Journal articles: 'Lodicule'

1

Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "Morphometric study of three closely related South American species of Hordeum section Stenostachys (Poaceae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 70, no. 3 (March 1, 1992): 496–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b92-064.

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This study investigates the morphologically distinguishable characteristics of Hordeum santacrucense Parodi et Nicora and Hordeum setifolium Parodi et Nicora, two recently described species from southern South America that are very similar morphologically, and Hordeum patagonicum (Hauman) Covas, also from southern South America and morphologically similar to the above two species. The three entities have not been kept at the species level by some authors. This paper provides the results of a morphological investigation as justification for their retention at the specific level. The character lemma backs pubescent in about half lower part distinguishes H. patagonicum from the other two; the character lodicules glabrous, or with one or two cilia distinguishes H. setifolium from H. santacrucense with ciliate lodicule margins. Key words: South American Hordeum, multivariate analysis, lodicules, taxonomy.

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Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "Are Hordeum brachyantherum and H. californicum (Triticeae: Poaceae) conspecific?" Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 46–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-007.

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Justifications for recognizing H. brachyantherum Nevski and H. californicum Covas as separate species are provided from multivariate morphometric analyses and from lodicule and epiblast characters. Although the range of variation of the latter species is included in the range of the former for most morphometric characters, the two are distinct when all of the characters are in multivariate space. Furthermore, H. brachyantherum is allotetraploid (2n = 4X = 28) and H. californicum is diploid (2n = 2X = 14) as previously reported. Identification to species can be done with a high degree of accuracy by means of the linear classification function coefficients, which after cross validation using the bootstrap method, has been found to be reliable, by the lodicules and epiblasts, or more conclusively by the chromosome number.

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Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "Taxonomy of the North and South American species of Hordeum section Hordeastrum." Canadian Journal of Botany 64, no. 8 (August 1, 1986): 1745–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b86-234.

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The four species H. euclaston Steud., H. flexuosum Nees ex Steud., H. intercedens Nevski, and H. pusillum Nutt. have been regarded as conspecific by some authors, because of a lack of markers for distinguishing among the species. Bothmer and co-workers recently recognized the four species but were unable to demonstrate morphological discontinuities that could be used in keys to permit definite identification to species. This paper provides new evidence from lodicule and epiblast characters for existence of four species. A key based on the rachilla, lodicules, and epiblast is presented. Furthermore, carefully defined morphometric characters of the four species were analysed by various discriminant analyses techniques. These analyses confirm the recognition of four morphological species and enable identification by means of resulting discriminant functions in addition to and complementary to the key.

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Yoshida, Hitoshi. "Is the lodicule a petal: Molecular evidence?" Plant Science 184 (March 2012): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.plantsci.2011.12.016.

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Zhang, Jun, Hao Zheng, Xiaoqin Zeng, Hui Zhuang, Honglei Wang, Jun Tang, Huan Chen, Yinghua Ling, and Yunfeng Li. "Characterization and Gene Mapping of non-open hull 1 (noh1) Mutant in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)." Agronomy 9, no. 2 (January 28, 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9020056.

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Hull opening is a key physiological process during reproductive development, strongly affecting the subsequent fertilization and seed development in rice. In this study, we characterized a rice mutant, non-open hull 1 (noh1), which was derived from ethylmethane-sulfonate (EMS)-treated Xinong 1B (Oryza sativa L.). All the spikelets of noh1 developed elongated and thin lodicules, which caused the failure of hull opening and the cleistogamy. In some spikelets of the noh1, sterile lemmas transformed into hull-like organs. qPCR analysis indicated that the expression of A- and E-function genes was significantly upregulated, while the expression of some B-function genes was downregulated in the lodicules of noh1. In addition, the expression of A-function genes was significantly upregulated, while the expression of some sterile-lemma maker genes was downregulated in the sterile lemma of noh1. These data suggested that the lodicule and sterile lemma in noh1 mutant gained glume-like and lemma-like identity, respectively. Genetic analysis showed that the noh1 trait was controlled by a single recessive gene. The NOH1 gene was mapped between the molecular markers ZJ-9 and ZJ-25 on chromosome 1 with a physical region of 60 kb, which contained nine annotated genes. These results provide a foundation for the cloning and functional research of NOH1 gene.

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Tang, Caiguo, Huilan Zhang, Pingping Zhang, Yuhan Ma, Minghui Cao, Hao Hu, Faheem Afzal Shah, Weiwei Zhao, Minghao Li, and Lifang Wu. "iTRAQ-based quantitative proteome analysis reveals metabolic changes between a cleistogamous wheat mutant and its wild-type wheat counterpart." PeerJ 7 (June 17, 2019): e7104. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.7104.

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Background Wheat is one of the most important staple crops worldwide. Fusarium head blight (FHB) severely affects wheat yield and quality. A novel bread wheat mutant, ZK001, characterized as cleistogamic was isolated from a non-cleistogamous variety Yumai 18 (YM18) through static magnetic field mutagenesis. Cleistogamy is a promising strategy for controlling FHB. However, little is known about the mechanism of cleistogamy in wheat. Methods We performed a FHB resistance test to identify the FHB infection rate of ZK001. We also measured the agronomic traits of ZK001 and the starch and total soluble sugar contents of lodicules in YM18 and ZK001. Finally, we performed comparative studies at the proteome level between YM18 and ZK001 based on the proteomic technique of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification. Results The infection rate of ZK001 was lower than that of its wild-type and Aikang 58. The abnormal lodicules of ZK001 lost the ability to push the lemma and palea apart during the flowering stage. Proteome analysis showed that the main differentially abundant proteins (DAPs) were related to carbohydrate metabolism, protein transport, and calcium ion binding. These DAPs may work together to regulate cellular homeostasis, osmotic pressure and the development of lodicules. This hypothesis is supported by the analysis of starch, soluble sugar content in the lodicules as well as the results of Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Conclusions Proteomic analysis has provided comprehensive information that should be useful for further research on the lodicule development mechanism in wheat. The ZK001 mutant is optimal for studying flower development in wheat and could be very important for FHB resistant projects via conventional crossing.

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Kosina, Romuald. "Patterns of flower microstructural variation within the genus Bromus." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 68, no. 3 (2014): 221–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1999.030.

