Relevant bibliographies by topics / Locomotion

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Locomotion'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 August 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Locomotion"

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Friedl, P., P. B. Noble, and K. S. Zänker. "T lymphocyte locomotion in a three-dimensional collagen matrix. Expression and function of cell adhesion molecules." Journal of Immunology 154, no. 10 (May 15, 1995): 4973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.4973.

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Abstract T cell locomotion within the extracellular matrix may be mediated by cell adhesion molecules. We investigated the expression and function of beta 1- and beta 2-integrins and CD44 on human peripheral CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocytes locomoting in a 3-D type I collagen matrix. Paths of randomly selected T cells were digitized from time-lapse videorecordings and were quantitatively analyzed. After the blocking of CD49b with mAb Gi9, the locomotion of a defined locomotor subset (50% of spontaneously locomoting cells) was inhibited. Anti-CD49d mAb HP2/1 and an activating anti-CD44 mAb (J173), respectively, induced transient recruitment (< 1 h) of previously nonmotile cells (10 to 35%). In contrast to the J173-induced short-term locomotion, hyaluronan incorporated within the matrix promoted locomotion for > 2 h. No significant effects were present for anti-CD49f (GoH3) and -CD11a (25.3) mAbs. After the addition of IL-8 to the matrix, rapid induction of locomotion in 20 to 30% of the cells (control) was evident, which was virtually abolished by anti-alpha 2- and alpha 6-integrin, and -CD11a mAbs. Thus, the locomotion of nonactivated and IL-8-activated T cells may involve different sets of integrins. Using flow cytometry, the development of a CD49b+CD29highCD44lowL-selectinlow T cell phenotype independent of activation markers including CD25, CD27, CD28, VLA-4, and CD45RA- to CD45RO-transition was observed after 4 days in the matrix. The initial development of spontaneous locomotion in the collagen matrix, however, was not accompanied by alterations in CAM surface staining and, therefore, may involve functional CAM activation rather than involving an increase in surface expression.
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Brudzynski, Stefan M., Michael Wu, and Gordon J. Mogenson. "Decreases in rat locomotor activity as a result of changes in synaptic transmission to neurons within the mesencephalic locomotor region." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 71, no. 5-6 (May 1, 1993): 394–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y93-060.

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The mesencephalic locomotor region is defined as a functional region sending signals to the spinal cord generators of rhythmical limb movements for locomotion. It has been shown that the mesencephalic locomotor region plays a critical role in locomotion initiated from the nucleus accumbens or from the subpallidal region. However, there are conflicting data on whether synaptic input from the nucleus accumbens – subpallidal region to the mesencephalic locomotor region mediates locomotion. The purpose of the study was to determine the role of synaptic input to different subregions of the mesencephalic locomotor region in locomotion induced by injecting dopamine into the nucleus accumbens or by injecting picrotoxin into the subpallidal region in freely behaving rats. Synaptic transmission in the mesencephalic locomotor region was eliminated by excitotoxic lesions or was reversibly interrupted by injecting cobalt chloride, which can block synaptic transmission. Excitotoxic lesions or injections of cobalt into subregions of the mesencephalic locomotor region significantly decreased, although did not completely block, locomotion. The most effective sites for cobalt- and lesion-induced reduction in locomotion were consistent with localization of the mesencephalic locomotor region. Effective sites for cobalt and lesions markedly overlapped but were not identical. The results indicate that synaptic transmission within the mesencephalic locomotor region contributes to dopamine- or picrotoxin-induced locomotion.Key words: locomotion, mesencephalic locomotor region, nucleus accumbens, ventral pallidum, dopamine, picrotoxin, excitotoxins, cobalt chloride.
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Dai, X., B. R. Noga, J. R. Douglas, and L. M. Jordan. "Localization of Spinal Neurons Activated During Locomotion Using the c-fos Immunohistochemical Method." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 6 (June 2005): 3442–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00578.2004.

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The c-fos immunohistochemical method of activity-dependent labeling was used to localize locomotor-activated neurons in the adult cat spinal cord. In decerebrate cats, treadmill locomotion was evoked by electrical stimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR). Spontaneous or MLR-evoked fictive locomotion was produced in decerebrate animals paralyzed with a neuromuscular blocking agent. After bouts of locomotion during a 7- to 9-h time period, the animals were perfused and the L3–S1 spinal cord segments removed for immunohistochemistry. Control animals were subjected to the same surgical procedures but no locomotor task. Labeled cells were concentrated in Rexed's laminae III and IV of the dorsal horn and laminae VII, VIII, and X of the intermediate zone/ventral horn after treadmill locomotion. Cells in laminae VII, VIII, and X were labeled after fictive locomotion, but labeling in the dorsal horn was much reduced. In control animals, c- fos labeling was a small fraction of that observed in the locomotor animals. The results suggest that labeled cells in laminae VII, VIII, and X are premotor interneurons involved in the production of locomotion, whereas the laminae III and IV cells are those activated during locomotion due to afferent feedback from the moving limb. c-fos-labeled cells were most numerous in the L5–L7 segments, consistent with the distribution of locomotor activated neurons detected through the use of MLR-evoked field potentials.
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Romaniuk, Jarosław, Stefan Kasicki, Oleg Kazennikov, and Viktor Selionov. "Respiratory responses to stimulation of spinal or medullary locomotor structures in decerebrate cats." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 54, no. 1 (March 31, 1994): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-1994-997.

