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Journal articles on the topic 'Loess'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 25 May 2024

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1

Chen, Xi, and Bin Bin Chen. "Intact Loess Structural Loss Parameter in Humidification Process." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1868.

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Based on soil structural view, the mechanism of loess structure is analyzed in humidification process. The concept of the loess structure loss is proposed.And quantitatively parameter described the loess structure loss is set up, that is structure loss parameter. And then the influence laws of humidification and loading on loess structure loss are discussed. The results show that structure loss parameters is increasing with the increase of the humidification water content. The moistening collapsibility has a good linear relationship with loess structure loss parameters.

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2

Phillips, Michael Lee. "Loess." Antioch Review 49, no. 4 (1991): 552. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4612451.

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3

SMALLEY, IAN, and EDWARD DERBYSHIRE. "Loess." Geology Today 5, no. 3 (May 1989): 97–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2451.1989.tb00632.x.

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4

FOLLMER, LEON R. "Loess." Soil Science 155, no. 5 (May 1993): 361–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-199305000-00010.

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5

Jacoby, William G. "Loess:." Electoral Studies 19, no. 4 (December 2000): 577–613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0261-3794(99)00028-1.

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6

Selby, M. J. "Loess." New Zealand Journal of Geography 61, no. 1 (May 15, 2008): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0028-8292.1976.tb00601.x.

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7

Gijbels, Irène, and Ilaria Prosdocimi. "Loess." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics 2, no. 5 (July 16, 2010): 590–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wics.104.

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8

McTainsh, Grant. "Desert loess in northern Nigeria." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 31, no. 2 (July 1, 1987): 145–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/31/1987/145.

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9

Oldfield, Frank. "Editorial: Loess." PAGES news 6, no. 1 (August 1998): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22498/pages.6.1.1.

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10

Heller, Friedrich, and Michael E. Evans. "Loess magnetism." Reviews of Geophysics 33, no. 2 (1995): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/95rg00579.

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11

Leger, Michel. "Loess landforms." Quaternary International 7-8 (January 1990): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1040-6182(90)90038-6.

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12

Peng, Xianglin, Chao Sun, and Yanbo Cao. "Tensile Properties of Remolded Loess and Undisturbed Loess." Annales de Chimie - Science des Matériaux 43, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/acsm.430209.

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13

Sun, Jimin. "Provenance of loess material and formation of loess deposits on the Chinese Loess Plateau." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 203, no. 3-4 (November 2002): 845–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00921-4.

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14

Goossens, Dirk. "Long-term aeolian loess accumulation modelled in the wind tunnel: the Molenberg case (central loess belt, Belgium)." Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie 41, no. 1 (August 4, 1997): 115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/zfg/41/1997/115.

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15

Kürschner, Harald. "Life strategies of Pannonian loess cliff bryophyte communities: Studies on the cryptogamic vegetation of loess cliffs, VIII." Nova Hedwigia 75, no. 3-4 (November 1, 2002): 307–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/0029-5035/2002/0075-0307.

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16

Zhang, Yao, Cheng Jin, Ning Li, and Zaiqiang Hu. "Study on the collapsibility sensitivity of loess in different acid environment by consolidometer." E3S Web of Conferences 267 (2021): 02069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126702069.

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Cement connection of loess is an important internal factor of loess collapse, which has a direct impact on the sensitivity of the collapse. In this study, different concentrations of nitric acid were added into the immersion water solution of loess collapsibility test. The collapsibility deformation and stability time were measured under different pressure and acid environment. The test results show that: in acid solution, the collapsibility coefficient of collapsible loess increases more under low pressure, and the collapsibility stability time is prolonged under all levels of pressure; Loess has different collapsibility sensitive pressure range in aqueous solution and acidic solution. The structural strength of collapsible loess has an important influence on the depth of collapsible loesr. It is very important to the constructions on the loess area

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17

Ložek, Vojen. "The problem of loess formation and the loess molluscs." DEUQUA Special Publications 3 (December 17, 2021): 67–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/deuquasp-3-67-2021.

