku hauetariko bat da behin pertsona bati buruzko informazioa sarean jasota informazio hori epe luzerako geratuko dela Interneten eta bilatzaileen bitartez informazio hori beti jarriko dela harremanetan bere jabearekin. Bilatzaileek pertsona bat informazio batekin lotzera kondenatzen dute eta egitate horrek kalteak sor ditzake, batez ere aurkitzen diren datuen edukia negatiboa denean. Hain zuzen, bilatzaileek sor ditzaketen kalteak ekiditeko ≪Interneten ahaztua izateko eskubidea≫ aurrezagutu da. Eskubide honi buruz asko eztabaidatu da azken urteetan, batez ere Europar Batasuneko Justizi Auzitegiak bere existentzia onartu zuenetik. Hain zuzen, eskubide honen edukia aztertu nahi da lan honetan. RESUMEN: El derecho fundamental a la proteccion de datos de caracter personal constituye una facultad en constante revision. Esta revision se produce al albur de la continua evolucion de las nuevas tecnologias. En los ultimos anos se han subrayado de manera especial los riesgos que producen los buscadores que se utilizan en Internet para encontrar informacion. Entre estos riesgos cabe subrayar el hecho de que cuando una informacion se incluye en Internet esta queda a disposicion de los usuarios y el que a traves de los buscadores esa informacion se pondra en relacion constantemente con el titular de la misma. Los buscadores condenan a que una persona quede vinculada perpetuamente a una informacion y esta circunstancia puede producir graves perjuicios, sobre todo cuando el contenido de la informacion es negativo. Precisamente, para evitar estos perjuicios se reconoce el denominado derecho al olvido en Internet. Se ha discutido mucho en torno a este derecho, sobre todo a partir de que el Tribunal de Justicia de la Union Europea reconociera expresamente su existencia. Es el contenido de este derecho el que se va a analizar en este trabajo. ABSTRACT: The fundamental right to the personal data protection is a faculty in permanent revision. This revision is at the mercy of the continuous development of new technologies. Last years the risks produced by the search engines which are used to find information have especially been emphasized. Among the risks it can be emphasized the fact that when an information is included in internet it remains at the user’s disposal and that by means of the search engines that information will constantly put in relation with the holder of it. Search engines condemn a person to be perpetually linked to an information and that circumstance can produce serious harm, especially when the content of that information is negative. Exactly, in order to avoid those damages it is been acknowledged the right to forget in Internet, There has been a lot of discussion about this right, especially after the European Court of Justice recognized specifically its existence. The content of that right will be analyzed in this work.
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Alafita Méndez, Leopoldo Guadalupe. "Margarita Urías Hermosillo. Obra histórica." Clivajes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 10 (December 3, 2018): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/clivajes-rcs.v0i10.2554.
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Parece que no hace tanto tiempo que Margarita Urías llegó a Xalapa. Por circunstancias institucionales, Margarita muy pronto en su vida estuvo encargada de la dirección del Centro de Estudios Históricos: en un abrir y cerrar de ojos, se convirtió en líder de un grupo de estudiantes de distintos orígenes académicos y geográficos, planteando nuevos enfoques que revelarían nuevos sujetos de investigación, cercanos al compromiso con las clases subalternas y donde los movimientos sociales ocuparían espacios privilegiados, desde los cuales se inducirían seminarios, conferencias, talleres y encuentros académicos.Como evidencia su Obra histórica, Margarita privilegió la búsqueda de fuentes de información histórica de Veracruz. Muchos de los caminos que se recorren actualmente merecieron discusiones de estudio y talleres teóricos que daban sentido a preocupaciones de investigación. Escuelas históricas e historiografía formaron parte de su incesante actividad y de sus seminarios surgieron indagaciones sobre el movimiento sindical de Veracruz, los movimientos por la tierra y la organización de los campesinos del Estado.Palabras clave: Investigación, Historia, Movimientos sociales, Memoria, Histotiografía Margarita Urías Hermosillo. Historical workSummaryIt seems that not so long ago that Margarita Urías arrived in Xalapa. Due to institutional circumstances, Margarita very early in her life was in charge of the direction of the Historical Studies Center: in the blink of an eye, she became the leader of a group of students from different academic and geographical origins, proposing new approaches that would reveal new subjects of investigation, close to the commitment with the subordinate classes and where the social movements would occupy privileged spaces, from which seminars, conferences, workshops and academic meetings would be induced.As her work demonstrates, Margarita privileged the search for historical information sources of Veracruz. Many of the historic paths that are currently followed by researchers deserved to be in debate for studying and theoretical workshops that gave meaning to research concerns. Historical schools and historiography formed part of her incessant activity and from her seminars arose inquiries about the Veracruz union movement, movements for the land and the organization of the peasants of the State.Keywords: Research, History, Social movements, Memory, HistotiographyMargarita Urías Hermosillo. Oeuvre historiqueRésuméMargarita Urías est apparemment arrivée à Xalapa cela ne fait pas beaucoup de temps. À cause de circonstances institutionnelles, Margarita a été très tôt la responsable de la direction du Centre d’Études Historiques : en un clin d’œil, elle est devenue leader d’un groupe d’étudiants de diverses origines académiques et géographiques avec qui elle envisageait des nouvelles approches qui plus tard dévoileraient des nouveaux sujets de recherche proches à l’engagement avec les classes subalternes et où les mouvements sociaux allaient occuper des espaces privilégiés à partir desquels des séminaires, conférences, ateliers et rencontres académiques allaient s’y induire.Tel que son Œuvre met en évidence, Margarita a privilégié la recherche des sources d’information historique de Veracruz. Beaucoup de chemins qui sont actuellement parcourus ont mérité des discussions d’étude et ateliers théoriques qui donnaient un sens à des préoccupations de recherche. Écoles historiques et historiographie ont formé partie de sa constante activité, et à partir de ses séminaires ont surgi des enquêtes préliminaires à propos le mouvement syndical de Veracruz, les mouvements pour la terre et l’organisation des paysans de l’État.Mots-clés: Recherche, Histoire, Mouvements sociaux, Mémoire, Histotiographie
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Soanes, Louise M., Judy Pierce, Daniel Nellis, Susan Zaluski, and Lewis G. Halsey. "Abundance and distribution of Roseate Terns (<em>Sterna dougallii</em>) in the Virgin Islands." Journal of Caribbean Ornithology 33 (April 17, 2020): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55431/jco.2020.33.43-48.
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Abstract The North Atlantic population of the Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii dougallii) is distributed across the northeastern coast of the United States and Canada, Europe, the Caribbean, and North Africa. In northeastern North America, the species was classified as Endangered in 1987 by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service, and it is the focus of national recovery plans in both the United States and Canada. In Europe, the Roseate Tern is considered a species that requires special conservation measures under Annex I of the European Union Birds Directive, and an action plan for recovery was initiated in 1987. Roseate Terns in the Caribbean have been less well studied, but anecdotal data suggest that the species is also declining in that region. Using survey data collected over the last three decades, we report on the abundance and distribution of the largest local population of Roseate Terns in the Caribbean, which breeds within the dual-territory archipelago of the Virgin Islands (United States Virgin Islands [USVI] and British Virgin Islands [BVI]). Our results reveal that breeding sites were not consistently occupied in every survey year. However, Kalkun Cay, Shark Island, Saba Island, and Leduck Island in the USVI, and Cockroach Island, Green Cay, Cistern Point, and the Seal Dog Islands in the BVI were identified as key breeding sites. The total breeding population in the Virgin Islands fluctuated between 745 and 2,750 breeding pairs over the survey period, a population size that is globally import- ant for this species as a whole. We observed a gradual decline in the Virgin Islands breeding population. Conservation for this species should focus on a continued cross-territory survey effort, habitat enhancement at the most populated breeding sites, and research into the effects of broader climatic and oceanographic patterns on this breeding population.