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Respiratory and locomotor EMG activity was recorded in cats after a precollicular post-mamillary decerebration. Locomotion was induced by stimulating either the dorsolateral funiculus (DLF) in the cervical spinal cord or the medullary locomotor strip (MLS). At the onset of locomotion, both ventilation and blood pressure were enhanced. During locomotion, the activity of external intercostal muscles decreased but that of the internal intercostal muscles increased. The respiratory pattern changed with the onset of stimulation. The locomotor movements were evoked after a delay. The inspiratory-inhibitory Hering-Breuer reflex was attenuated. Stimulation of the MLS and DLF evoked similar respiratory and circulatory effects. Our data resemble the effects observed during stimulation of the subthalamic or mesencephalic locomotor regions. We conclude that respiratory changes are part of an integrated response involved in the onset of exercise and are independent of the neuronal site where stimulation evoked locomotion. In contrast to previous reports, we suggest that the pattern of interaction among respiratory, circulatory, and locomotor systems does not have to be the specialty of supramedullary structures. Coupling between locomotion and breathing during the post-inspiratory phase suggests that this interaction occurs at the medullary level.
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Rossignol, S., E. Brustein, L. Bouyer, D. Barthélemy, C. Langlet, and H. Leblond. "Adaptive changes of locomotion after central and peripheral lesions." Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 82, no. 8-9 (July 1, 2004): 617–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/y04-068.

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This paper reviews findings on the adaptive changes of locomotion in cats after spinal cord or peripheral nerve lesions. From the results obtained after lesions of the ventral/ventrolateral pathways or the dorsal/dorsolateral pathways, we conclude that with extensive but partial spinal lesions, cats can regain voluntary quadrupedal locomotion on a treadmill. Although tract-specific deficits remain after such lesions, intact descending tracts can compensate for the lesioned tracts and access the spinal network to generate voluntary locomotion. Such neuroplasticity of locomotor control mechanisms is also demonstrated after peripheral nerve lesions in cats with intact or lesioned spinal cords. Some models have shown that recovery from such peripheral nerve lesions probably involves changes at the supra spinal and spinal levels. In the case of somesthesic denervation of the hindpaws, we demonstrated that cats with a complete spinal section need some cutaneous inputs to walk with a plantigrade locomotion, and that even in this spinal state, cats can adapt their locomotion to partial cutaneous denervation. Altogether, these results suggest that there is significant plasticity in spinal and supraspinal locomotor controls to justify the beneficial effects of early proactive and sustained locomotor training after central (Rossignol and Barbeau 1995; Barbeau et al. 1998) or peripheral lesions.Key words: spinal lesions, nerve lesions, locomotion, neuroplisticity, locomotor training.
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Oldenborg, Per-Arne, and Janove Sehlin. "The Glucose Concentration Modulates N-Formyl-Methionyl-Leucyl-Phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe)-Stimulated Chemokinesis in Normal Human Neutrophils." Bioscience Reports 19, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 511–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/a:1020286010551.

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The effects of glucose concentration on the chemokinetic effects of the chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-Phe) was evaluated for normal human neutrophils using a direct microscopic assay. fMet-Leu-Phe increased the rate of locomotion in the absence of glucose, but the chemokinetic effect of fMet-Leu-Phe was most potent at 5mM glucose and not further changed at 15 mM glucose. The chemokinetic effects of fMet-Leu-Phe and glucose were essentially the same in blood clot-isolated and gradient-isolated neutrophils. However, in gradient-isolated neutrophils, the rate of locomotion under different experimental conditions was strictly negatively correlated to the fraction of non-locomoting cells and the degree of adhesion to the substratum. These results indicate that the chemokinetic effects of fMet-Leu-Phe are regulated by the glucose concentration by inducing locomotor activity in otherwise non-locomoting cells and by improving adhesion to the substratum.
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Langlet, C., H. Leblond, and S. Rossignol. "Mid-Lumbar Segments Are Needed for the Expression of Locomotion in Chronic Spinal Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 93, no. 5 (May 2005): 2474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00909.2004.

