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Maute, Kimberly, Kristine French, C. Michael Bull, Paul Story, and Grant Hose. "Current insecticide treatments used in locust control have less of a short-term impact on Australian arid-zone reptile communities than does temporal variation." Wildlife Research 42, no. 1 (2015): 50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr14194.
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Context Despite the regular use of pesticides to control locusts, there is a lack of information on the effects of locust-control treatments on reptiles worldwide. Exposure to pesticides poses a significant potential hazard to small reptiles, both from the direct effects of exposure, and indirectly because of their largely insectivorous diet and small home ranges. Aims Our study aimed to monitor the effects of two insecticides applied operationally for locust control in Australia. A phenyl pyrazole pesticide, fipronil, and a fungal biopesticide, Metarhizium acridium (Green Guard®), were applied aerially in either a barrier or block treatment in the absence of dense locust populations, and effects on non-target arid-zone reptiles were measured. Methods We monitored reptile-abundance and community-composition responses to treatments using a large field-based pitfall-trapping experiment, with replicated control and spraying treatments, which approximated the scale of aerial-based locust-control operations in Australia. Key results Neither reptile abundance nor community composition was significantly affected by locust-control treatments. However, both abundance and community composition as detected by pitfall trapping changed over time, in both control and treatment plots, possibly as a result of a decrease in annual rainfall. Conclusions The absence of any significant short-term pesticide treatment effects in our study suggests that the two locust-control application methods studied present a relatively insignificant hazard to reptiles at our site, based on a single application. Similar to other areas of Australia, climate and other factors are likely to be stronger drivers of reptile abundance and community structure. Implications Monitoring over an area that approximates the scale of the current locust-control operations is an important step in understanding the possible effects of current pesticide exposure on reptile populations and will inform insecticide risk assessments in Australia. However, important information on the immediate response of individuals to insecticide application and long-term effects of exposure are missing. The preliminary research reported in the present paper should be complemented by future investigations on long-term and sublethal impacts of pesticide exposure on Australian native reptiles and the possible benefits provided to reptiles by the resource pulses represented in untreated high-density locust populations.
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Abeke, F. O., G. S. Bawa, and M. H. Bot. "Response of broiler chickens to graded levels of locust beans (Parkia biglobosa) pulp meal." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 40, no. 1 (December 28, 2020): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v40i1.627.
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Two hundred and twenty five, day-old Arbour Acre broiler birds were use to investigate the effect of graded dietary levels of Parkia biglobosa pulp meal (PBPM) on the performance, haematological and carcass parameters of the birds from 0-8 weeks of age. Five isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets were formulated to contain PBPM at 0,10,20, 30 and 40 percent respectively making a total of 5 treatments. Each treatment was replicated three times with 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design experiment. Feed and water were supplied ad libitum. Records taken included weekly weight changes and weekly feed intake. There was no record of mortality throughout the duration of the experiment. Results obtained showed a decrease in the bird’s performance as the dietary levels of the pulp increased. The final weight (g/b) and weight gain (g/b/day) decreased from 2122 and 33.91 for the control to1309 and 20.97 for the 40% inclusion level of PBPM meal respectively However birds placed on 10% dietary level had a performance that were not significantly (P>0.05) different from those placed on the control diet which were on standard broiler starter and finisher rations. Also it was observed that values obtained for the haematological parameters fall within the range often reported for healthy birds indicating that the pulp did not impart any deleterious effect on the health of the birds. It can be concluded that broiler chickens can be fed up to 10% dietary level of PBPM without adverse effect on the performance of the birds.
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ABISGOLD, J. D., and S. J. SIMPSON. "The Physiology of Compensation by Locusts for Changes in Dietary Protein." Journal of Experimental Biology 129, no. 1 (May 1, 1987): 329–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.129.1.329.
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1. Previous work has demonstrated that fifth-instar nymphs of Locusta migratoria L. respond to differences in levels of dietary protein by altering intermeal interval but not meal size (Simpson & Abisgold, 1985): insects fed a diet with 14% protein (p) eat the same sized meals more frequently than those fed a diet with 28% protein (P). The physiological basis for this compensatory response is investigated. 2. Insects fed the P-diet had a significantly larger increase in blood osmolality during and after a meal than did those fed the p-diet. 3. Unexpectedly, this difference in blood osmolality did not result in a variation in the rate at which the fore-, mid- and hindgut emptied. Therefore a change in the rate of decline in negative feedback from gut stretch receptors does not underlie the alteration in interfeed interval. 4. 40% of the difference in blood osmolality between p- and P-fed insects was attributable to changes in the blood concentration of free amino acids. Of the 16 free amino acids found, 11 occurred in significantly higher concentrations in the blood of P-fed insects. 5. There was no significant difference in the polypeptide and protein content of the blood of insects fed the p- or P-diet. 6. Increasing either blood osmolality or free amino acid concentration by injection delayed the next meal:injections that increased both had the greatest effect. 7. A mechanism is discussed whereby both blood osmolality and the concentration of various free amino acids regulate the time between meals, and thus compensatory feeding in response to changes in dietary protein.
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Jlali, Maamer, Benoit Graulet, Béatrice Chauveau-Duriot, Estelle Godet, Christophe Praud, Carlos Simões Nunes, Elisabeth Le Bihan-Duval, Cécile Berri, and Michel J. Duclos. "Nutrigenetics of carotenoid metabolism in the chicken: a polymorphism at the β,β-carotene 15,15'-mono-oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) locus affects the response to dietary β-carotene." British Journal of Nutrition 111, no. 12 (March 18, 2014): 2079–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114514000312.
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The enzyme β,β-carotene-15,15′-mono-oxygenase 1 (BCMO1) is responsible for the symmetrical cleavage of β-carotene into retinal. We identified a polymorphism in the promoter of the BCMO1 gene, inducing differences in BCMO1 mRNA levels (high in adenines (AA) and low in guanines (GG)) and colour in chicken breast muscle. The present study was designed to test whether this polymorphism could affect the response to dietary β-carotene. Dietary β-carotene supplementation did not change the effects of the genotypes on breast muscle properties: BCMO1 mRNA levels were lower and xanthophyll contents higher in GG than in AA chickens. Lower vitamin E levels in the plasma and duodenum, plasma cholesterol levels and body weight were also observed in GG than in AA chickens. In both genotypes, dietary β-carotene increased vitamin A storage in the liver; however, it reduced numerous parameters such as SCARB1 (scavenger receptor class B type I) in the duodenum, BCMO1 in the liver, vitamin E levels in the plasma and tissues, xanthophyll contents in the pectoralis major muscle and carcass adiposity. However, several diet × genotype interactions were observed. In the GG genotype, dietary β-carotene increased ISX (intestine-specific homeobox) and decreased BCMO1 mRNA levels in the duodenum, decreased xanthophyll concentrations in the duodenum, liver and plasma, and decreased colour index and HDL-cholesterol concentration in the plasma. Retinol accumulation following dietary β-carotene supplementation was observed in the duodenum of AA chickens only. Therefore, the negative feedback control on β-carotene conversion through ISX appears as functional in the duodenum of GG but not of AA chickens. This could result in a higher availability of β-carotene in the duodenum of GG chickens, reducing the uptake of xanthophylls, liposoluble vitamins and cholesterol.
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Gray, Lindsey J., Gregory A. Sword, Michael L. Anstey, Fiona J. Clissold, and Stephen J. Simpson. "Behavioural phase polyphenism in the Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera )." Biology Letters 5, no. 3 (March 4, 2009): 306–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0764.
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Swarming and the expression of phase polyphenism are defining characteristics of locust species. Increases in local population density mediate morphological, physiological and behavioural changes within individuals, which correlate with mass marching of juveniles in migratory bands and flying swarms of adults. The Australian plague locust ( Chortoicetes terminifera ) regularly forms migratory bands and swarms, but is claimed not to express phase polyphenism and has accordingly been used to argue against a central role for phase change in locust swarming. We demonstrate that juvenile C. terminifera express extreme density-dependent behavioural phase polyphenism. Isolated-reared juveniles are sedentary and repelled by conspecifics, whereas crowd-reared individuals are highly active and are attracted to conspecifics. In contrast to other major locust species, however, behavioural phase change does not accumulate across generations, but shifts completely within an individual's lifetime in response to a change in population density.