Keywords Roseate Tern, seabird surveys, site fidelity, Sterna dougallii, Virgin Islands
Resumen Abundancia y distribución de Sterna dougallii en las Islas Vírgenes—La población del Atlántico Norte de Sterna dougallii dougallii está distribuida a lo largo de la costa noreste de los Estados Unidos y Canadá, Europa, el Caribe y el norte de África. En el noreste de América del Norte, la especie fue clasificada como Amenazada en 1987 por el Servicio de Pesca y Vida Silvestre de los Estados Unidos y es el foco de planes nacionales de recuperación tanto en los Estados Unidos como en Canadá. En Europa, esta especie se considera que requiere medidas especiales de conservación en virtud del Anexo I de la Directiva sobre aves de la Unión Europea, y en 1987 se inició un plan de acción para su recuperación. En el Caribe, Sterna dougallii ha sido menos estudiada, pero los datos anecdóticos sugieren que también está disminuyendo. Reportamos sobre la abundancia y distribución de la mayor población reproductora local de esta especie en el Caribe, que se reproduce dentro del archipiélago de dos territorios de las Islas Vírgenes (Islas Vírgenes estadounidenses [USVI] e Islas Vírgenes Británicas [BVI]), con el uso de los datos de muestreos recopilados en las últimas tres décadas. Nuestros resultados revelan que los sitios de cría no estuvieron ocupados de manera constante durante los años muestreados. Sin embargo, Kalkun Cay, Shark Island, Saba Island y Leduck Island en las USVI y Cockroach Island, Green Cay, Cistern Point y las Seal Dog Islands en las BVI fueron identificados como sitios de cría clave. La población reproductora total en las Islas Vírgenes fluctuó entre 745 y 2.750 parejas reproductoras durante el período de muestreo, un tamaño poblacional que es importante a nivel mundial para esta especie en su conjunto. En esta población reproductora observamos un declive gradual. La conservación de esta especie debe centrarse en un esfuerzo de muestreo continuado a lo largo del territorio, la mejora del hábitat en los sitios de cría más poblados e investigacion sobre los efectos de patrones climáticos y oceanográficos más amplios en esta población reproductora.
Palabras clave fidelidad al sitio, Islas Vírgenes, muestreos de aves marinas, Sterna dougallii
Résumé Abondance et répartition de la Sterne de Dougall (Sterna dougallii) aux Îles Vierges — L’aire de répartition de la population de Sterne de Dougall de l’Atlantique Nord (Sterna dougallii dougallii) s’étend sur la côte nord-est des États-Unis et du Canada, la Caraïbe, l’Europe et l’Afrique du Nord. Au nord-est de l’Amérique du Nord, l’espèce a été classée dans la catégorie Endanger en 1987 par le Fish and Wildlife Service des États-Unis et fait l’objet de plans de rétablissement nationaux aux États-Unis et au Canada. En Europe, elle est considérée comme une espèce nécessitant des mesures de conservation spéciales au titre de l’Annexe I de la Directive « Oiseaux » de l’Union européenne. Un plan d’action en faveur du rétablissement de l’espèce a été lancé en 1987. La Sterne de Dougall a été moins bien étudiée dans la Caraïbe, mais des données ponctuelles indiquent qu’elle est également en déclin dans cette région. À l’aide de données recueillies au cours des trois dernières décennies, nous décrivons l’abondance et la répartition de la plus grande population nicheuse locale de Sterne de Dougall de la Caraïbe, qui se reproduit sur les deux territoires de l’archipel des Îles Vierges (Îles Vierges américaines [USVI] et Îles Vierges britanniques [BVI]). Nos résultats révèlent que les sites de reproduction n’étaient pas occupés de manière constante chaque année pendant la période d’étude. Cependant, Kalkun Cay, Shark Island, Saba Island et Leduck Island dans les Îles Vierges américaines, ainsi que Cockroach Island, Green Cay, Cistern Point et Seal Dog Islands dans les Îles Vierges britanniques, ont été identifiées comme étant des sites de reproduction clés. La population nicheuse totale dans les Îles Vierges a varié au cours de la période d’étude entre 745 et 2750 couples nicheurs, une taille de population d’une importance mondiale pour cette espèce prise dans son ensemble. Nous avons observé un déclin progressif de la population nicheuse des Îles Vierges. La conservation de cette espèce devrait être axée sur des efforts continus de suivi sur les deux territoires, l’amélioration de l’habitat dans les sites de reproduction les plus peuplés, ainsi que des recherches sur les effets des tendances climatiques et océanographiques plus larges sur cette population nicheuse.
Mots clés étude des oiseaux marins, fidélité au site, Îles Vierges, Sterna dougallii, Sterne de Dougall
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Marín Zuluaga, Dairo Javier. "La sociedad del conocimiento y las revistas depredadoras." Acta Odontológica Colombiana 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 7–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/aoc.v9n2.81692.
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Hace ya muchas décadas que la Odontología como profesión, se vinculó a la sociedad del conocimiento como mecanismo validador de su quehacer y motor de su evolución. En la actualidad, las universidades y las empresas del sector odontológico, cuentan con cada vez más personal vinculado a procesos de investigación, y la toma de decisiones clínicas hoy solo se concibe basada en la mejor evidencia científica disponible para cada caso.Se afirma que actualmente, cada 1 o 2 años aproximadamente, se renueva el conocimiento que la humanidad produce. Con ello, paralelamente se ha dado un desarrollo en la industria editorial, la cual se ha vuelto cada vez más competitiva para que los investigadores puedan realizar la publicación de sus trabajos; en tanto el objetivo de todo investigador es compartir sus resultados con la comunidad científica y académica con el fin de aportar al desarrollo de la sociedad.En esta constante evolución de la generación y transmisión del conocimiento, surgieron a finales de la década de 1980 las primeras publicaciones on-line de libre acceso (open acces), y hacia 1998, apareció la primera revista médica de este tipo, el Journal of Medical Internet Research (JMIR). Según un estudio de la Comisión Europea, para el año 2013 cerca del 50% de los artículos científicos publicados entre 2004 y 2011 en la Unión Europea (UE), Estados Unidos, Brazil, Canadá y Japón, se encontraban disponibles en libre acceso (1).Por otra parte, todas las publicaciones derivadas de los trabajos de investigación e innovación financiados por el programa de la UE, Horizonte 2020, entre 2014 y 2020, deberán ser de acceso abierto (2). Cada vez son más las instituciones y Estados que legislan en favor del libre acceso a la literatura científica, pues ha representado un gran avance para la expansión y democratización de la ciencia, en tanto elimina las barreras de acceso al conocimiento.A pesar de la innegable salud y futuro promisorio del movimiento de libre acceso; ha surgido un nuevo fenómeno, que, aunque sigue siendo residual, va en crecimiento y representa una trampa en la que pueden caer los investigadores en busca de revistas para la publicación de sus trabajos, o, que puede ser empleado por personas de ética cuestionable que ven aquí una oportunidad para inflar de manera fácil sus hojas de vida. Me refiero a la aparición de las revistas depredadoras (predatory journals and publishers).Cada vez es más frecuente recibir e-mails de revistas poco o completamente desconocidas, invitando a enviar nuestros trabajos, bajo la promesa de su publicación en un lapso de días o pocas semanas, asegurando una revisión por pares y ofreciendo unos costos de publicación que parecen bajos ante la posibilidad de una publicación asegurada.Sin embargo, estas revistas depredadoras, cometen al menos un triple fraude. Primero, engañan a los autores, pues no realizan la revisión por pares, con lo cual el investigador y el trabajo mismo a publicar, pierden la oportunidad de recibir retroalimentación por expertos en el tema de investigación. Segundo, afectan el acervo científico, al publicar trabajos que no han pasado por la validación de la comunidad científica, constituyéndose en un “negocio” económico cuyos réditos sociales constituyen la difusión de una ciencia de calidad cuestionable. Tercero, los dineros empleados en la financiación de los trabajos de investigación, terminan sin generar contraprestación alguna, con lo cual se está afectando no solo a los entes financiadores, sino a la sociedad entera.La publicación de un artículo de investigación, inicia con el proceso de evaluación por pares, lo cual, como ya se dijo, brinda al trabajo una gran oportunidad para su mejora. Además, los autores queremos que nuestras publicaciones tengan la mayor visibilidad posible, lo cual se logra solo si la revista donde publicamos cuenta con políticas editoriales rigurosas y se encuentra indexada en bases de datos de publicaciones científicas. Verificar la calidad de la revista a la que estamos pensando enviar uno de nuestros trabajos es hoy una tarea fácil; no habrá duda de que se trata de una revista académico–científica, si aparece en alguna de las siguientes fuentes:MIARDOAJERIH PlusDialnetScopus SourcesMaster Journal List – WoSCaso contrario, si la revista aparece en:List of predatory journalshttps://beallslist.weebly.comhttps://predatoryjournals.com/journals/https://beallslist.weebly.com/standalone-journals.htmlComo lo plantea Martínez “en la creación del nuevo conocimiento, sólo se supera la frontera de este, a través de la prevalencia del criterio de la verdad, es decir en que se constituya en un conocimiento verdadero” (3). Las revistas depredadoras, si bien son de acceso abierto, utilizan este sistema para conseguir fines económicos a través del engaño, en realidad no tienen que ver con el acceso abierto al conocimiento científico.