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Twenty five species from four sections of the genus Bromus were evaluated by means of numerical analyses of characters of flower microstructures (lodicule, lemma, palea). Special development of lodicules (lobe and hairiness) and both glumellae (lemma and palea) similar in grasses evolutionarily close (Bromeae, Brachypodieae, Triticeae) was discovered. For most of the characters the original interspecific and intersectional relations were observed in a space of minimum spanning tree (MST). The evolutionary old section Pnigma occupies the largest space. Species of Pnigma having small chromosomes can be distinguished from those having large ones. The section Ceratochloa is scattered through the smallest space. The above points to the endemic evolution of high polyploids of the section. The sections Bromus and Genea are evolutionarily close and they distinctly overlap each other in the MST space. Bromus sterilis, B. catharticus and B. riparius are extremes in their own sections.

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Lucía, Víctor, Enrique Rico, Kesara Anamthawat-Jónsson, and M. Montserrat Martínez-Ortega. "Cytogenetic evidence for a new genus of Triticeae (Poaceae) endemic to the Iberian Peninsula: description and comparison with related genera." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 191, no. 4 (November 11, 2019): 523–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz068.

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Abstract Thinopyrum curvifolium, a halo-gypsophyte endemic to the Iberian Peninsula, has an uncertain cytogenetic composition. Moreover, it is often confused with other species of the genus due to morphological resemblance. In this study, we analyse its genomic composition using in situ hybridization and study lodicule morphology and foliar anatomy, to identify distinguishing traits of the species in comparison with the remaining representatives of Thinopyrum in the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands. In situ hybridization data support the genomic formula 2n = 4x = 28, EbP. Lodicule morphology and foliar anatomy proved helpful in characterizing the species. These new discoveries, in addition to the macromorphological data compiled, support the contentions that (1) T. curvifolium should be segregated from Thinopyrum sensu D.R.Dewey, and (2) a new cytogenetically based genus should be proposed in order to classify the species properly according to the cytogenetically based criteria traditionally proposed for the classification of Triticeae. Therefore, we hereby propose a new genus named Pauneroa gen. nov., including the new nomenclatural combination Pauneroa curvifolia comb. nov., and provide a detailed iconography of the plant, macroscopically comparing the genus with closely related genera.

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Ning, Shunzong, Ning Wang, Shun Sakuma, Mohammad Pourkheirandish, Takato Koba, and Takao Komatsuda. "Variation in the wheat AP2 homoeologs, the genes underlying lodicule development." Breeding Science 63, no. 3 (2013): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.63.255.

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10

Prasad, Kalika, and Usha Vijayraghavan. "Double-Stranded RNA Interference of a Rice PI/GLO Paralog, OsMADS2, Uncovers Its Second-Whorl-Specific Function in Floral Organ Patterning." Genetics 165, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 2301–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/165.4.2301.

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Abstract Unlike many eudicot species, grasses have duplicated PI/GLO-like genes. Functional analysis of one of the rice PI/GLO paralogs, OsMADS2, is reported here. Our data demonstrate its essential role in lodicule development and implicate the second PI/GLO paralog, OsMADS4, to suffice for stamen specification. We provide the first evidence for differential contributions of grass PI/GLO paralogs in patterning second- and third-whorl floral organs.

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Heslop-Harrison, Y., and J. S. Heslop-Harrison. "Lodicule Function and Filament Extension in the Grasses: Potassium Ion Movement and Tissue Specialization." Annals of Botany 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 573–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/77.6.573.

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12

Baum, Bernard R., and Pushpendra K. Gupta. "Taxonomic examination of Triticale (×Triticosecale)." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1889–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-247.

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A detailed study of inflorescence, glume, lemma, and lodicule characters was conducted in 108 accessions of triticales (2n = 6x = 42; 2n = 8x = 56), in 102 herbarium specimens representing 21 species of Triticum and Aegilops, and in 30 herbarium specimens representing 12 species of Secale. The differences observed justify in our opinion generic status for triticales. A key has been provided for distinguishing the genera Secale, Triticum, and Aegilops and the nothogenus ×Triticosecale. In addition to morphological differences, cytological differences and other differences in starch granules and glutenin morphology, known from other studies, provide further support for the generic status of triticale. Key words: Triticale, Secale, Triticum, wheat, rye, taxonomy.

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13

Yao, S. G., S. Ohmori, M. Kimizu, and H. Yoshida. "Unequal Genetic Redundancy of Rice PISTILLATA Orthologs, OsMADS2 and OsMADS4, in Lodicule and Stamen Development." Plant and Cell Physiology 49, no. 5 (March 11, 2008): 853–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcn050.

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14

Ohmori, Shinnosuke, Setsuo Koike, Takami Hayashi, Tomoya Yamaguchi, Makoto Kuroki, and Hitoshi Yoshida. "The cleistogamy of the superwoman1-cleistogamy1 mutation is sensitive to low temperatures during the lodicule-forming stage." Breeding Science 68, no. 4 (2018): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.18028.

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Pizzolato, Thompson Demetrio. "Vascular system of the fertile floret of Phalaris arundinacea." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (May 1, 1989): 1366–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-181.

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Six vascular bundles lie in two rows of three in the rachilla at the base of the fertile floret. Each bundle relates to a lemma or palea trace. As the rachilla bundles become traces they also produce sieve elements that interconnect to form the lower layer of the sieve-element plexus. Lodicule traces join the anterior of this lower plexus. Only the tracheary elements from the rachilla bundle related to the lemma's median trace rise higher in the rachilla, and these merge into a system of anomalous tracheary elements (xylem discontinuity) that rises toward the ovule. The lower sieve-element plexus layer ascends around the xylem discontinuity into a trilobed upper plexus layer which supplies the stamen traces. A third sieve-element plexus (pistil plexus) joins the upper plexus layer by three descending prongs. The pistil plexus, which occurs at the base of the pistil, is linked on its anterior to the anterior bundle. The placental bundle rises from the posterior of the pistil plexus and furnishes the sides of the pistil with their anterolateral and posterolateral sieve elements. The posterolaterals supply the styles. The sieve elements and the xylem discontinuity of the placental bundle supply the ovule.

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Pizzolato, Thompson Demetrio. "Vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum (Gramineae: Panicoideae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 69, no. 3 (March 1, 1991): 656–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b91-088.

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The vascular system of the sessile, fertile spikelet of Sorghum was reconstructed from serial transverse sections. The vascular system is a composite of the basipetal extensions of the traces from the appendages on the rachilla. The rachilla immediately above the glumes consists of an outer and an inner series of these vascular extensions. The basipetal continuations of the median traces of the sterile and fertile lemmas, and of the traces from the stamens comprise the inner series. The outer series consists of the continuations of the many lodicule traces and of vascular bundles descending from the posterior of the pistil. The component of the vascular system related to the pistil is a plexus of xylem and phloem in the form of a hollow cylinder traversed by a large vascular bundle that is the basipetal continuation of the stylar bundles. Bundles from the anterior of the pistil merge with the hollow cylinder at its anterior. Several collateral bundles from the placenta merge with the hollow cylinder at its posterior. Distal portions of these placental bundles supply the short chalaza of the ovule but do not enter it. The vascular system of the fertile spikelet of Sorghum is typical of the Panicoideae, and is useful in distinguishing the Panicoideae from the other subfamilies of grasses. Key words: Sorghum, spikelet, floret, vascular system.