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18

Zhu, Yuanjun, Xiaoxu Jia, and Mingan Shao. "Loess Thickness Variations Across the Loess Plateau of China." Surveys in Geophysics 39, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 715–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10712-018-9462-6.

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19

Markovic, Slobodan. "Danube loess stratigraphy – towards European loess str-atigraphic model." Quaternary International 279-280 (November 2012): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.847.

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20

Frechen, Manfred. "Loess in Eurasia." Quaternary International 234, no. 1-2 (April 2011): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2010.11.014.

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21

Lutenegger, A. J., and G. R. Hallberg. "Stability of loess." Engineering Geology 25, no. 2-4 (June 1988): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(88)90030-0.

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22

Evstatiev, Dimcho. "Loess improvement methods." Engineering Geology 25, no. 2-4 (June 1988): 341–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0013-7952(88)90036-1.

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23

SEPPALA, MATTI. "A loess bibliography." Boreas 10, no. 4 (January 16, 2008): 314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.1981.tb00492.x.

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24

Lee, Ku Yeon, and Suk Chan Hahm. "Effect of Loess Bedding with Loess Nanoparticles on Sleep Disorder." Journal of Naturopathy 11, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.33562/jn.2022.11.1.2.

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25

Kim, Il-Chool, Jung-Hwan Yang, and Sang-Sun Hur. "Characterization of a Loess Module for Manufacturing Loess Red Ginseng." Journal of Ginseng Research 34, no. 4 (December 29, 2010): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2010.34.4.282.

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26

Marković, Slobodan B., Thomas Stevens, George J. Kukla, Ulrich Hambach, Kathryn E. Fitzsimmons, Phil Gibbard, Björn Buggle, et al. "Danube loess stratigraphy — Towards a pan-European loess stratigraphic model." Earth-Science Reviews 148 (September 2015): 228–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.06.005.

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27

Meszner, Sascha, Markus Fuchs, and Dominik Faust. "Loess-Palaeosol-Sequences from the loess area of Saxony (Germany)." E&G Quaternary Science Journal 60, no. 1 (June 6, 2011): 47–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3285/eg.60.1.03.

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Abstract. Auf der Grundlage von neu aufgenommenen Lössprofilen im sächsischen Lösshügelland wird ein Standardprofil für die Region vorgestellt. Den früheren Arbeiten von Lieberoth & Haase konnten neue stratigraphische Markerhorizonte und Paläoböden hinzugefügt werden. Besonders im bisher kaum differenzierten Hochweichsel konnten 3 Paläobodenhorizonte detektiert werden. Aus den neuen Befunden zu den Löss-Paläobodensequenzen Sachsens wird eine Klimarekonstruktion abgeleitet und zur Diskussion gestellt.

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28

Marković, Slobodan, Ken O'Hara-Dhand, and Sue McLaren. "Ian Smalley: The genius of loess of the loess world." Quaternary International 372 (June 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2015.05.028.

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29

Li, Zuyong, Gengshe Yang, and Hui Liu. "The Influence of Regional Freeze–Thaw Cycles on Loess Landslides: Analysis of Strength Deterioration of Loess with Changes in Pore Structure." Water 12, no. 11 (October 30, 2020): 3047. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113047.