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Bouron, Samuel, and Ivan Chupin. "La reconnaissance paritaire des écoles de journalisme. Un néo-corporatisme." Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo 2, no. 2 (December 15, 2013): 64–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/slj.v2.n2.2013.93.
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Contrairement à de nombreux pays (Brésil, Russie…), en France l’université ne dispose pas d’un quasi monopole sur la formation des journalistes. Les écoles privées se partagent avec l’université la maîtrise des écoles d’apprentissage du métier. A partir de 1976, une Commission paritaire pour l’emploi des journalistes (CPNEJ) a disposé d’un mandat pour distribuer des agréments au nom de la profession et ainsi différencier des écoles « reconnues » des « non reconnues ». Les archives de la CPNEJ montrent que les critères de reconnaissance ont été élaborés à partir des modèles de formation déjà existants, en particulier ceux du Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) et de l’Ecole supérieure de journalisme de Lille (ESJ Lille), qui figurent parmi les plus anciennes écoles privées de journalisme en France. La politique de limitation du nombre d’écoles agréées, qui vise à protéger les écoles déjà établies, est l’objet de tensions entre les différentes parties syndicales. Lorsque sa neutralité est remise en cause, cette Commission cherche à renforcer sa qualité d’expertise dans le secteur de la formation et ainsi à garantir aux écoles dominantes le maintien de leur domination symbolique. La profession fait ainsi face à l’émergence de modèles de formations concurrents qui se multiplient à la fois à l’Universitéet dans des écoles privées échappant à une surveillance paritaire, et qui dans les deux cas sont donc moins contrôlées par les syndicats de la corporation. Cette Commission a formalisé de multiples normes visant à conserver un relatif contrôle sur ses formations et ainsi maintenir des « écoles de journalisme » qui conservent des logiques propres à la fois en terme de transmission d’une certaine éthique professionnelle mais aussi de savoir-faire techniques propres au milieu. En même temps, la subjectivité des critères de reconnaissance offre la possibilité d’une certaine souplesse dans la politique menée par les syndicats qui ouvre à certains compromis lorsque les pressions externes deviennent trop fortes. L’histoire de cette CPNEJ éclaire ainsi quelques spécificités du développement du journalisme en France, où les syndicats professionnels sont parvenus à maintenir leur influence, malgré leur remise en cause permanente par ceux qui ont intérêt à voir disparaître les héritages de son corporatisme.
Unlike many countries (Brazil, Russia, etc.), universities in France do not hold a quasi-monopoly on the training of journalists. Private schools and universities share control of vocational training. In 1976 the Commission paritaire pour l’emploi des journalistes (CPNEJ) was accorded the mandate to grant certification on behalf of the profession and thus differentiate between recognized’ and ‘unrecognized’ schools. CPNEJ archives show that recognition criteria were developed from existing training models, in particular those of the Centre de formation des journalistes (CFJ) and the Ecole supérieure de journalisme (ESJ Lille), two of the oldest private schools of journalism in France. The policy of limiting the number of accredited schools, which aims to protect established schools, is a source of tension among various union parties. When its neutrality is called into question, the CPNEJ seeks to strengthen the quality of its expertise in the area of vocational training and thus ensure that the dominant schools maintain their symbolic domination. As a result, the profession faces the emergence of an increasing number of competing professional training models in both universities and non-joint private schools which escape joint-commission monitoring, and which in both cases mean less control by the unions of the corporation. The Commission formalized numerous standards in hopes of keeping some control over training and thus maintain ‘schools of journalism’ that share consistency in terms of the transmission of both professional ethics and technical skills specific to the profession. At the same time, the subjectivity of recognition criteria provides a certain flexibility in union policy that opens the door to compromise when external pressures become too great. The history of the CPNEJ thus illustrates some characteristics of the development of journalism in France, whereby professional unions are able to maintain their influence despite being continually brought into question by those who want to see the legacy of their corporatism disappear.
Ao contrário de muitos países (Brasil, Rússia...), na França a universidade não tem um monopólio completo sobre a formação de jornalistas. As escolas privadas e as universidades compartilham o controle sobre a formação profissional. A partir de 1976, uma Comissão Mista para o Emprego dos Jornalistas (CPNEJ) assumiu um mandato para distribuir licenças em nome da profissão e, assim, diferenciar as escolas «reconhecidas» das «não reconhecidas». Os arquivos da CPNEJ mostram que os critérios de reconhecimento foram desenvolvidos a partir de modelos existentes de formação, especialmente o do Centro de Formação de Jornalistas (CFJ) e o da Escola de Pós-Graduação de Jornalismo em Lille (ESJ Lille), que estão entre as mais antigas escolas particulares de jornalismo na França. A política de limitar o número de escolas credenciadas, que visa proteger as escolas já estabelecidas, é motivo de tensões entre os partidos trabalhistas. Quando sua neutralidade é questionada, a Comissão procura reforçar a sua qualidade e experiência na área de formação e, assim, garantir às escolas dominantes a manutenção de seu domínio simbólico. A profissão é, portanto, confrontada com o surgimento de modelos concorrentes de formação profissional, que se multiplicam tanto na Universidade como nas escolas privadas para além de uma vigilância conjunta, que em ambos os casos são menos controlados pelos sindicatos da categoria. A Comissão formalizou vários padrões para manter o controle sobre a formação profissional e, assim, conservar as «escolas de jornalismo» que detém a sua própria lógica, tanto em termos de transmissão de princípios éticos, mas também do conhecimento técnico específico da área. Ao mesmo tempo, a subjetividade dos critérios de reconhecimento oferece uma flexibilidade na política seguida pelos sindicatos, que abre certos compromissos quando as pressões externas tornam-se muito grande. A história desta CPNEJ clareia algumas especificidades do desenvolvimento do jornalismo na França, onde os sindicatos profissionais são capazes de manter sua influência, apesar do seu constante questionamento por aqueles que perderam o interesse pela herança do seu corporativismo.
