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NIVDANGE, SANDIP, Chinmay Jena, and Pooja Pawar. "Nationwide CoViD-19 lockdown impact on air quality in India." MAUSAM 73, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 115–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v73i1.1475.
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This paper discusses the comparative results of surface and satellite measurements made during the Phase1 (25 March to 14 April), Phase2 (15 April to 3 May) and Phase3 (3 May to 17May) of Covid-19 imposed lockdown periods of 2020 and those of the same locations and periods during 2019 over India. These comparative analyses are performed for Indian states and Tier 1 megacities where economic activities have been severely affected with the nationwide lockdown. The focus is on changes in the surface concentration of sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), PM2.5 and PM10, Ozone (O3), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and retrieved columnar NO2 from TROPOMI and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) from MODIS satellite. Surface concentrations of PM2.5 were reduced by 30.59%, 31.64% and 37.06%, PM10 by 40.64%, 44.95% and 46.58%, SO2 by 16.73%, 12.13% and 6.71%, columnar NO2 by 46.34%, 45.82% and 39.58% and CO by 45.08%, 41.51% and 60.45% during lockdown periods of Phase1, Phase2 and Phase3 respectively as compared to those of 2019 periods over India. During 1st phase of lockdown, model simulated PM2.5 shows overestimations to those of observed PM2.5 mass concentrations. The model underestimates the PM2.5 to those of without reduction before lockdown and 1st phase of lockdown periods. The reduction in emissions of PM2.5, PM10, CO and columnar NO2 are discussed with the surface transportation mobility maps during the study periods. Reduction in the emissions based on the observed reduction in the surface mobility data, the model showed excellent skills in capturing the observed PM2.5 concentrations. Nevertheless, during the 1st & 3rd phases of lockdown periods AOD reduced by 5 to 40%. Surface O3 was increased by 1.52% and 5.91% during 1st and 3rd Phases of lockdown periods respectively, while decreased by -8.29% during 2nd Phase of lockdown period.
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Verma, Surender, Anjali Verma, Pradeep Garg, Rajesh Godara, Vivek Sirohi, Neha Garg, and Vijay Pal. "Pattern of surgical emergencies during COVID-19 lockdown in a tertiary care centre." International Surgery Journal 7, no. 12 (November 27, 2020): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20205368.
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Background: COVID-19 is a novel pandemic affecting almost all countries of the world. The containment measures in form of lockdown taken to prevent its spread has impacted pattern and volume of surgical emergencies. As emergency admissions form a major bulk of total surgical admissions hence this study was planned to look for the impact of lockdown on the spectrum of surgical emergencies in a tertiary care hospital.Methods: A descriptive register based study was done by collecting data of surgical emergencies in three phases – pre lockdown, lockdown and lockdown with relaxations. Data regarding surgical admissions which includes trauma as well as non-trauma emergencies during various phases was collected and analysed.Results: Total number of surgical emergencies decreased by 55.6% during lockdown when compared with pre-lockdown phase. In lockdown phase with relaxations, total admissions increased by 35.2% over lockdown phase however they was overall decrease by 19.4% than pre-lockdown phase. Physical assault was most common cause of trauma admissions in both lockdown (48.2%) as well as relaxation phases (57.1%) whereas RSA was the most common cause in pre-lockdown phase (50.5%).Conclusions: As there was significant decrease in surgical emergencies particularly road side accidents during both lockdown and relaxation phases, hence we conclude that maximum emergencies can be avoided which ultimately decrease the burden on existing health care system. However lockdown has adversely affected economy of country and public comfort i.e. travel restrictions, jobs, recreation etc. Moreover, rise in cases of physical assaults also warrants urgent attention in the community.
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Hemker, Falk, Timo Haselhoff, Susanne Brunner, Bryce T. Lawrence, Katja Ickstadt, and Susanne Moebus. "The Role of Traffic Volume on Sound Pressure Level Reduction before and during COVID-19 Lockdown Measures—A Case Study in Bochum, Germany." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6 (March 13, 2023): 5060. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065060.
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During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, sound pressure levels (SPL) decreased because of lockdown measures all over the world. This study aims to describe SPL changes over varying lockdown measure timeframes and estimate the role of traffic on SPL variations. To account for different COVID-19 lockdown measures, the timeframe during the pandemic was segmented into four phases. To analyze the association between a-weighted decibels (dB(A)) and lockdown phases relative to the pre-lockdown timeframe, we calculated a linear mixed model, using 36,710 h of recording time. Regression coefficients depicting SPL changes were compared, while the model was subsequently adjusted for wind speed, rainfall, and traffic volume. The relative adjusted reduction of during pandemic phases to pre-pandemic levels ranged from −0.99 dB(A) (CI: −1.45; −0.53) to −0.25 dB(A) (CI: −0.96; 0.46). After controlling for traffic volume, we observed little to no reduction (−0.16 dB(A) (CI: −0.77; 0.45)) and even an increase of 0.75 dB(A) (CI: 0.18; 1.31) during the different lockdown phases. These results showcase the major role of traffic regarding the observed reduction. The findings can be useful in assessing measures to decrease noise pollution for necessary future population-based prevention.
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Ambade, Preshit Nemdas, Kednapa Thavorn, and Smita Pakhale. "COVID-19 Pandemic: Did Strict Mobility Restrictions Save Lives and Healthcare Costs in Maharashtra, India?" Healthcare 11, no. 14 (July 24, 2023): 2112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142112.
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Introduction: Maharashtra, India, remained a hotspot during the COVID-19 pandemic. After the initial complete lockdown, the state slowly relaxed restrictions. We aim to estimate the lockdown’s impact on COVID-19 cases and associated healthcare costs. Methods: Using daily case data for 84 days (9 March–31 May 2020), we modeled the epidemic’s trajectory and predicted new cases for different phases of lockdown. We fitted log-linear models to estimate the growth rate, basic (R0), daily reproduction number (Re), and case doubling time. Based on pre-restriction and Phase 1 R0, we predicted new cases for the rest of the restriction phases, and we compared them with the actual number of cases during each phase. Furthermore, using the published and gray literature, we estimated the costs and savings of implementing these restrictions for the projected period, and we performed a sensitivity analysis. Results: The estimated median R0 during the different phases was 1.14 (95% CI: 0.85, 1.45) for pre-lockdown, 1.67 (95% CI: 1.50, 1.82) for phase 1 (strict mobility restrictions), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.12, 1.35) for phase 2 (extension of phase 1 with no restrictions on agricultural and essential services), 1.12 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.23) for phase 3 (extension of phase 2 with mobility relaxations in areas with few infections), and 1.05 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.123) for phase 4 (implementation of localized lockdowns in high-case-load areas with fewer restrictions on other areas), respectively. The corresponding doubling time rate for cases (in days) was 17.78 (95% CI: 5.61, −15.19), 3.87 (95% CI: 3.15, 5.00), 10.37 (95% CI: 7.10, 19.30), 20.31 (95% CI: 10.70, 212.50), and 45.56 (95% CI: 20.50, –204.52). For the projected period, the cases could have reached 631,819 without the lockdown, as the actual reported number of cases was 64,975. From a healthcare perspective, the estimated total value of averted cases was INR 194.73 billion (USD 2.60 billion), resulting in net cost savings of 84.05%. The Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) per Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) for implementing the lockdown, rather than observing the natural course of the pandemic, was INR 33,812.15 (USD 450.83). Conclusion: Maharashtra’s early public health response delayed the pandemic and averted new cases and deaths during the first wave of the pandemic. However, we recommend that such restrictions be carefully used while considering the local socio-economic realities in countries like India.
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Lavalle, Raffaele, Elena Condominas, Josep Maria Haro, Iago Giné-Vázquez, Raquel Bailon, Estela Laporta, Ester Garcia, et al. "The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Adults with Major Depressive Disorder from Catalonia: A Decentralized Longitudinal Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6 (March 15, 2023): 5161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065161.
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The present study analyzes the effects of each containment phase of the first COVID-19 wave on depression levels in a cohort of 121 adults with a history of major depressive disorder (MDD) from Catalonia recruited from 1 November 2019, to 16 October 2020. This analysis is part of the Remote Assessment of Disease and Relapse-MDD (RADAR-MDD) study. Depression was evaluated with the Patient Health Questionnaire-8 (PHQ-8), and anxiety was evaluated with the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). Depression’s levels were explored across the phases (pre-lockdown, lockdown, and four post-lockdown phases) according to the restrictions of Spanish/Catalan governments. Then, a mixed model was fitted to estimate how depression varied over the phases. A significant rise in depression severity was found during the lockdown and phase 0 (early post-lockdown), compared with the pre-lockdown. Those with low pre-lockdown depression experienced an increase in depression severity during the “new normality”, while those with high pre-lockdown depression decreased compared with the pre-lockdown. These findings suggest that COVID-19 restrictions affected the depression level depending on their pre-lockdown depression severity. Individuals with low levels of depression are more reactive to external stimuli than those with more severe depression, so the lockdown may have worse detrimental effects on them.
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van der Koogh, Mylène, Rick Wolbertus, and Renee Heller. "Charging after Lockdown: The Aftermath of COVID-19 Policies on Electric Vehicle Charging Behaviour in The Netherlands." World Electric Vehicle Journal 14, no. 3 (March 7, 2023): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj14030067.
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During the COVID-19—related lockdowns (2020–2022), mobility patterns and charging needs were substantially affected. Policies such as work from home, lockdowns, and curfews reduced traffic and commuting significantly. This global pandemic may have also substantially changed mobility patterns on the long term and therefore the need for electric vehicle charging infrastructure. This paper analyzes changes in electric charging in the Netherlands for different user groups during different phases of the COVID-19 lockdown to assess the effects on EV charging needs. Charging needs dropped significantly during this period, which also changed the distribution of the load on the electricity grid throughout the day. Curfews affected the start times of charging sessions during peak hours of grid consumption. Infrastructure dedicated to commuters was used less intensively, and the charging needs of professional taxi drivers were drastically reduced during lockdown periods. These trends were partially observed during a post–lockdown measuring period of roughly 8 months, indicating a longer shift in mobility and charging patterns.