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Shockley, Keith R., David Witmer, Sarah L. Burgess-Herbert, Beverly Paigen, and Gary A. Churchill. "Effects of atherogenic diet on hepatic gene expression across mouse strains." Physiological Genomics 39, no. 3 (November 2009): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.90350.2008.
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Diets high in fat and cholesterol are associated with increased obesity and metabolic disease in mice and humans. To study the molecular basis of the metabolic response to dietary fat, 10 inbred strains of mice were fed atherogenic high-fat and control low-fat diets. Liver gene expression and whole animal phenotypes were measured and analyzed in both sexes. The effects of diet, strain, and sex on gene expression were determined irrespective of complex processes, such as feedback mechanisms, that could have mediated the genomic responses. Global gene expression analyses demonstrated that animals of the same strain and sex have similar transcriptional profiles on a low-fat diet, but strains may show considerable variability in response to high-fat diet. Functional profiling indicated that high-fat feeding induced genes in the immune response, indicating liver damage, and repressed cholesterol biosynthesis. The physiological significance of the transcriptional changes was confirmed by a correlation analysis of transcript levels with whole animal phenotypes. The results found here were used to confirm a previously identified quantitative trait locus on chromosome 17 identified in males fed a high-fat diet in two crosses, PERA × DBA/2 and PERA × I/Ln. The gene expression data and phenotype data have been made publicly available as an online tool for exploring the effects of atherogenic diet in inbred mouse strains ( http://cgd-array.jax.org/DietStrainSurvey ).
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Marrinan, Rochelle A., and John E. Dallman. "A Choice of Diet: Response to Climatic Change." American Antiquity 52, no. 1 (January 1987): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281082.
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Zanotto, F., S. Gouveia, S. Simpson, and D. Calder. "Nutritional homeostasis in locusts: is there a mechanism for increased energy expenditure during carbohydrate overfeeding?" Journal of Experimental Biology 200, no. 18 (January 1, 1997): 2437–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.200.18.2437.
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Maintenance of carbohydrate balance via changes in CO2 output volume was investigated in locusts using a flow-through respirometer. The effect of an imbalance in the dietary protein to digestible carbohydrate ratio on expired CO2 levels was measured in locusts fed one of two synthetic diets [7% protein, 21% digestible carbohydrate (7:21) and 21% protein, 7% digestible carbohydrate (21:7)]. Additionally, the effect of dietary dilution was investigated by feeding locusts one of two diets with a close-to-optimal ratio of protein to carbohydrate, one containing 7% protein and 7% digestible carbohydrate (7:7) and the other containing 21% protein and 21% digestible carbohydrate (21:21). For insects fed unbalanced diets, a higher CO2 output volume was measured during feeding on diet 7:21 when compared with insects fed on diet 21:7. Locusts also expired a greater volume of CO2 during the entire 2h observation period. This response is consistent with specific metabolic control of carbohydrate balance via enhanced respiration. For insects fed balanced diets, the total volume of CO2 expired over the duration of a meal was greater for insects fed diet 7:7 than for those fed diet 21:21, although this was due entirely to meals lasting longer on the more dilute diet. However, the basal level of respiration rate was greater for insects fed diet 21:21 and, as a result, over the entire 2h period, CO2 output volume did not differ between locusts fed diet 7:7 or 21:21. A possible mechanism for enhanced CO2 output volume on the nutritionally unbalanced diet was investigated, namely triglyceride/fatty-acid substrate cycling. There was no evidence for the presence of the thermogenic effect of this particular cycle on locusts as a means for dealing with excess ingested carbohydrate.
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Feldman, Nira, Clara Norenberg, Hillary Voet, Ester Manor, Yishal Berner, and Zecharia Madar. "Enrichment of an Israeli ethnic food with fibres and their effects on the glycaemic and insulinaemic responses in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus." British Journal of Nutrition 74, no. 5 (November 1995): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19950171.
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The effects of various sources of dietary fibre on the high glycaemic index of an Israeli ethnic food, melawach, were investigated in subjects with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Locust-bean (Ceratonia siliqua) gum significantly decreased the glucose response to, and glycaemic index of, melawach in these diabetic subjects (P < 0·05). It also tended to decrease their insulinaemic response and insulinaemic index, but differences were not significant. Dietary fibre from lupin (Lupinus albus) and insoluble maize-cob fibre did not affect glucose and insulin levels in NIDDM volunteers. Subjects with a BMI < 30 kg/m2 exhibited similar glucose, but not insulin, responses to fibre. Locust-bean gum had no significant effect on glycaemic response in NIDDM subjects with a BMI > 30 kg/m2, whereas insulinaemic response decreased. The results indicate that foods containing the same nutrients in almost the same amounts, but differing in added dietary fibre, lead to different physiological responses in diabetic subjects. Furthermore, insulin response should be considered when fibre is incorporated into the diabetic's diet.
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Friedel, T. "The vibrational startle response of the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria." Journal of Experimental Biology 202, no. 16 (August 15, 1999): 2151–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.202.16.2151.
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Substratum vibrations elicit a fast startle response in unrestrained quiescent desert locusts (Schistocerca gregaria). The response is graded with stimulus intensity and consists of a small, rapid but conspicuous movement of the legs and body, but it does not result in any positional change of the animal. With stimuli just above threshold, it begins with a fast twitch of the hindlegs generated by movements of the coxa-trochanter and femur-tibia joints. With increasing stimulus intensity, a rapid movement of all legs may follow, resulting in an up-down movement of the whole body. The magnitude of both the hindleg movement and electromyographic recordings from hindleg extensor and flexor tibiae muscles increases with stimulus amplitude and reaches a plateau at vibration accelerations above 20 m s(−)(2) (peak-to-peak). Hindleg extensor and flexor tibiae muscles in unrestrained animals are co-activated with a mean latency of 30 ms. Behavioural thresholds are as low as 0. 47 m s(−)(2) (peak-to-peak) at frequencies below 100 Hz but rise steeply above 200 Hz. The response habituates rapidly, and inter-stimulus intervals of 2 min or more are necessary to evoke maximal reactions. Intracellular recordings in fixed (upside-down) locusts also revealed co-activation of both flexor and extensor motor neurones with latencies of approximately 25 ms. This shows that the neuronal network underlying the startle movement is functional in a restrained preparation and can therefore be studied in great detail at the level of identified neurones.
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Hui-Juan, Shen, and Zeng Bin. "Increased drought resistance of black locust seedlings via pretreatment of seeds with paclobutrazol." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 23, no. 12 (December 1, 1993): 2548–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x93-315.
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The drought resistance of black locust (Robiniapseudoacacia L.) seedlings was increased by pretreatment of seeds with 250 ppm paclobutrazol. Treated seeds produced seedlings with thick roots and higher root/shoot ratios. During osmotic stress, treated plants displayed greater relative water content, lower electrolyte leakage, and fewer symptoms of wilt when compared with untreated black locust seedlings. Paclobutrazol-treated seedlings accumulated more proline than untreated seedlings in response to drought. However, osmotically induced accumulation of putrescine, a possible marker of cellular stress, was reduced in the treated plants.
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Gijbels, Marijke, Elisabeth Marchal, Thomas Wolf Verdonckt, Evert Bruyninckx, and Jozef Vanden Broeck. "RNAi-Mediated Knockdown of Transcription Factor E93 in Nymphs of the Desert Locust (Schistocerca gregaria) Inhibits Adult Morphogenesis and Results in Supernumerary Juvenile Stages." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 20 (October 12, 2020): 7518. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21207518.