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In acute experiments performed in decerebrated and spinalized (T13) cats, an intraspinal injection of clonidine, a noradrenergic agonist, restricted to mid-lumbar segments L3–L4, can induce hindlimb locomotion, whereas yohimbine, a noradrenergic antagonist, can block spinal locomotion, and a second spinal lesion at L4 can abolish all locomotor activity. In the present study, we investigated whether the abolition of locomotion after this second spinal lesion was due to an acute spinal shock or to the functional disconnection of the rostral and caudal lumbar segments. In seven cats, first spinalized at T13 and having recovered treadmill locomotion, a second transection was performed at lower lumbar levels. Video and electromyographic recordings were used to evaluate locomotor performance. Results show that after a second transection at L2 or rostral L3 levels, spinal locomotion was maintained; when the second lesion was performed at caudal L3 or L4, all locomotor activity was abolished even after several weeks of attempted locomotor training; vigorous fast paw shakes (FPS) were observed in all cases; and after an intraperitoneal injection of clonidine in cats with a second transection below L4, perineal stimulation induced hyperextension of the hindlimbs but no locomotion. Considering that the main motoneuron pools of the hindlimbs are caudal to L4 and are still functional after the second spinal transection, as evidenced by the presence of FPS, we conclude that the mid-lumbar spinal segments are essential for the specific expression of spinal locomotion but not necessarily for other rhythmic motor patterns.
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Yokoyama, Hikaru, Tetsuya Ogawa, Masahiro Shinya, Noritaka Kawashima, and Kimitaka Nakazawa. "Speed dependency in α-motoneuron activity and locomotor modules in human locomotion: indirect evidence for phylogenetically conserved spinal circuits." Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 284, no. 1851 (March 29, 2017): 20170290. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2017.0290.

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Coordinated locomotor muscle activity is generated by the spinal central pattern generators (CPGs). Vertebrate studies have demonstrated the following two characteristics of the speed control mechanisms of the spinal CPGs: (i) rostral segment activation is indispensable for achieving high-speed locomotion; and (ii) specific combinations between spinal interneuronal modules and motoneuron (MN) pools are sequentially activated with increasing speed. Here, to investigate whether similar control mechanisms exist in humans, we examined spinal neural activity during varied-speed locomotion by mapping the distribution of MN activity in the spinal cord and extracting locomotor modules, which generate basic MN activation patterns. The MN activation patterns and the locomotor modules were analysed from multi-muscle electromyographic recordings. The reconstructed MN activity patterns were divided into the following three patterns depending on the speed of locomotion: slow walking, fast walking and running. During these three activation patterns, the proportion of the activity in rostral segments to that in caudal segments increased as locomotion speed increased. Additionally, the different MN activation patterns were generated by distinct combinations of locomotor modules. These results are consistent with the speed control mechanisms observed in vertebrates, suggesting phylogenetically conserved spinal mechanisms of neural control of locomotion.
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Domenici, P., D. González-Calderón, and R. S. Ferrari. "Locomotor performance in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus." Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom 83, no. 2 (March 20, 2003): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025315403007094h.

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The locomotor performance of the Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was investigated under laboratory conditions. Individuals were placed singly in the centre of a glass surface positioned either horizontally or vertically in tanks with seawater, and their locomotor activity was recorded. For locomotion on a horizontal surface, speed increased with both sea urchin diameter and their straightness of path. Speeds on a vertical surface were size-independent and not related to the straightness of path, although they were affected by vertical path orientation, with the highest speeds occurring for downward movements and the slowest speeds for the upward movements. Taken together, these results suggest that the scaling of sea urchin locomotion may follow similar laws to those of legged animals, for which locomotor performance increases with size on horizontal surface, while their relative cost of locomotion increases with body size on inclined surfaces. It is suggested that differences in horizontal vs vertical locomotion may also be related to differences in the underlying locomotor mechanisms, i.e. using adhesive appendices (tube feet) or levers (spines). In a second experiment, the sea urchin speed obtained during a negative phototactic response to a direct light stimulus was recorded. The results show that speed during light stimulation is higher than that during spontaneous locomotion in sea urchins of intermediate size (2·5–4 cm), suggesting that, in addition to the direction of locomotion as shown by previous studies, light can also have an effect on speed.
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Barthélemy, D., H. Leblond, and S. Rossignol. "Characteristics and Mechanisms of Locomotion Induced by Intraspinal Microstimulation and Dorsal Root Stimulation in Spinal Cats." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 3 (March 2007): 1986–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00818.2006.

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Intraspinal microstimulation (ISMS) through a single microelectrode can induce locomotion in cats spinalized at T13 1 wk before (untrained) or after 3–5 wk of treadmill training. Here we study the optimal parameters of ISMS and the characteristics of locomotion evoked. ISMS was applied in the dorsal region of segments L3–S1 at different lateralities (midline to 2.5 mm) and after an intravenous injection of clonidine (noradrenergic agonist). Kinematics and electromyographic recordings were used to characterize locomotion. ISMS could induce a bilateral locomotor pattern similar to that obtained with perineal stimulation, and the characteristics of locomotion varied according to the spinal segment stimulated. Mechanisms by which ISMS could evoke locomotion were then investigated by stimulating, inactivating, or lesioning different spinal structures. Dorsal root stimulation (DRS), just like ISMS, could evoke a variety of ipsi- and bilateral nonlocomotor movements as well as locomotor responses. This suggests that sensory afferent pathways are involved in the production of locomotion by ISMS. Microinjections of yohimbine (noradrenergic antagonist) in L3 and L4 segments or a complete second spinal lesion at L3–L4 abolished all locomotor activity evoked by ISMS applied at more caudal segments. Progressive dorsoventral spinal lesions at L3 or L4 and restricted ventral lesions at L4 further suggest that the integrity of the ventral or ventrolateral funiculi as well as the L3–L4 segments are critical for the induction of locomotion by ISMS at L5 to S1 or by DRS at these caudal segments.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Locomotion"

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Shaw, Christine. "Locomotion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape8/PQDD_0001/MQ42201.pdf.