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Javed, Zeeshan, Yuhang Wang, Mingjie Xie, Aimon Tanvir, Abdul Rehman, Xiangguang Ji, Chengzhi Xing, Awais Shakoor, and Cheng Liu. "Investigating the Impacts of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Trace Gases Using Ground-Based MAX-DOAS Observations in Nanjing, China." Remote Sensing 12, no. 23 (December 1, 2020): 3939. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12233939.
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The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic and consequent lockdowns all over the world have had various impacts on atmospheric quality. This study aimed to investigate the impact of the lockdown on the air quality of Nanjing, China. The off-axis measurements from state-of-the-art remote-sensing Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscope (MAX-DOAS) were used to observe the trace gases, i.e., Formaldehyde (HCHO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), and Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), along with the in-situ time series of NO2, SO2 and Ozone (O3). The total dataset covers the span of five months, from 1 December 2019, to 10 May 2020, which comprises of four phases, i.e., the pre lockdown phase (1 December 2019, to 23 January 2020), Phase-1 lockdown (24 January 2020, to 26 February 2020), Phase-2 lockdown (27 February 2020, to 31 March 2020), and post lockdown (1 April 2020, to 10 May 2020). The observed results clearly showed that the concentrations of selected pollutants were lower along with improved air quality during the lockdown periods (Phase-1 and Phase-2) with only the exception of O3, which showed an increasing trend during lockdown. The study concluded that limited anthropogenic activities during the spring festival and lockdown phases improved air quality with a significant reduction of selected trace gases, i.e., NO2 59%, HCHO 38%, and SO2 33%. We also compared our results with 2019 data for available gases. Our results imply that the air pollutants concentration reduction in 2019 during Phase-2 was insignificant, which was due to the business as usual conditions after the Spring Festival (Phase-1) in 2019. In contrast, a significant contamination reduction was observed during Phase-2 in 2020 with the enforcement of a Level-II response in lockdown conditions i.e., the easing of the lockdown situation in some sectors during a specific interval of time. The observed ratio of HCHO to NO2 showed that tropospheric ozone production involved Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) limited scenarios.
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Paz-Graniel, Indira, Nancy Babio, Stephanie K. Nishi, Miguel Ángel Martínez-González, Dolores Corella, Montserrat Fitó, Alfredo Martínez, et al. "How Did the COVID-19 Lockdown Pandemic Affect the Depression Symptomatology in Mediterranean Older Adults with Metabolic Syndrome?" Depression and Anxiety 2023 (July 14, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6765950.
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Background and Aims. To control the COVID-19 spread, in March 2020, a forced home lockdown was established in Spain. In the present study, we aimed to assess the effect of mobility and social COVID-19-established restrictions on depressive symptomatology in older adults with metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that severe restrictions might have resulted in detrimental changes in depressive symptomatology. Methods. 2,312 PREDIMED-Plus study participants ( men = 53.9 %; mean age = 64.9 ± 4.8 years) who completed a COVID-19 lockdown questionnaire to assess the severity of restrictions/lockdown and the validated Spanish version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) during the three established phases concerning the COVID-19 lockdown in Spain (prelockdown, lockdown, and postlockdown) were included in this longitudinal analysis. Participants were categorized according to high or low lockdown severity. Analyses of covariance were performed to assess changes in depressive symptomatology across lockdown phases. Results. No significant differences in participant depression symptomatology changes were observed between lockdown severity categories (low/high) at the studied phases. During the lockdown phase, participants showed a decrease in BDI-II score compared to the prelockdown phase (mean (95% CI), -0.48 (-0.24, -0.72), P < 0.001 ); a nonsignificantly larger decrease was observed in participants allocated in the low-lockdown category (low: -0.59 (-0.95, -0.23), high: -0.43 (-0.67, -0.19)). Similar decreases in depression symptomatology were found for the physical environment dimension. The post- and prelockdown phase BDI-II scores were roughly similar. Conclusions. The COVID-19 pandemic lockdown was associated with a decrease in depressive symptomatology that returned to prelockdown levels after the lockdown. The degree of lockdown was not associated with depressive symptomatology. The potential preventive role of the physical environment and social interactions on mental disorders during forced home lockdown should be further studied. This trial is registered with ISRCTN89898870. Retrospectively registered on 24 July 2014.
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Asif, Aroojh, Martin Beattie, Kathryn Kelly, and Lois Ots. "Teaching in lockdown: Examining Scottish primary teachers’ resilience during national lockdowns." Educational Psychology in Scotland 21, no. 1 (2021): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.53841/bpsepis.2021.21.1.25.
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The Covid-19 pandemic resulted in an unprecedented move to emergency remote teaching. The present study examined the Scottish context of teacher resilience (TR) by considering the lived experiences of eight Scottish primary school teachers during ongoing lockdowns, referred to as ‘transitional emergency remote teaching’ (TERT). Data from virtual interviews was analysed following an inductive and experiential approach to Braun and Clarke’s (2013) six phases of reflexive thematic analysis. Four main themes were identified: ‘Teacher career adaptability’, ‘Relationships within school’, ‘Learning from home’ and ‘Continuous Professional Development’(CPD). Key findings suggest that teachers who demonstrated resilience adapted to TERT and identified new positive aspects to their teacher identities; senior management had a key role in supporting TR; TERT impacted positively on teacher-student relationships with parents increasingly viewed as partners in learning; and reflection promoted help-seeking behaviours, with practitioners desiring more formal reflective opportunities considering the impact of TERT.
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Tyagi, Bhishma, Naresh Krishna Vissa, and Sachin D. Ghude. "Evolution of Pollution Levels from COVID-19 Lockdown to Post-Lockdown over India." Toxics 10, no. 11 (October 29, 2022): 653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics10110653.
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The spread of the COVID-19 pandemic forced the administration to lock down in many countries globally to stop the spread. As the lockdown phase had only the emergency use of transportation and most of the industries were shut down, there was an apparent reduction in pollution. With the end of the lockdown period, pollution is returning to its regular emission in most places. Though the background was abnormally low in emissions (during the lockdown phase) and the reduced pollution changed the radiation balance in the northern hemispheric summer period, a modified pollution pattern is possible during the unlock phases of 2020. The present study analysed the unlock 1 and 2 stages (June–July) of the COVID-19 lockdown over India. The rainfall, surface temperature and cloud cover anomalies of 2020 for understanding the differences in pollutants variation were also analysed. The unlock phases show remarkable differences in trends and mean variations of pollutants over the Indian region compared to climatological variations. The results indicated changing high-emission regions over India to climatological variations and identified an AOD dipole with future emissions over India.
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Pande, Ranjana, Smita Sachin Mohod, Padmapriya V, Siddhi Shanbhag, and Nandish S. Kumar. "Impact of the COVID-19-induced lockdown on the incidence of ocular trauma presenting to a tertiary care hospital." BMJ Open Ophthalmology 7, no. 1 (March 2022): e000861. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjophth-2021-000861.
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ObjectiveTo assess the effects of lockdown and unlock phases mandated in view of COVID-19 on the incidence and characteristics of ocular trauma presenting to a tertiary care hospital.Methods and AnalysisThe study was carried out as a hospital record based retrospective comparative analysis on patients presenting with ocular trauma in the lockdown period (March–July 2020) compared with the same time frame of the previous year considered as prelockdown period (March–July 2019) and during the unlock phases (August–December 2020).ResultsOverall, the casualty department saw 464 patients of ocular trauma in the prelockdown period, 173 in the lockdown and 253 in unlock. The study showed a 44% reduction in patients visiting the casualty department for trauma during the lockdown compared with prelockdown, and a 62% reduction specifically in ocular trauma. The unlock phase showed a 21% reduction in ocular trauma compared with prelockdown and a 41% increase compared with the lockdown. In all three phases, the majority of people affected by ocular trauma were middle aged males from a rural background, sustained by assault. The lockdown saw a decrease in outdoor assaults (45%) and road traffic accidents (22%). Trauma sustained by females (18%) increased in the lockdown, as did home-based assaults (150%) and sexual assaults. The presentation of trauma, especially road traffic accidents and outdoor assaults saw a steady rise during the unlock.ConclusionThe lockdown mandated by the government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic had a significant impact on the trends of trauma presenting to healthcare facilities. There was a decrease in the overall number of patients approaching the casualty during the lockdown. However, during the lockdown, there was an increase in home-based trauma as opposed to outdoor assaults being the primary cause of trauma prior to the lockdown.
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Panneer, Sigamani, Komali Kantamaneni, Vigneshwaran Subbiah Akkayasamy, A. Xavier Susairaj, Prasant Kumar Panda, Sanghmitra Sheel Acharya, Louis Rice, Champika Liyanage, and Robert Ramesh Babu Pushparaj. "The Great Lockdown in the Wake of COVID-19 and Its Implications: Lessons for Low and Middle-Income Countries." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 610. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19010610.