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Kosina, Romuald. "Morphometry of lodicules in the genus Triticum L." Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution 58, no. 8 (December 17, 2010): 1129–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10722-010-9646-5.

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Raju, M. V. S., G. J. Jones, and G. F. Ledingham. "Floret anthesis and pollination in wild oats (Avena fatua)." Canadian Journal of Botany 63, no. 12 (December 1, 1985): 2187–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b85-310.

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Avena fatua L. (wild oats), an introduced annual, is a successful weed in the cultivated fields of the Canadian prairies. Its inflorescence is a determinate panicle consisting of many spikelets, each of which contains two or three florets. During anthesis, the lodicules in each floret swell after water uptake and cause the lemma to diverge and to establish a wide angle between it and the palea. The essential organs in the floret are exposed to the environment and subsequently the anthers dehisce releasing pollen. The pollen grains are dropped on the stigmatic branches, thus effecting self-pollination. Following pollination, the floret closes because of the collapsing of lodicules. The pollen on the stigma germinates after the floret has closed. Anthesis, both in the field and in the growth cabinet, shows a daily rhythm and occurs in the afternoon. This rhythmic floret opening seems to be temperature sensitive. The ambient temperature range for anthesis in the field is 25–28 °C. The wild oat is primarily a chasmogamous species and enforced cleistogamy in the florets can be induced experimentally.

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KOSINA, ROMUALD. "On the leafy nature of lodicules in the genus Triticum (Poaceae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 164, no. 3 (October 29, 2010): 303–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2010.01090.x.

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PRASAD, DILESHWAR, SHAILJA TRIPATHI, SHUBHAM JAISWAL, REKHA YADAV, and PRIYANKA AGNIHOTRI. "Calamagrostis nandadeviensis (Poaceae, Agrostidinae), a new grass species from India." Phytotaxa 505, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 221–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.505.2.8.

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Calamagrostis nandadeviensis, a new species of Calamagrostis (Poaceae: Agrostidinae) from India (Valley of Flowers National Park of Uttarakhand and Rohtang Pass of Himachal Pradesh) is described and illustrated. C. nandadeviensis is morphologically allied to C. lahulensis and C. scabrescens but differs from them in having deeply bifid palea and fused lodicules. Data on distribution, habitat, biotic association are presented along with an illustration and comparative photo plate.

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Wang, Nan, Xian‐Chun Sang, Yun‐Feng Li, Zheng‐Lin Yang, Fang‐Ming Zhao, Ying‐Hua Ling, Zheng‐Sheng Zhang, and Guang‐Hua He. "Identification and Gene Mapping of a Novel Mutant supernumerary lodicules ( snl ) in Rice." Journal of Integrative Plant Biology 52, no. 3 (February 25, 2010): 265–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2010.00896.x.

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Qin, Y., J. Yang, and J. Zhao. "Calcium changes and the response to methyl jasmonate in rice lodicules during anthesis." Protoplasma 225, no. 1-2 (April 2005): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00709-005-0086-6.

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Thai Vinh, Tran, Nong Van Duy, Hoang Thanh Truong, and Tran Van Tien. "Yersinochloa nghiana, a new species (Poaceae, Bambusoideae, Bambuseae) from southern Vietnam." PhytoKeys 224 (April 7, 2023): 175–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.224.101201.

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Yersinochloa nghianasp. nov. from Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is found from southern Vietnam, where it occurs at an elevation of 1130 m in Braian Mountain, Di Linh District, Lam Dong Province. This new species is distinguished from a similar species, Yersinochloa dalatensis, by culm nodes with a thick swollen patella, culm leaf blades erect, auricles conspicuous, margins bearing long hairs, palea dorsal view showing rachilla extension and rudimentary floret at the apex and lodicules bifid at the base.

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ZHANG, YOU-YUAN, YI-HUA TONG, JING-BO NI, TIEN-CHINH VU, and NIAN-HE XIA. "Fargesia sapaensis (Poaceae, Bambusoideae), a new bamboo species from Lao Cai, Vietnam." Phytotaxa 472, no. 1 (November 18, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.472.1.9.

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Fargesia sapaensis N.H.Xia & Y.Y.Zhang, a new species from Lao Cai, Vietnam, is described and illustrated. The new species is similar to F. dracocephala T.P.Yi and F. fansipanensis T.Q.Nguyen, but differs from the former mainly in its mid-culm complement of 3–7 branches at each node, auricles of culm sheaths absent, 2‒6 florets per spikelet, 7‒10 mm long first glume and 2‒3 mm long lodicules, and from the latter by its culm sheaths shorter than culm internodes, 3–4 leaves per ultimate branch, and a mid-culm complement of 3–7 branches at each node.

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Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "An investigation of the taxonomy of Hordeum capense and H. secalinum (Poaceae: Triticeae)." Canadian Journal of Botany 67, no. 2 (February 1, 1989): 594–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b89-081.

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That Hordeum capense, a South African species, and H. secalinum, a mainly European species, are conspecific, has been the prevailing view for the last 80 years because of a lack of distinguishing markers. In the present paper, morphological separability is demonstrated by means of cluster analysis, classificatory discriminant analysis, logistic discrimination, and canonical discriminant analysis. The performance of the linear classification functions are evaluated by the bootstrap and discussed. Lodicules and epiblasts were found to be good distinguishing markers. The nomenclatural type of H. secalinum has been designated as lectotype instead of the previously designated neotype.

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Tien Tran, Van. "\(\textit{Schizostachyum locbacense }\) (Poaceae: Bambusoideae), a new species from southern Vietnam." Academia Journal of Biology 44, no. 4 (December 28, 2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2615-9023/17487.

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Schizostachyum locbacense sp. nov. from Vietnam is described and illustrated. It is recognized from southern Vietnam, where it occurs at 1,033 m in Loc Bac commune, Bao Lam district, Lam Dong province. Based on its vegetative, inflorescence, and basic spikelets structures, Schizostachyum locbacense is closely similar to Schizostachyum brachycladum and Schizostachyum langbianense, but differs from S. brachycladum by internode 3–5 cm diam, culm leaf abaxial white hairs, auricles inconspicuous or replaced by a low dark thickened rim to ca 1 mm high, rhachilla extension less than 1/2 length of the lemma, lodicules 2; from S. langbianense by 2 perfect flowers.