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Postembryonic development of insects is coordinated by juvenile hormone (JH) together with ecdysteroids. Whereas the JH early response gene krüppel-homolog 1 (Kr-h1) plays a crucial role in the maintenance of juvenile characteristics during consecutive larval stages, the ecdysteroid-inducible early gene E93 appears to be a key factor promoting metamorphosis and adult morphogenesis. Here, we report on the developmental and molecular consequences of an RNAi-mediated knockdown of SgE93 in the desert locust, Schistocerca gregaria, a hemimetabolan species. Our experimental data show that injection of gregarious locust nymphs with a double-stranded RNA construct targeting the SgE93 transcript inhibited the process of metamorphosis and instead led to supernumerary nymphal stages. These supernumerary nymphal instars still displayed juvenile morphological features, such as a nymphal color scheme and body shape, while they reached the physical body size of the adult locusts, or even surpassed it after the next supernumerary molt. Interestingly, when compared to control locusts, the total duration of the fifth and normally final nymphal (N5) stage was shorter than normal. This appeared to correspond with temporal and quantitative changes in hemolymph ecdysteroid levels, as well as with altered expression of the rate-limiting Halloween gene, Spook (SgSpo). In addition, the levels of the ecdysone receptor (SgEcR) and retinoïd X receptor (SgRXR) transcripts were altered, indicating that silencing SgE93 affects both ecdysteroid synthesis and signaling. Upon knockdown of SgE93, a very potent upregulation of the SgKr-h1 transcript levels was observed in both head and fat body, while no significant changes were detected in the transcript levels of SgJHAMT and SgCYP15A1, the enzymes that catalyze the two final steps in JH biosynthesis. Moreover, the process of molting was disturbed in these supernumerary nymphs. While attempting ecdysis to the next stage, 50% of the N6 and all N7 nymphal instars eventually died. S. gregaria is a very harmful, swarm-forming pest species that destroys crops and threatens food security in many of the world’s poorest countries. We believe that a better knowledge of the mechanisms of postembryonic development may contribute to the discovery of novel, more selective and sustainable strategies for controlling gregarious locust populations. In this context, identification of molecular target candidates that are capable of significantly reducing the fitness of this devastating swarming pest will be of crucial importance.
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Oster, Emily. "Diabetes and Diet: Purchasing Behavior Change in Response to Health Information." American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 10, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 308–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20160232.
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Individuals with obesity and related conditions are often reluctant to change their diet. Evaluating the details of this reluctance is hampered by limited data. I use household scanner data to estimate food purchase response to a diagnosis of diabetes. I use a machine learning approach to infer diagnosis from purchases of diabetes–related products. On average, households show significant, but relatively small, calorie reductions. These reductions are concentrated in unhealthy foods, suggesting they reflect real efforts to improve diet. There is some heterogeneity in calorie changes across households, although this heterogeneity is not well predicted by demographics or baseline diet, despite large correlations between these factors and diagnosis. I suggest a theory of behavior change that may explain the limited overall change and the fact that heterogeneity is not predictable. (JEL D12, D83, D91, I12, M31)
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ABISGOLD, J. D., and S. J. SIMPSON. "The Effect of Dietary Protein Levels and Haemolymph Composition on the Sensitivity of the Maxillary Palp Chemoreceptors of Locusts." Journal of Experimental Biology 135, no. 1 (March 1, 1988): 215–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.135.1.215.
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1. Previous work has shown that fifth-instar nymphs of Locusta migratoria (L.) compensate for a dilution of their dietary protein by reducing intermeat interval (Simpson & Abisgold, 1985). 2. The effect of dietary protein on intermeal interval is regulated, either directly or indirectly, by the osmolality and free amino acid content of the haemolymph (Abisgold & Simpson, 1987). 3. The possibility that levels of dietary protein and haemolymph composition affect the response of the maxillary palp gustatory receptors is investigated. 4. Insects fed a low-protein diet had a significantly greater receptor response (measured as the total number of spikes in the first second of stimulation of a sensillum) to stimulation with 0.0125 moll−1 leucine in 0.05 moll−1 NaCl, 0.05 moill−1 NaCl alone or 0.025 moll−1 sucrose in 0.05 moll−1 NaCl than did insects fed a high-protein diet, although for both diets the response to sucrose was significantly lower than the response to the other two solutions. 5. Increasing the free amino acid profile of the haemolymph of a low-protein-fed locust up to that of a high-protein-fed locust by injection markedly reduced the response of the receptors to subsequent stimulation with a 0.0125 moll−1 mix of eight of the 10 amino acids injected, but did not reduce the response to stimulation with 0.025 moll−1 sucrose in 0.05 moll−1 NaCl. This reduction was independent of the effect of injection on blood osmolality and was sustained for 50min after the injection. 6. The response to 0.05 moll−1 NaCl alone was influenced both by increases in blood amino acid levels and by osmolality, but the effect was less marked than the specific reduction in response to amino acid stimulation. 7. The possible significance of a reduction in receptor sensitivity on feeding behaviour and the relative roles of blood osmolality and free amino acid content are discussed. Note: Present address: Overseas Development Natural Resources Institute, College House, Wrights Lane, London VV8 5SJ.
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Bräunig, P., and M. Eder. "Locust dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neurones directly innervate and modulate hindleg proprioceptors." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 24 (December 15, 1998): 3333–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.24.3333.
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A subgroup of the large efferent octopaminergic dorsal unpaired median(DUM) neurones of the third thoracic ganglion, the DUM3,4,5 neurones,directly innervates the tendons of certain proprioceptors of the locust hindleg, the so-called strand receptors. The terminals of the DUM neurones occur in regions of the strands that also contain the dendrites of the mechanoreceptive sensory cells. Both stimulation of the DUM3,4,5 neurones and bath application of octopamine change the responses of strand receptor units to mechanical stimulation. In both situations, most single strand receptor units show an increased response to mechanical stimulation. Some units, however, decrease their sensitivity to mechanical stimulation in response to octopamine application or DUM neurone stimulation.
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Weyrich, Alexandra, Dorina Lenz, and Jörns Fickel. "Environmental Change-Dependent Inherited Epigenetic Response." Genes 10, no. 1 (December 21, 2018): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10010004.
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Epigenetic modifications are a mechanism conveying environmental information to subsequent generations via parental germ lines. Research on epigenetic responses to environmental changes in wild mammals has been widely neglected, as well as studies that compare responses to changes in different environmental factors. Here, we focused on the transmission of DNA methylation changes to naive male offspring after paternal exposure to either diet (~40% less protein) or temperature increase (10 °C increased temperature). Because both experiments focused on the liver as the main metabolic and thermoregulation organ, we were able to decipher if epigenetic changes differed in response to different environmental changes. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS) revealed differentially methylated regions (DMRs) in annotated genomic regions in sons sired before (control) and after the fathers’ treatments. We detected both a highly specific epigenetic response dependent on the environmental factor that had changed that was reflected in genes involved in specific metabolic pathways, and a more general response to changes in outer stimuli reflected by epigenetic modifications in a small subset of genes shared between both responses. Our results indicated that fathers prepared their offspring for specific environmental changes by paternally inherited epigenetic modifications, suggesting a strong paternal contribution to adaptive processes.
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Rind, F. Claire, Roger D. Santer, and Geraldine A. Wright. "Arousal Facilitates Collision Avoidance Mediated by a Looming Sensitive Visual Neuron in a Flying Locust." Journal of Neurophysiology 100, no. 2 (August 2008): 670–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01055.2007.
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Locusts have two large collision-detecting neurons, the descending contralateral movement detectors (DCMDs) that signal object approach and trigger evasive glides during flight. We sought to investigate whether vision for action, when the locust is in an aroused state rather than a passive viewer, significantly alters visual processing in this collision-detecting pathway. To do this we used two different approaches to determine how the arousal state of a locust affects the prolonged periods of high-frequency spikes typical of the DCMD response to approaching objects that trigger evasive glides. First, we manipulated arousal state in the locust by applying a brief mechanical stimulation to the hind leg; this type of change of state occurs when gregarious locusts accumulate in high-density swarms. Second, we examined DCMD responses during flight because flight produces a heightened physiological state of arousal in locusts. When arousal was induced by either method we found that the DCMD response recovered from a previously habituated state; that it followed object motion throughout approach; and—most important—that it was significantly more likely to generate the maintained spike frequencies capable of evoking gliding dives even with extremely short intervals (1.8 s) between approaches. Overall, tethered flying locusts responded to 41% of simulated approaching objects (sets of 6 with 1.8 s ISI). When we injected epinastine, the neuronal octopamine receptor antagonist, into the hemolymph responsiveness declined to 12%, suggesting that octopamine plays a significant role in maintaining responsiveness of the DCMD and the locust to visual stimuli during flight.