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Josset, Nicolas. "Functional contribution of the mesencephalic locomotor region to locomotion." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/30430.

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Parce qu'il est naturel et facile de marcher, il peut sembler que cet acte soit produit aussi facilement qu'il est accompli. Au contraire, la locomotion nécessite une interaction neurale complexe entre les neurones supraspinaux, spinaux et périphériques pour obtenir une locomotion fluide et adaptée à l'environnement. La région locomotrice mésencéphalique (MLR) est un centre locomoteur supraspinal situé dans le tronc cérébral qui a notamment pour rôle d'initier la locomotion et d'induire une transition entre les allures locomotrices. Cependant, bien que cette région ait initialement été identifiée comme le noyau cunéiforme (CnF), un groupe de neurones glutamatergiques, et le noyau pédonculopontin (PPN), un groupe de neurones glutamatergiques et cholinergiques, son corrélat anatomique est encore un sujet de débat. Et alors qu'il a été prouvé que, que ce soit lors d’une stimulation de la MLR ou pour augmenter la vitesse locomotrice, la plupart des quadrupèdes présentent un large éventail d'allures locomotrices allant de la marche, au trot, jusqu’au galop, la gamme exacte des allures locomotrices chez la souris est encore inconnue. Ici, en utilisant l'analyse cinématique, nous avons d'abord décidé d'identifier d’évaluer les allures locomotrices des souris C57BL / 6. Sur la base de la symétrie de la démarche et du couplage inter-membres, nous avons identifié et caractérisé 8 allures utilisées à travers un continuum de fréquences locomotrices allant de la marche au trot puis galopant avec différents sous-types d'allures allant du plus lent au plus rapide. Certaines allures sont apparues comme attractrices d’autres sont apparues comme transitionnelles. En utilisant une analyse graphique, nous avons également démontré que les transitions entre les allures n'étaient pas aléatoires mais entièrement prévisibles. Nous avons ensuite décidé d'analyser et de caractériser les contributions fonctionnelles des populations neuronales de CnF et PPN au contrôle locomoteur. En utilisant des souris transgéniques exprimant une opsine répondant à la lumière dans les neurones glutamatergiques (Glut) ou cholinergiques (CHAT), nous avons photostimulé (ou photo-inhibé) les neurones glutamatergiques du CnF ou du PPN ou les neurones cholinergiques du PPN. Nous avons découvert que les neurones glutamatergiques du CnF initient et modulent l’allure locomotrice et accélèrent le rythme, tandis que les neurones glutamatergiques et cholinergiques du PPN le ralentissent. En initiant, modulant et en accélérant la locomotion, notre étude identifie et caractérise des populations neuronales distinctes de la MLR. Définir et décrire en profondeur la MLR semble d’autant plus urgent qu’elle est devenue récemment une cible pour traiter les symptômes survenant après une lésion de la moelle épinière ou liés à la maladie de Parkinson.
Because it is natural and easy to walk, it could seem that this act is produced as easily as it is accomplished. On the contrary, locomotion requires an intricate and complex neural interaction between the supraspinal, spinal and peripheric neurons to obtain a locomotion that is smooth and adapted to the environment. The Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR) is a supraspinal brainstem locomotor center that has the particular role of initiating locomotion and inducing a transition between locomotor gaits. However, although this region was initially identified as the cuneiform nucleus (CnF), a cluster of glutamatergic neurons, and the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a cluster of glutamatergic and cholinergic neurons, its anatomical correlate is still a matter of debate. And while it is proven that, either under MLR stimulation or in order to increase locomotor speed, most quadrupeds exhibit a wide range of locomotor gaits from walk, to trot, to gallop, the exact range of locomotor gaits in the mouse is still unknown. Here, using kinematic analysis we first decided to identify to assess locomotor gaits C57BL/6 mice. Based on the symmetry of the gait and the inter-limb coupling, we identified and characterized 8 gaits during locomotion displayed through a continuum of locomotor frequencies, ranging from walk to trot and then to gallop with various sub-types of gaits at the slowest and highest speeds that appeared as attractors or transitional gaits. Using graph analysis, we also demonstrated that transitions between gaits were not random but entirely predictable. Then we decided to analyze and characterize the functional contributions of the CnF and PPN’s neuronal populations to locomotor control. Using transgenic mice expressing opsin in either glutamatergic (Glut) or cholinergic (CHAT) neurons, we photostimulated (or photoinhibited) glutamatergic neurons of the CnF or PPN or cholinergic neurons of the PPN. We discovered that glutamatergic CnF neurons initiate and modulate the locomotor pattern, and accelerate the rhythm, while glutamatergic and cholinergic PPN neurons decelerate it. By initiating, modulating, and accelerating locomotion, our study identifies and characterizes distinct neuronal populations of the MLR. Describing and defining thoroughly the MLR seems all the more urgent since it has recently become a target for spinal cord injury and Parkinson’s disease treatment.
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Karlsson, Rasmus, and Alvar Sveninge. "Virtual Reality Locomotion : Four Evaluated Locomotion Methods." Thesis, Högskolan Väst, Avd för informatik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hv:diva-11651.