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Keijzer, C. J., M. C. Reinders, and H. B. L. T. Klooster. "The Mechanics of the Grass Flower: The Extension of the Staminal Filaments and the Lodicules of Maize." Annals of Botany 77, no. 6 (June 1, 1996): 675–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aob/77.6.675.

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YADAV, REKHA, SHAILJA TRIPATHI, DILESHWAR PRASAD, SHUBHAM JAISWAL, VIRENDRA K. MADHUKAR, and PRIYANKA AGNIHOTRI. "Lectotypification of names in Duthiea (Poaceae)." Phytotaxa 494, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 173–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.494.1.15.

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The genus, Duthiea Hackel (1895: 200) consists of three species, viz. D. brachypodium (P.Candargy 1901: 65) Keng & Keng (1965: 182), D. bromoides Hackel (1895: 200) and D. oligostachya (Munro ex Aitchison 1880: 108) Stapf (1896: sub Pl. 2474), distributed mainly in mountainous zones of Afghanistan to western China (Kellogg 2015). Duthiea is characterized by having pedicelled spikelets arranged to congested one-sided racemes; rachilla disarticulating above the glumes and between the florets; glumes equal to sub-equal, elliptic or lanceolate, with 5–7 nerves, persistent; lemma hirsute or villous with bifid apex and geniculate single awn with twisted column arising from the sinus of lemma; lodicules absent; ovary obovoid; style single, tomentose, longer or shorter than the stigmas; stigmas 2, terminally exerted from the floret; caryopsis cylindrical, covered with forwardly directed bristles (Bor 1953, 1960).

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Kosina, Romuald. "Selected items of wheat variation - from palaeobotany to molecular biology." Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 68, no. 2 (2014): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/asbp.1999.019.

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The usefulness of data on ecotypes of wheat as well as of information about distribution of genes of hybrid necrosis for an interpretation of some questionable detections of fossil materials is emphasized. Variability of contemporary wheats is illustrated by means of morphology of lodicules, anatomical structure of caryopsis, morphology of embryo and features of epidermis of inflorescence bracts. These structures exhibit often a trend dependent on ploidy level. Discrimination of similar grains of fossil Triticum compactum and T. sphaerococcum is possible when traits of embryo are used. Wheat genomes are changed by numerous translocations and are spatially separated. This status may be detected by means of in situ hybridization of the genomic DNA. With such a spatial arrangement of the genomes the dominance of a caryopsis trait complex in hybrids between tetraploid wheats may be correlated. It may also create a part of new variation in wheat.

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Li, Xiaohui, Yihua Wang, Erchao Duan, Qi Qi, Kunneng Zhou, Qiuyun Lin, Di Wang, et al. "OPEN GLUME1: a key enzyme reducing the precursor of JA, participates in carbohydrate transport of lodicules during anthesis in rice." Plant Cell Reports 37, no. 2 (November 25, 2017): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00299-017-2232-y.

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Kyozuka, Junko, and Ko Shimamoto. "Ectopic Expression of OsMADS3, a Rice Ortholog of AGAMOUS, Caused a Homeotic Transformation of Lodicules to Stamens in Transgenic Rice Plants." Plant and Cell Physiology 43, no. 1 (January 15, 2002): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcf010.

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Whipple, Clinton J., Michael J. Zanis, Elizabeth A. Kellogg, and Robert J. Schmidt. "Conservation of B class gene expression in the second whorl of a basal grass and outgroups links the origin of lodicules and petals." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, no. 3 (January 8, 2007): 1081–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0606434104.

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Pizzolato, Thompson Demetrio. "Vascular system of the floret of Phleum pratense." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 9 (September 1, 1988): 1818–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-248.

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Two bundles occur in the rachilla at the floret base. The anterior bundle supplies the vascular tissue for the lemma median trace, and the posterior supplies that for its two extreme laterals. The intermediate laterals of the lemma connect at the anterior bundle, and the two palea traces join near the posterior bundle to the traces for the extreme lemma laterals. Near these connections sieve elements of the two rachilla bundles link, forming the lower component of the sieve-element plexus. The xylem discontinuity begins above the anterior bundle. An upper, circular component of the sieve-element plexus surrounds the discontinuity. The sieve elements of the lodicules join the anterior of the upper plexus. The upper plexus becomes trilobed as it merges with the stamen traces. Three pistil bundles including sieve elements and tracheary elements of the xylem discontinuity join the upper plexus. These pistil bundles unite into a circular pistil plexus surrounding the discontinuity. The anterior sieve tube of the pistil joins the anterior of the pistil plexus. Sieve elements emerge from the posterolateral portions of the plexus toward the styles and leave a placental bundle of sieve elements and tracheary elements of the xylem discontinuity in the pistil posterior.

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MUCHUT, SEBASTIÁN E., ANDREA G. REUTEMANN, NORA G. UBERTI-MANASSERO, and ABELARDO C. VEGETTI. "Synflorescence morphology of grasses with reduced terminal inflorescences: a case study of Jouvea (Cynodonteae, Chloridoideae, Poaceae)." Phytotaxa 302, no. 3 (April 4, 2017): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.302.3.3.

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Jouvea is a dioecious genus of grasses with two species. Molecular phylogenetic analyses place it in tribe Cynodonteae, closely related to subtribes Hilariinae and Scleropogoninae, and the genera Allolepis and Sohnsia. The staminate inflorescence in Jouvea is an ordinary grass spike of spikelets, but the pistillate inflorescence is represented by a single spikelet which lacks glumes, has a thick and cylindrical rachilla, lemmas forming a tube that enclose the palea and pistil, stigmas protruding from an apical pore of this tube, and does not have lodicules. Within Cynodonteae, inflorescences reduced to a single spikelet also occur in subtribe Monanthochloinae, in which the small number of flowers of the terminal inflorescence is compensated by an increase in the number of lateral floriferous shoots. We here describe the floriferous shoot system (synflorescence) of Jouvea and compare it to other cynodonteae grasses with reduced inflorescences. Jouvea species display a high number of lateral shoots (trophotagma enrichment axes) growing from the medial and distal zones of the synflorescences. These shoots have prophyllar origins and form clusters of lateral inflorescences. The elevated number of trophotagma enrichment axes of Jouvea may be associated with the extreme reduction in the pistillate terminal inflorescence. In addition, the increase in number of spikelets by the development of prophyllar branches is a unique strategy within tribe Cynodonteae.