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Kanellopoulos, Anastasios-Nikolaos. "Empowering EU Law Enforcement: Teaching Security Risk Analysis with the Frontex Common Integrated Risk Analysis Model (CIRAM)." Internal Security 15, no. 2 (April 15, 2024): 7–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.4768.
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The security landscape of the European Union (EU) is in constant flux, shaped by a myriad of complex, cross-border threats. To safeguard their citizens and protect vital institutions, EU law enforcement agencies require enhanced capabilities in security risk analysis. This paper highlights the critical importance of teaching security risk analysis, with a specific focus on the Frontex Common Integrated Risk Analysis Model (CIRAM), in fortifying the capacities of EU law enforcement. Originally crafted to address EU border security challenges, CIRAM offers a universal framework for assessing security risks and vulnerabilities systematically. It encompasses threat identification, vulnerability assessment, and the estimation of potential security incident consequences. Teaching EU law enforcement agencies the principles and applications of CIRAM empowers them to tackle both region-specific security challenges and encourages collaboration among EU member states. The research methodology of this paper combines academic literature and the author’s practical expertise. It conducts a comprehensive review of existing academic and official literature about CIRAM, laying the theoretical foundation for the study. Furthermore, the author’s certified risk analyst trainer status with Frontex provides unique insights into the practical aspects of CIRAM, offering a holistic understanding of its utilisation in training EU law enforcement personnel and its application in real-world operational scenarios. This dual-pronged approach ensures a well-rounded exploration of CIRAM’s role in enhancing security risk analysis for EU law enforcement, providing valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and trainers.StreszczenieKrajobraz bezpieczeństwa Unii Europejskiej (UE) podlega ciągłym zmianom, kształtowanym przez niezliczone złożone, transgraniczne zagrożenia. Aby chronić swoich obywateli i ważne instytucje, organy ścigania UE potrzebują zwiększonych możliwości w zakresie analizy ryzyka dla bezpieczeństwa. Niniejszy dokument podkreśla kluczowe znaczenie nauczania analizy ryzyka bezpieczeństwa, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem wspólnego zintegrowanego modelu analizy ryzyka Frontex (CIRAM), we wzmacnianiu zdolności organów ścigania UE. Pierwotnie opracowany w celu sprostania wyzwaniom związanym z bezpieczeństwem granic UE, CIRAM oferuje uniwersalne ramy do systematycznej oceny zagrożeń bezpieczeństwa i słabych punktów. Obejmuje on identyfikację zagrożeń, ocenę podatności na zagrożenia oraz szacowanie potencjalnych konsekwencji zdarzeń zagrażających bezpieczeństwu. Nauczenie organów ścigania UE zasad i zastosowań CIRAM umożliwia im radzenie sobie zarówno z wyzwaniami bezpieczeństwa specyficznymi dla regionu, jak i zachęca do współpracy między państwami członkowskimi UE. Metodologia badawcza niniejszego artykułu łączy literaturę akademicką i praktyczną wiedzę autora. Przeprowadzono kompleksowy przegląd istniejącej literatury akademickiej i oficjalnej na temat CIRAM, tworząc teoretyczne podstawy badania. Ponadto status certyfikowanego trenera analityków ryzyka we Frontexie zapewnia unikalny wgląd w praktyczne aspekty CIRAM, oferując całościowe zrozumienie jego wykorzystania w szkoleniu personelu organów ścigania UE i jego zastosowania w rzeczywistych scenariuszach operacyjnych. To dwutorowe podejście zapewnia wszechstronną eksplorację roli CIRAM w ulepszaniu analizy ryzyka bezpieczeństwa dla organów ścigania UE, zapewniając cenne spostrzeżenia dla decydentów, praktyków i trenerów.ResumenEl panorama de la seguridad en la Unión Europea (UE) se encuentra en constante cambio, configurado por una gran variedad de complejas amenazas transfronterizas. A fin de proteger a sus ciudadanos y a las instituciones de mayor relevancia, las fuerzas y cuerpos de seguridad de la UE necesitan una mayor capacidad de análisis de las amenazas a la seguridad. El presente documento destaca la vital importancia de la enseñanza del análisis de riesgos para la seguridad, con especial atención al Modelo Común Integrado de Análisis de Riesgos Frontex (CIRAM), a la hora de reforzar las capacidades policiales de la UE. Desarrollado originalmente para abordar los retos de la seguridad fronteriza de la UE, el CIRAM ofrece un marco universal para la evaluación sistemática de los riesgos y vulnerabilidades en materia de seguridad. Incluye la identificación de amenazas, la evaluación de la vulnerabilidad y la estimación de las posibles consecuencias de los incidentes de seguridad. La formación de los cuerpos y fuerzas de seguridad de la UE sobre los principios y aplicaciones del CIRAM les permite hacer frente tanto a los retos de seguridad específicos de la región como fomentar la cooperación entre los Estados miembros de la UE. La metodología de investigación del presente artículo combina la literatura académica y los conocimientos prácticos del autor. Se llevó a cabo una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura académica y oficial disponible sobre el CIRAM, lo que proporcionó una base teórica para el estudio. Asimismo, el estatus de formador analista de riesgos certificado de Frontex proporciona una visión incomparable de los aspectos prácticos del CIRAM, ofreciendo una comprensión holística de su uso en la formación del personal policial de la UE y su aplicación en escenarios operativos en la vida real. Con este doble enfoque, se analiza a fondo el papel que desempeña el CIRAM en la mejora del análisis de riesgos para la seguridad de los cuerpos y fuerzas de seguridad de la UE, aportando valiosas ideas a los responsables políticos, los profesionales y los formadores.ZusammenfassungDie Sicherheitslandschaft der Europäischen Union (EU) unterliegt ständigem Wandel und wird durch eine Vielzahl komplexer, grenzüberschreitender Bedrohungen geprägt. Um ihre Bürger und wichtigen Institutionen zu schützen, benötigen die Strafverfolgungsbehörden der EU verbesserte Möglichkeiten zur Analyse von Sicherheitsrisiken. Dieser Beitrag unterstreicht die entscheidende Bedeutung der Lehre der Sicherheitsrisikoanalyse mit besonderem Schwerpunkt auf dem Gemeinsamen Integrierten Risikoanalysemodell Frontex (CIRAM) für die Stärkung der Strafverfolgungskapazitäten der EU. CIRAM wurde ursprünglich zur Bewältigung der Herausforderungen der EU-Grenzsicherheit entwickelt und bietet einen universellen Rahmen für die systematische Bewertung von Sicherheitsrisiken und Schwachstellen. Es umfasst die Ermittlung von Bedrohungen, die Bewertung von Schwachstellen und die Abschätzung der möglichen Folgen von Sicherheitsvorfällen. Die Vermittlung der Grundsätze und Anwendungen von CIRAM an die EU-Strafverfolgungsbehörden versetzt diese in die Lage, sowohl regionalspezifische Sicherheitsherausforderungen zu bewältigen als auch die Zusammenarbeit zwischen den EU-Mitgliedstaaten zu fördern. Die Forschungsmethodik dieses Beitrags verbindet die akademische Literatur und das praktische Wissen des Autors. Es wurde eine umfassende Überprüfung der vorhandenen akademischen und offiziellen Literatur zu CIRAM durchgeführt, die eine theoretische Grundlage für die vorliegende Studie bildet. Darüber hinaus bietet der Status von Frontex, als zertifizierter Risikoanalytiker-Ausbilder, einen einzigartigen Einblick in die praktischen Aspekte von CIRAM, wobei gleichzeitig ein ganzheitliches Verständnis seiner Verwendung bei der Schulung von EU-Strafverfolgungspersonal und seiner Anwendung im Einsatz geliefert wird. Dieses zweigleisige Vorgehen bietet eine umfassende Untersuchung der Rolle von CIRAM bei der Verbesserung der Sicherheitsrisikoanalyse für EU-Strafverfolgungsbehörden und liefert wertvolle Erkenntnisse für politische Entscheidungsträger, Praktiker und Ausbilder.