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Seamster, Virginia A., Lisette P. Waits, Stephen A. Macko, and Herman H. Shugart. "Coyote(Canis latrans)mammalian prey diet shifts in response to seasonal vegetation change." Isotopes in Environmental and Health Studies 50, no. 3 (July 3, 2014): 343–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10256016.2014.930037.
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Stewart, Thomas J., W. Gary Sprules, and Robert O'Gorman. "Shifts in the diet of Lake Ontario alewife in response to ecosystem change." Journal of Great Lakes Research 35, no. 2 (June 2009): 241–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2008.12.010.
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Kim, Minkyung, Sojeong Lee, Hakyung Lee, and Sangdon Lee. "Phenological Response in the Trophic Levels to Climate Change in Korea." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 26, 2021): 1086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031086.
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The response of the phenological events of individual species to climate change is not isolated, but is connected through interaction with other species at the same or adjacent trophic level. Using long-term phenological data observed since 1976 in Korea, whose temperature has risen more steeply than the average global temperature, this study conducted phenological analysis (differ-ences in the phenology of groups, differences in phenological shifts due to climate change, differ-ences in phenological sensitivity to climate by groups, and the change of phenological day differ-ences among interacting groups). The phenological shift of the producer group (plants) was found to be negative in all researched species, which means that it blooms quickly over the years. The regression slope of consumers (primary consumers and secondary consumers) was generally posi-tive which means that the phenological events of these species tended to be later during the study period. The inter-regional deviation of phenological events was not large for any plant except for plum tree and Black locust. In addition, regional variations in high trophic levels of secondary consumers tended to be greater than that of producers and primary consumers. Among the studied species, plum was the most sensitive to temperature, and when the temperature rose by 1 °C, the flowering time of plum decreased by 7.20 days. As a result of checking the day differences in the phenological events of the interacting species, the phenological events of species were reversed, and butterflies have appeared earlier than plum, Korean forsythia, and Korean rosebay since 1990. Using long-term data from Korea, this study investigated differences in phenological reactions among trophic groups. There is a possibility of a phenological mismatch between trophic groups in the future if global warming continues due to differences in sensitivity to climate and phenological shifts between trophic levels.
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Satia, Jessie A., Alan R. Kristal, Susan Curry, and Elyse Trudeau. "Motivations for healthful dietary change." Public Health Nutrition 4, no. 5 (October 2001): 953–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2001157.
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AbstractObjective:To describe scales that measure motivations for changing dietary behaviour, and to examine associations of these scales with current diet and dietary change.Design:A secondary analysis of a randomised trial of a self-help intervention to promote lower fat and higher fruit and vegetable consumption.Participants and setting: Participants were 1205 adults selected at random from enrolees of a large Health Maintenance Organization. At baseline, data were collected on motives for changing diet, fruit and vegetable intake, fat-related dietary habits, and demographic characteristics. Participants were then randomised to receive the intervention or to receive no materials. A follow-up survey was administered at 12 months.Results:A majority of participants reported that it was very important to make dietary changes to feel better (72%) and to control an existing medical problem (57%), but very few (4%) were motivated by pressure from others. Factor analysis of the diet motivation items yielded two intrinsic (‘self-image’ and ‘personal health’) and one extrinsic (‘social pressure’) scales with fair internal consistency reliabilities (Cronbach's α = 0.59 to 0.68). Motivation scales were statistically significantly associated with demographic characteristics and baseline diet. For example, desire for a better self-image was a stronger motivator for changing diet among females, while personal health was more important to older persons and men (P< 0.001). Social pressure to change diet was statistically significantly associated with higher fat intake (r = 0.11) and self-image was associated with lower fat intake (r = −0.14, bothP< 0.001). Motivation by social pressure and self-image were both significantly associated with greater fat reduction at 12 months post-intervention (P< 0.05).Conclusions:The intrinsic and extrinsic motivation scales were weakly associated with current diet and predicted response to dietary intervention. More research is needed to better characterise and measure motives for dietary change, and to test whether tailoring interventions based on individuals' motives for dietary change would improve intervention effectiveness.
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Bottger, A., M. den Bieman, Æ. Lankhorst, H. A. van Lith, and L. F. M. van Zutphen. "Strain-specific response to hypercholesterolaemic diets in the rat." Laboratory Animals 30, no. 2 (April 1, 1996): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/002367796780865736.
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The cholesterolaemic effect of 2 hypercholesterolaemic diets was tested in 12 rat inbred strains. Diet I is a commercial diet supplemented with 2.0% (w/w) cholesterol and 5.0% (w/w) olive oil, diet II is identical to diet I with addition of 0.5% (w/w) sodium cholate. Strains with the highest plasma cholesterol response after diet I (BN and LEW) also had the highest cholesterol response after diet II (hyperresponders, mean response>3.5 mmol/l). In the strains DA, SHR, BC, WAC, LOU, PVG and BUF the strain mean cholesterol response remained below 1.3mmol/l after both diets (hyporesponders). Strains F344 and OM had an intermediate cholesterol response after both diets (normoresponders, mean response between 1.3 and 3.5 mmol/l). Only in the strains LOU, PVG and SHR there appeared to be a significant higher cholesterol response after diet II when compared with the cholesterol response after diet I. In the strain WKY this difference was of a borderline significance ( P=0.052) and this strain turned from a normoresponder after diet I into a hyperresponder after diet II. Liver cholesterol levels as measured after feeding diet II for two weeks also appeared to be strain-specific. No correlation was found between the plasma cholesterol response after diet II and the liver cholesterol levels. Changes in plasma phospholipid and triglyceride levels have been measured for both diet I and diet II. For group means a correlation between the cholesterol response and the change in phospholipid levels was found (r=0.86 for diet I, P<0.001 and r=0.76 for diet II, P<0.01). No such correlation was found for triglyceride levels.
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Schrauwen, P., W. D. van Marken Lichtenbelt, W. H. Saris, and K. R. Westerterp. "Role of glycogen-lowering exercise in the change of fat oxidation in response to a high-fat diet." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 273, no. 3 (September 1997): E623. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1997.273.3.e623.
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One of the candidate factors for determining the increase of fat oxidation after a switch from a reduced-fat diet to a high-fat diet is the size of the glycogen storage. Therefore, we studied the effect of low glycogen stores on fat oxidation after a switch from a reduced-fat diet to a high-fat diet. Twelve healthy, nonobese males and females (age: 22 +/- 1 yr, body mass index: 21.0 +/- 0.7, maximal power output: 254 +/- 11 W) consumed a reduced-fat (RF) diet (30, 55, and 15% of energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein, respectively) three times a day at home for 3 days (days 1-3). On two occasions subjects came to the laboratory on day 3 at 1500 to perform an exhaustive glycogen-lowering exercise (EX), after which they went into the respiration chamber for a 36-h stay. On one occasion, subjects directly entered the respiration chamber at 1800 for a 36-h stay. In the respiration chamber they were given either a high-fat (HF) diet (60, 25, and 15% of energy from fat, carbohydrate, and protein, respectively) or a RF diet. In both cases they were fed at energy balance. All diets were consumed as breakfast, lunch, dinner, and two or more snacks per day. On the HF treatment, fat oxidation was below fat intake, indicating the slow change of oxidation to intake on a HF diet. After the HF+EX treatment, however, fat oxidation matched fat intake. In conclusion, lean subjects are capable of rapidly adjusting fat oxidation to fat intake when glycogen stores are lowered by exhaustive exercise.
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Cakmak, Hatice Mine, Ilknur Arslanoglu, Mehmet Ali Sungur, and Semih Bolu. "Clinical Picture at Attendance and Response to Flexible FamilyBased Low-Carb Life Style Change in Children With Obesity." International Journal of Child Health and Nutrition 10, no. 1 (February 26, 2021): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.6000/1929-4247.2021.10.01.2.