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Baum, Bernard R., and L. Grant Bailey. "A taxonomic study of the annual Hordeum depressum and related species." Canadian Journal of Botany 66, no. 3 (March 1, 1988): 401–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b88-064.

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To clarify the limits between H. depressum (Scribner & Smith) Rydberg and its close and remote allies, H. intercedens and H. pusillum, respectively, we carried out morphological and cytological examinations and various statistical analyses including classifactory discriminant analysis, canonical discriminant analysis, and logistic discrimination. We concluded that H. depressum, a tetraploid species, can usually be morphologically separated from H. intercedens, a diploid species with which it is most frequently confused, by the maximum width of the lateral lower glumes. Those of H. depressum are 0.1–0.5 mm wide, whereas those of H. intercedens are 0.4–1.3 mm wide. Very few specimens will fall in the area of overlap between the two species. In these cases morphological identification can be ascertained by the lodicules, which in H. depressum have an obvious and glabrous side lobe, whereas if there is a lobe in H. intercedens, it is rather small and beset with hairs at the margins. Populations of H. depressum are often large and occur in the intermontane region of northern and central California, whereas those of H. intercedens are typically small and occur along the coast of south California and Baja California. These two species are sympatric to a small degree, whereas H. pusillum does not occur in south and Baja California but is found throughout the United States and a few adjacent places in Canada. Other morphological and statistical findings are discussed.

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O'Brien, T. P., M. E. Sammut, J. W. Lee, and M. G. Smart. "The Vascular System of the Wheat Spikelet." Functional Plant Biology 12, no. 5 (1985): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pp9850487.

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The attachment region of a mid-spike spikelet was sectioned serially. These sections were used to construct an accurate 3-dimensional model of the course of the vascular system that supplies the organs of the a and b florets, and the rachilla of the c and d florets. All organs are interconnected by vascular tissue, but certain parts of the system are phloem-only. In particular, the supply to the groove bundle of the pericarp, widely held to be the most important pathway to the grain, is made via an annulus of phloem to which lemma, palea and lodicules have phloem-only connections. The vascular system is sufficiently different from the pattern encountered in vegetative nodes to warrant treatment sui generis. The relationships between different cell types need greater histological study, especially in the complex composite bundles. This analysis shows that bundle shape in cross-section and the arrangement of xylem and phloem vary sharply over very short distances (100 ~ m ) .T he distribution of xylem and phloem transfer cells agrees with the proposal that significant solute relocation takes place in the regions where the vascular supplies to different organs meet. The area in the ovary neck that encompasses the fusion zone of the supplies to lemma, palea and pericarp emerges as a zone in need of detailed study, both in spikelet positions within a cultivar of known, but different, grain performance, and as a region to analyse for inter-cultivar comparisons.

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Lazarides, M., JB Hacker, and MH Andrew. "Taxonomy, cytology and ecology of indigenous Australian sorghums (Sorghum Moench: Andropogoneae: Poaceae)." Australian Systematic Botany 4, no. 4 (1991): 591. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sb9910591.

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The indigenous component in Australian sorghums comprises 17 species and 1 variety of which 14 species and the variety are endemic, and 8 taxa are new. Sorghum brevicallosum is reduced to a synonym of S. timorense, which also includes S. australiense. Four previously established, subgenera are accepted with modified circumscriptions and floristic compositions. On morphological evidence, subgenus Stiposorghum represents the most advanced members and subgenus Para-Sorghum the most primitive. Some taxa are polymorphic; others exhibit unique features. Characters relating to pubescence, pruinosity, nervation, lodicules and caryopsis are considered to be unspecialised. First chromosome counts are recorded for eight species. Polyploidy characterises the indigenous species, which comprise diploids, tetraploids, hexaploids and octaploids. Ploidy levels are consistent within the majority of species, but vary in some. The chromosomes of S. macrospermum are markedly smaller than those of any other indigenous species. Cleistogamy occurs in S. laxiflorum. Some species are habitat-specific; many are widely adaptable. With few exceptions, the annual species have restricted distributions. Ecological aspects discussed include seed dormancy and germination, the effects of fire, and patterns of vegetative and floral development phases. Nutritionally, the herbage of both annual and perennial species is deficient in macronutrients, and lacks sufficient N and P to maintain beef cattle. Only the seedheads of S. macrospermum have similar N and P concentrations to those in the grain of the cereal S. bicolor, and in the past they were an important source of starchy food for Aborigines. All the indigenous taxa constitute a genetic resource for potential utilisation by plant breeders.

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Tong, Yi-Hua, Zheng-Yang Niu, Zhuo-Yu Cai, Jing-Bo Ni, and Nian-He Xia. "Kengiochloa, a new bamboo genus to accommodate the morphologically unique species, Pseudosasa pubiflora (Poaceae)." PhytoKeys 221 (March 13, 2023): 131–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.221.98920.

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Pseudosasa was confirmed as polyphyletic by recent phylogenetic analyses, with Chinese species of Pseudosasa distantly related to those from Japan. Among the Chinese species of Pseudosasa, Pseudosasa pubiflora is a morphologically unique as well as taxonomically problematic species endemic to South China, of which the generic designation is still uncertain. Molecular analyses based on both plastid and nuclear genomic data demonstrated that this species is closest to the recently published genus Sinosasa. Morphologically, the two are somewhat similar to each other in flowering branches developing at the nodes of every order of branches, raceme-like units of inflorescence with 3–5 short spikelets, each spikelet with few florets including a rudimentary one at the apex, and each floret with 3 stamens and 2 stigmas. However, P. pubiflora is very different from Sinosasa species in many reproductive and vegetative characters, such as the morphology of paracladia (lateral spikelet “pedicels”), the absence or existence of pulvinus at the base of paracladia, the relative length of the upper glume and the lowest lemma, the shape of lodicules and primary culm buds, the branch complement, the morphology of nodes, culm leaves and dried foliage leaf blades, and the number of foliage leaves per ultimate branchlet. The morphological and molecular evidence warrants recognition of a new genus to accommodate this unique species, which is here named Kengiochloa. After consulting related literature and examination of herbarium specimens or specimen photos, a taxonomic revision of K. pubiflora and its synonyms was made, and it was confirmed that four names, viz. P. gracilis, Yushania lanshanensis, Arundinaria tenuivagina and P. parilis, should be merged with K. pubiflora, while Indocalamus pallidiflorus and Acidosasa paucifolia are distinct species.

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Liu, Suifei, Yongqi Fu, Yongming He, and Xiaochun Zeng. "Transcriptome analysis of the impact of exogenous methyl jasmonate on the opening of sorghum florets." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 31, 2021): e0248962. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248962.