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The loess landslide in Gaoling District of Xi’an, Shaanxi in China is closely related to the seasonal freeze–thaw cycle, which is manifested by the destruction of pore structure and strength deterioration of the loess body under freeze–thaw conditions. In order to study the relationship between macro-strength damage and pore structure deterioration of saturated loess under freeze–thaw conditions and its influence on the stability of landslides, this paper explores the effect of freeze–thaw cycles on the strength of saturated undisturbed loess through triaxial compression test, and explores the micro-microstructure changes of saturated undisturbed loess through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). This is to analyze the evolution of the pore structure and strength loss evolution of saturated loess during the freeze–thaw process, and to describe the freeze–thaw damage of saturated undisturbed loess through the change of porosity and strength deterioration. Then, the internal correlation expression between the porosity change and the strength degradation is established to realize the verification analysis of the test data based on the correlation model. The research results show that: (1) As the number of freeze–thaw cycles increases, the peak strength loss rate gradually increases, and the strength deterioration of saturated loess becomes more and more obvious. (2) The freeze–thaw cycle will lead to the development of pores and cracks in the sample, accompanied by the generation of new cracks, which will cause the deterioration of the pore structure of the sample as a whole. (3) The response of strength damage and porosity deterioration of saturated undisturbed loess is roughly similar under the freeze–thaw cycle. The change in porosity can be measured to better reflect the strength deterioration of saturated loess. Therefore, the change of pore structure of undisturbed loess under freeze–thaw cycle conditions is tested by field sampling and indoor tests to reflect the phenomenon of strength deterioration, thereby analyzing the stability of loess slopes.

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30

Wang, Qiusheng, Yunjie Li, Pei Li, and Yunpeng Qi. "Using Cement and Calcium Lignosulfonate to Improve the Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Loess in a Seasonal Freezing Zone." Buildings 14, no. 6 (May 22, 2024): 1495. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14061495.

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The cement composite calcium lignosulfonate is used to enhance the mechanical properties and the freeze–thaw resistance of loess. Based on an unconfined compressive test under different freeze–thaw cycles, the influence of cement dosage, curing age, and freeze–thaw cycles on compressive strength are discussed. The results indicate that the strength of loess can increase by up to 13 times, and the loss of strength is reduced from 72% to 28% under the reinforcement of cement dosage and curing age. The loss of strength is mainly concentrated in the initial 5 freeze–thaw cycles, and the structure gradually stabilizes after 10 freeze–thaw cycles. In addition, according to the X-ray diffraction test, it is found that the stabilized loess exhibits a comparatively more stable mineral composition. The scanning electron microscope results reveal that hydration products enveloped the soil particles, forming a mesh structure that strengthens the connection between the soil particles. The freeze–thaw damage makes the small and medium pores turn into large pores in loess, while the stabilized loess changes micro and small pores into small and medium pores, with no large pores found. It is feasible to improve loess with the cement composite calcium lignosulfonate, which can provide references for the reinforcement treatment of loess.

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31

Li, Xi An, Rong Jian Li, Gao Feng Che, Wen Zheng, and Liang Li. "On the Stability of Unsaturated Loess Slope under Tunneling Condition." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 2678–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.2678.

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As a unique mode of soil erosion, loess cavities often act as the critical factor to the stability of the highway slopes of unsaturated loess. In this paper, the unsaturated loess slope stabilities are comparatively studied in different cases through the developed program of the strength reduction FEM, such as loess cavities in different position, single- & twin cavities, occurrence and loss of matric suction etc. The work done in this paper revealed the mechanism how the tunneling and the matric suction have effect on the stability of unsaturated loess slope to some extent. The results not only indicate that the loess cavities favor to maintain the stability of slope with the cavities located near the slope's crest, while the loess cavities reduce the stability of slope with the cavities located near the slope's toe, but also disclose that the safety factor of the unsaturated loess slope increases and the potential sliding surface move downward with considering the matric suction and vice versa. In addition, the twin cavities near the slope's toe have the obvious negative effects on slope's stability.

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32

Sun, Yutong, and Jing Zhang. "Research Progress on Soil Erosion Control in Small Watersheds on the Loess Plateau." Frontiers in Sustainable Development 3, no. 11 (November 21, 2023): 50–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/fsd.v3i11.5725.