РезюмеБезопасность Европейского союза (ЕС) подвергается постоянным изменениям, формируясь под воздействием множества сложных трансграничных угроз. Чтобы защитить своих граждан и важные учреждения, правоохранительные органы ЕС нуждаются в расширении возможностей анализа угроз в сфере безопасности. В данной статье подчеркивается ключевое значение обучения анализу рисков безопасности, с особым акцентом на общую интегрированную модель анализа рисков Frontex (CIRAM), для укрепления потенциала правоохранительных органов ЕС. CIRAM, изначально разработанная для решения задач по обеспечению безопасности границ ЕС, предлагает универсальную основу для систематической оценки рисков и уязвимостей в сфере безопасности. Она включает в себя идентификацию угроз, оценку уязвимости и потенциальных последствий инцидентов, угрожающих безопасности. Обучение сотрудников правоохранительных органов ЕС принципам и применению CIRAM позволяет им справляться с вызовами безопасности, характерными для данного региона, и способствует развитию сотрудничества между государствами-членами ЕС. Методология исследования данной статьи совмещает научную литературу и практические знания автора. Проведен всесторонний обзор существующей академической и официальной литературы по CIRAM, в рамках которого была создана теоретическая база для исследования. Кроме того, статус сертифицированного инструктора по анализу рисков в Frontex дает уникальное видение практических аспектов CIRAM, предлагая полную картину его использования в обучении сотрудников правоохранительных органов ЕС и применения в реальных оперативных сценариях. Такой двусторонний подход позволяет полностью изучить роль CIRAM в совершенствовании анализа рисков безопасности для правоохранительных органов ЕС, представляя ценные указания для лиц, принимающих решения, практиков и инструкторов.
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Rooman, Rob. "Starlight Shipping: Quasi Anti-suit Injunctions in Light of the ‘Principle of Non-review’." European Review of Private Law 32, Issue 2 (May 1, 2024): 291–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/erpl2024014.
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The saga continues: more than 15 years after the Alexandros T vessel sank in 2006, proceedings before the English courts have made it up to the Court of Justice of the European Union (ECJ). The Court of Justice recently decided on quasi anti-suit injunctions and their compatibility with the Brussels I Regulation. Quasi anti-suit injunctions are judgments which, even though they do not directly prohibit litigants from proceedings, have the effect of deterring potential litigants from commencing or continuing proceedings before the courts of another EU Member State. Considering settled case law on normal anti-suit injunctions, the annotated judgment is not very surprising. As do antisuit injunctions, so do quasi anti-suit injunctions run counter to the fundamental principle that every court is to rule on its own jurisdiction. By granting such an injunction, the English court unlawfully interfered with the powers of the Greek courts. Not only does such an injunction violate the Brussels I Regulation, but it does also so to the extent that it violates the Greek ordre public, insofar it violates the fundamental EU principles of access to justice and mutual trust. While this is in line with earlier ECJ case law, it does raise questions on the absolute character and scope of such a ‘principle of non-review’.La saga continue: plus de 15 ans après le naufrage du navire Alexandros T en 2006, les procédures devant les tribunaux anglais ont abouti à la CJUE. La Cour de Justice s’est récemment prononcée sur les quasi injonctions anti-procédures et leur compatibilité avec le Règlement Bruxelles I. Les quasi injonctions anti-procédures sont des jugements qui, bien qu’ils n’interdisent pas directement aux parties de poursuivre une action en justice, ont pour effet de dissuader les parties potentielles de saisir les juridictions d’un autre Etat Membre de l’Union ou de maintenir devant elles une action. Vu la jurisprudence constante de la Cour concernant les injonctions anti-procédures, l’arrêt annoté n’est pas surprenant. Tout comme les injonctions anti-procédures, les quasi injonctions anti-procédures violent le principe général selon lequel chaque juridiction saisie détermine elle-même si elle est compétente de trancher le litige qui lui est soumis. En accordant une telle injonction, le tribunal anglais a illégalement interféré dans les pouvoirs des juridictions grecques.Non seulement une telle injonction viole le Règlement Bruxelles I, mais elle le fait dans la mesure où elle porte atteinte à l’ordre public grec, en ce sens qu’elle viole les principes fondamentaux de l’UE de l’accès à la justice et de la confiance mutuelle. Bien que cela soit conforme à la jurisprudence antérieure de la CJUE, cela soulève des questions sur le caractère absolu et la portée d’un tel ‘principe de non-contrôle’.Die Geschichte geht weiter: Mehr als 15 Jahre nach dem Untergang des Schiffes Alexandros T im Jahr 2006 sind die Verfahren vor den englischen Gerichten bis zum EuGH vorgedrungen. Der Gerichtshof hat kürzlich über Quasi-Anti-Klage- Unterlassungsklagen und deren Vereinbarkeit mit der Brüssel-I-Verordnung entschieden. Quasi-Unterlassungsklagen sind Klagen, die, auch wenn sie den Streitparteien nicht unmittelbar ein Verfahren verbieten, potenzielle Streitparteien davon abhalten sollen, ein Verfahren vor den Gerichten eines anderen EU-Mitgliedstaats einzuleiten oder fortzusetzen. In Anbetracht der ständigen Rechtsprechung zu normalen Unterlassungsklagen ist das mit Anmerkungen versehene Urteil nicht sehr überraschend. Ebenso wie einstweilige Verfügungen verstoßen auch quasi einstweilige Verfügungen gegen das Grundprinzip, dass jedes Gericht über seine eigene Zuständigkeit zu entscheiden hat. Durch den Erlass einer solchen einstweiligen Verfügung hat das englische Gericht rechtswidrig in die Befugnisse der griechischen Gerichte eingegriffen. Eine solche einstweilige Verfügung verstößt nicht nur gegen die Brüssel-I-Verordnung, sondern auch insofern gegen den griechischen ordre public, als sie die EU-Grundprinzipien des Zugangs zur Justiz und des gegenseitigen Vertrauens verletzt. Dies steht zwar im Einklang mit der früheren Rechtsprechung des EuGH, wirft aber Fragen nach dem absoluten Charakter und der Reichweite eines solchen ‘Grundsatzes der Nichtüberprüfung’ auf.La saga continúa: más de 15 años después del hundimiento del buque Alexandros T en 2006, los procedimientos ante los tribunales ingleses han llegado al TJUE. El Tribunal de Justicia se pronunció recientemente sobre las cuasi medidas cautelares anti-demanda y su compatibilidad con el Reglamento Bruselas I. Las cuasi medidas cautelares anti-demanda son decisiones judiciales que, aunque no prohíben directamente a los litigantes iniciar procedimientos, tienen el efecto de disuadir a posibles litigantes de iniciar o continuar procedimientos ante los tribunales de otro Estado miembro de la UE. Teniendo en cuenta la jurisprudencia establecida sobre medidas cautelares anti-demanda normales, la sentencia comentada no es muy sorprendente. Al igual que las medidas cautelares anti-demanda, también las cuasi medidas cautelares anti-demanda van en contra del principio fundamental de que cada tribunal debe decidir sobre su propia jurisdicción. Al conceder tal medida, el tribunal inglés interfirió ilegalmente en las facultades de los tribunales griegos. Una medida cautelar de este tipo no sólo viola el Reglamento Bruselas I, sino que también lo hace en la medida en que viola el orden público griego, en el sentido de que viola los principios fundamentals de la UE de acceso a la justicia y de confianza mutua. Si bien ello está en consonancia con la jurisprudencia anterior del TJUE, plantea dudas sobre el carácter absoluto y el alcance de tal ‘principio de no revisión’.