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Concern for public health has been growing with the increasing volume of cases of COVID-19 in India. To combat this pandemic, India has implemented nationwide lockdowns, and unlocking phases continue with certain restrictions in different parts of the country. The lockdown has required people to adopt social-distance measures to minimize contacts in order to reduce the risks of additional infection. Nevertheless, the lockdown has already impacted economic activities and other dimensions of the health of individuals and society. Although many countries have helped their people through advanced welfare protection networks and numerous support aids, several emerging economies face specific difficulties to adapt to the pandemic due to vulnerable communities and scarce resources. However, certain lower-income countries need more rigorous analysis to implement more effective strategies to combat COVID-19. Accordingly, the current systematic review addresses the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns in India in relation to health and the economy. This work also provides further information on health inequalities, eco-nomic and social disparities in the country due to the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdowns and also contributes pragmatic suggestions for overcoming these challenges. These observations will be useful to the relevant local and national officials for improving and adopting novel strategies to face lockdown challenges
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Pfeifer, Marcel Rolf. "Human Resources during COVID-19: A Monthly Survey on Mental Health and Working Attitudes of Czech Employees and Managers during the Year 2020." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 8, 2021): 10055. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810055.
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This study investigates the effect of COVID-19 lockdowns and non-lockdown phases on managers and employees in the Czech Republic in the year 2020. The Czech Republic came through the first COVID-19 wave in spring 2020 with low case numbers, but became one of the countries with the highest case incidences in the second autumn wave in Europe. The study focused on examining the differences of perceptions on digital readiness of the company, working style, and mental health variables of working personnel in lockdown and non-lockdown phases. Data was obtained by an online survey conducted monthly from March-2020 to December-2020 with the same questions each month. Collected data consisted of respondents’ basic information on the actual situation, on perceptions on company and technology and on perceptions of the own mental state in the given month, retrieved from a pool of employees and managers from the Czech Republic machine and equipment manufacturers’ industry. Statistical analysis was conducted with the Kruskal-Wallis test for ordinal variables to check for significant differences in perceptions during 2020. Results show that managers in general and telecommuting-experienced workers in particular are better able to adapt to forced home office, while telecommuting-inexperienced employees struggle to adapt positively even with increasing company support and with an increasing digital team communication.
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Shinde, Omkar, Ajinkya M. Pawar, Kulvinder Singh Banga, Jatin Atram, and Dian Agustin Wahjuningrun. "Endodontic Emergencies in Mumbai City during COVID-19 Lockdown and Different Phases of Unlock." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 7314. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147314.
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The present descriptive research focused on determining the traits of patients who required endodontic treatment during the COVID-19 lockdown and various stages of unlocking in Mumbai metropolitan region. The descriptive analysis was carried out by examining the patients who were registered at Nair Hospital Dental College, Mumbai during four phases of lockdown (25 March to 31 May 2020) and eight phases of unlock (1 June 2020 to 31 January 2021). The evaluation was performed by evaluating the number of days and the overall number of patients reported for endodontic treatment for the first and subsequent visits. Each patient underwent intensive triage, which included taking their body temperature, oxygen saturation level, and travel history. The sex, age, and endodontic diagnosis of the offending tooth were also reported. The pain parameters were analyzed using a verbal numerical rating score (VNRS). During the lockdown phases, 297 patients seeking endodontic treatment visited the hospital over a total of 26 working days, and during the unlock phases, 16,195 patients visited the hospital over 189 working days. The average age of the patients that visited were 31–40 years of age (57.23%). The mean VNRS score was 5.85 ± 1.62. For both the lockdown and unlock periods, a significantly higher percentage of males visited dental school (p < 0.001). When compared to other stages, the number of patients attending during lockdown phase 4 (55.56%) and unlock phase 8 (32.35%) was the highest. The majority of endodontic emergency diagnoses were reversible pulpitis (36.5%) and symptomatic irreversible pulpitis (33.14%), all of which had higher mean VNRS (p < 0.05). Of the 49 patients that reported with COVID-19 symptoms, 11 tested positive. During the lockdown and unlock periods, 12 of the 41 treating workers tested positive. Personal protective equipment and patient screening are critical in shielding clinicians during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Charbonnier, Elodie, Aurélie Goncalves, Cécile Puechlong, Lucile Montalescot, and Sarah Le Vigouroux. "Two Years and Four Time Points: Description of Emotional State and Coping Strategies of French University Students during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Viruses 14, no. 4 (April 10, 2022): 782. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v14040782.
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While it is now clear that the COVID-19 pandemic has had a major impact on the mental health of individuals, especially the most vulnerable ones such as students, we have very little knowledge about the long-term consequences. The objective of this study was to compare the mental health and coping of French university students during the different phases of the pandemic in the first 2 years. To this end, French university students were evaluated at four time points: during France’s first lockdown (April–May 2020; nT1 = 1357), the period after lockdown (June 2020; nT2 = 309), 1 year after the first lockdown, which was also a lockdown period (April–May 2021; nT1′ = 2569); and 1 year after the end of the first unlock (June 2021; nT2′ = 1136). Anxiety and depressive symptoms, coping and concerns were measured. In order to compare scores between the lockdown and unlock periods within the same year, paired samples t-tests were performed. To compare scores between the 2 years for different participants, independent samples t-tests were conducted. Our results showed that maladaptive strategies, concerns and symptoms were higher during lockdown periods, compared with unlock periods. In addition, symptom levels were higher in the second year of the pandemic compared with the first one. These argue that the psychological effects of COVID-19 were exacerbated by lockdowns but also by time. This highlights the need for more attention to be paid to students’ mental health.
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Hasnain, Ahmad, Muhammad Zaffar Hashmi, Uzair Aslam Bhatti, Basit Nadeem, Geng Wei, Yong Zha, and Yehua Sheng. "Assessment of Air Pollution before, during and after the COVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown in Nanjing, China." Atmosphere 12, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): 743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060743.
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A unique illness, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged in Wuhan, People’s Republic of China, in December 2019. To reduce the spread of the virus, strict lockdown policies and control measures were put in place all over the world. Due to these enforced limitations, a drastic drop in air pollution and an improvement in air quality were observed. The present study used six air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) to observe trends before, during and after the COVID-19 lockdown period in Nanjing, China. The data were divided into six phases: P1–P3, pre-lockdown (1 October–31 December 2019), lockdown (1 January–31 March 2020), after lockdown (1 April–30 June 2020), P4–P6: the same dates as the lockdown but during 2017, 2018 and 2019. The results indicate that compared with the pre-lockdown phase, the PM10 and PM2.5 average concentrations decreased by –27.71% and –5.09%. Compared with the previous three years, 2017–2019, the reductions in PM10 and PM2.5 were –37.99% and –33.56%, respectively. Among other pollutants, concentrations of SO2 (–32.90%), NO2 (–34.66%) and CO (–16.85%) also decreased during the lockdown, while the concentration of O3 increased by approximately 25.45%. Moreover, compared with the pre- and during lockdown phases, PM10, PM2.5 and NO2 showed decreasing trends while SO2, CO and O3 concentrations increased. These findings present a road map for upcoming studies and provide a new path for policymakers to create policies to improve air quality.
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Batalla-Gavalda, Abraham, Pau Cecilia-Gallego, Fernando Revillas-Ortega, and Jose Vicente Beltran-Garrido. "Variations in the Mood States during the Different Phases of COVID-19’s Lockdown in Young Athletes." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 17 (September 3, 2021): 9326. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18179326.
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The pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 led to a situation of home lockdown. Competitions, training, and sports activities were canceled for much of this period. This situation could have affected the physical and mental health and the mood states of young athletes. The aim of the study was to evaluate the variations in the mood states of young athletes of a highly competitive level during the different phases of lockdown in. The mood states of 45 Spanish youth athletes confined during the 10-week lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic -19 were assessed, using the Spanish-translated version of the POMS questionnaire, at the start of the home lockdown and at the start and at the end of the partial lockdown. The Total Mood Disturbance scores at week 10 were lower than those obtained in week 1 (pBonferroni = 0.031). The depression scores at week 6 (pBonferroni = 0.048) and at week 10 (pBonferroni < 0.001) were lower than those obtained in week 1. The confusion scores at week 10 were lower than those obtained in week 1 (pBonferroni = 0.002). These variations differed between team and individual sports. In conclusion, the lockdown produced changes in the young athletes’ mood states that should be considered when trying to optimize their physical and mental performance.
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Mason, Lyndon W., Jitendra Mangwani, Karan Malhotra, and Linzy Houchen-Wolloff. "Rate of COVID-19 Infection and 30 Day Mortality Between Blue and Green (Dedicated COVID-19 Safe) Pathways: Results From the UK Foot and Ankle COVID-19 National-Audit." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 7, no. 4 (October 2022): 2473011421S0078. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011421s00788.
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Category: Other Introduction/Purpose: Objectives: The primary aim was to determine the differences in COVID-19 infection rate and 30-day mortality in patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery between different treatment pathways over the two phases of the UK- FALCON audit, spanning the first and second national lockdowns. Methods: Setting: This was an ambispective (retrospective Phase 1 and prospective Phase 2) national audit of foot and ankle procedures in the UK in 2020 completed between 13th January 2020 and 30th November 2020.Participants: All adult patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery in an operating theatre during the study period were included from 46 participating centres in England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. Patients were categorised as either a green pathway (designated COVID-19 free) or blue pathway (no protocols to prevent COVID-19 infection). Results: 10,846 patients were included, 6,644 from phase 1 and 4,202 from phase 2. Over the 2 phases the infection rate on a blue pathway was 1.07% (69/6,470) and 0.21% on a green pathway (9/4,280). In phase 1, there was no significant difference in the COVID-19 perioperative infection rate between the blue and green pathways in any element of the first phase (pre-lockdown (p=.109), lockdown (p=.923) or post-lockdown (p=.577)). However, in phase 2 there was a significant reduction in perioperative infection rate when using the green pathway in both the pre-lockdown (p<.001) and lockdown periods (Odd's Ratio 0.077, p<.001). There was no significant difference in COVID-19 related mortality between pathways. Conclusion: There was a five-fold reduction in the perioperative COVID-19 infection rate when using designated COVID-19 green pathways over the whole study period; however the success of the pathways only became significant in phase 2 of the study, where there was a 13-fold reduction in infection rate. The study shows a developing success to using green pathways in reducing the risk to patients undergoing foot and ankle surgery.