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Aim: The study aims 1) to determine the clinical status of obese children at the admittance to the pediatric endocrinology referral center 2) to investigate the efficiency and compliance of the low-carb diet in a pediatric population with or without exercise, metformin Material and Methods: All subjects with the complaint of obesity and BMI percentile >95 were recruited from January 2012-August 2014. We evaluated basal retrospectively, recommended low carbohydrate family-wide eating practice and exercise to all, and metformin to selected cases, and recorded Self-reported adherence at first, third, sixth, and twelfth months. Results: Thirty-six subjects used metformin with a higher ratio of weight loss (90.0%, p=0.010) without a difference in the number of lost kilograms. In 160 cases without metformin; diet only, exercise only, and both diet and exercise groups lost weight significantly according to neither diet nor exercise group (OR:12.08, 95% CI 3.93-41.66, p<0.001; OR:3.04, 95% CI 1.18-7.84, p=0.022 and OR:32.80, 95% CI 7.14-150.77, p<0.001 respectively). Exercise plus diet (95.3%, p=0,002) and only diet (88.9%, p=0,023) were even more efficient than exercise alone (65.5%). In the twelfth month, 13.8% were on follow-up. Conclusion: Obesity gives rise to metabolic complications in the very early stages. A low carbohydrate diet proved to be acceptable and useful. Long-term consistency remains a challenge.
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Chandler, P. C., P. K. Wauford, K. D. Oswald, C. R. Maldonado, and M. M. Hagan. "Change in CCK-8 response after diet-induced obesity and MC3/4-receptor blockade." Peptides 25, no. 2 (February 2004): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.peptides.2003.12.015.
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Cobb, Margaret M., and Howard Teitlebaum. "Determinants of plasma cholesterol responsiveness to diet." British Journal of Nutrition 71, no. 2 (February 1994): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19940133.
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Plasma cholesterol change, or ‘responsiveness’, to dietary saturated fat modification has long been acknowledged. The present study sought to determine the specific, predicted response of each cholesterol subfraction to known dietary manipulations. Two metabolically controlled diets, one with a low polyunsaturated:saturated fat (low P:S) ratio, and one with a high P:S ratio were fed in a crossover design to sixty-seven normolipidaemic subjects pooled from six foregoing metabolic studies. A series of statistical analyses was performed to identify the lipids and subfractions independently affected by the diet crossover. Multivariate analysis of variance revealed that the changes in total cholesterol (ΔTC), low-density-lipoprotein-cholesterol (ΔLDL-C), and high-density-lipoprotein-cholestero! (ΔHDL-C) were the only statistically significant diet-specific‘responsive’lipids. Multiple regression was performed to identify the independent predictors of ΔTC, ΔLDL-C and ΔHDL-C. It was found that age (years), extent of change in dietary saturated fat, and baseline LDL-C (mg/l) levels determine LDL-C change, while extent of change in saturated and polyunsaturated fat, and baseline HDL-C (mg/l) levels can predict HDL-C change. A series of equations to predict lipoprotein responsiveness to diet are derived for potential use in clinical practice.
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Bazazi, Sepideh, Pawel Romanczuk, Sian Thomas, Lutz Schimansky-Geier, Joseph J. Hale, Gabriel A. Miller, Gregory A. Sword, Stephen J. Simpson, and Iain D. Couzin. "Nutritional state and collective motion: from individuals to mass migration." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1704 (August 25, 2010): 356–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2010.1447.
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In order to move effectively in unpredictable or heterogeneous environments animals must make appropriate decisions in response to internal and external cues. Identifying the link between these components remains a challenge for movement ecology and is important in understanding the mechanisms driving both individual and collective motion. One accessible way of examining how internal state influences an individual's motion is to consider the nutritional state of an animal. Our experimental results reveal that nutritional state exerts a relatively minor influence on the motion of isolated individuals, but large group-level differences emerge from diet affecting inter-individual interactions. This supports the idea that mass movement in locusts may be driven by cannibalism. To estimate how these findings are likely to impact collective migration of locust hopper bands, we create an experimentally parametrized model of locust interactions and motion. Our model supports our hypothesis that nutrient-dependent social interactions can lead to the collective motion seen in our experiments and predicts a transition in the mean speed and the degree of coordination of bands with increasing insect density. Furthermore, increasing the interaction strength (representing greater protein deprivation) dramatically reduces the critical density at which this transition occurs, demonstrating that individuals' nutritional state could have a major impact on large-scale migration.
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Iqbal, M. J., S. Yaegashi, R. Ahsan, D. A. Lightfoot, and W. J. Banz. "Differentially abundant mRNAs in rat liver in response to diets containing soy protein isolate." Physiological Genomics 11, no. 3 (December 3, 2002): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/physiolgenomics.00078.2002.
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Soy diets influence cell growth, regulate lipid metabolism to lower blood cholesterol, and prevent bone losses. These biological effects are most likely due to effects of soy phytochemicals on the expression of genes. In this study, we fed 12 female obese Zucker rats ( fa/ fa) with a low- or a high-isoflavone soy protein diet and compared the gene expression with animals on a casein diet. Rat livers were compared by differential display of mRNA, and 62 unique sequences were identified. The change in mRNA abundance of these sequences was quantified by cDNA macroarray analysis. Thirty-three mRNAs showed more than twofold increase in abundance on soy diets compared with the control. The corresponding genes include carnitine palmitoyltransferase I, stromal cell-derived factor 1, a protein associated with MYC mRNA, basic transcription element binding protein, and expressed sequence tags (ESTs) of unknown function. Twenty-nine mRNAs showed a less than twofold change in abundance in the two diet treatments. For majority of the genes identified, there was not significant difference between the low- and high-isoflavone diet treatments. Therefore, the contrast between soy protein and casein caused the changes observed in mRNA abundance.
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Hartini, S., D. D. Rahardjo, and H. Sasongko. "The way insoluble fiber incorporated in the diet changes its physiological response." Journal of the Indonesian Tropical Animal Agriculture 46, no. 3 (July 10, 2021): 248–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jitaa.46.3.248-257.
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The physiological effect of insoluble fibers may change with diet composition. The present study aimed to determine the difference in the physiological responses of broiler chickens fed diet incorporated with rice hulls in different ways. Two hundred and forty broiler chicks at two-days old were randomly placed in 30 cages and fed: control diet (based on corn-soybean) (CO), rice hull supplementation diet (CO + 4% of rice hulls) (RS), and rice hull inclusion diet (inclusion of 4% rice hulls in diet) (RI). The significant effects were mostly found in the starter phase. The RI increased ADG (P<0.05) but reduced empty ceca weight (P<0.05) in comparison to CO and RS. The RS increased the jejunal crypt depth (P<0.05) and reduced the small intestinal content (P<0.05). Birds fed RS and RI had higher villus height (P<0.05) and thicker jejunal mucosa (P<0.05) than those fed the CO. In the finisher phase, birds fed the RS had the narrower width of the upper and lower jejunal villi than the others. Supplementation or inclusion of insoluble fiber in the diet will lead to different physiological responses due to changes in diet composition.
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Cao, Zhijun, Mark Steven Miller, Ronald A. Lubet, Clinton J. Grubbs, and Richard D. Beger. "Pharmacometabolomic Pathway Response of Effective Anticancer Agents on Different Diets in Rats with Induced Mammary Tumors." Metabolites 9, no. 7 (July 22, 2019): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/metabo9070149.
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Metabolomics is an effective approach to characterize the metabotype which can reflect the influence of genetics, physiological status, and environmental factors such as drug intakes, diet. Diet may change the chemopreventive efficacy of given agents due to the altered physiological status of the subject. Here, metabolomics response to a chemopreventive agent targretin or tamoxifen, in rats with methylnitrosourea-induced tumors on a standard diet (4% fat, CD) or a high fat diet (21% fat, HFD) was evaluated, and found that (1) the metabolome was substantially affected by diet and/or drug treatment; (2) multiple metabolites were identified as potential pharmacodynamic biomarkers related to targretin or tamoxifen regardless of diet and time; and (3) the primary bile acid pathway was significantly affected by targretin treatment in rats on both diets, and the lysolipid pathway was significantly affected by tamoxifen treatment in rats on the high fat diet.
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Dick, Paul C., and John R. Gray. "Spatiotemporal stimulus properties modulate responses to trajectory changes in a locust looming-sensitive pathway." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 9 (May 1, 2014): 1736–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00499.2013.