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Usó i Arnal, Joan-Carles. "Aproximación al estudio cuantitativo y socio-profesional de los miembros de la logia «Constante Alona» de Alacant (1878-1890)." Anales de la Universidad de Alicante. Historia Contemporánea, no. 5 (1986). http://dx.doi.org/10.14198/ancontemp.1986.5.09.
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Wilkinson, Mike. "Essay: Postnationalism, (Dis)organised civil society and Democracy in the European Union: Is Constitutionalism Part of the Solution or Part of the Problem?" German Law Journal 3, no. 9 (September 2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200015303.
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The idea of a European constitution has been a constant refrain in academic and political discourse on European integration, and has recently gathered considerable momentum due to the intervention of politicians and the media and its explicit institutional recognition in the Laeken Declaration on the Future of the European Union. If much of the debate is characterised, tainted even, with a top-down logic of legal-constitutional engineering - a logic which arguably flows from the elitist political roots and philosophy of the project itself - there is nevertheless a growing tendency to examine the theoretical alternatives through which a more open and inclusive constitutional process might be understood. There is considerable irony in an endeavour to ‘democratise’ a postnational polity through a constitutional settlement, brought out when the theoretical underpinnings of the constitutional movement are laid bare, and the alternatives to a hierarchical or legocentric understanding of constitutionalism's reach are examined. The purpose of this paper is to suggest some of the possible pitfalls in a constitutionalist position fixated on a hierarchical or federal arrangement, and highlight some theoretical alternatives which appear accommodating, even demanding, of a more bottom-up approach and conducive to a radical inclusion of civil society, both organised and disorganised, in the structures of constitutional construction and negotiation.
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Rinaldi de Barcellos, Nicole. "Liberdade de Concorrência na União Europeia: Convergência da Doutrina e da Jurisprudência no Reconhecimento da Disciplina Concorrencial como base para o Mercado Interno." Cadernos do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito – PPGDir./UFRGS 10, no. 3 (December 31, 2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2317-8558.54341.
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LIBERDADE DE CONCORRÊNCIA NA UNIÃO EUROPEIA: CONVERGÊNCIA DA DOUTRINA E DA JURISPRUDÊNCIA NO RECONHECIMENTO DA DISCIPLINA CONCORRENCIAL COMO BASE PARA O MERCADO INTERNO FREEDOM OF COMPETITION IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: CONVERGENCE OF THE DOCTRINE AND THE CASE LAW IN THE RECOGNITION OF COMPETITION LAW AS A BASIS TO THE INTERNAL MARKET Nicole Rinaldi de Barcellos* RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o papel da liberdade de concorrência no mercado interno da União Europeia, mediante análise doutrinária e jurisprudencial. A disciplina concorrencial compõe os instrumentos fundacionais do referido bloco econômico desde as primeiras versões até o presente momento, mantendo uma considerável estabilidade ao longo do tempo. A aplicação do direito da concorrência, por sua vez, encontra-se em constante aprimoramento, sendo objeto de discussão constante no âmbito do Tribunal de Luxemburgo, conforme os objetivos integracionistas são alargados, estimulando o desenvolvimento econômico equilibrado dos atores no mercado interno. Para desenvolver os objetivos propostos, a pesquisa foi dividida em duas partes. Na primeira seção são abordados os principais fundamentos teóricos da liberdade de concorrência no âmbito da União Europeia. Na segunda parte são apresentados casos jurisprudenciais considerados relevantes na consolidação da liberdade de concorrência como base ao mercado interno. Por fim, é destacada a essencialidade da liberdade concorrencial no processo de integração da União Europeia ao garantir e amparar as demais liberdades econômicas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Direito Internacional da Concorrência. União Europeia. Liberdade de Concorrência. Mercado Interno. Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia. ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of freedom of competition in the European Union internal market based on doctrinal and case law analysis. Competition law composes the founding instruments of the European Union since its first versions to the present moment, maintaining a considerable stability over time. Application of competition law, however, is in constant improvement by the Luxembourg Court as integrationist goals are extended, in order to stimulate balanced economic development to the actors in the internal market. To develop the proposed objectives, the research is divided into two parts. The first section examines the main theoretical foundations of the freedom of competition within the European Union. In the second part it is presented a case law summary, considered relevant to the consolidation of the subject. Ultimately, it is highlighted that freedom of competition is substantial to the European Union process of integration by ensuring and supporting the other essential economic freedoms. KEYWORDS: International Competition Law. European Union. Freedom of Competition. Internal Market. Court of Justice of the European Union. SUMÁRIO: Introdução. 1 Fundamentos doutrinários da liberdade de concorrência no ordenamento jurídico da União Europeia. 1.1 Características estruturais da liberdade de concorrência na União Europeia. 1.2 Domínio de Aplicação da Liberdade Concorrencial na União Europeia. 2 Contribuição da jurisprudência do Tribunal de Luxemburgo para a consolidação da liberdade de concorrência. 2.1 Caso Dióxido de Titânio como marco jurisprudencial (C-300/89). 2.2 Casos TeliaSonera (C-52/09) e Comissão c. Italia (C-496/09). Considerações finais. Referências.* Mestranda no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Direito na Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), na linha de pesquisa Fundamentos da Integração Jurídica. Bolsista da CAPES/UFRGS. Especialista em Direito Internacional Público e Privado, e Direito da Integração pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). Graduada pela Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS).
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López-Muñoz, F., and C. Álamo González. "Aproximación cartesiana a la etiopatogenia de la melancolía = Cartesian approximation to the pathogenesis of melanchol: el papel modulador de la glándula pineal sobre las pasiones del alma = the modulator role of pineal gland on the passions of the soul /." Edupsykhé. Revista de Psicología y Educación 9, no. 2 (July 1, 2010). http://dx.doi.org/10.57087/edupsykhe.v9i2.3837.
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La conceptualización de la melancolía como una corrupción de las "pasiones" (emociones o sentimientos) ha sido una constante a lo largo de la historia de la medicina y de la psicología. René Descartes dedicó su última obra publicada en vida (El Tratado de las Pasiones del Alma, 1649) a este tópico y definió las pasiones como movimientos sensibles experimentados por el alma como consecuencia de su unión con el cuerpo. El alma, en esta teoría neuropsicofisiológica, se encontraría localizada en la glándula pineal, desde donde participaría activamente dirigiendo el funcionalismo de la "maquina humana" y controlando sus disfunciones, mediante la convección de los espíritus animales. Para Descartes, los diferentes temperamentos humanos eran consecuencia de las propiedades de los espíritus animales (cantidad, consistencia y nivel de agitación). En este punto, la tristeza es considerada como una "de las seis pasiones puras del alma", que cuando no se logra corregir deriva en melancolía. Los postulados cartesianos ejercieron una gran influencia en la forma de entender la patología mental hasta el siglo XVIII.
