Academic literature on the topic 'Localized features'
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Journal articles on the topic "Localized features"
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Liu, P., Y. Uziel, S. Chuang, E. Silverman, B. Krafchik, and R. Laxer. "Localized scleroderma: Imaging features." Pediatric Radiology 24, no. 3 (June 1994): 207–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02012193.
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Hong, Yong Tae, and Ki Hwan Hong. "Localized Laryngeal Myxoma: Laryngoscopic Features." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 99, no. 5 (April 28, 2019): NP56—NP57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0145561319840234.
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Versluis, P. J., and R. J. S. Lamers. "Localized pleural fibroma: radiological features." European Journal of Radiology 18, no. 2 (May 1994): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0720-048x(94)90278-x.
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Higgins, Gary J. "Detecting and Correcting Localized Roughness Features." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2525, no. 1 (January 2015): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2525-08.
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Data collected by inertial profilers on new asphalt pavements in Colorado in 2012 were used to analyze the effectiveness of the localized roughness specification in Colorado. For the analyzed projects, data were collected before any corrections were made as well as after diamond grinding had been performed to remove areas of localized roughness. The data indicated that localized roughness features having a half-car roughness index (HRI) lower than 175 in./mi were rarely addressed during correction. However, about half the localized roughness features that had an HRI of 175 to 200 in./mi were successfully addressed during correction. Localized roughness features having an HRI greater than 200 in./mi appeared to be successfully addressed during correction. The analysis indicated a significant difference in the localized roughness locations identified by AASHTO R 54 and the Colorado Department of Transportation (DOT) method of detecting localized roughness. The Colorado DOT procedure specifies a minimum length for a roughness feature that is to be corrected, but AASHTO R 54 does not. This paper shows that collecting accurate profile data and analyzing the data to determine localized roughness locations are not enough. The identified locations must be correctly marked on the pavement in the field so that the feature does not cause localized roughness. This paper presents a procedure not only for collecting accurate data but also for accurately marking the roughness features in the field. It is shown that it is possible to locate and correct localized roughness accurately to the current thresholds as set by AASHTO R 54.
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YUAN, Yuan, Sheng-nan REN, Xiao-yu GUO, Xiao-long MA, and Jian-ping LU. "CT features of localized tracheobronchial amyloidosis." Academic Journal of Second Military Medical University 36, no. 12 (2015): 1385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3724/sp.j.1008.2015.01385.
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Jogan, Matjaz, Benjamin Serbiak, and Laura Higgins. "Human perception of localized skin features." Journal of Vision 19, no. 10 (September 6, 2019): 228a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1167/19.10.228a.
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Arndt, Petra A., Hanspeter A. Mallot, and Heinrich H. B\"ulthoff. "Human stereovision without localized image features." Biological Cybernetics 72, no. 4 (March 1, 1995): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004220050130.
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Arndt, Petra A., Hanspeter A. Mallot, and Heinrich H. Bülthoff. "Human stereovision without localized image features." Biological Cybernetics 72, no. 4 (March 1995): 279–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00202784.
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Sulaiman, Dawlat Mustafa, Adnan Mohsin Abdulazeez, and Habibollah Haron. "Double stages of feature extarction-based GFPMI for colored finger vein identification." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 18, no. 2 (May 1, 2020): 927. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v18.i2.pp927-937.
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Today, finger vein recognition has a lot of attention as a promising approach of biometric identification framework and still does not meet the challenges of the researchers on this filed. To solve this problem, we propose s double stage of feature extraction schemes based localized finger fine image detection. We propose Globalized Features Pattern Map Indication (GFPMI) to extract the globalized finger vein line features basede on using two generated vein image datasets: original gray level color, globalized finger vein line feature, original localized gray level image, and the colored localized finger vein images. Then, two kinds of features (gray scale and texture features) are extracted, which tell the structure information of the whole finger vein pattern in the whole dataset. The recurrent based residual neural network (RNN) is used to identify the finger vein images. The experimental show that the localized colored finger vein images based globalized feature extraction has achieved the higher accuracy (93.49%) while the original image dataset achieved less accuracy by (69.86%).
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Casalino, Gabriella, and Nicolas Gillis. "Sequential dimensionality reduction for extracting localized features." Pattern Recognition 63 (March 2017): 15–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.patcog.2016.09.006.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Localized features"
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McCann, Sancho. "Object categorization and localization with spatially localized features." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/46525.
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Object classification and localization are important components of image understanding. For a computer to interact with our world, it will need to identify the objects in our world. At a more basic level, these tasks are crucial to many practical applications: image organization, visual search, autonomous vehicles, and surveillance. This thesis presents alternatives to the currently popular approaches to object classification and localization, specifically focusing on methods that more tightly integrate location information with the visual features.