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Virtual Reality consumer hardware is now available for the masses through the HTC Vive, Oculus Rift and PlayStation VR. Locomotion or virtual travel inside immersive experiences is an area which is yet to be fully solved due to space constraints, problems with retaining immersion and potential sickness. This thesis had the goal of evaluating user preferences for four locomotion methods in Virtual Reality with a first generation HTC Vive through the gaming platform Steam.  The theoretical framework provides an elementary understanding of the field of Virtual Reality and how humans interact and get affected by locomotion in that context. To contextualize the experience of evaluating the locomotion systems the Hedonic-Motivation System Adoption Model is used as it covers intrinsic motivation which is common in video games, social networking and virtual worlds.  An extensive process for games selection has been performed which has resulted in four locomotion methods with four games per method. Sixteen participants got to test one locomotion method each where their gameplay got recorded for later observation. After each game session answers were provided by the participants based on surveys and after completion of all games a questionnaire gauged their sickness level.  The conclusion proved inconclusive. While the results without interpretation showed the locomotion method Artificial as the overall winner a range of potential problems were found with the study in general. Some problems included observations which did not provide the expected results, introducing doubt into either how the study was conducted or the reliability of certain users. A larger sampler size along with a better study procedure could possibly have provided a more conclusive answer.
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Tu, Fu Keung. "Smooth locomotion in VR : Comparing head orientation and controller orientation locomotion." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-20239.

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Background. Virtual reality (VR) technology has evolved to a stage where affordable consumer devices are available. Still, there are limitations to technology which causes compromises to be made. One of the big problems in VR is locomotion, especially regarding immersion and comfort. There are two common ways for locomotion in VR, Teleportation and smooth continuous locomotion. Smooth locomotion is often considered superior for immersion but commonly causes simulation sickness.Objectives. This paper is comparing two different methods of smooth locomotion, one based on head orientation and the other based on controller orientation. The objective is to determine which method is preferred regarding comfort, immersion and ease of use.Methods. To identify the strength and weaknesses of each method, a VR experiment was designed which simulates tasks common in video games. A comparative study was made with fifteen subjects.The fifteen participants performed tasks involving exploring a VR environment and using the VR controller to shoot at targets. After using each of the methods the subjects then answered questionnaires about the usability and the simulations sickness caused by the method. Other data was collected on how well the task was performed such as number of targets hit.Results. The users ranked controller orientation locomotion higher for perceived naturalness and likeability and was ranked lower for items relating to restrictiveness and difficulty. No significant difference was found regarding simulator sickness and performance.Conclusion. Controller orientation locomotion ranked at least as good or better than head orientation locomotion in all categories. This shows that it is the preferred orientation method in this use case where the application is similar to a first person shooter game.
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Truong, Tan Viet Anh. "Un modèle de locomotion humaine unifiant comportements holonomes et nonholonomes." Phd thesis, Institut National Polytechnique de Toulouse - INPT, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00512405.