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Lirola Delgado, Isabel, and Ángeles Fernández Liste. "La inmigración legal en el marco de la Política Común de Inmigración de la Unión Europea: De un papel secundario a un protagonismo sobrevenido." RIEM. Revista internacional de estudios migratorios 6, no. 1 (April 6, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.25115/riem.v6i1.415.
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Resumen: El presente trabajo pretende analizar el tratamiento del que ha sido objeto la inmigración legal dentro de la Política Común de Inmigración de la Unión Europea. Desde sus inicios, las Instituciones Europeas se han mostrado partidarias de impulsar la configuración de un marco jurídico para la inmigración legal, en tanto que los Estados miembros se han mantenido reacios a avances significativos. El resultado ha sido la aprobación paulatina de directivas que recogen acuerdos de mínimos, sólo regulan determinadas categorías sectoriales de inmigrantes y que han sido adoptadas según las necesidades de los Estados miembros. Ante esta situación y en un escenario de presión migratoria constante hacia una Unión Europa envejecida y con carencias para cubrir ciertos puestos de trabajo, la adecuada regulación de la inmigración legal se configura como un medio necesario para afrontar dichos retos en el marco de la Agenda Europea de Migración. Abstract: This paper aims to analyze the treatment which has been given to legal immigration in the frame of the European Union Common Immigration Policy. Since the early steps of such policy, the European Institutions have shown in favour of promoting a common legal framework for labour immigration, while Member States have been opposed to significant progress. The result has been the gradual adoption of a package of directives that contain agreements of minimums, only regulate sector-based categories of immigrants and have been adopted according to Member States’ needs. In view of this situation and in a context of constant migratory pressure towards an aging European Union with sector-specific labour shortages, the suitable regulation of legal immigration is included in the European Agenda on Migration as a necessary means to tackle these challenges.
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Mendes, Luzia Suerlange Araújo dos Santos, Eveline Cunha Lima, Joyce Shantala Fernandes de Oliveira Sousa, Tomaz Alexandre da Silva Neto, and Itabaraci Nazareno Cavalcante. "Correlação entre o pH do ambiente aquático superficial e subterrâneo e a pKa na ionização do agrotóxico e a contribuição para contaminação da água." Periódico Eletrônico Fórum Ambiental da Alta Paulista 19, no. 6 (December 31, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.17271/1980082719620234756.
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O comportamento de um agrotóxico no ambiente depende das propriedades físicas e químicas do meio. A migração dessas substâncias entre as matrizes ambientais depende das propriedades físico-químicas como pH e a constante de equilíbrio de ionização ácido ou base (pKa), onde definem o tempo de permanência dessas substâncias no ambiente, tendo em vista que pH mais ácido são mais propícios um tempo maior de permeância no ambiente. Nesse contexto, a pesquisa teve como objetivo correlacionar os valores de pH, medidos nas amostras de águas coletadas em ambiente aquático superficial, canal de irrigação do Perímetro Irrigado tabuleiro de Russas (PITR), e subterrâneo no município de Russas – Ceará. As propriedades foram analisadas em quatro ciclos de coletas para os agrotóxicos: Acefato, Aldicarbe, Ametrina, Dimetoato, Imidacloprido, Permetrina e Tebuconazol. Os valores de pKa dos agrotóxicos foram obtidos da International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), as medidas de pH foram realizadas in situ. O estudo mostrou que os resultados apresentam tendência ácida das amostras coletada nos períodos chuvosos, o que favorece a lixiviação de substâncias e um maior tempo de permanência no ambiente. Observa-se, ainda, que as águas do PITR apresentaram tendência básica, e se deve, possivelmente, pela presença de matéria orgânica ao longo do canal. Nesse estudo foi observado que as substâncias, Acefato e Tebuconazol, são ácidos fraco de intensidade moderada, que pode permanecer maior tempo no ambiente; já o Aldicarbe e a Ametrina são ácidos muito fracos com intensidade moderada.
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Akorsu, Angela Dziedzom, Akua Opokua Britwum, Shaibu Bukari, Benjamin Yaw Tachie, and Musah Dankwah. "Online ride-hailing drivers' organising for interest representation in Ghana." Employee Relations: The International Journal, September 5, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/er-08-2021-0337.
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PurposePlatform work challenges the traditional modes of workers' organising for interest representation. This paper aims to examine the political potential for voice and representation of the organising efforts by ride-hailing drivers in Ghana.Design/methodology/approachThe study design was qualitative and exploratory. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with individual drivers, key persons and leaders of ride-hailing drivers' associations were employed. The total number of participants was 40.FindingsThe analysis reveals a bottom-up approach to organising, starting with drivers' exercise of associational power (AP) to self-organise with a membership logic. Affected by mundane internal challenges and limited by the non-existent institutional power and the near absence of structural power for right claiming, they affiliate with TUC as the traditional structural power holders for political influence.Research limitations/implicationsThe study has limitations that can be addressed in future research. First, the targeted and small sample size only allows for rich context-specific generalisation. Future studies could target more categories of respondents such as vehicle owners and riders and also seek to include the experiences from other African countries to understand country-specific contextual issues. Second, the allowance for researcher reflexivity inherent in the methodology adopted has the potential for researcher biases. Therefore, a deliberate effort was made to ensure that biases remain only a potential. This was done by participant validation of the data and constant peer-reviewing of the data analysis processes by the authors.Practical implicationsThe empirical findings provide trade unions with a stronger basis for and pointers to represent workers in the platform space.Originality/valuePlatform work in Ghana is an emerging phenomenon, and organising amongst platform workers remains unexplored.
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Bernardi, Andrea, and Brian Hilton. "Probity or performance? 150 years of public expenditure reform, UK Defence 1850-2000." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, February 28, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-01-2022-0013.
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Purpose This paper analyses public sector accounting and organisation reforms, focusing on the departments in charge of defence, military procurement and war between 1850 and 2000 in Britain. Over this period, three parliamentary acts, resulting from a power struggle between the Treasury and Parliament, produced the shift between two institutional logics: probity (spending properly) and performance (spending well). The purpose of this paper is to describe how the acts produced a shift between two institutional logics. Design/methodology/approach The authors adopt Quattrone’s (2015) procedural notion of institutional logics and the consequent concept of “unfolding rationality”. Using documents from the National Archives, the authors analyse three reforms: The Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1866 (towards probity), The Exchequer and Audit Departments Act 1921 (towards performance) and the National Audit Office Act of 1983 (towards performance and probity). Findings For a long time, the actors narrated in this story argued and acted as if probity and performance were incompatible. The two are now treated as compatible and equally important. Before that, the “incompatibility” was a rhetorical, or “procedural”, device. The authors argue that a procedural rather than substantive notion of institutional logics is more suitable to explain the trajectory that was the result of constant negotiation among actors. Practical implications The study might contribute to the understanding of the increase in national defence-spending at continental level and the call for a common European Union (EU) military procurement strategy that followed the invasion of Ukraine. The war could produce changes in what is a traditional tension between two logics: sovereignty or efficiency. Originality/value The originality of this paper stands in highlighting the link between the institutional logic of public-administration accounting and military history. This link emerges also thanks to a very long time-horizon. Additionally, from a theoretical viewpoint, the authors have put Quattrone’s approach to the test in a context very different from the original one (the Jesuit order).
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Ceballos, Manuela. "Espejo y metáfora: hacia una lectura comparada de san Juan de la Cruz e Ibn ʿArabī." El Azufre Rojo, no. 5 (May 29, 2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/azufre.332401.