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Due to the fragility of its natural environment and the strong impact of human activities, the Loess Plateau is one of the regions with the most severe soil erosion in China. The severe soil erosion on the Loess Plateau has caused immeasurable losses to the regional economic development and ecological security. China attaches great importance to the management of soil erosion on the Loess Plateau. After decades of soil erosion control, the ecological environment of the Loess Plateau has been effectively restored, and the social and economic development has also been significant. This study comprehensively reviews the practice and theoretical research of comprehensive management models for soil and water loss in small watersheds both domestically and internationally, and systematically summarizes their soil and water loss management models. Thus providing practical experience and theoretical basis for future soil erosion control in the Loess Plateau, ecological protection in the Yellow River Basin, and high-quality development.

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33

Choi, Yeon Jin, Woo Cheol Choi, Gye Rok Jeon, Jae Ho Kim, Min Seok Kim, and Jae Hyung Kim. "Characteristics of Far-Infrared Ray Emitted from Functional Loess Bio-Balls and Its Effect on Improving Blood Flow." Bioengineering 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2024): 380. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040380.

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XRD diffraction and IR absorption were investigated for raw loess powder and heat-treated loess powder. Raw loess retains its useful minerals, but loses their beneficial properties when calcined at 850 °C and 1050 °C. To utilize the useful minerals, loess balls were made using a low-temperature wet-drying method. The radiant energy and transmittance were measured for the loess balls. Far-infrared ray (FIR) emitted from loess bio-balls is selectively absorbed as higher vibrational energy by water molecules. FIR can raise the body’s core temperature, thereby improving blood flow through the body’s thermoregulatory mechanism. In an exploratory study with 40 participants, when the set temperature of the loess ball mat was increased from 25 °C to 50 °C, blood flow increased by 39.01%, from 37.48 mL/min to 52.11 mL/min, in the left middle finger; in addition, it increased by 39.62%, from 37.15 mL/min to 51.87 mL/min, in the right middle finger. The FIR emitted from loess balls can be widely applied, in various forms, to diseases related to blood flow, such as cold hands and feet, diabetic foot, muscle pain, and menstrual pain.

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34

Liu, Wei, Ruiqiang Bai, Xinran Sun, Fang Yang, Weiji Zhai, and Xing Su. "Rainfall- and Irrigation-Induced Landslide Mechanisms in Loess Slopes: An Experimental Investigation in Lanzhou, China." Atmosphere 15, no. 2 (January 26, 2024): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15020162.

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To reveal the mechanism of rainfall- and irrigation-induced landslides in loess slopes within cold regions, a series of tests on loess samples subjected to different permeability durations were conducted, and the effects of rainfall on several performance indicators, including the permeability coefficient, composition, microstructure, soil–water characteristic curve, and the shear strength of the loess, were investigated. The results show that the permeability coefficient of the loess decreased by 68% after permeability testing. With increased permeability duration, there is a marked decrease in total dissolved solids, sand particles, and clay particles, contrasted with an increase in silt particles. This dynamic alters the original soil structure and impacts the soil–water characteristic curve of the loess. Additionally, rainwater infiltration heightens the effective saturation of the loess, in turn diminishing the shear strength of the loess as effective saturation increases. This reduction in shear strength is further intensified with extended infiltration time (or rainfall duration). A landslide is triggered once the shear strength diminishes to the level of the geostatic stress of the loess slope, and the influence of the rainfall-induced loss of soil shear strength should be taken into account during slope stability analysis. This study enhances the understanding of the initiation mechanisms of rainfall-induced landslides in loess slopes.

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35

Yuan, Kang Feng, Long Zhang, and Hua Guo. "The Comparation Study of Strength Properties for Intact Loess and Remolded Loess." Advanced Materials Research 838-841 (November 2013): 825–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.838-841.825.