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Notre motivation est de comprendre la locomotion humaine pour un meilleur contrôle des systèmes virtuels (robots et mannequins). La locomotion humaine a été étudiée depuis longtemps dans des domaines différents. Nous considérons la locomotion comme le déplacement d'un repère attaché au corps humain (direction et orientation) au lieu de la trajectoire articulaire du corps complet. Notre approche est basée sur le fondement calculatoire de la locomotion humaine. Le but est de trouver un modèle qui explique la forme de la locomotion humaine dans l'espace. Pour ce faire, nous étudions tout d'abord le comportement des trajectoires au sol pendant la locomotion intentionnelle. Quand un humain marche, il met un pied devant l'autre et par conséquence, l'orientation du corps suit la direction tangente de la trajectoire. C'est ce qu'on appelle l'hypothèse de comportement nonholonome. Cependant, dans le cas d'un pas de côté, l'orientation du corps n'est plus semblable à la direction de trajectoire, et l'hypothèse n'est plus valable. Le comportement de la locomotion devient holonome. Le but de la thèse est de distinguer ces deux comportements et de les exploiter en neuroscience, robotique et animation graphique. La première partie de la thèse présente une étude qui permet de déterminer des configurations de comportement holonome par un protocole expérimental et par une fonction qui segmente les comportements nonholonomes et holonomes d'une trajectoire. Dans la deuxième partie, nous établissons un modèle unifiant comportements nonholonomes et holonomes. Ce modèle combine trois vitesses générant la locomotion humaine : tangentielle, angulaire et latérale. Par une approche de commande optimale inverse nous proposons une fonction multi-objectifs qui optimise des trajectoires calculées pour les rendre proches des trajectoires humaines naturelles. La dernière partie est l'application qui utilise les deux comportements pour synthétiser des locomotions humaines dans un environnement d'an imation graphique. Chaque locomotion est caractérisée par trois vitesses et est donc considérée comme un point dans l'espace de commande 3D (de trois vitesses). Nous avons collecté une librairie qui contient des locomotions de vitesses différentes - des points dans l'espace 3D. Ces points sont structurés en un nuage de tétraèdres. Quand une vitesse désirée est donnée, elle est projetée dans l'espace 3D et on trouve le tétraèdre qui la contient. La nouvelle animation est interpolée par quatre locomotions correspondant aux quatre sommets du tétraèdre. On expose plusieurs scénarios d'animations sur un personnage virtuel.
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Hanson, Nardie Kathleen Igraine. "Cognitive and locomotor strategies of arboreal locomotion in non-human apes and humans." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2016. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7122/.

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Arboreal travel for large apes is energetically demanding and risky due to the complexity of the forest canopy. Careful selection of supports is therefore essential for safe and efficient locomotion. This thesis investigates the factors involved in route and support selection in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and in modern human (Homo sapiens) tree climbers. Naturalistically housed bonobos were given a choice of two ropes, one that provided easy access and another that required more demanding postures, with which to access a hard-to-reach food goal. The bonobos selected a rope based on its distance from the goal and its flexibility. Decision making in human tree climbers was investigated using a novel combination of qualitative (participant interviews) and quantitative (observations of behaviour) data. Participants were asked to collect goals from within a tree crown three times each. Interviews revealed that participants either considered risk avoidance or ease/efficiency as the main factor influencing their decisions whilst climbing. Those considering risk took longer to complete each climb, but became quicker after their first climb. These studies demonstrate that the demands of the arboreal environment require knowledge of the functional properties of supports and that memory of specific routes may increase the efficiency of arboreal locomotion.
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Sui, Yi. "Locomotion over a washboard." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/51931.

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The purpose of this thesis is to study the problem when a microorganism swims very close to a shaped boundary. In this problem, we model the swimmer to be a two-dimensional, infinite periodic waving sheet. For simplicity, we only consider the case where the fluid between the swimmer and the washboard is Newtonian and incompressible. We assume that the swimmer propagates waves along its body and propels itself in the opposite direction. We consider two cases in our swimming sheet problem and the lubrication approximation is applied for both cases. In the first case, the swimmer has a known fixed shape. Various values of wavenumber, amplitude of the restoring force and amplitude of the topography were considered. We found the instantaneous swimming speed behaved quite differently as the wavenumber was varied. The direction of the swimmer was also found to depend on the amplitude of the restoring force. We also found some impact of the topographic amplitude on the relationship between average swimming speed and the wavenumber. We extended the cosine wave shaped washboard to be a more general shape and observed how it affected the swimming behaviour. In the second case, the swimmer is assumed to be elastic. We were interested to see how different values of wavenumber, stiffness and amplitude of the restoring force could change the swimming behaviour. With normalized stiffness and wavenumber, we found the swimmer remained in a periodic state with small forcing amplitude. While the swimmer reached a steady state with unit swimming speed for high forcing amplitude. However, for other values of stiffness and wavenumber, we found the swimmer's swimming behaviour was very different.
Science, Faculty of
Mathematics, Department of
Graduate
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Arnold, Dirk. "Evolution of legged locomotion." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp05/mq24085.pdf.