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Resumen: Este ensayo propone una lectura simultánea de los escritos de Ibn ʿArabī de Murcia (1165-1240) y San Juan de la Cruz (1542-1591) a través del uso de la metáfora. Como bien lo ha sugerido Luce López-Baralt, la metáfora del “espejo pulido” de Ibn ʿArabī ofrece modos inesperados de entender la presencia constante de ojos, fuentes y reflejos en el Cántico Espiritual. Ambos autores describenla búsqueda de la unión con la divinidad como un proceso de autoconocimiento. Asimismo, la lectura de un texto a través del reflejo del otro saca a la luz significados que estaban ocultos antes del encuentro intertextual. Estos procesos espirituales y de lectura indican que la conciencia de lo ajeno (sea divino o humano) es indispensable para la revelación de la identidad propia.Palabras clave: Ibn ʿArabī. San Juan de la Cruz. Cántico Espiritual. Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. Tarǧumān al-ašwāq. Poesía mística. Intertextualidad.Abstract: This essay proposes a simultaneous reading of the writings of Ibn ʿArabī of Murcia (1165-1240) and St. John of the Cross (1542-1591) through the use of metaphor. As has been initially suggested by Luce López-Baralt, the metaphor of the “polished mirror” in the works of Ibn ʿArabī serves as a lens through which images of eyes, reflections, and fountains in the Cántico Espiritual reveal new semiotic possibilities in both texts. Just as, in the works of both authors, the search for union with the divine is also a journey of self-discovery, reading one text as a reflection of the other may reveal previously concealed meanings, implying in a broader sense how confronting the divine other as well as the religious other helps, in turn, to construct and reveal self-identity.Key words: Ibn ʿArabī. San Juan de la Cruz. Cántico Espiritual. Fuṣūṣ al-ḥikam. Tarǧumān al-ašwāq. Mystical poetry. Intertextuality.
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"CONVENTION COLLECTIVE – Sous-traitance." Jurisprudence du travail 21, no. 4 (April 12, 2005): 616–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/027736ar.
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Un arbitre vient à la conclusion qu'en vertu des dispositions de la convention collective de travail en cause, les employés techniciens assignés par un sous-traitant lié par contrat avec la Société Radio-Canada pour la production d'une série d'émissions télévisées, étaient directement dirigés et contrôlés, dans leur travail, par l'équipe de production de cette dernière Société, et cela d'une façon constante et continue, tout comme s'il s'était agi de ses propres employés. Il s'agit alors d'un contrat de services personnels et non d'un contrat à forfait ou d'« entrepreneur », pour autant que ces employés sont concernés. De plus, il ne s'agit pas d'un travail exhorbitant des fonctions ordinaires de la Société couvertes par la convention en cause, mais d'opérations techniques identiques à celles couvertes par cette convention. Enfin, le contrat entre l'employeur (Radio-Canada) et le sous-traitant (Editel Production Limited) en est un, dans les faits, de « location d'équipement » (rental of equipment) et lorsque l'employeur loue de l'équipement, tel que stipulé à l'article 47.1 de la convention collective, NABET a juridiction sur cet équipement. Si (quoiqu'il n'y ait aucun élément de mauvaise foi en l'occurence de la part de l'employeur) l'employeur était autorisé à continuer la pratique prévue à ce contrat de sous-traitance, ceci équivaudrait, en fait, à enlever au syndicat (NABET) et à ses membres la juridiction sur un travail ailleurs couvert par la convention collective en vigueur et exécuté normalement par ces derniers. Aux termes de cette décision, l'expression « assigner » à l'article 47.2 de la convention collective inclut, non seulement l'assignation de travail à des employés de Radio-Canada autres que ceux représentés par NABET, mais aussi à des « personnes » qui viennent de l'extérieur, du moment qu'elles agissent sous la surveillance et la direction constante de cette Société. En conséquence, considérant les exigences de la convention collective à son article 47, l'arbitre fait droit au grief syndical. Il est important de remarquer qu'il s'agit d'une décision « de principe » et qui doit valoir pour l'avenir. Elle ne devrait pas s'appliquer à l'émission même qui en est l'objet. Radio-Canada devrait pouvoir continuer la production de cette émission selon le contrat intervenu avec le sous-traitant, car il n'y a pas mauvaise foi de la part de Radio-Canada, il s'agit d'un litige de caractère nouveau entre les parties dont chacune pouvait prétendre avoir la bonne interprétation ; les dommages seraient trop considérables envers tous les intéressés si on y mettait fin présentement, aucun préjudice n'est causé aux membres du syndicat en matière de travail et de sécurité d'emploi; enfin, Radio-Canada n'a pas présentement, les disponibilités en personnel technique pour mener seul cette émission à bonne fin selon l'horaire et la programmation déjà établis.1 (1) In the Matter of a Special Arbitration based on a memorandum of agreement and in the matter of an Arbitration of a grievance processed under the provisions of a Collective Bargaining Agreement in operation between: Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, Employer, and National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians, Trade Union. Board of Arbitration: His Honour Judge J.C. Anderson, single arbitrator. Belleville, Ontario, June 28, 1966.
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Fernández Álvarez, Nicolás Daniel. "El lenguaje como institución. Una aproximación de su función evolutiva, económica y política desde una perspectiva austriaca." REVISTA PROCESOS DE MERCADO, March 19, 2021, 305–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.52195/pm.v9i1.221.
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In this paper, we try to give a different perspective to the one that has been studied and offered in linguistics until now. Language starts as the main form of oral communication that is transmitted from generation to generation. Language is in constant evolution. One of the greatest evolutions in the linguistic field has been precisely writing. It represented perfectly the union of graphic ideas and concepts with the beginning of the religious beliefs. We also try to analyze which are the causes and consequences of interventionism in something as personal and private as language. We will try to demonstrate how socialism, even in linguistics, distorts the correct evolution of lan guage, remembering the Universal Declaration of Linguistic Rights (1996) whose consequence is the strengthening of various nationalisms around the world. Finally, conclusions and solutions will be given to a very specific linguistic problem: Spain. Key words: Socialism, planification, spontaneous order, evolution, linguistics, language, pidgin, nationalism, economy, institution. JEL Classification: A1 (General Economics) → A12 (Relation of Economics to other Disciplines). Resumen: Este artículo pretende abordar una perspectiva diferente a la que se viene estudiando y ofreciendo en lingüística, pues el lenguaje comienza a forjarse como forma de comunicación oral que se transmite de generación en generación y que no deja de evolucionar. Está en constante evolución. Una de las mayores evoluciones en el campo de la lingüística fue precisamente la escritura que representaba a la perfección la unión de ideas o conceptos de forma gráfica y el comienzo de las creencias religiosas. En este mismo artículo analizamos cuáles son las causas de una interven - ción desde los poderes públicos en algo tan personal e intransferible como el len guaje, así como sus posibles consecuencias. Intentaremos, pues, demos - trar cómo el socialismo en materia lingüística (o su imposibilidad) distorsiona la correcta evolución del lenguaje, comenzando por la Declaración de De - re chos Lingüísticos del año 1996 que no ha hecho sino fortalecer un gran nú mero de nacionalismos a lo largo y ancho del globo terráqueo. Finalmente, intentaremos humildemente extraer conclusiones y poner posibles soluciones en un ejemplo muy concreto: España. Palabras clave: Socialismo, planificación, órden espontáneo, evolución, lingüística, lenguaje, pidgin, nacionalismo, economía, institución. Clasificación JEL: Dentro de A1 (General Economics), el apartado A12 (Rela tion of Economics to other Disciplines).