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Roy, Subham, Nimai Singha, Nishikanta Majumdar, and Barsha Roy. "Lockdown Due to COVID-19 Pandemic Improves Overall Air Quality: An Evidence Based Study from Siliguri Metropolitan, West Bengal, India." Current World Environment 15, no. 3 (December 30, 2020): 574–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.15.3.20.
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About more than two months of lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic, from the end of March to the end of May in the Siliguri city of West Bengal, India, results in a momentous change in the overall air quality. The study aimed to identify the propensity of the concentration of pollutants during the period pre, during and post lockdown through trend analysis and to evaluate the alteration of air quality at different phases of lockdown (including Phase I, II, III and IV). Also, to compares the changes in the concentration of various pollutants, including Air quality index (AQI) for pre-during and pre-post lockdown periods. Data were obtained for the time-span of before, during and after lockdown and the entire lockdown period (from 25th March to 31st May) was divided into four phases to better comprehend the extent of air quality variation. Each phase of lockdown reveals different air quality scenarios, with a tendency to reduce during the first phase, increase by the third phase, and again lessens to a minimum at the fourth phase. The result shows a significant reduction in the concentration of Particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) (upto -66% respectively), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) (upto -46%), Sulphur dioxide (SO2) (upto -20%), Ammonia (NH3) (upto -19%) and AQI (upto -68%) during the lockdown period compared to before lockdown. On the other hand, overall Air quality was further improved after the lockdown as the concentration of the pollutants, including AQI, was further reduced to minimal. The changes for PM2.5 (upto -78%), PM10 (upto -76%), NO2 (upto -48%), SO2 (upto -40%), NH3 (upto -41%) and AQI (upto -80%) after the lockdown compared to the period of pre-lockdown. In contrast, the concentration of Ozone (O3) was increased by 21% and 25% for the same period. Similarly, the mean AQI of the city shows a poor AQI before lockdown, came to a satisfactory during the lockdown, which further changes to good air after the lockdown ended. Therefore, it is clear from the study that the lockdown has an impact on improving the overall air quality and further lockdown with appropriate planning in the future should be seen as an alternative solution to reducing excessive pollution.
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Kumar, Prashant, Hamid Omidvarborna, Abhijith Kooloth Valappil, and Abigail Bristow. "Noise and air pollution during Covid-19 lockdown easing around a school site." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 2 (February 2022): 881–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0009323.
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During the Covid-19 pandemic and resulting lockdowns, road traffic volumes reduced significantly leading to reduced pollutant concentrations and noise levels. Noise and the air pollution data during the lockdown period and loosening of restrictions through five phases in 2021 are examined for a school site in the United Kingdom. Hourly and daily average noise level as well as the average over each phase, correlations between noise and air pollutants, variations between pollutants, and underlying reasons explaining the temporal variations are explored. Some strong linear correlations were identified between a number of traffic-sourced air pollutants, especially between the differently sized particulates PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 (0.70 < r <0.98) in all phases and an expected inverse correlation between nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ground-level ozone (O3) (–0.68 < r < –0.78) as NO2 is a precursor of O3. Noise levels exhibit a weak correlation with the measured air pollutants and moderate correlation with meteorological factors, including wind direction, temperature, and relative humidity. There was a consistent and significant increase in noise levels (p < 0.01) of up to 3 dB with initial easing, and this was maintained through the remaining phases.
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Raheja, Supriya, and Anjani Asthana. "Sentiment Analysis of Tweets During the COVID-19 Pandemic Using Multinomial Logistic Regression." International Journal of Software Innovation 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijsi.315740.
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Recently, the research on sentimental analysis has been growing rapidly. The tweets of social media are extracted to analyze the user sentiments. Many of the studies prefer to apply machine learning algorithms for performing sentiment analysis. In the current pandemic, there is an utmost importance to analyze the sentiments or behavior of a person to make the decisions as the whole world is facing lockdowns in multiple phases. The lockdown is psychologically affecting the human behavior. This study performs a sentimental analysis of Twitter tweets during lockdown using multinomial logistic regression algorithm. The proposed system framework follows the pre-processing, polarity and scoring, and feature extracting before applying the machine learning model. For validating the performance of proposed framework, other three majorly used machine learning based models-- namely decision tree, naïve Bayes, and K-nearest neighbors-- are implemented. Experimental results prove that the proposed framework provides improved accuracy over other models.
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Chen, Yu-Wang, Lei Ni, Dong-Ling Xu, and Jian-Bo Yang. "Visualising regional disparities in the risk of COVID-19 at different phases of lockdown in England." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 53, no. 5 (January 19, 2021): 883–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x20984165.
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Since late January 2020 when the first coronavirus case reached England, United Kingdom, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly and widely across all local authorities (LAs) in England. In this featured graphic, we visualise how COVID-19 severity changes nationally and locally from 30 January to 23 November 2020. The geo-visualisation shows that there have been large regional disparities in the severity of the outbreak, and the epicentres have shifted from Greater London, Leicester, to the North of England and remained in the North during pre-lockdown, post-lockdown, easing lockdown and second national lockdown phases. We further find that the increase in the testing capacity may partially explain the sharp increase in the confirmed cases during the second wave of the pandemic. However, the disparities in the severity of COVID-19 (i.e., confirmed cases and deaths) among LAs in England become more significant over time. It further sheds light on the necessity of establishing decisive and timely responses to cope with local pandemic situations.
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Raman, Rajiv, Ramachandran Rajalakshmi, Janani Surya, Radha Ramakrishnan, Sobha Sivaprasad, Dolores Conroy, Jitendra Pal Thethi, V. Mohan, and Gopalakrishnan Netuveli. "Impact on health and provision of healthcare services during the COVID-19 lockdown in India: a multicentre cross-sectional study." BMJ Open 11, no. 1 (January 2021): e043590. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043590.
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IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a national lockdown in India from midnight on 25 March 2020, with conditional relaxation by phases and zones from 20 April. We evaluated the impact of the lockdown in terms of healthcare provisions, physical health, mental health and social well-being within a multicentre cross-sectional study in India.MethodsThe SMART India study is an ongoing house-to-house survey conducted across 20 regions including 11 states and 1 union territory in India to study diabetes and its complications in the community. During the lockdown, we developed an online questionnaire and delivered it in English and seven popular Indian languages (Hindi, Tamil, Marathi, Telegu, Kannada, Bengali, Malayalam) to random samples of SMART-India participants in two rounds from 5 May 2020 to 24 May 2020. We used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the overall impact on health and healthcare provision in phases 3 and 4 of lockdown in red and non-red zones and their interactions.ResultsA total of 2003 participants completed this multicentre survey. The bivariate relationships between the outcomes and lockdown showed significant negative associations. In the multivariable analyses, the interactions between the red zones and lockdown showed that all five dimensions of healthcare provision were negatively affected (non-affordability: OR 1.917 (95% CI 1.126 to 3.264), non-accessibility: OR 2.458 (95% CI 1.549 to 3.902), inadequacy: OR 3.015 (95% CI 1.616 to 5.625), inappropriateness: OR 2.225 (95% CI 1.200 to 4.126) and discontinuity of care: OR 6.756 (95% CI 3.79 to 12.042)) and associated depression and social loneliness.ConclusionThe impact of COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown on health and healthcare was negative. The exaggeration of income inequality during lockdown can be expected to extend the negative impacts beyond the lockdown.
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Blanco-Herrero, David, Jorge Gallardo-Camacho, and Carlos Arcila-Calderón. "Health Advertising during the Lockdown: A Comparative Analysis of Commercial TV in Spain." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 1054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031054.
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During the lockdown declared in Spain to fight the spread of COVID-19 from 14 March to 3 May 2020, a context in which health information has gained relevance, the agenda-setting theory was used to study the proportion of health advertisements broadcasted during this period on Spanish television. Previous and posterior phases were compared, and the period was compared with the same period in 2019. A total of 191,738 advertisements were downloaded using the Instar Analytics application and analyzed using inferential statistics to observe the presence of health advertisements during the four study periods. It was observed that during the lockdown, there were more health advertisements than after, as well as during the same period in 2019, although health advertisements had the strongest presence during the pre-lockdown phase. The presence of most types of health advertisements also changed during the four phases of the study. We conclude that, although many differences can be explained by the time of the year—due to the presence of allergies or colds, for instance—the lockdown and the pandemic affected health advertising. However, the effects were mostly visible after the lockdown, when advertisers and broadcasters had had time to adapt to the unexpected circumstances.
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Ziacchi, Matteo, Leonardo Calò, Antonio D’Onofrio, Michele Manzo, Antonio Dello Russo, Luca Santini, Giovanna Giubilato, et al. "Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Multisensor Monitoring during Home Confinement Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic." Biology 11, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11010120.
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Aims: The utilization of remote monitoring platforms was recommended amidst the COVID-19 pandemic. The HeartLogic index combines multiple implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) sensors and has proved to be a predictor of impending heart failure (HF) decompensation. We examined how multiple ICD sensors behave in the periods of anticipated restrictions pertaining to physical activity. Methods: The HeartLogic feature was active in 349 ICD and cardiac resynchronization therapy ICD patients at 20 Italian centers. The period from 1 January to 19 July 2020, was divided into three phases: pre-lockdown (weeks 1–11), lockdown (weeks 12–20), post-lockdown (weeks 21–29). Results: Immediately after the implementation of stay-at-home orders (week 12), we observed a significant drop in median activity level whereas there was no difference in the other contributing parameters. The median composite HeartLogic index increased at the end of the Lockdown. The weekly rate of alerts was significantly higher during the lockdown (1.56 alerts/week/100 pts, 95%CI: 1.15–2.06; IRR = 1.71, p = 0.014) and post-lockdown (1.37 alerts/week/100 pts, 95%CI: 0.99–1.84; IRR = 1.50, p = 0.072) than that reported in pre-lockdown (0.91 alerts/week/100 pts, 95%CI: 0.64–1.27). However, the median duration of alert state and the maximum index value did not change among phases, as well as the proportion of alerts followed by clinical actions at the centers and the proportion of alerts fully managed remotely. Conclusions: During the lockdown, the system detected a significant drop in the median activity level and generated a higher rate of alerts suggestive of worsening of the HF status.