We start by improving on Naive Bayes Nearest Neighbor (NBNN), an alternative to the standard bag-of-words/spatial pyramid classification pipeline. This model matches localized features between a test image and the entire training set in order to classify an image as belonging to one of several categories. We improve this method’s classification performance and algorithmic complexity.
However, the nature of NBNN results in prohibitive memory requirements in large datasets. This leads to our second contribution: a bag-of-words model based on a clustering of the location-augmented features. This a simple and more flexible approach to modeling location information than the commonly used spatial pyramid.
By using location-augmented features, location information is captured simply in the nearest-neighbor coding of the bag-of-words model. This results in a more efficient use of model dimensions than the spatial pyramid and higher classification performance than state-of-the-art alternatives.
Last, we present the design of an object localization system using this high performance classifier. Such design is made more difficult by the fact that our model does not satisfy the assumptions made by recent efficient localization algorithms. Our method uses a Hough transform based on an approximation to our model, followed by a more accurate refinement of classifier scores and bounding boxes. We show its effectiveness on the widely used and practical Daimler monocular pedestrian dataset.
These contributions show that simple, location-augmented features, soft-nearest neighbor coding, and linear Support Vector Machines (SVMS) can outperform the long-used and optimized spatial pyramid methods and that this approach warrants additional research to continue to improve its efficiency.
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Manjunath, Deepak Rosenblad Brent L. "Point target interferometry as applied to the characterization of localized deformation features." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri--Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/7118.
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Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on Feb. 23, 2010). The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Dr. Brent Rosenblad, Dissertation Supervisor. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
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Lindahl, Jens. "Correlation between PET/MRI image features andpathological subtypes for localized prostate cancer." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för fysik, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-184885.
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Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in Sweden. Patients with the condition have a good prognosis in general and most cases can be treated. Localized prostate cancer is primarily treated via surgery or radiation therapy and is diagnosed with the help of different imaging modalities, such as magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, and positron emission tomography, PET. The diagnosis is confirmed and the aggressiveness of the cancer is determined through biopsies. Samples from a small part of the prostate are extracted and then examined. This could mean that parts of higher aggressiveness may be missed, which in turn could lead to under-treatment of the cancer. The aggressiveness of a lesion can be described by Gleason Score, GS, which is determined by an visual assessment of the shape, size and arrangement of the cells. The aim of this study was to correlate GS with in-vivo images using MRI and PET. This was accomplished by investigating image data from PSMA PET, Acetate PET, Ktrans MRI and T2-weighted MRI from a cohort of 26 prostate cancer patients containing 74 lesions. Regions of interests, ROI:s, were created and applied on all images. Statistics such as median and max value were extracted from each ROI. The statistics were combined to get a wide range of descriptive variables for each respective imaging modality. These were normalised against a certain zone of the prostate or only the absolute value. The results indicated that PSMA PET, Acetate PET and Ktrans MRI were correlated to GS, while T2-weighted MRI was not. Data also indicated that PSMA PET, Acetate PET and Ktrans MRI give complementary information to each other, which could indicate that a combination of the modalities would better predict GS. The implications of these findings could affect both the diagnostics and the treatment of prostate cancer.
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Филатова, Анна Евгеньевна. "Оценка качества структурной идентификации биомедицинских сигналов с локально сосредоточенными признаками на основе нелинейного фильтра." Thesis, Политехпериодика, 2013. http://repository.kpi.kharkov.ua/handle/KhPI-Press/46316.
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В работе предложен критерий оценки качества метода структурной идентификации биомедицинских сигналов с локально сосредоточенными признаками с помощью цифрового нелинейного фильтра. Выполнена экспериментальная проверка качества структурной идентификации при задании различных параметров нелинейного фильтра.The quality evaluation criterion for the method of structural identification of bio-medical signals with localized features using the digital non-linear filter is proposed in this study. The quality of structural identification in the process of setting various parameters of the non-linear filter is experimentally verified.
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Skoula, Zacharenia Demetriou. "Refined localised modelling of coastal flow features using unstructured grids." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.398221.
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Rogers, Benedict David. "Refined localised modelling of coastal flow features using adaptive quadtree grids." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.393475.
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Wang, Jiyuan. "A Localized Geometric-Distortion Resilient Digital Watermarking Scheme Using Two Kinds of Complementary Feature Points." DigitalCommons@USU, 2012. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1213.