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At present, the research is not enough for the correlation of structure and stress-strain characters in domestic.The paper aims how the change of water content and confining pressure influence the stress-strain characters of intact loess and remolded loess by consolidated drained triaxial shear test for the Shanxi loess.The results showed that: the intact loess have structure, and the strength of intact loess is larger than remolded loess in the same condition. With the increasing of water content or confining pressure, the stress-strain of intact loess and remolded loess will tend to coincide and the impact of structure feature for loess strength will weaken.

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36

Gongming, Yin, Lin Min, Lu Yanchun, Li Jianping, and Han Fei. "Preliminary ESR dating results on loess samples from the loess–paleosol sequence at Luochuan, Central Loess Plateau, China." Quaternary Geochronology 2, no. 1-4 (January 2007): 381–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2006.03.011.

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37

Song, Jian, Jiaxin Ma, Fengyan Li, Lina Chai, Wenfu Chen, Shi Dong, and Xiaojun Li. "Study on Fractal Characteristics of Mineral Particles in Undisturbed Loess and Lime-Treated Loess." Materials 14, no. 21 (November 1, 2021): 6549. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14216549.

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In order to explore the fractal characteristics of particle size distribution (PSD) of various minerals in loess and lime-treated loess, the Q4 undisturbed loess and lime-treated loess were studied. From the perspective of multi-scaled microstructure, the internal characteristics of loess were observed and the regularity statistics were carried out from a macroscopic view. Fractal theory was used to quantitatively study the distribution of mineral particles in undisturbed loess and lime-treated loess. It was found that the skeleton particles of undisturbed loess were obvious and the structure of soil was loose. While that of lime-treated loess decreased, the fine particles were connected with each other, and the structure of soil changed from loose to dense. The three mineral particles in the undisturbed loess and lime-treated loess did not accord with the single fractal distribution characteristics, but the total particles had fractal characteristics. The percentage content of the mineral particles in the soil varied greatly with the particle size. In addition, the non-uniform degrees of mineral particles in the two soils from large to small were carbonate minerals of lime-treated loess, carbonate minerals of undisturbed loess, quartz minerals of lime-treated loess, feldspar mineral of lime-treated loess, feldspar mineral of the undisturbed loess, and the quartz mineral of the undisturbed loess. This paper provided a basis for the future study of the different soil mechanical properties of undisturbed loess and lime-treated loess.

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38

Fitzsimmons, Kathryn, Sue McLaren, and Ian Smalley. "The first loess map and related topics: contributions by twenty significant women loess scholars." Open Geosciences 10, no. 1 (August 2, 2018): 311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2018-0024.

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Abstract Women scholars have contributed to the study of loess. Charlotte Hibbert made the first map of loess distribution and there were many subsequent achievements. The twenty people selected represent a subjective choice; there is no overall biobibliographical metric that can be applied. The twenty are mss: Hibbert, Owen, Swineford, Conea, Marković-Marjanović, Fotakieva, Ivanova, Davin, Coude-Gaussen, Wintle, Matviishina, Gerasimenko, Billard, Grabowska-Olszewska, Sycheva, Mavlyanova, Rendell,Łanczont, Klukanova, Morozova. The INQUA Loess Commission provides a convenient temporal divide, and also a divide in style of loess investigation: early studies pre-Commission; Loess Commission activities; modern scientific loess research post-Commission (after 2003). Topics Hypotheses of loess formation, aeolian vs. fluvial, aeolian vs. in-situ, desert loess, Danubian loess, INQUA Loess Commission, Dating techniques, hydroconsolidation, loessification, Ukraine, Russia, Central Asia, loess structure. The paper by Jelena Marković-Marjanović in the 1961 INQUA Loess Symposium was one of the key pioneering documents in the development of loess stratigraphy; it should be more widely recognized.

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39

Hambach, Ulrich, and Ian Smalley. "Two critical books in the history of loess investigation: ‘Charakteristik der Felsarten’ by Karl Caesar von Leonhard and ‘Principles of Geology’ by Charles Lyell." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (August 29, 2019): 447–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0032.