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Kishore, Kamal, Vidushi Jaswal, Madhur Verma, and Vipin Koushal. "Exploring the Utility of Google Mobility Data During the COVID-19 Pandemic in India: Digital Epidemiological Analysis." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 8 (August 30, 2021): e29957. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/29957.
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Background Association between human mobility and disease transmission has been established for COVID-19, but quantifying the levels of mobility over large geographical areas is difficult. Google has released Community Mobility Reports (CMRs) containing data about the movement of people, collated from mobile devices. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the use of CMRs to assess the role of mobility in spreading COVID-19 infection in India. Methods In this ecological study, we analyzed CMRs to determine human mobility between March and October 2020. The data were compared for the phases before the lockdown (between March 14 and 25, 2020), during lockdown (March 25-June 7, 2020), and after the lockdown (June 8-October 15, 2020) with the reference periods (ie, January 3-February 6, 2020). Another data set depicting the burden of COVID-19 as per various disease severity indicators was derived from a crowdsourced API. The relationship between the two data sets was investigated using the Kendall tau correlation to depict the correlation between mobility and disease severity. Results At the national level, mobility decreased from –38% to –77% for all areas but residential (which showed an increase of 24.6%) during the lockdown compared to the reference period. At the beginning of the unlock phase, the state of Sikkim (minimum cases: 7) with a –60% reduction in mobility depicted more mobility compared to –82% in Maharashtra (maximum cases: 1.59 million). Residential mobility was negatively correlated (–0.05 to –0.91) with all other measures of mobility. The magnitude of the correlations for intramobility indicators was comparatively low for the lockdown phase (correlation ≥0.5 for 12 indicators) compared to the other phases (correlation ≥0.5 for 45 and 18 indicators in the prelockdown and unlock phases, respectively). A high correlation coefficient between epidemiological and mobility indicators was observed for the lockdown and unlock phases compared to the prelockdown phase. Conclusions Mobile-based open-source mobility data can be used to assess the effectiveness of social distancing in mitigating disease spread. CMR data depicted an association between mobility and disease severity, and we suggest using this technique to supplement future COVID-19 surveillance.
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Gangwar, Hari Shankar, and P. K. Champati Ray. "Geographic information system-based analysis of COVID-19 cases in India during pre-lockdown, lockdown, and unlock phases." International Journal of Infectious Diseases 105 (April 2021): 424–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2021.02.070.
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Akhade, Swapnil P., Kiran S. Akhade, Krishnadutt H. Chavli, and Ravi Ranjan. "Comparison of Burden of Injury at a Tertiary Care Centre of National Importance: Pre-COVID-19 and COVID-19 Era." Indian Journal of Community Medicine 48, no. 5 (2023): 790–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/ijcm.ijcm_826_22.
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Abstract During the COVID-19 pandemic, precautionary guidelines to shut down non-essential services had an impact on the pattern of hospital trauma admissions. We compared the trauma cases handled in our hospital from 24th March 2020 to 30th November 2020 during the restricted movement period with statistics from 2019. The objectives of this study is to assess the prevalence of trauma during lockdown and restricted movement phase of COVID-19 pandemic and to analyze the epidemiology factor associated with trauma in pre COVID-19 and COVID-19 era in a tertiary care hospital of National importance in central India. This retrospective record-based study was done to analyze the profile of injured trauma patients presented to trauma and emergency center of tertiary care center of national importance from March 24 to June 30, 2020 (lockdown phase) and 1st July to 30th November (post-lockdown phase) of 2020. Results were compared with data from the year 2019. Total 621 trauma patients were managed during various restricted phases of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020 - November 2020). Out of which 128 admissions were in the strict lockdown phase (March-May 2020) while 493 presented after lockdown during the restricted movement phase. Both during and after a strict lockdown, road traffic accidents are significantly reduced. In contrast, assaults and household injuries were significantly higher. During the post-lockdown phase of 2020, self-falls increased significantly in both phases compared to the year 2019. There was a significant decrease in trauma admissions in lockdown phase due to decreased vehicular accident but increase in household injury due increased activities inside home. To determine the readiness to deal with future situations similar to these, we look at the behavioral changes in our patient population during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Mucci, Maria, Francesca Lenzi, Giulia Maria D'Acunto, Marisa Gazzillo, Ilaria Accorinti, Silvia Boldrini, Giacomo Distefano, et al. "How COVID-19 Phases Have Impacted Psychiatric Risk: A Retrospective Study in an Emergency Care Unit for Adolescents." Children 9, no. 12 (December 8, 2022): 1921. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children9121921.
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Dramatic events during the COVID-19 pandemic have acutely impacted the psychosocial environment worldwide, with negative implications for mental health, particularly for more vulnerable children and adolescents with severe psychiatric illnesses. Some data suggest that the pandemic waves may have produced different psychopathological consequences, further worsening in the second phase of the pandemic, compared to those in the first lockdown, soon after March 2020. To test the hypothesis of a further worsening of psychiatric consequences of COVID-19 in the second lockdown compared to the first lockdown, we focused our analysis on a consecutive sample of youth referred to a psychiatric emergency unit for acute mental disorders in the time period between March 2019–March 2021. The sample, consisting of 241 subjects (123 males and 118 females, ranging in age from 11 to 17 years), was divided into three groups: Pre-Lockdown Group (PLG, 115 patients); First Lockdown Group (FLG, 65 patients); and Second Lockdown Group (SLG, 61 patients). Patients in the SLG presented more frequently with non-suicidal self-injuries (NSSIs), suicidal ideation, and suicidal behavior, while no significant differences in self-harm were found between PLG and FLG. Eating disorders were more frequent in both the FLG and SLG, compared to the PLG, while sleep problems were higher only in the SLG. Furthermore, patients in the SLG presented with more frequent psychological maltreatments and neglect, as well as with psychiatric disorders in the parents. Adverse traumatic experiences and internalizing disorders were significantly associated with an increased risk of suicidality. Intellectual disability was less represented from the PLG to SLG, and similarly, the rate of ADHD was lower in the SLG. No differences were found for the other psychiatric diagnoses. This information may be helpful for a better understanding and management of adolescents with severe emotional and behavioral disorders after the exposure to long-lasting collective traumas.
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Gorgoni, Maurizio, Serena Scarpelli, Anastasia Mangiaruga, Valentina Alfonsi, Maria R. Bonsignore, Francesco Fanfulla, Luigi Ferini-Strambi, Lino Nobili, Giuseppe Plazzi, and Luigi De Gennaro. "Persistence of the Effects of the COVID-19 Lockdown on Sleep: A Longitudinal Study." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 1520. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111520.
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The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep have been widely documented, but longitudinal evaluations during different phases of the “COVID-19 era” are needed to disentangle the specific consequences of the r145estrictive measures on sleep variables. The aim of this study was to assess the immediate effect of the lockdown’s end on sleep and sleep-related dimensions in an Italian sample, also considering the stress and depressive symptoms. We used an online survey to longitudinally collect data on sociodemographic, environmental, clinical, sleep, and sleep-related variables in two time points: during and immediately after the lockdown. The final sample included 102 participants. The large prevalence of poor sleep quality, clinically relevant pre-sleep arousal, and depressive symptoms, as well as poor sleep quality and pre-sleep arousal score observed during the lockdown, remained stable after its end. On the other hand, the prevalence of moderate-to-severe event-related stress and intrusive symptom scores exhibited a drastic reduction after the end of home confinement. Both bedtime and rise time were anticipated after the lockdown, while sleep quality exhibited only a trend of post-lockdown sleep disturbance reduction. Our findings point to a reduced stress level (specific for the intrusive symptomatology) after the end of the lockdown and persistence of sleep problems, suggesting two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (a) the strict restrictive measures are not the main cause of sleep problems during the pandemic and (b) home confinement induces long-lasting effects on sleep observable after its end, and a longer period of time might be needed to observe an improvement.
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Avtar, Ram, Deepak Singh, Deha Agus Umarhadi, Ali P. Yunus, Prakhar Misra, Pranav N. Desai, Asma Kouser, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, and KBVN Phanindra. "Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Fisheries Sector: A Case Study from Three Harbors in Western India." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020183.
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The COVID-19 related lockdowns have brought the planet to a standstill. It has severely shrunk the global economy in the year 2020, including India. The blue economy and especially the small-scale fisheries sector in India have dwindled due to disruptions in the fish catch, market, and supply chain. This research presents the applicability of satellite data to monitor the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown on the Indian fisheries sector. Three harbors namely Mangrol, Veraval, and Vankbara situated on the north-western coast of India were selected in this study based on characteristics like harbor’s age, administrative control, and availability of cloud-free satellite images. To analyze the impact of COVID in the fisheries sector, we utilized high-resolution PlanetScope data for monitoring and comparison of “area under fishing boats” during the pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post-lockdown phases. A support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm was used to identify the area under the boats. The classification results were complemented with socio-economic data and ground-level information for understanding the impact of the pandemic on the three sites. During the peak of the lockdown, it was found that the “area under fishing boats” near the docks and those parked on the land area increased by 483%, 189%, and 826% at Mangrol, Veraval, and Vanakbara harbor, respectively. After phase-I of lockdown, the number of parked vessels decreased, yet those already moved out to the land area were not returned until the south-west monsoon was over. A quarter of the annual production is estimated to be lost at the three harbors due to lockdown. Our last observation (September 2020) result shows that regular fishing activity has already been re-established in all three locations. PlanetScope data with daily revisit time has a higher potential to be used in the future and can help policymakers in making informed decisions vis-à-vis the fishing industry during an emergency situation like COVID-19.