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Byl, Katie. "Metastable legged-robot locomotion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/46362.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2008.
This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 195-215).
A variety of impressive approaches to legged locomotion exist; however, the science of legged robotics is still far from demonstrating a solution which performs with a level of flexibility, reliability and careful foot placement that would enable practical locomotion on the variety of rough and intermittent terrain humans negotiate with ease on a regular basis. In this thesis, we strive toward this particular goal by developing a methodology for designing control algorithms for moving a legged robot across such terrain in a qualitatively satisfying manner, without falling down very often. We feel the definition of a meaningful metric for legged locomotion is a useful goal in and of itself. Specifically, the mean first-passage time (MFPT), also called the mean time to failure (MTTF), is an intuitively practical cost function to optimize for a legged robot, and we present the reader with a systematic, mathematical process for obtaining estimates of this MFPT metric. Of particular significance, our models of walking on stochastically rough terrain generally result in dynamics with a fast mixing time, where initial conditions are largely "forgotten" within 1 to 3 steps. Additionally, we can often find a near-optimal solution for motion planning using only a short time-horizon look-ahead. Although we openly recognize that there are important classes of optimization problems for which long-term planning is required to avoid "running into a dead end" (or off of a cliff!), we demonstrate that many classes of rough terrain can in fact be successfully negotiated with a surprisingly high level of long-term reliability by selecting the short-sighted motion with the greatest probability of success. The methods used throughout have direct relevance to machine learning, providing a physics-based approach to reduce state space dimensionality and mathematical tools to obtain a scalar metric quantifying performance of the resulting reduced-order system.
by Katie Byl.
Ph.D.
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Chan, Brian 1980. "Bio-inspired fluid locomotion." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/49762.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 95-99).
We have developed several novel methods of locomotion at low Reynolds number, for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids: Robosnails 1 and 2, which operate on a lubrication layer, and the three-link swimmer which moves in an unbounded fluid. Robosnail 1 utilizes lubrication pressures generated in a Newtonian fluid under a steadily undulating foot to propel itself forward. Tractoring force and velocity measurements are in agreement with analytic and numerical solutions. Robosnail 2, modeled after real land snails, uses in-plane compressions of a flat foot on a mucus substitute such as Laponite or Carbopol. Robosnail 2 exploits the non-Newtonian qualities (yield-stress, shear thinning) of the fluid solution to locomote. The glue-like behavior of the unyielded fluid allows Robosnail 2 to climb up a 90 degree incline or inverted 180 degree surfaces. The three-link swimmer is a device composed of three rigid links interconnected by two out-of-phase oscillating joints. It is the first experimental test that successfully demonstrates that a swimmer of its kind can translate in the Stokes limit.
by Brian Chan.
Ph.D.
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Books on the topic "Locomotion"

1

Woodson, Jacqueline. Locomotion. New York, USA: G.P. Putnam's Sons, 2003.

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Woodson, Jacqueline. Locomotion. New York: Scholastic, 2004.

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Woodson, Jacqueline. Locomotion. New York: Speak, 2004.

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D'Août, Kristiaan, and Evie E. Vereecke, eds. Primate Locomotion. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1420-0.

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Taylor, Graham K., Michael S. Triantafyllou, and Cameron Tropea, eds. Animal Locomotion. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-11633-9.

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Vukobratović, Miomir, Branislav Borovac, Dušan Surla, and Dragan Stokić. Biped Locomotion. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83006-8.

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Strasser, Elizabeth, John G. Fleagle, Alfred L. Rosenberger, and Henry M. McHenry, eds. Primate Locomotion. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-0092-0.

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Woodson, Jacqueline. Peace, Locomotion. New York: Penguin USA, Inc., 2009.

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Steven, Pippin, ed. Laundromat-locomotion. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1998.

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Back, Willem. Equine locomotion. 2nd ed. Edinburgh: Elsevier, 2013.

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Book chapters on the topic "Locomotion"

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Arai, Mary N. "Locomotion." In A Functional Biology of Scyphozoa, 16–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1497-1_2.

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Davis, Randall W. "Locomotion." In Marine Mammals, 89–132. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-98280-9_5.

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Bone, Q., N. B. Marshall, and J. H. S. Blaxter. "Locomotion." In Biology of Fishes, 44–78. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-2664-3_3.

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Rabischong, Pierre. "Locomotion." In Comprehensive Anatomy of Motor Functions, 59–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04169-8_3.

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Gährs, Casey, and Andrés Vidal-Gadea. "Locomotion." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 3986–4001. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-55065-7_1450.

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Gährs, Casey, and Andrés Vidal-Gadea. "Locomotion." In Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1450-1.

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Wagner, Gottfried, and Wolfgang Marwan. "Locomotion." In Progress in Botany, 126–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-77047-0_7.

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Reinhard, Blickhan. "Terrestrial Locomotion." In Animal Locomotion, 151–258. Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, 2017.: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b22011-5.

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Vukobratović, Miomir, Branislav Borovac, Dušan Surla, and Dragan Stokić. "Dynamics of Biped Locomotion." In Biped Locomotion, 1–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83006-8_1.

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Vukobratović, Miomir, Branislav Borovac, Dušan Surla, and Dragan Stokić. "Synthesis of Nominal Dynamics." In Biped Locomotion, 53–180. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-83006-8_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Locomotion"

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Steffan, Eric, and Tuhin Das. "Locomotion of Circular Robots With Diametrically Translating Legs." In ASME 2009 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/dscc2009-2530.

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In this paper, we develop an analytical basis for designing the locomotion of mobile robots with a spherical or circular core and equispaced diametral legs. The mechanism has resemblance with certain cellular locomotions. Locomotion is generated by actuation of the legs in the radial direction. Two elementary regimes of motion are first developed using the geometry of the mechanism. The overall motion of the robot is generated by repeated switching between the two regimes. The paper addresses both the kinematics and dynamics of the mechanism enabling the prediction of trajectories and computation of constraint and actuation forces. Simulation results are provided in support of the theory developed.
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Rhodes, Tyler, and Vishesh Vikas. "Compact Tensegrity Robots Capable of Locomotion Through Mass-Shifting." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-98513.