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Abstract The two critical books, launching the study and appreciation of loess, were ‘Charakteristik der Felsarten’ (CdF) by Karl Caesar von Leonhard, published in Heidelberg by Joseph Engelmann, in 1823-4, and ‘Principles of Geology’ (PoG) by Charles Lyell, published in London by John Murray in 1830-3. Each of these books was published in three volumes and in each case the third volume contained a short piece on loess (about 2-4 pages). These two books are essentially the foundations of loess scholarship. In CdF Loess [Loefs] was first properly defined and described; section 89 in vol. 3 provided a short study of the nature and occurrence of loess, with a focus on the Rhine valley. In PoG there was a short section on loess in the Rhine valley; this was in vol.3 and represents the major dissemination of loess awareness around the world. A copy of PoG3 (Principles of Geology vol. 3) reached Charles Darwin on the Beagle in Valparaiso in 1834; worldwide distribution. Lyell and von Leonhard met in Heidelberg in 1832. Von Leonhard and Heinrich Georg Bronn (1800-1862) showed Lyell the local loess. These observations provided the basis for the loess section in PoG3. Lyell acknowledged the influence of his hosts when he added a list of loess scholars to PoG; by the 5th edition in 1837 the list comprised H.G. Bronn, Karl Caesar von Leonhard (1779-1862), Ami Boue (1794-1881), Voltz, Johann Jakob Noeggerath (1788-1877), J. Steininger, P. Merian, Rozet, C.F.H. von Meyer (1801-1869), Samuel Hibbert (1782-1848) and Leonard Horner (1785-1864); a useful list of loess pioneers. The loess is a type of ground that has only recently been established, and it seems, the peculiarity of the Rhine region, and of a very general but inconsistent spread.” H.G. Bronn 1830

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40

Yang, Hui, Wan-li Xie, Qi-qi Liu, Rong-sen Zhu, and Ying-ying Liu. "Three-stage collapsibility evolution of Malan loess in the Loess Plateau." CATENA 217 (October 2022): 106482. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2022.106482.

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41

Faust, Dominik, Maximilian Pachtmann, Georg Mettig, Pauline Seidel, Moncef Bouaziz, José Manuel Recio Espejo, Fernando Diaz Del Olmo, et al. "Sandy soils in silty loess: the loess system of Matmata (Tunisia)." Quaternaire, no. 31/3 (September 1, 2020): 175–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/quaternaire.14217.

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42

Ding, Z. L., V. Ranov, S. L. Yang, A. Finaev, J. M. Han, and G. A. Wang. "The loess record in southern Tajikistan and correlation with Chinese loess." Earth and Planetary Science Letters 200, no. 3-4 (June 2002): 387–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0012-821x(02)00637-4.

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43

Jiang, Mingjing, Fuguang Zhang, Haijun Hu, Yujun Cui, and Jianbing Peng. "Structural characterization of natural loess and remolded loess under triaxial tests." Engineering Geology 181 (October 2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2014.07.021.

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44

Li, Ping, Wanli Xie, Ronald Y. S. Pak, and Sai K. Vanapalli. "Microstructural evolution of loess soils from the Loess Plateau of China." CATENA 173 (February 2019): 276–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2018.10.006.

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45

Korobova, Olga, and Ljubov Maksimenko. "Study loess and loess-like rocks primer of the Western Siberia." E3S Web of Conferences 431 (2023): 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202343109006.

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Recently, the development problems of the loess subsidence soils as foundations of buildings and structures arise due to climate change on the planet in the consequence to the expansion of human economic activity and other unfavorable factors. For foundations composed of loess subsidence soils, the properties’ prediction is of great importance, taking into account the risks of flooding of territories, modern technologies for setting up foundations in already built-up and newly developed territories. Errors in design can contribute to a significant decrease in the values of strength and deformation characteristics. Also, they can cause subsidence of the soil base, which leads to negative consequences. Therefore, it is important to know the features of the loess subsidence soils formation, their properties, composition, in order to reliably predict their activity under the load during the operational period. This requires modern methods for calculating foundations, taking into account their real properties, such as deformation anisotropy, which is especially important for loess subsidence soils with strongly pronounced anisotropic properties.