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The lobula giant movement detector (LGMD) and descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) constitute one motion-sensitive pathway in the locust visual system that is implicated in collision-avoidance behaviors. While this pathway is thought to respond preferentially to objects approaching on a direct collision course, emerging studies suggest the firing rate is able to monitor more complicated movements that would occur under natural conditions. While previous studies have compared the response of the DCMD to objects on collision courses that travel at different speeds, velocity has not been manipulated for other simple or compound trajectories. Here we test the possibility that the LGMD/DCMD pathway is capable of responding uniquely to complex aspects of object motion, including translation and trajectory changes at different velocities. We found that the response of the DCMD to translational motion initiated in the caudal visual field was a low-amplitude peak in firing rate that occurred before the object crossed 90° azimuth that was invariant to different object velocities. Direct looms at different velocities resulted in peak firing rates that occurred later in time and with greater amplitude for higher velocities. In response to transitions from translational motion to a collision course, the firing rate change depended on both the location within the visual field and the velocity. These results suggest that this pathway is capable of conveying information about multiple properties of a moving object's trajectory.
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Rana, M., K. K. Singh, N. Kumari, J. Sanjay, G. P. Gohain, and N. Kalra. "CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACT AND RESPONSE OF RICE YIELD." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-3/W6 (July 26, 2019): 245–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-3-w6-245-2019.
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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> Rice is an important cereal crop and part of daily diet not only in India but also throughout Asia. Agriculture is highly dependent on the variations in temperature, precipitation and solar radiation and long-term climate patterns. The pattern of changing climate in last 30 years indicate that predictable and possible changes in rainfall and temperature can reduce agriculture outputs and yields particularly for rice and wheat significantly. The main aim of this research paper is to study the Kharif Rice Productivity in Hisar, Haryana under changing climate. The study focuses on the impacts of climate change namely intensity, timings and spatial distribution of rainfall. Kharif rice is more vulnerable to meteorological drought due to growing uncertainties in monsoon rains under the changing climate patterns. The study of seasonal changes in precipitation at decadal scale for observed and CORDEX projected precipitation for the selected region was done to understand the impacts of climate change. Along with this, DSSAT Crop Simulation Model was run to quantify the water stress in the years with more negative rainfall departure and to identify the reasons for variability in yield. DSSAT model was able to simulate phenological events and final grain yield at maturity stage with reasonable accuracy under varied weather conditions. The analysis of the simulated results indicates the association between yield and rainfall amount and its distribution during the season and different phenological growth stages of rice. The results further indicate that water stress at important stages such as Booting, Heading and Flowering majorly impact the final yield.</p>
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Bondzio, Angelika, Christoph Gabler, Brit Badewien-Rentzsch, Petra Schulze, Holger Martens, and Ralf Einspanier. "Identification of differentially expressed proteins in ruminal epithelium in response to a concentrate-supplemented diet." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 301, no. 2 (August 2011): G260—G268. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00304.2010.
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Ruminal epithelium adapts to dietary change with well-coordinated alterations in metabolism, proliferation, and permeability. To further understand the molecular events controlling diet effects, the aim of this study was to evaluate protein expression patterns of ruminal epithelium in response to various feeding regimes. Sheep were fed with a concentrate-supplemented diet for up to 6 wk. The control group received hay only. Proteome analysis with differential in gel electrophoresis technology revealed that, after 2 days, 60 proteins were significantly modulated in ruminal epithelium in a comparison between hay-fed and concentrate-fed sheep ( P < 0.05). Forty proteins were upregulated and 20 proteins were downregulated in response to concentrate diet. After 6 wk of this diet, only 14 proteins were differentially expressed. Among these, 11 proteins were upregulated and 3 downregulated. To identify proteins that were modulated by dietary change, two-dimensional electrophoresis was coupled with liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The differential expression of selected proteins, such as esterase D, annexin 5, peroxiredoxin 6, carbonic anhydrase I, and actin-related protein 3, was verified by immunoblotting and/or mRNA analysis. The identified proteins were mainly associated with functions related to cellular stress, metabolism, and differentiation. These results suggest new candidate proteins that may contribute to a better understanding of the signaling pathways and mechanisms that mediate rumen epithelial adaptation to high-concentrate diet.
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Hum, C. R., R. G. Holly, R. B. Krone, W. Mueller, and E. A. Amsterdam. "282 KINETICS OF SERUM CHOLESTEROL CHANGE: RESPONSE TO A VERY LOW FAT AND CHOLESTEROL DIET." Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 26, Supplement (May 1994): S49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/00005768-199405001-00283.
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CHEN, JULIA H., MOMOKO FUKASAWA, QIAN CHEN, SAMUEL P. BURNS, KEI KUMAR, SHINSUKE NIRENGI, KAORU TAKAHASHI, et al. "Diabetes Prevention Using a Simulation Model That Explains Individual Variability in Response to Diet Change." Diabetes 67, Supplement 1 (May 2018): 1892—P. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db18-1892-p.
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Fleming, P. A., D. A. Gray, and S. W. Nicolson. "Osmoregulatory response to acute diet change in an avian nectarivore: rapid rehydration following water shortage." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 138, no. 3 (July 2004): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2004.04.003.
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Bédard, Alexandra, Anne-Marie Hudon, Vicky Drapeau, Louise Corneau, Sylvie Dodin, and Simone Lemieux. "Gender Differences in the Appetite Response to a Satiating Diet." Journal of Obesity 2015 (2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/140139.
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We examined gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) meals and determined whether there are gender differences in the change in the satiating properties of the MedDiet over time. Thirty-eight men and 32 premenopausal women consumed a 4-week isoenergetic MedDiet under controlled conditions. Visual analogue scales were used to measure perceived appetite sensations before and immediately after each meal consumed over the course of one day (Wednesday) of the first and the fourth week of intervention. Women reported greater decreases for desire to eat, hunger, and appetite score than men in response to the consumption of the MedDiet meals (gender-by-meal interactions, resp.,P=0.04,P=0.048, andP=0.03). Fullness and prospective food consumption responses did not significantly differ between men and women. Between the first and the fourth week of intervention, premeal prospective food consumption increased with time in men (P=0.0007) but not in women (P=0.84;Pfor gender-by-time interaction = 0.04). These results indicate gender differences in appetite sensations when exposed to the MedDiet. These results may be useful in order to have a better understanding of gender issues for body weight management.
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LEESON, S., L. J. CASTON, and J. D. SUMMERS. "RESPONSE OF MALE AND FEMALE BROILERS TO DIET PROTEIN." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 3 (September 1, 1988): 881–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-097.
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Two experiments were conducted to note the broilers' response to graded levels of dietary protein (CP). Female birds were fed one of six diet series ranging from 22–20–18 to 18–18–16% CP from 0–21 days, 21–35 days and 35–42 days, respectively. Males were fed diet series from 28–24–22 to 20–18–16 over the same time periods (Table 1). Each diet program was tested with four replicate groups of 60 birds. Body weight and feed intake were monitored at time of feed change-over and at termination of experiment. Twenty birds per replicate were used for carcass analyses. Females were heavier when diets of higher protein content were offered (P < 0.05). These birds consumed more feed (P < 0.05) but exhibited feed efficiency that was not different to birds fed diets of lower protein content. Carcass weight and breast meat yield were not influenced by diet, although higher-protein diet series resulted in reduced proportional abdominal fat pad size (P < 0.01). Diet protein had no effect on body weight of male birds at 42 d (P > 0.05). Male birds reared on a program involving die lowest CP levels of 20–18–16 exhibited inferior feed utilization relative to birds from most other treatments (P < 0.05). Programs with low-protein diets for males resulted in reduced carcass weight, reduced breast meat yield and increased abdominal fat deposition (P < 0.05). It is concluded that male birds can be reared on very low protein diets without loss of weight, although carcass quality will be inferior. Female broilers are heavier when diet protein intake is increased through use of diets with higher protein content. Key words: Broiler, diet protein, performance, carcass composition
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Nemeth, P. M., B. W. Rosser, R. M. Choksi, B. J. Norris, and K. M. Baker. "Metabolic response to a high-fat diet in neonatal and adult rat muscle." American Journal of Physiology-Cell Physiology 262, no. 2 (February 1, 1992): C282—C286. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.1992.262.2.c282.