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Avtar, Ram, Deepak Singh, Deha Agus Umarhadi, Ali P. Yunus, Prakhar Misra, Pranav N. Desai, Asma Kouser, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan, and KBVN Phanindra. "Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on the Fisheries Sector: A Case Study from Three Harbors in Western India." Remote Sensing 13, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13020183.
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The COVID-19 related lockdowns have brought the planet to a standstill. It has severely shrunk the global economy in the year 2020, including India. The blue economy and especially the small-scale fisheries sector in India have dwindled due to disruptions in the fish catch, market, and supply chain. This research presents the applicability of satellite data to monitor the impact of COVID-19 related lockdown on the Indian fisheries sector. Three harbors namely Mangrol, Veraval, and Vankbara situated on the north-western coast of India were selected in this study based on characteristics like harbor’s age, administrative control, and availability of cloud-free satellite images. To analyze the impact of COVID in the fisheries sector, we utilized high-resolution PlanetScope data for monitoring and comparison of “area under fishing boats” during the pre-lockdown, lockdown, and post-lockdown phases. A support vector machine (SVM) classification algorithm was used to identify the area under the boats. The classification results were complemented with socio-economic data and ground-level information for understanding the impact of the pandemic on the three sites. During the peak of the lockdown, it was found that the “area under fishing boats” near the docks and those parked on the land area increased by 483%, 189%, and 826% at Mangrol, Veraval, and Vanakbara harbor, respectively. After phase-I of lockdown, the number of parked vessels decreased, yet those already moved out to the land area were not returned until the south-west monsoon was over. A quarter of the annual production is estimated to be lost at the three harbors due to lockdown. Our last observation (September 2020) result shows that regular fishing activity has already been re-established in all three locations. PlanetScope data with daily revisit time has a higher potential to be used in the future and can help policymakers in making informed decisions vis-à-vis the fishing industry during an emergency situation like COVID-19.
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Stock, Sarah J., Helga Zoega, Meredith Brockway, Rachel H. Mulholland, Jessica E. Miller, Jasper V. Been, Rachael Wood, et al. "The international Perinatal Outcomes in the Pandemic (iPOP) study: protocol." Wellcome Open Research 6 (February 2, 2021): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16507.1.
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Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant death worldwide, but the causes of preterm birth are largely unknown. During the early COVID-19 lockdowns, dramatic reductions in preterm birth were reported; however, these trends may be offset by increases in stillbirth rates. It is important to study these trends globally as the pandemic continues, and to understand the underlying cause(s). Lockdowns have dramatically impacted maternal workload, access to healthcare, hygiene practices, and air pollution - all of which could impact perinatal outcomes and might affect pregnant women differently in different regions of the world. In the international Perinatal Outcomes in the Pandemic (iPOP) Study, we will seize the unique opportunity offered by the COVID-19 pandemic to answer urgent questions about perinatal health. In the first two study phases, we will use population-based aggregate data and standardized outcome definitions to: 1) Determine rates of preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth and describe changes during lockdowns; and assess if these changes are consistent globally, or differ by region and income setting, 2) Determine if the magnitude of changes in adverse perinatal outcomes during lockdown are modified by regional differences in COVID-19 infection rates, lockdown stringency, adherence to lockdown measures, air quality, or other social and economic markers, obtained from publicly available datasets. We will undertake an interrupted time series analysis covering births from January 2015 through July 2020. The iPOP Study will involve at least 121 researchers in 37 countries, including obstetricians, neonatologists, epidemiologists, public health researchers, environmental scientists, and policymakers. We will leverage the most disruptive and widespread “natural experiment” of our lifetime to make rapid discoveries about preterm birth. Whether the COVID-19 pandemic is worsening or unexpectedly improving perinatal outcomes, our research will provide critical new information to shape prenatal care strategies throughout (and well beyond) the pandemic.
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Vergani, Matteo, Alfonso Martinez Arranz, Ryan Scrivens, and Liliana Orellana. "Hate Speech in a Telegram Conspiracy Channel During the First Year of the COVID-19 Pandemic." Social Media + Society 8, no. 4 (October 2022): 205630512211387. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/20563051221138758.
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Research has explored how the COVID-19 pandemic triggered a wave of conspiratorial thinking and online hate speech, but little is empirically known about how different phases of the pandemic are associated with hate speech against adversaries identified by online conspiracy communities. This study addresses this gap by combining observational methods with exploratory automated text analysis of content from an Italian-themed conspiracy channel on Telegram during the first year of the pandemic. We found that, before the first lockdown in early 2020, the primary target of hate was China, which was blamed for a new bioweapon. Yet over the course of 2020 and particularly after the beginning of the second lockdown, the primary targets became journalists and healthcare workers, who were blamed for exaggerating the threat of COVID-19. This study advances our understanding of the association between hate speech and a complex and protracted event like the COVID-19 pandemic, and it suggests that country-specific responses to the virus (e.g., lockdowns and re-openings) are associated with online hate speech against different adversaries depending on the social and political context.
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Mohd Nadzir, Mohd Shahrul, Mohd Zaim Mohd Nor, Mohd Fadzil Firdzaus Mohd Nor, Muhamad Ikram A Wahab, Sawal Hamid Md Ali, Muhsin Kolapo Otuyo, Mohd Aftar Abu Bakar, et al. "Risk Assessment and Air Quality Study during Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in an Urban Area of Klang Valley, Malaysia." Sustainability 13, no. 21 (November 5, 2021): 12217. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132112217.
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Globally, the COVID-19 pandemic has had both positive and negative impacts on humans and the environment. In general, a positive impact can be seen on the environment, especially in regard to air quality. This positive impact on air quality around the world is a result of movement control orders (MCO) or lockdowns, which were carried out to reduce the cases of COVID-19 around the world. Nevertheless, data on the effects on air quality both during and post lockdown at local scales are still sparse. Here, we investigate changes in air quality during normal days, the MCOs (MCO 1, 2 and 3) and post MCOs, namely the Conditional Movement Control Order (CMCO) and the Recovery Movement Control Order (RMCO) in the Klang Valley region. In this study, we used the air sensor network AiRBOXSense that measures carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2) and particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) at Petaling Jaya South (PJS), Kelana Jaya (KJ) and Kota Damansara (KD). The results showed that the daily average concentrations of CO and NO2 mostly decreased in the order of normal days > MCO (MCO 1, 2 and 3) > CMCO > RMCO. PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and O3 showed a decrease from the MCO to RMCO. PJS showed that air pollutant concentrations decreased from normal days to the lockdown phases. This clearly shows the effects of ‘work from home’ orders at all places in the PJS city. The greatest percentage reductions in air pollutants were observed during the change from normal days to MCO 1 (24% to 64%), while during MCO 1 to MCO 2, the concentrations were slightly increased during the changes of the lockdown phase, except for SO2 and NO2 over PJS. In KJ, most of the air pollutants decreased from MCO 1 to MCO 3 except for CO. However, the percentage reduction and increments of the gas pollutants were not consistent during the different phases of lockdown, and this effect was due to the sensor location—only 20 m from the main highway (vehicle emissions). The patterns of air pollutant concentrations over the KD site were similar to the PJS site; however, the percentage reduction and increases of PM2.5, O3, SO2 and CO were not consistent. We believe that local burning was the main contribution to these unstable patterns during the lockdown period. The cause of these different changes in concentrations may be due to the relaxation phases during the lockdown at each station, where most of the common activities, such as commuting and industrial activities changed in frequency from the MCO, CMCO and RMCO. Wind direction also affected the concentrations, for example, during the CMCO and RMCO, most of the pollutants were blowing in from the Southeast region, which mostly consists of a city center and industrial areas. There was a weak correlation between air pollutants and the temperature and relative humidity at all stations. Health risk assessment analysis showed that non-carcinogenic risk health quotient (HQ) values for the pollutants at all stations were less than 1, suggesting unlikely non-carcinogenic effects, except for SO2 (HQ > 1) in KJ. The air quality information showed that reductions in air pollutants can be achieved if traffic and industry emissions are strictly controlled.
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Kotsiou, Ourania S., Georgios K. D. Saharidis, Georgios Kalantzis, Evangelos C. Fradelos, and Konstantinos I. Gourgoulianis. "The Impact of the Lockdown Caused by the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Air Pollution: The Greek Paradigm." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 13 (June 23, 2021): 6748. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18136748.
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Introduction: Responding to the coronavirus pandemic, Greece implemented the largest quarantine in its history. No data exist regarding its impact on PM2.5 pollution. We aimed to assess PM2.5 levels before, during, and after lockdown (7 March 2020–16 May 2020) in Volos, one of Greece’s most polluted industrialized cities, and compare PM2.5 levels with those obtained during the same period last year. Meteorological conditions were examined as confounders. Methods: The study period was discriminated into three phases (pre-lockdown: 7 March–9 March, lockdown: 10 March–4 May, and post-lockdown period: 5 May–16 May). A wireless sensors network was used to collect PM2.5, temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and wind speed data every 2 s. Results: The lockdown resulted in a significant drop of PM2.5 by 37.4% in 2020, compared to 2019 levels. The mean daily concentrations of PM2.5 exceeded the WHO’s guideline value for 24-h mean levels of PM2.5 35% of the study period. During the strictest lockdown (23 March to 4 May), the mean daily PM2.5 levels exceeded the standard 41% of the time. The transition from the pre-lockdown period into lockdown or post-lockdown periods was associated with lower PM2.5 concentrations. Conclusions: A reduction in the mean daily PM2.5 concentration was found compared to 2019. Lockdown was not enough to avoid severe exceedances of air pollution in Volos.