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Background Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) could promote the opening of sorghum florets, but the molecular mechanism remains unclear. Objective We aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism of exogenous MeJA in promoting the opening of sorghum florets. Methods Hybrid sorghum Aikang-8 was selected as the test material in this study. Sorghum plants of uniform growth with approximately 20%-25% florets open were selected and treated with 0, 0.5 and 2.0 mmol/L of MeJA. Totally there were 27 samples with lodicules removed were obtained at different time points and used for the transcriptome analysis using the BGISEQ_500RS platform. Results The results showed the sorghum florets opened earlier than the control after the treatment with exogenous MeJA, and the promotive effect increased along with the increase of exogenous MeJA concentration. The number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in plasma cells increased with the increase of MeJA concentration, whether up- or down-regulated, after the exogenous MeJA treatment. Besides, the number of metabolic pathways was also positively correlated with the concentration of MeJA. GO and KEGG analysis suggested the DEGs were mainly enriched in starch and sucrose metabolism-related pathways (i.e., LOC8063704, LOC8083539 and LOC8056206), plant hormone signal transduction pathways (i.e., LOC8084842, LOC8072010, and LOC8057408), energy metabolic pathway (i.e., LOC8076139) and the α-linolenic acid metabolic pathway (i.e., LOC8055636, LOC8057399, LOC8063048 and LOC110430730). Functional analysis of target genes showed that two genes named LOC-1 (LOC8063704) and LOC-2 (LOC8076139) could induce the earlier flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana. Conclusion The results of this study suggest that exogenous MeJA treatments could induce the up- or down- regulation of genes related to starch and sucrose metabolism, -linolenic acid metabolism and plant hormone signal transduction pathways in the plasma cells of sorghum florets, thereby promoting the opening of sorghum florets.

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GOH, WEI LIM, SARAWOOD SUNGKAEW, ATCHARA TEERAWATANANON, DIETER OHRNBERGER, ELIZABETH A. WIDJAJA, KALLUVETTANKUZHY KRISHNANNAIR SABU, BHASKARAN GOPAKUMAR, KONNATH CHACKO KOSHY, NIAN-HE XIA, and KHOON MENG WONG. "The phylogenetic position and taxonomic status of the Southeast and South Asian bamboo genera Neohouzeaua and Ochlandra (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) ." Phytotaxa 472, no. 2 (November 23, 2020): 107–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.472.2.2.

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Among the tropical woody bamboos, the Melocanninae is one of the most clearly recognized subtribes morphologically and has also been consistently well delimited in molecular phylogenetic work. The relationships among those genera in this subtribe, however, have been contentious because of poorly understood generic delimitations, in part due to poor specimen material or insufficiently assessed morphological traits, sometimes exacerbated by poorly accessible provenances. We address the phylogenetic and taxonomic status of two groups which together include the largest number of species in this subtribe: the Neohouzeaua-Schizostachyum complex, distributed from India to South China, Southeast Asia and southwest Pacific, and the endemic Indian genus Ochlandra. Three Neohouzeaua species (including the generic type), 12 Schizostachyum species (including the generic type and several species of uncertain placement), together with five species of Ochlandra and representatives of Cephalostachyum, Melocanna and Pseudostachyum were assessed in a molecular phylogenetic analysis together with members of other well-distinguished subtribes. Members of Neohouzeaua and Schizostachyum align into two main groups that were not completely well-supported statistically but which members possess mostly reflexed culm leaf blades, or mostly erect culm leaf blades. Other characters which provide obvious differences between taxa, such as the number of flowers in a pseudospikelet, fusion of filaments into a staminal tube, and presence of lodicules, were inconsistent between these groups. Neohouzeaua and Schizostachyum cannot be clearly distinguished in either morphological or molecular terms, and thus are united under the latter name, which takes precedence. In reviewing names in Neohouzeaua and their basionyms, several lectotypifications are designated. Three new combinations in Schizostachyum are proposed. On the other hand, Ochlandra forms a distinct clade and its monophyly is demonstrated, supported by clear morphological characters.

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Framenau, Volker W., Renner L. C. Baptista, Francisca Sâmia M. Oliveira, and Pedro de S. Castanheira. "Taxonomic revision of the new spider genus Hortophora, the Australasian Garden Orb-weavers (Araneae, Araneidae)." Evolutionary Systematics 5, no. 2 (November 2, 2021): 275–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/evolsyst.5.72474.

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The new genus Hortophora in the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae Clerck, 1757 is established to include 13 species from the Australasian-Pacific region, with ten species known from Australia (five of which new to science): Hortophora biapicata (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (type species) (= Araneus biapicatifera Strand, 1907, syn. nov.; = Epeira frosti Hogg, 1896, syn. nov.); H. cucullussp. nov.; H. lodicula (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov. (= Epeira scutigerens Hogg, 1900, syn. nov.); H. megacanthasp. nov.; H. porongurupsp. nov.; H. tatianeaesp. nov.; H. transmarina (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov.) (also known from Papua New Guinea); H. urbana (Keyserling, 1887), comb. nov.; H. walesiana (Karsch, 1878), comb. nov. (= Epeira rhombocephalaThorell 1881, syn. nov.; = Epeira lutulenta Keyserling, 1886, syn. nov.); and H. yesabahsp. nov. The following species of Hortophoragen. nov. are recognised from the Pacific region but not revised in detail due to a lack of material, specifically mature males: Hortophora capitalis (L. Koch, 1871), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Fiji, New Caledonia and Vanuatu; H. flavicoma (Simon, 1880), comb. nov. from New Caledonia (incl. Loyalty Islands) and H. viridis (Keyserling, 1865), comb. nov. (removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov.) from Samoa. Epeira thyridota Thorell, 1870 is here removed from synonymy with H. transmarinacomb. nov. and transferred to Backobourkia Framenau, Dupérré, Blackledge & Vink, 2010, B. thyridota (Thorell, 1870), comb. nov.Hortophoragen. nov. includes medium-sized to large, nocturnal orb-weaving spiders typically with subtriangular to ovoid abdomen bearing humeral humps. The tibiae of the second leg in males is usually enlarged with numerous strong spines and an apico-ventral megaspur carrying a large spine in some species. Male pedipalps generally have an elongated, transverse median apophysis ending in a bifid tip in most species, a sinuous to straight embolus and a bubble-shaped terminal apophysis. The female epigyne scape is highly elongated and does not have a terminal pocket. Genital mutilation, i.e. breaking off the epigyne scape during copulation, is common in some species. Hortophoragen. nov. include the most frequently collected nocturnal orb-weaving spiders in Australia.