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46

Turk, Judith K., Rebecca A. Young, Nicolas A. Jelinski, Amber D. Anderson, Ashlee Dere, Colby J. Moorberg, and Rachel K. Owen. "Soils of the Central Nebraska Loess Hills and Central Loess Plains." Great Plains Research 32, no. 2 (September 2022): 95–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/gpr.2022.0010.

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47

Xiong, Li-Yang, Guo-An Tang, Josef Strobl, and A.-Xing Zhu. "Paleotopographic controls on loess deposition in the Loess Plateau of China." Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 41, no. 9 (January 5, 2016): 1155–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3883.

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48

Yan, Hongxiang, Jianxun Ma, Jianhui Niu, Zhixun Xie, Qize Wang, Wuwei Zhu, and Xiao Yang. "Comprehensive Analysis of Collapsible Loess." E3S Web of Conferences 406 (2023): 03007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340603007.

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Loess is a kind of special sediment with pore structure and rich carbonate in its composition. Due to the characteristics of structure and composition, most loess has collapsibility. There are rich loess resources distributed in the northwest area of China. With the improvement of the traffic network in the west area, the use of loess as roadbed is gradually increasing. Therefore, during the construction process, the engineering problems encountered by loess also increased, which seriously hindered the construction process of the traffic network. Most of loess in our country is collapsible loess. So the common problem in engineering is how to dispose the collapsibility of collapsible loess.In this paper, the characteristics and evaluation indexes of loess are summarized and studied, the mechanism of loess collapsibility is further explored, and the three methods of loess collapsibility treatment are summarized, which will provide guidance for future engineering problems in collapsible loess areas.

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49

Dzierżek, Jan, and Leszek Lindner. "Stratigraphy and conditions of accumulation of the Younger Loesses (Vistulian) in the Holy Cross Mountains area, Poland." Studia Quaternaria 37, no. 2 (2020): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.24425/sq.2020.133755.

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The paper presents results of studies focused on occurrence and correlation of four main horizons of Younger Loesses: Lowest Younger Loess (LMn – after Maruszczak, 2001), Lower Younger Loess (LMd), Middle Younger Loess (LMs), and Upper Younger Loess (LMg) recorded in five sections (Politów, Wąchock, Nietulisko Małe, Komorniki and Bodzechów) in the Holy Cross Mountains area. All analysed loesses were accumulated during the Vistulian Glaciation (Weichselian). The horizons were distinguished based on separating interstadial tundra soils, coupled with thermoluminescence dating, and correlated with marine oxygen-isotope stages MIS 5d−2. The Lowermost Younger Loess (LMn) covers the Nietulisko I soil complex (Jersak, 1973), developed on deposits of the Odranian Glaciation (MIS 6) and representing a forest soil of the Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e) and the Brørup warming (MIS 5c). A thin horizon of the Oldest Younger Loess and a thin sandy horizon, both probably corresponding to the Herning cooling phase (MIS 5d) at the boundary with the Eemian Interglacial, were distinguished within this complex. Based on previously performed grain-size and heavy mineral analysis of the Upper Younger Loess (LMg) and a topographic position of the loesses in four loessy islands of diverse regional extent, accumulation of this loess in the Holy Cross Mountains area is found to have been stimulated by the western winds. The proposed model of loess accumulation takes into account the influence of the topography of the area and its geological structure.

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Wright, Janet S. "“Desert” loess versus “glacial” loess: quartz silt formation, source areas and sediment pathways in the formation of loess deposits." Geomorphology 36, no. 3-4 (February 2001): 231–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-555x(00)00060-x.

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