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Jena, Rabindra Ku, and Rupashree Goswami. "Understanding Peoples' Sentiment During Different Phases of COVID-19 Lockdown in India." International Journal of Business Analytics 8, no. 4 (October 2021): 52–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijban.2021100104.
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During a global pandemic like COVID-19, the success of governmental policies depends on the people's sentiments and extended cooperation towards these policies. Therefore, this study explores the prevalent discourse in social media about different aspects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the policies to manage and control it. Data from Twitter collected between 25 March 2020 and 1 July 2020 was used for topic modelling and sentiment analysis. Natural language processing-based text mining techniques were used for analysis. This study first identified different frequent COVID-19-related topics and then analyzed how the sentiments towards these topics differ across different phases of lockdown. Further, insights into how different topics were perceived by gender and age group are also discussed in this study. Finally, this study also analyzed how daily casualty due to COVID-19 influenced the public sentiments and number of daily tweets. The study provides a robust NLP-based text mining framework to predict the people's sentiment during COVID-19 lockdown in India. The insights presented in this study can help the authorities mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic effectively and help different agencies in the face of similar pandemics in the future.
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Poli, Daniela, Alberto Tosetto, Gulatiero Palareti, Doris Barcellona, Antonio Ciampa, Elvira Grandone, Cesare Manotti, et al. "Managing anticoagulation in the COVID-19 era between lockdown and reopening phases." Internal and Emergency Medicine 15, no. 5 (June 8, 2020): 783–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02391-3.
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Das, Manob, Arijit Das, Paulo Pereira, and Asish Mandal. "Mapping the Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES): A Case Study of Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India." Remote Sensing 13, no. 21 (October 31, 2021): 4395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13214395.
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An urban ecosystem’s ecological structure and functions can be assessed through Urban Surface Ecological Status (USES). USES are affected by human activities and environmental processes. The mapping of USESs are crucial for urban environmental sustainability, particularly in developing countries such as India. The COVID-19 pandemic caused unprecedented negative impacts on socio-economic domains; however, there was a reduction in human pressures on the environment. This study aims to assess the effects of lockdown on the USES in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area (KMA), India, during different lockdown phases (phases I, II and III). The land surface temperature (LST), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), and wetness and normalized difference soil index (NDSI) were assessed. The USES was developed by combining all of the biophysical parameters using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results showed that there was a substantial USES spatial variability in KMA. During lockdown phase III, the USES in fair and poor sustainability areas decreased from 29% (2019) to 24% (2020), and from 33% (2019) to 25% (2020), respectively. Overall, the areas under poor USES decreased from 30% to 25% during lockdown periods. Our results also showed that the USES mean value was 0.49 in 2019but reached 0.34 during the lockdown period (a decrease of more than 30%). The poor USES area was mainly concentrated in built-up areas (with high LST and NDSI), compared to the rural fringe areas of KMA (high NDVI and wetness). The mapping of USES are crucial in different biophysical environmental conditions, and they can be very helpful for the assessment of urban sustainability.
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P. S., Siddharth Rao, Sumayya Nazneen Sayyada, and Souri Reddy Pyreddy. "Comparison of road traffic accidents presenting to the emergency department of a teaching hospital before and during lockdown." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 8, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 4297. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20213527.
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Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) are a major cause of misery, disability and death globally, with a disproportionate number occurring in developing countries. With COVID-19 reaching pandemic proportion, a nationwide lockdown was announced on 24 March 2020 which resulted in the complete closure vehicular movement. This study aimed to assess the impact of lockdown on the number of RTAs brought to our rural tertiary care teaching hospital situated on National highway number 65.Methods: Medico-legal records were reviewed retrospectively at Kamineni institute of medical sciences hospital. The cases were classified into two groups. The pre-lockdown group included cases reporting to casualty from 1 April 2019 to 31 July 2019. The lockdown group included cases reporting to casualty from 1 April 2020 to 31 July 2020. Patient demographics, type of injury, time of injury, mode of injury were collected for all cases and analysed using simple mathematical tools.Results: There was a significant decrease in the total number of RTAs during lockdown phases 1 and 2 and during unlocking phases 1 and 2 by 52.1%. Bike skid was the most common mode of injury. The highest number of RTAs was observed between 6 am to 6 pm and the most commonly affected gender was male especially in the age group of 15-45 years.Conclusions: RTA numbers can be reduced by strict implementation of traffic rules and better road infrastructure. One positive effect of the measures implemented to control the spread of COVID-19 was the reduction of traffic accidents and mass casualties.
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Shlok Jaiswal. "Lockdown: A Solution for Covid-19 Pandemic in India." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL1 (December 21, 2020): 1787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.4202.
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Novel coronavirus member of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) known as Covid-19 which reported is first case in Wuhan city of china has spread worldwide and has become a pandemic of 21st century. But to stop its spread is lockdown a solution in INDIA or WORLDWIDE? To stop the spread of covid-19 in India lockdown was imposed in India from 24th March 2020 to 14th April 2020 of 21 days. Lockdown in INDIA was in Phase wise manner and was in 4 phases. PM announced first lockdown on 23rd of march after the JANTA CURFEW on 22nd march. Lockdown was beneficial for INDIA to a much extent because if lockdown would not have happened; in initial days it could have spread to a lot of people and it would have been challenging to state as well as central government to deal with this problem of Soo many people affected by covid because INDIA is not much developed in terms of health infrastructure. Though there was a lockdown and still cases were rising in India in an exponential manner, but lockdown gave some time to central as well as state government so that they can build isolation wards and can strengthen the health infrastructure of our country.
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Upadhyaya, Jasbir D., Vimi Sunil Mutalik, Mê-Linh Lê, and Dieter J. Schönwetter. "More Than a Deadly Virus: COVID-19 and Its Psychological Impact on American and Canadian Dental Practitioners." European Journal of Dental and Oral Health 2, no. 6 (December 12, 2021): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejdent.2021.2.6.121.
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Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected dental professionals, thus contributing to adverse psychological outcomes. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the psychosocial state of American and Canadian dental practitioners, with special emphasis on their affective well-being (both during lockdown and after re-opening), behavioral impact and cognitive responses.
Methodology: Dental practitioners in Canada and USA were invited to participate in an online survey after the initial lockdown period. The questions evaluated the pandemic’s effect on affective, behavioral, and cognitive responses.
Results: A total of 587 practitioners completed the online survey. The strongest emotions experienced during the lockdown were sadness followed by fear. Female practitioners, those in the 35-44 age group, and those with less work experience reported higher scores on fear. Following lockdown, participants reported higher anticipation. Males expressed higher feelings of disgust and anger during both phases. Canadians were trustful of the situation in both phases of the pandemic, whereas the emotions of Americans were more towards disgust. About 56.7% practitioners provided teledentistry during lockdown, mainly through video calling, with Canadians being significantly more involved than the American participants. The highest scores for participants’ experiences during lockdown were for a lack of social interaction, followed by concern for contracting infection, and stress from distressing media coverage. Most practitioners were very receptive of receiving the COVID-19 vaccine.
Conclusions: The emotions and behaviors of dental practitioners varied significantly during and after the initial lockdown, highlighting their psychosocial state during the pandemic. The scarcity of literature focusing on these basic emotions during similar outbreaks calls attention for pursuing more research in these areas as they significantly contribute to the overall psychological health of professionals, especially in times of crises. Given the emotions reported by dental practitioners, it would be of value to develop standardized protocols and provide remote psychological support during such periods of uncertainty.
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Lianhmingthangi, Catherine, U. Harikrishnan, and Grace Lalhlupuii Sailo. "Physical and social challenges of youth during lockdown in Mizoram: a COVID lockdown study." International Journal Of Community Medicine And Public Health 7, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 4895. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20205159.
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Background: Young people experience the COVID-19 pandemic differently and their new found ‘leisure’ time can pose several challenges in their physical and social life. This paper incorporates findings from an online survey that was conducted to probe into the physical and social challenges that disrupted the daily life of youth across gender during the lockdown in Mizoram, India.Methods: The study adopted a cross sectional descriptive research design and findings are based on an online survey using Google forms questionnaire administered through different social networking platforms among youth aged between 18-35 years. All respondents are permanent residents of Mizoram, India and the study was carried out during the first and second phases of lockdown across the country.Results: Physical challenges such as abuse, body weakness, laziness and appetite issues were found to be more among female youth while social challenges such as communication and socialization; and inability to maintain social distancing were found to be higher among male youth. Gender is found to have a highly significant relationship with laziness (r=0.069), increased appetite (r=0.086) and decreased appetite (r=0.122) and negative significant relationship with increased substance use (r=-0.183).Conclusions: The study found numerous challenges of youth in Mizoram during lockdown. These crisis calls for intervention of various researchers, policy makers and those working in the field of youth health and development.
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Ede, Chucks I., Mfundo Mandla Masuku, and Nokukhanya N. Jili. "Implications of COVID-19 Lockdown on South African Business Sector." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 4 (March 18, 2021): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n4p12.
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The COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa spelt untold adversity on many businesses in the country. This is attributable to the precautionary measures implemented by the South African government to contain the ferocious disease spread across various levels in the society. This article examined the many implications of the pandemic on the business sector in South Africa through the period just before June 2020. The article adopted a qualitative approach to critically examine the implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on the business sector in South Africa. It utilised Statistics South Africa’s reports and contemporary literature on the effects of COVID-19 on the business sector which was used as a source of reference. The statistical evidence is based on experimental data for May 2020, as derived from over a thousand registered businesses operating within the formal sector from various industrial groupings in South Africa. The period under review is remarkable because the business's effect of the pandemic became visibly alarming while the lockdown phases were reduced from Level 5 to Level 4 within the period. The private sector of the economy, known for its huge economic sustenance of most of the country’s labour force, was already at the firing line as all ‘nonessential’ businesses succumb to government’s strict regulations on socioeconomic activities during the phased lockdowns. The hitherto struggling economy, barely sustained by this sector, eventually caved in with over half of its gross domestic product, shrinking attributable to the unparalleled adverse effects that attended the dreaded pandemic. Although government is still battling with the nation’s economic recovery process, many businesses counted their losses from the first few months of the lockdown, as portrayed by plentiful evidence from the national statistical body.