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Liu, Xiaoli, Mingqi Gu, Xuanlong Lv, Dechang Sheng, Xin Wang, Pu Wang, and Shoubing Huang. "High temperature defense-related pathways, mediating lodicule expansion and spikelet opening in maize tassel." Journal of Experimental Botany, March 27, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad115.

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Abstract High temperature (HT) at flowering hinders pollen shedding, whereas mechanisms underlying stress-induced spikelet closure are poorly known in maize. Yield components, spikelet opening, and lodicule morphology/protein profiling upon HT stress during flowering were explored in maize inbred lines Chang 7-2 and Qi 319. HT induced spikelet closure and reduced pollen shed weight (PSW) and seed set. Qi 319 that had a 7-fold lower PSW than Chang 7-2 was more susceptible to HT. A small lodicule size reduced spikelet opening rate and angle, and more vascular bundles hastened lodicule shrinking in Qi 319. Lodicules were collected for proteomics. In HT-stressed lodicules, proteins involved in stress signal, cell wall, cell constructure, carbohydrate metabolism, and phytohormone signaling were associated with stress tolerance. Among these proteins, HT downregulated expression of ADP-ribosylation factor GTPase-activating protein domain2, SNAP receptor complex member11, and sterol methyltransferase2 in Qi 319 but not in Chang 7-2, agreeing well with protein abundance changes. Exogenous epibrassinolide enlarged spikelet opening angle and extended spikelet opening duration. These results suggest that dysfunction of actin cytoskeleton and membrane remodeling induced by HT likely limits lodicule expansion. Additionally, reduced vascular bundles in lodicule and application of epibrassinolide might confer spikelet tolerance to HT stress.

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Zhao, Zhi-Xue, Xiao-Xiao Yin, Sha Li, Yu-Ting Peng, Xiu-Lian Yan, Chen Chen, Beenish Hassan, et al. "miR167d-ARFs Module Regulates Flower Opening and Stigma Size in Rice." Rice 15, no. 1 (July 25, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12284-022-00587-z.

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AbstractFlower opening and stigma exertion are two critical traits for cross-pollination during seed production of hybrid rice (Oryza sativa L.). In this study, we demonstrate that the miR167d-ARFs module regulates stigma size and flower opening that is associated with the elongation of stamen filaments and the cell arrangement of lodicules. The overexpression of miR167d (OX167d) resulted in failed elongation of stamen filaments, increased stigma size, and morphological alteration of lodicule, resulting in cleistogamy. Blocking miR167d by target mimicry also led to a morphological alteration of the individual floral organs, including a reduction in stigma size and alteration of lodicule cell morphology, but did not show the cleistogamous phenotype. In addition, the four target genes of miR167d, namely ARF6, ARF12, ARF17, and ARF25, have overlapping functions in flower opening and stigma size. The loss-of-function of a single ARF gene did not influence the flower opening and stigma size, but arf12 single mutant showed a reduced plant height and aborted apical spikelets. However, mutation in ARF12 together with mutation in either ARF6, ARF17, or ARF25 led to the same defective phenotypes that were observed in OX167d, including the failed elongation of stamen filaments, increased stigma size, and morphological alteration of lodicule. These findings indicate that the appropriate expression of miR167d is crucial and the miR167d-ARFs module plays important roles in the regulation of flower opening and stigma size in rice.

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Szeliga, Magdalena, Beata Bakera, Magdalena Święcicka, Mirosław Tyrka, and Monika Rakoczy-Trojanowska. "Identification of candidate genes responsible for chasmogamy in wheat." BMC Genomics 24, no. 1 (April 4, 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12864-023-09252-1.

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Abstract Background The flowering biology of wheat plants favours self-pollination which causes obstacles in wheat hybrid breeding. Wheat flowers can be divided into two groups, the first one is characterized by flowering and pollination within closed flowers (cleistogamy), while the second one possesses the ability to open flowers during processes mentioned above (chasmogamy). The swelling of lodicules is involved in the flowering of cereals and among others their morphology, calcium and potassium content differentiate between cleistogamic and non-cleistogamous flowers. A better understanding of the chasmogamy mechanism can lead to the development of tools for selection of plants with the desired outcrossing rate. To learn more, the sequencing of transcriptomes (RNA-Seq) and Representational Difference Analysis products (RDA-Seq) were performed to investigate the global transcriptomes of wheat lodicules in two highly chasmogamous (HCH, Piko and Poezja) and two low chasmogamous (LCH, Euforia and KWS Dacanto) varieties at two developmental stages—pre-flowering and early flowering. Results The differentially expressed genes were enriched in five, main pathways: “metabolism”, “organismal systems”, “genetic information processing”, “cellular processes” and “environmental information processing”, respectively. Important genes with opposite patterns of regulation between the HCH and LCH lines have been associated with the lodicule development i.e. expression levels of MADS16 and MADS58 genes may be responsible for quantitative differences in chasmogamy level in wheat. Conclusions We conclude that the results provide a new insight into lodicules involvement in the wheat flowering process. This study generated important genomic information to support the exploitation of the chasmogamy in wheat hybrid breeding programs.

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Li, Qi, Tao Tong, Wei Jiang, Jianhui Cheng, Fenglin Deng, Xiaojian Wu, Zhong-Hua Chen, Younan Ouyang, and Fanrong Zeng. "Highly Conserved Evolution of Aquaporin PIPs and TIPs Confers Their Crucial Contribution to Flowering Process in Plants." Frontiers in Plant Science 12 (January 4, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.761713.

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Flowering is the key process for the sexual reproduction in seed plants. In gramineous crops, the process of flowering, which includes the actions of both glume opening and glume closing, is directly driven by the swelling and withering of lodicules due to the water flow into and out of lodicule cells. All these processes are considered to be controlled by aquaporins, which are the essential transmembrane proteins that facilitate the transport of water and other small molecules across the biological membranes. In the present study, the evolution of aquaporins and their contribution to flowering process in plants were investigated via an integration of genome-wide analysis and gene expression profiling. Across the barley genome, we found that HvTIP1;1, HvTIP1;2, HvTIP2;3, and HvPIP2;1 were the predominant aquaporin genes in lodicules and significantly upregulated in responding to glume opening and closing, suggesting the importance of them in the flowering process of barley. Likewise, the putative homologs of the above four aquaporin genes were also abundantly expressed in lodicules of the other monocots like rice and maize and in petals of eudicots like cotton, tobacco, and tomato. Furthermore, all of them were mostly upregulated in responding to the process of floret opening, indicating a conserved function of these aquaporin proteins in plant flowering. The phylogenetic analysis based on the OneKP database revealed that the homologs of TIP1;1, TIP1;2, TIP2;3, and PIP2;1 were highly conserved during the evolution, especially in the angiosperm species, in line with their conserved function in controlling the flowering process. Taken together, it could be concluded that the highly evolutionary conservation of TIP1;1, TIP1;2, TIP2;3 and PIP2;1 plays important roles in the flowering process for both monocots and eudicots.