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Abstract Robustness, compactness, and portability of tensegrity robots make them suitable candidates for locomotion on unknown terrains. Locomotion is achieved by breaking symmetry and altering the position of center-of-mass to induce “tip-over”. The design of curved links of tensegrity mechanisms allows continuous change in the point of contact (along the curve) as compared to discontinuities in the traditional straight links (point contact) which induces impulse reaction forces during locomotion. The illustrated curve-link tensegrity robot achieves smooth locomotion through internal mass-shifting. Additionally, this tensegrity robot displays folding and unfolding. Introduced is a design methodology for fabricating tensegrity robots of varying morphologies with modular components created using rapid prototyping techniques, including 3D printing and laser-cutting. The techniques are utilized to fabricate simple tensegrity structures, followed by locomotive tensegrity robots in icosahedron and half-circle arc morphologies.
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Bagley, Jake T., Graham B. Quasebarth, and Dal Hyung Kim. "Characterizing Swimming Locomotions of an Asymmetrical Soft Millirobot in a Rotating Magnetic Field." In ASME 2022 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2022-95285.

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Abstract Millimeter-scale robots have many applications in bioengineering fields due to their ability to be actuated remotely. Certain forms of locomotion allow them to achieve high swim speeds while maintaining controllability. The corkscrew locomotions have been achieved in previous soft robot studies, but their swim speeds were much lower than those exhibited by soft robots of different locomotions. In this paper, a corkscrew swimming motion with a high swim speed was achieved with a 3D rotating magnetic field by designing an asymmetrical soft robot made of flexible polymer embedded with magnetic particles and magnetized at a specific orientation. While this robot exhibited a rolling and transient locomotion at magnetic field frequencies lower than 40 Hz, at frequencies above 40 Hz, the robot exhibited corkscrew swimming locomotion. The swimming speed peaked at a velocity of about 30 mm/s at a magnetic field frequency of 49 Hz. Beyond this frequency, the swim speed of the soft robot decreased because the rotational frequency of the robot could not match the frequency of the actuating magnetic field.
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Williams, Jasmine, and Ellen Li-Luen Do. "Locomotion storytelling." In Proceeding of the seventh ACM conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1640233.1640328.

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Hoelzl, Gerold, Marc Kurz, Peter Halbmayer, Juergen Erhart, Michael Matscheko, Alois Ferscha, Susanne Eisel, and Johann Kaltenleithner. "Locomotion@location." In the 9th international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2371536.2371549.

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Majewski, Tadeusz, and Ruben Alejos. "Oscillatory locomotion." In 2011 21st International Conference on Electrical Communications and Computers (CONIELECOMP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/conielecomp.2011.5749330.

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Wilson, Preston Tunnell, William Kalescky, Ansel MacLaughlin, and Betsy Williams. "VR locomotion." In VRCAI '16: The 15th International Conference on Virtual-Reality Continuum and its Applications in Industry. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3013971.3014010.

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"Legged locomotion." In 2015 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmech.2015.7084005.

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"Legged locomotion." In 2013 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics (ICM). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmech.2013.6519109.

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GOLUBITSKY, MARTIN, and CARLA ALVES-PINTO. "BIPEDAL LOCOMOTION." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Differential Equations. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812702067_0072.

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Reports on the topic "Locomotion"

1

Neely, Jason C., Beverly Rainwater Sturgis, Raymond Harry Byrne, John Todd Feddema, Barry Louis Spletzer, Scott E. Rose, David Keith Novick, David Gerald Wilson, and Stephen P. Buerger. Advanced robot locomotion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/961653.

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Raibert, Marc H., Jr Brown, Chepponis H. B., Koechling Michael, Hodgins Jeff, and Jessica K. Dynamically Stable Legged Locomotion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada225713.

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Flach, John M. Perception and Control of Locomotion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, September 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada285605.

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Pausch, Randy F. A Natural Locomotion Virtual Environment Testbed. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada451479.

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Ratliff, Nathan D., J. A. Bagnell, and Siddhartha S. Srinivasa. Imitation Learning for Locomotion and Manipulation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada528601.

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Ortega de Farias, Mª Clara, and Francisco José Valverde Albacete. Characteristics of the locomotion of the emph{Caenorhabditis elegans}, a bibliographic review for simulation. Fundación Avanza, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.60096/fundacionavanza/4002024.

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Altendorfer, Richard, Daniel E. Koditschek, and Philip Holmes. Towards a Factored Analysis of Legged Locomotion Models. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada460353.

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Ritzmann, Roy E., Roger D. Quinn, and Mark A. Willis. Descending and Local Network Interactions Control Adaptive Locomotion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada615343.

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Buehler, Martin. Dynamic Locomotion With One, Four and Six-Legged Robots. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada438557.

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Gordon, Malcom S. Biomechanics and Energetics of Locomotion in Rigid-Bodied Fishes. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403152.

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