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Singh, Madanjit, Amardeep Singh, Sarveshwar Bharti, Prithvipal Singh, and Munish Saini. "Using Social Media Analytics and Machine Learning Approaches to Analyze the Behavioral Response of Agriculture Stakeholders during the COVID-19 Pandemic." Sustainability 14, no. 23 (December 3, 2022): 16174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su142316174.
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COVID-19, over time, has spread around multiple countries and has affected a large number of humans. It has influenced diverse people’s lives, consisting of social, behavioral, physical, mental, and economic aspects. In this study, we aim to analyze one such social impact: the behavioral aspects of agriculture stakeholders during the pandemic period in the Indian region. For this purpose, we have gathered agriculture-related tweets from Twitter in three phases: (a) initial phase, (b) mid-phase, and (c) later phase, where these phases are related to the period of complete lockdown implemented in India in the year 2020. Afterward, we applied machine-learning-based qualitative-content-based methods to analyze the sentiments, emotions, and views of these people. The outcomes depicted the presence of highly negative emotions in the initial phase of the lockdown, which signifies fear of insecurity among the agriculture stakeholders. However, a decline in unhappiness was noted during the later phase of the lockdown. Furthermore, these outcomes will help policymakers to obtain insights into the behavioral responses of agricultural stakeholders. They can initiate primitive and preventive actions accordingly, to tackle such issues in the future.
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Petetin, Hervé, Dene Bowdalo, Albert Soret, Marc Guevara, Oriol Jorba, Kim Serradell, and Carlos Pérez García-Pando. "Meteorology-normalized impact of the COVID-19 lockdown upon NO<sub>2</sub> pollution in Spain." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 18 (September 29, 2020): 11119–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-11119-2020.
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Abstract. The spread of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 that causes COVID-19 forced the Spanish Government to implement extensive lockdown measures to reduce the number of hospital admissions, starting on 14 March 2020. Over the following days and weeks, strong reductions in nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution were reported in many regions of Spain. A substantial part of these reductions was obviously due to decreased local and regional anthropogenic emissions. Yet, the confounding effect of meteorological variability hinders a reliable quantification of the lockdown's impact upon the observed pollution levels. Our study uses machine-learning (ML) models fed by meteorological data along with other time features to estimate the “business-as-usual” NO2 mixing ratios that would have been observed in the absence of the lockdown. We then quantify the so-called meteorology-normalized NO2 reductions induced by the lockdown measures by comparing the estimated business-as-usual values with the observed NO2 mixing ratios. We applied this analysis for a selection of urban background and traffic stations covering the more than 50 Spanish provinces and islands. The ML predictive models were found to perform remarkably well in most locations, with an overall bias, root mean square error and correlation of +4 %, 29 % and 0.86, respectively. During the period of study, from the enforcement of the state of alarm in Spain on 14 March to 23 April, we found the lockdown measures to be responsible for a 50 % reduction in NO2 levels on average over all provinces and islands. The lockdown in Spain has gone through several phases with different levels of severity with respect to mobility restrictions. As expected, the meteorology-normalized change in NO2 was found to be stronger during phase II (the most stringent phase) and phase III of the lockdown than during phase I. In the largest agglomerations, where both urban background and traffic stations were available, a stronger meteorology-normalized NO2 change is highlighted at traffic stations compared with urban background sites. Our results are consistent with foreseen (although still uncertain) changes in anthropogenic emissions induced by the lockdown. We also show the importance of taking the meteorological variability into account for accurately assessing the impact of the lockdown on NO2 levels, in particular at fine spatial and temporal scales. Meteorology-normalized estimates such as those presented here are crucial to reliably quantify the health implications of the lockdown due to reduced air pollution.
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Serra, Giulia, Massimo Apicella, Maria Elena Iannoni, Monia Trasolini, Elisa Andracchio, Fabrizia Chieppa, Roberto Averna, et al. "Urgent Psychiatric Consultations for Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in Italian Adolescents during Different COVID-19 Pandemic Phases." Journal of Personalized Medicine 13, no. 7 (July 9, 2023): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm13071112.
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Access to the emergency department (ED) for acute psychiatric problems, especially for suicide attempts (SA), has increased in the last decade. This increase has exceptionally accelerated after the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this project was to study the increase in acute psychiatric care demand of children and adolescents in the short and medium term after the pandemic, in relation to public health measures and in comparison with a pre pandemic reference period. We retrospectively studied 5445 child psychiatric (CP) consultations requested for any reason and for suicide attempt (SA), suicidal ideation (SI) and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in a pediatric ED during three different pandemic periods in Italy (from March 2020 to May 2022) and compared them to a pre-pandemic reference period (from January 2018 to February 2020). Monthly CP consultations for any reason increased significantly by 2.2 times from 70.9 in 2018 to 157 in 2022 (p < 0.001). During the pandemic, monthly CP consultations for any reason increased significantly from 75/month in the first lockdown to 153/month in the second lockdown, remaining stable in the following year. CP consultations for SA increased significantly from 5/month in the first lockdown to 16/month in the second. Consultations for SI increased gradually but significantly from the pre-pandemic period to the end of the pandemic. Juveniles evaluated for SA during the pandemic vs. pre-pandemic more frequently attempted suicide by self-poisoning and less frequently by precipitation, and they were more likely to be diagnosed with a major depressive disorder. CP consultations for any reason and for suicide attempts significantly increased in the decade before the pandemic and peaked in the second lockdown period in Italy.
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Kumari, Suchitra, Swayam Pragyan Parida, Dinesh Prasad Sahu, and Puspanjali Jena. "Physical, mental, spiritual and social wellbeing of urban population during the COVID-19 lockdown phases: a cross-sectional study." Indian Journal of Community Health 34, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 213–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47203/ijch.2022.v34i02.014.
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Background: COVID 19 pandemic created immense mental & physical agony among human beings worldwide. The present study was conducted to assess the physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing of young adults and the elderly, during the lock-down phase of COVID-19. Methods: The cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 healthy adults in Bhubaneswar, capital of Odisha. Data was collected using a self-administered questionnaire pertaining to the physical, mental, social and spiritual health of participants. Results: During the lockdown, around two-thirds (65.4%) of the participants reported feeling helpless. The elderly felt more helpless than the young adults. One-third (73, 32.6%) of the participants experienced health issues during the lockdown period. The majority of the study participants (83.8%) mentioned that their family members shared tasks during lockdown which was a very positive sign observed in this study. Faith in God for the elderly and family support for the young adults made them mentally stronger. Conclusion: Managing pandemic needs a multipronged approach. But focusing on psychosocial health will prevent future unseen mental health pandemics and improve the resilience of mankind.
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THEJESH, SADANANDA, ABHIJIT DAS, MAKARABBI GURURAJ, KHALANDAR S, SOMASEKARAN SUBASH, and MUNIANDY SIVARAM. "Economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dairy farmers of Karnataka." Indian Journal of Animal Sciences 92, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.56093/ijans.v92i1.120939.
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The novel corona virus (COVID-19) which was first identified on November 17, 2019 in Wuhan city of China turned out to be a pandemic. As a preventive measure against the pandemic, the Government of India announced nationwide lockdown on 24 March, 2020 which continued till 31 May, 2020. This not only limited the movement of people across the country but also led to the implementation of the policies like quarantines, containment zones, social distancing, travel restrictions etc. These polices have affected every sector of the Indian economy including the dairy sector. Against this backdrop, the present study was undertaken to assess the economic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on dairy farmers. The study covered pre-lockdown, lockdown and post-lockdown phases up to December 2020. The data was collected from 200 dairy farmers across Bengaluru Rural and Chikkaballapura districts of Karnataka state. A large majority of the farmers from Bengaluru Rural (81%) and Chikkaballapura (87%) districts reported loss in their income from dairying during lockdown and post-lockdown periods. In both the districts the crossbred cattle were dominant (90%). In Bengaluru Rural district, the net return per litre of milk of crossbred was reduced to the extent of 33.06% during lockdown and by 48.64% during post-lockdown as compared to prelockdown period. In Chikkaballapura district, the net return per litre of milk of crossbred was reduced to the extent of 20.90% during lockdown and by 22.77% during post-lockdown as compared to pre-lockdown period. The loss in net return was attributed to reduction in procurement prices of milk, increased feed cost and decline in milk yield in that order respectively.
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Singh, Indervir, Jagdeep Singh, and Ashapurna Baruah. "Income and Employment Changes Under COVID-19 Lockdown: A Study of Urban Punjab." Millennial Asia 11, no. 3 (October 11, 2020): 391–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0976399620957630.
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This article traces income and employment changes through various phases of the lockdown based on primary data. It analyses the coping strategies of people in response to fall in their income. The article reveals that there was a large drop in income and employment with the announcement of lockdown. While there is some recovery with easing of the lockdown, the income at the time of survey is still substantially lower than its pre-lockdown level. Casual labour households with the largest fall in income and employment are the most affected. Income and employment losses are also higher among Scheduled Caste (SC) and Other Backward Caste (OBC) households. In the absence of any income, the households either had to live off their savings or had to borrow money for their basic needs. With rapidly depleting savings, borrowing approached its limits, and with slow recovery of income, households may need substantial government assistance to save them from deprivation.