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Zhao, Zhigang, Chaolong Wang, Xiaowen Yu, Yunlu Tian, Wenxin Wang, Yunhui Zhang, Wenting Bai, et al. "Auxin regulates source-sink carbohydrate partitioning and reproductive organ development in rice." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 119, no. 36 (August 29, 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121671119.

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Carbohydrate partitioning between the source and sink tissues plays an important role in regulating plant growth and development. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating this process remain poorly understood. In this study, we show that elevated auxin levels in the rice dao mutant cause increased accumulation of sucrose in the photosynthetic leaves but reduced sucrose content in the reproductive organs (particularly in the lodicules, anthers, and ovaries), leading to closed spikelets, indehiscent anthers, and parthenocarpic seeds. RNA sequencing analysis revealed that the expression of AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR 18 ( OsARF18 ) and OsARF2 is significantly up- and down-regulated, respectively, in the lodicule of dao mutant. Overexpression of OsARF18 or knocking out of OsARF2 phenocopies the dao mutant. We demonstrate that OsARF2 regulates the expression of OsSUT1 through direct binding to the sugar-responsive elements (SuREs) in the OsSUT1 promoter and that OsARF18 represses the expression of OsARF2 and OsSUT1 via direct binding to the auxin-responsive element (AuxRE) or SuRE in their promoters, respectively. Furthermore, overexpression of OsSUT1 in the dao and Osarf2 mutant backgrounds could largely rescue the spikelets’ opening and seed-setting defects. Collectively, our results reveal an auxin signaling cascade regulating source-sink carbohydrate partitioning and reproductive organ development in rice.

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de Carvalho, Maria L. Silveira, Izabela S. D. de Jesus, Rilquer M. da Silva, Kelly R. B. Leite, Alessandra S. Schnadelbach, Lynn G. Clark, and R. Patrícia de Oliveira. "Cryptic speciation in the herbaceous bamboo genus Piresia (Poaceae, Olyreae)." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, November 8, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boz072.

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Abstract Piresia, a small genus of herbaceous bamboos, has a geographical disjunction between the Caribbean and northern/western South America and the north-eastern Atlantic Forest in Brazil. Piresia leptophylla is reported from western Amazonia (WA) and the north-eastern Atlantic Forest (NAF), but its occurrence in western Amazonia is questionable. Using an integrative approach, we combined traditional morphological analysis, anatomy and niche modelling. The results revealed few macromorphological differences between WA and NAF specimens (only plant height, leaf length, lodicule dimensions, shape and position), contrasting with consistent differences in leaf anatomy (macrohairs and cruciform silica bodies in the costal zone of the adaxial/abaxial leaf surfaces, crenate silica bodies on the abaxial leaf surface, lack of panicoid hairs on the abaxial leaf surface, bicellular microhairs and lobed papillae over the abaxial leaf surface, and sparse but elongated fusoid cells in the mesophyll of WA specimens) and in niche patterns. The anatomical/micromorphological characters suggest environmental adaptations to the Amazonian and ‘restinga’ forests, respectively. We therefore propose the segregation of the WA populations into a new species, Piresia tenella sp. nov. We provide a formal description, photographs, a line illustration, a distribution map and discussion of the conservation status for the new species.

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Xu, Peizhou, Tingkai Wu, Asif Ali, Hongyu Zhang, Yongxiang Liao, Xiaoqiong Chen, Yonghang Tian, et al. "EARLY MORNING FLOWERING 1 ( EMF1 ) regulates the floret opening time by mediating lodicule cell wall formation in rice." Plant Biotechnology Journal, May 30, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/pbi.13860.

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Smoczynska, Aleksandra, and Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska. "MicroRNA-mediated regulation of flower development in grasses." Acta Biochimica Polonica 63, no. 4 (March 4, 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.18388/abp.2016_1358.

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Flower structure in grasses is very unique. There are no petals or sepals like in eudicots but instead flowers develop bract-like structures –palea and lemma. Reproductive organs are enclosed by round lodicule that not only protects reproductive organs but also play important role during flower opening. First genetic model for floral organ development was proposed 25 years ago and it was based on the research on model eudicots. Since then studies have been made to answer the question whether this model could be applicable in case of monocots. Genes from all found in eudicots classes have been also indentified in genomes of such monocots like rice, maize or barley. What’s more it seems that miRNA-mediated regulation of floral organ genes that was observed in case of Arabidopsis thaliana also has a place in monocots. MiRNA172, miRNA159, miRNA171 and miRNA396 regulate expression of floral organ identity genes in barley, rice and maize affecting various features of flower structure from formation of lemma and palea to development of reproductive organs. Model of floral development in grasses and its genetic regulation in not yet fully characterized. Further studies on both model eudicots and grasses are needed to unravel this topic. This review provides general overview of genetic model of flower organ identity specification in monocots and it’s miRNA-mediated regulation.

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Selva, Caterina, Xiujuan Yang, Neil J. Shirley, Ryan Whitford, Ute Baumann, and Matthew R. Tucker. "HvSL1 and HvMADS16 promote stamen identity to restrict multiple ovary formation in barley." Journal of Experimental Botany, June 3, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erad218.

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Abstract Correct floral development is the result of a sophisticated balance of molecular cues. Floral mutants provide insight into the main genetic determinants that integrate these cues, as well as providing opportunities to assess functional variation across species. In this study, we characterize the barley (Hordeum vulgare) multiovary mutants mov2.g and mov1 and propose causative gene sequences: a C2H2 zinc-finger HvSL1 and a B-class gene HvMADS16, respectively. In the absence of HvSL1, florets lack stamens but exhibit functional supernumerary carpels resulting in multiple grains per floret. Deletion of HvMADS16 in mov1 causes homeotic conversion of lodicules and stamens into bract-like organs and carpels that contain non-functional ovules. Based on developmental, genetic, and molecular data we propose a model by which stamen specification in barley is defined by HvSL1 acting upstream of HvMADS16. The present work identifies strong conservation of stamen formation pathways with other cereals, but also reveals intriguing species-specific differences. The findings lay the foundation for a better understanding of floral architecture in Triticeae, a key target for crop improvement.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Lodicule'

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