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Neonatal rats were exposed to a high-fat low-carbohydrate diet to determine how substrate availability might affect the metabolic phenotype of muscle. Mixed-fiber homogenates of extensor digitorum longus, soleus, and diaphragm muscles were assayed for beta-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (beta-OAC), succinate dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphofructokinase (PFK), adenylokinase, and creatine kinase. The three muscles showed significant increases in enzyme activity for fatty acid oxidation (beta-OAC) in weaned neonatal rats maintained on the high-fat diet compared with normal weaned controls. This effect persisted for 6 wk of the diet. The other consistent metabolic change was a decrease in PFK. Adult animals subjected to the same diet had similar increases in fatty acid oxidation and a fall in PFK after 1 wk, with most of these changes persisting for the 4 wk of the diet. Examination of individual fibers revealed enzyme changes in fibers of all types, but with the largest effect in type IIb fibers. The data indicate that both adult and neonatal muscles are similarly capable of adjusting their energy metabolism in response to dietary factors.
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Matheson, T. "Contralateral coordination and retargeting of limb movements during scratching in the locust." Journal of Experimental Biology 201, no. 13 (July 1, 1998): 2021–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.201.13.2021.
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Locusts, Schistocerca gregaria, in common with many limbed vertebrates, can make directed scratching movements in response to tactile stimulation. For instance, stimulation of different sites on a wing elicits different movements that are accurately targeted so that the hindleg tarsus passes across the stimulus site. I have analysed these limb movements to define the ability of a locust to target stimulus sites correctly under a range of experimental conditions. In particular, I describe aspects of the behaviour that reveal possible neuronal pathways underlying the responses. These neuronal pathways will be the subject of further physiological analyses. Limb targeting during scratching is continuously graded in form; different patterns of movement are not separated by sharp transitions. The computation of limb trajectory takes into account the starting posture of the hindleg, so that different trajectories can be used to reach a common stimulus site from different starting postures. Moreover, the trajectories of the two hindlegs moving simultaneously from different starting postures in response to a single stimulus can be different, so that their tarsi converge onto the common stimulus site. Different trajectories can be used to reach a common stimulus site from the same start posture. Targeting information from a forewing is passed not only down the nerve cord to the ipsilateral hindleg but also across the nerve cord, so that the contralateral hindleg can also make directed movements. This contralateral transmission does not rely on peripheral sensory feedback. When the stimulus site moves during a rhythmical scratch, the targeting of subsequent cycles reflects this change. Both ipsilateral and contralateral hindlegs can retarget their movements. The trajectory of a single cycle of scratching directed towards a particular stimulus site can be modified after it has begun, so that the tarsus is redirected towards a new stimulus site.
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Acero, Darlene, Jamie M. Zoellner, Brenda M. Davy, and Valisa E. Hedrick. "Changes in Non-Nutritive Sweetener Consumption Patterns in Response to a Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Reduction Intervention." Nutrients 12, no. 11 (November 8, 2020): 3428. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12113428.
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Data are lacking on whether non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) can be used as a strategy to support decreases in sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) consumption. The purpose of this secondary analysis of a 6-month SSB-reduction intervention was to explore changes in NNS consumption patterns in Talking Health participants within the SIPsmartER (n = 101) intervention. Additionally, participant characteristics were compared for three SSB-NNS change groups (decrease SSB/increase NNS; decrease SSB/no increase in NNS; increase/no change in SSB/regardless of NNS). There was a significant increase in aspartame and total NNS intake for participants (mean daily mg increases of 37.2 ± 13.9 and 63.7 ± 18.5, respectively). With the exception of sex, no differences in participant characteristics were found between the three SSB-NNS change groups. Furthermore, no significant changes in weight or body mass index (BMI) were demonstrated between SSB-NNS change groups over time. Diet soda was the most commonly consumed source of NNS; however, other dietary sources of NNS also contributed to intake. At 6 months, intake of sucralose and saccharin were primarily from dietary sources other than diet sodas (94% and 100%, respectively). These findings suggest that NNS may be a feasible strategy to help reduce SSB consumption. This study supports the need to consistently quantify and identify NNS intake, beyond using diet soda intake as a proxy for NNS intake and grouping all NNS types into one variable, to more accurately address the potential health effects of NNS.
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Zomborszky-Kovács, Melinda, L. Bárdos, H. Bíró, S. Tuboly, Erzsébet Wolf-Táskai, Á. Tóth, and P. Soós. "Effect of beta-carotene and nucleotide base supplementation on blood composition and immune response in weaned pigs." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 48, no. 3 (July 1, 2000): 301–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.48.2000.3.7.
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The effect of synthetic beta-carotene and synthetic nucleotide base on daily weight gain, feed consumption and certain haematological, biochemical and immunological parameters of piglets were studied in a 3-week experiment. Beginning one week prior to weaning, the diet fed to one experimental group of piglets was supplemented with 10% Rovimix Beta-carotene at 875 mg/kg of diet. Synthetic uracil and adenine (98%, Sigma-Aldrich) were mixed into the diet of the other experimental group at doses of 500 mg/kg of diet for each substance. The control group received the basic diet without any supplementation. The changes observed over time in the haematological parameters and in certain biochemical variables could be regarded as physiological. By day 21 of the experiment, beta-carotene supplementation had significantly lowered the neutrophilic granulocyte percentage and elevated the lymphocyte percentage, while in the other two groups a change of opposite tendency occurred. At the end of the experimental period there was a decrease in plasma vitamin E concentration due to carotene supplementation (control: 6.1 ± 1.5, nucleotide: 6.3 ± 2.5, carotene: 2.3 ± 1.5 mg/L). Lymphocyte blastogenesis induced by phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A increased by 50 and 130%, respectively, in the nucleotide group and by 60 and 30%, respectively, in the carotene group, while it did not change in the control group. The supplements exerted no positive effect on the in vivo cellular immune response.
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Shen, Jian, and Jose M. Ordovas. "Impact of Genetic and Environmental Factors on hsCRP Concentrations and Response to Therapeutic Agents." Clinical Chemistry 55, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 256–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2008.117754.
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Abstract Background: Inflammation plays an instrumental role in all stages of atherosclerosis. High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), a systemic inflammatory marker, has been gaining recognition as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Both baseline hsCRP concentrations and drug-induced hsCRP changes are highly variable and potentially subject to genetic regulation. Content: This review summarizes the current studies examining the effect of genetic and environmental factors on baseline plasma hsCRP concentrations, with a main focus on C-reactive protein, pentraxin-related (CRP) genetic polymorphisms and various dietary components that affect hsCRP concentrations. We also address the association of CRP genetic variations with CVD risk, a relationship that may support or refute the causality of CRP in the atherosclerotic process. Moreover, we discuss the impact of CRP genetic polymorphisms on hsCRP changes in response to 3-week fenofibrate treatment in the genetic intervention of the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network study. Summary: Genetic variants on the CRP locus and other loci and dietary and lifestyle factors are responsible for the interindividual variability of plasma hsCRP concentrations. CRP genetic variants further influence differing plasma hsCRP response after 3-week fenofibrate treatment in patients with metabolic syndrome. Future studies focusing on the influence and interaction of genetic variation on the hsCRP response to dietary and other behavior modification as well as drug treatment could have important implications for the development of more personalized preventive and therapeutic approaches to reduce CVD.
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Wyatt, G. M., C. E. Bayliss, and J. D. Holcroft. "A change in human faecal flora in response to inclusion of gum arabic in the diet." British Journal of Nutrition 55, no. 2 (March 1986): 261–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn19860033.
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1. Gum arabic is a water-soluble polysaccharide resistant to human gut enzymes and thus can be described as dietary fibre.2. Using a most-probable-number technique, estimates were made of total anaerobes and of gum-arabic fermenters in the faeces of a volunteer during a contro1 period and during addition of 10 g gum arabic/d to the diet. Using an enrichment technique, the principal bacteria able to utilize gum arabic as the only carbohydrate source were isolated and characterized.3. Faecal samples were analysed for undegraded gum arabic and, following acid-hydrolysis, for total sugars.4. The proportion of the faecal flora able to degrade the gum arabic polymer rose from an initial level of 6.5% to more than 50% during gum-arabic ingestion, and subsequently returned to the control level after ingestion ceased. The principal gum-arabic fermenters were species ofBucteroides and Bifdobucterium.5. Undegraded gum arabic was not detected in any faecal sample nor were there significant differences in the level of total sugars in acid-hydrolysed faeces between gum arabic and control periods.6. The results presented indicate a direct and rapid change in faecal flora in response to a specific change in the diet of a human volunteer.
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Bock, Michael J., and Douglas C. Miller. "Particle selectivity, gut volume, and the response to a step change in diet for depositfeeding polychaetes." Limnology and Oceanography 44, no. 4 (June 1999): 1132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4319/lo.1999.44.4.1132.
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Jarocka-Cyrta, E., N. Perin, M. Keelan, E. Wierzbicki, T. Wierzbicki, M. T. Clandinin, and A. B. R. Thomson. "Early dietary experience influences ontogeny of intestine in response to dietary lipid changes in later life." American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 275, no. 2 (August 1, 1998): G250—G258. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.1998.275.2.g250.
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This study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that a change in the mother’s diet at the time of birth and continued during suckling modifies the intestinal transport of nutrients in the suckling offspring. Pregnant rat dams were fed one of four semisynthetic diets during pregnancy [high or low n-6/n-3 diet or a diet enriched with arachidonic acid (AA) or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)] and were fed the same diet at the time of birth or switched to another diet. The greatest body weight gain was in the suckling rats (15–16 days of age) fed a low n-6/n-3 diet. Switching from this diet caused weight loss, and the observed weight gain with the low n-6/n-3 diet was prevented by previous exposure of the mother to the high n-6/n-3 diet or the AA- or DHA-containing diet. Although continuous feeding of a high n-6/n-3 diet to the mother during pregnancy and lactation was associated with the lowest in vitro rates of fructose uptake, switching the mother to another diet during lactation did not necessarily correct the low absorption. In contrast, continuous feeding of a high n-6/n-3 diet to the mother during pregnancy and lactation is associated with the highest maximal transport rate of glucose uptake into the jejunum and ileum. Jejunal uptake of fatty acids 12:0, 18:0, 18:3(n-3), and cholesterol was less with the low n-6/n-3 diet compared with the high n-6/n-3 diet, whereas the ileal uptake of 18:0 and 18:3(n-3) was higher with the low n-6/n-3 diet. Thus the ontogeny of the intestine is critically influenced by the mother’s diet during gestation as well as during the nursing period. Some of the diet-associated changes in nutrient uptake resulting from the mother’s diet during pregnancy could be corrected by dietary interventions introduced after birth.
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Burrows, M. "The processing of mechanosensory information by spiking local interneurons in the locust." Journal of Neurophysiology 54, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1985.54.3.463.
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The responses and receptive fields of a group of spiking local interneurons in the metathoracic ganglion of the locust were defined by making intracellular recordings from them while moving joints of a hindleg and stimulating external mechanoreceptors. Some interneurons respond both to inputs from internal mechanoreceptors (proprioceptors) at particular joints and to inputs from an array of external mechanoreceptors. The effects of both types of receptor can be excitatory or inhibitory. Other interneurons respond to proprioceptive input alone. There is a spectrum of responses. At one extreme are interneurons that respond tonically, the frequency of their spikes being determined by the angle of a particular joint. At the other extreme are interneurons that respond phasically to imposed movements of a joint in any direction. Inbetween are interneurons that respond with either a rapidly or a more slowly adapting change in the frequency of their spikes to the displacement of a joint in only one direction. Each movement of a particular joint excites or inhibits several interneurons with a range of different response characteristics. An interneuron typically receives inputs from only one joint, though some are excited by both femoral and tibial receptors. The interneurons spike during active movements of a leg elicited by direct stimulation of individual motor neurons, and during movements elicited by tactile stimulation of other parts of the body.
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Seko, Yuya, Kanji Yamaguchi, Nozomi Tochiki, Kota Yano, Aya Takahashi, Shinya Okishio, Seita Kataoka, et al. "The Effect of Genetic Polymorphism in Response to Body Weight Reduction in Japanese Patients with Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease." Genes 12, no. 5 (April 22, 2021): 628. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12050628.
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Background: weight loss as a result of lifestyle intervention is effective when treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We estimated the effects of PNPLA3 rs738409 and HSD17B13 rs6834314 variants in response to diet therapy in Japanese patients with NAFLD. Methods: we analyzed the correlation between the change in liver stiffness and change in body weight in 140 patients administered diet therapy for 1-year, according to PNPLA3 and HSD17B13 genotypes. Results: the bodyweight (BW) reduction rate was greater in patients with the PNPLA3 genotype CC than CG and GG (p = 0.035). Change in liver stiffness measurement (LSM) was significantly associated with a change in BW in PNPLA3 CG/GG (r = 0.279/0.381), but not in PNPLA3 CC (p = 0.187). Change in LSM was correlated with change in BW only in patients with HSD17B13 AG/GG (r = 0.425), but not the AA genotype (p = 0.069). A multivariate analysis identified that a change in LSM was correlated with a change in BW in carriers of HSD17B13 AG/GG (B = 3.043, p = 0.032), but not HSD17B13 AA. The change in LSM of patients with a BW reduction of more than 7% (0.50) was significantly greater than that of patients with a BW reduction of less than 7% (0.83) (p = 0.038). Conclusions: in Japanese patients with NAFLD, HSD17B13 rs6834314 polymorphism is associated with the change in LSM by lifestyle intervention. The approach, including genetic assessments, may contribute to the establishment of appropriate therapeutic strategies to treat NAFLD.
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Yost, R. W., A. Chander, and A. B. Fisher. "Differential response of lung and liver of juvenile rats to choline deficiency." Journal of Applied Physiology 59, no. 3 (September 1, 1985): 738–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jappl.1985.59.3.738.
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The effect of choline deficiency on the lung lipids of actively growing male Sprague-Dawley rats was investigated using a washed soy protein diet deficient in choline and methionine (lipotrophic). The livers from deficient animals had a significantly increased total lipid content and decreased phosphatidylcholine (PC) content and PC-to-phosphatidylethanolamine ratio (P less than 0.01). Although lung free choline levels were decreased 40% compared with controls (P less than 0.05), the PC content of the whole lung homogenate was unchanged. However, disaturated phosphatidylcholine from animals receiving the lipotrophic diet was significantly increased in the lavage and proportionally decreased in the lavaged lung tissue compared with controls (P less than 0.01). This study indicates that, despite decreased lung choline levels as a result of ingesting a lipotrophic diet, and unlike the liver, lung PC content is maintained at normal values. Although the lung total PC levels are maintained, there is a change in the partition of this lipid pool between the tissue and the alveolar space.
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Srinivasa, Suman, Anna Aulinas, Timothy O’Malley, Patrick Maehler, Gail K. Adler, Steven K. Grinspoon, and Elizabeth A. Lawson. "Oxytocin response to controlled dietary sodium and angiotensin II among healthy individuals." American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism 315, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): E671—E675. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00190.2018.
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Oxytocin, while classically known for its role in parturition, lactation, and social behavior, also has been implicated in the control of sodium homeostasis in animal models. To improve our understanding of oxytocin physiology in humans, we measured basal oxytocin levels under low- and liberal-dietary-sodium conditions and following a peripheral angiotensin II (ANG II) infusion. Ten healthy individuals underwent a 6-day standardized low-sodium diet and a 6-day liberal-sodium diet. Each diet was followed by a graded ANG II infusion for 30-min sequential intervals at doses of 0.3, 1.0, and 3.0 ng·kg−1·min−1. Fasting serum oxytocin was assessed before and after ANG II infusion. Basal oxytocin levels (1,498.5 ± 94.7 vs. 1,663.3 ± 213.9 pg/ml, P = 0.51) did not differ after the low- and liberal-sodium diets. Following the ANG II infusion, ANG II levels and mean arterial pressure significantly increased as expected. In contrast, the ANG II infusion significantly lowered oxytocin levels from 1,498.5 ± 94.7 vs. 1,151.7 ± 118.1 pg/ml ( P < 0.001) on the low-sodium diet and from 1,663.3 ± 213.9 vs. 1,095.2 ± 87.4 pg/ml ( P = 0.03) on the liberal-sodium diet. The percent change in oxytocin following the ANG II infusion did not differ by sodium diet (−25 ± 5% vs. −28 ± 7% low- vs. liberal-sodium conditions, P > 0.99). Dietary sodium intake did not affect circulating oxytocin levels among healthy individuals. Systemic oxytocin levels were significantly suppressed following a peripheral ANG II infusion independent of dietary sodium conditions.