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With the rapid development of digital multimedia and internet techniques in the last few years, more and more digital images are being distributed to an ever-growing number of people for sharing, studying, or other purposes. Sharing images digitally is fast and cost-efficient thus highly desirable. However, most of those digital products are exposed without any protection. Thus, without authorization, such information can be easily transferred, copied, and tampered with by using digital multimedia editing software. Watermarking is a popular resolution to the strong need of copyright protection of digital multimedia. In the image forensics scenario, a digital watermark can be used as a tool to discriminate whether original content is tampered with or not. It is embedded on digital images as an invisible message and is used to demonstrate the proof by the owner. In this thesis, we propose a novel localized geometric-distortion resilient digital watermarking scheme to embed two invisible messages to images. Our proposed scheme utilizes two complementary watermarking techniques, namely, local circular region (LCR)-based techniques and block discrete cosine transform (DCT)-based techniques, to hide two pseudo-random binary sequences in two kinds of regions and extract these two sequences from their individual embedding regions. To this end, we use the histogram and mean statistically independent of the pixel position to embed one watermark in the LCRs, whose centers are the scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) feature points themselves that are robust against various affine transformations and common image processing attacks. This watermarking technique combines the advantages of SIFT feature point extraction, local histogram computing, and blind watermark embedding and extraction in the spatial domain to resist geometric distortions. We also use Watson’s DCT-based visual model to embed the other watermark in several rich textured 80×80 regions not covered by any embedding LCR. This watermarking technique combines the advantages of Harris feature point extraction, triangle tessellation and matching, the human visual system (HVS), the spread spectrum-based blind watermark embedding and extraction. The proposed technique then uses these combined features in a DCT domain to resist common image processing attacks and to reduce the watermark synchronization problem at the same time. These two techniques complement each other and therefore can resist geometric and common image processing attacks robustly. Our proposed watermarking approach is a robust watermarking technique that is capable of resisting geometric attacks, i.e., affine transformation (rotation, scaling, and translation) attacks and other common image processing (e.g., JPEG compression and filtering operations) attacks. It demonstrates more robustness and better performance as compared with some peer systems in the literature.
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Al-Jubouri, Hanan. "Multi evidence fusion scheme for content-based image retrieval by clustering localised colour and texture features." Thesis, University of Buckingham, 2015. http://bear.buckingham.ac.uk/106/.
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Content-Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) is an automatic process of retrieving images according to their visual content. Research in this field mainly follows two directions. The first is concerned with the effectiveness in describing the visual content of images (i.e. features) by a technique that lead to discern similar and dissimilar images, and ultimately the retrieval of the most relevant images to the query image. The second direction focuses on retrieval efficiency by deploying efficient structures in organising images by their features in the database to narrow down the search space. The emphasis of this research is mainly on the effectiveness rather than the efficiency. There are two types of visual content features. The global feature represents the entire image by a single vector, and hence retrieval by using the global feature is more efficient but often less accurate. On the other hand, the local feature represents the image by a set of vectors, capturing localised visual variations in different parts of an image, promising better results particularly for images with complicated scenes. The first main purpose of this thesis is to study different types of local features. We explore a range of different types of local features from both frequency and spatial domains. Because of the large number of local features generated from an image, clustering methods are used for quantizing and summarising the feature vectors into segments from which a representation of the visual content of the entire image is derived. Since each clustering method has a different way of working and requires settings of different input parameters (e.g. number of clusters), preparations of input data (i.e. normalized or not) and choice of similarity measures, varied performance outcomes by different clustering methods in segmenting the local features are anticipated. We therefore also intend to study and analyse one commonly used clustering algorithm from each of the four main categories of clustering methods, i.e. K-means (partition-based), EM/GMM (model-based), Normalized Laplacian Spectral (graph-based), and Mean Shift (density-based). These algorithms were investigated in two scenarios when the number of clusters is either fixed or adaptively determined. Performances of the clustering algorithms in terms of image classification and retrieval are evaluated using three publically available image databases. The evaluations have revealed that a local DCT colour-texture feature was overall the best due to its robust integration of colour and texture information. In addition, our investigation into the behaviour of different clustering algorithms has shown that each algorithm had its own strengths and limitations in segmenting local features that affect the performance of image retrieval due to variations in visual colour and texture of the images. There is no algorithm that can outperform the others using either an adaptively determined or big fixed number of clusters. The second focus of this research is to investigate how to combine the positive effects of various local features obtained from different clustering algorithms in a fusion scheme aiming to bring about improved retrieval results over those by using a single clustering algorithm. The proposed fusion scheme integrates effectively the information from different sources, increasing the overall accuracy of retrieval. The proposed multi-evidence fusion scheme regards scores of image retrieval that are obtained from normalizing distances of applying different clustering algorithms to different types of local features as evidence and was presented in three forms: 1) evidence fusion using fixed weights (MEFS) where the weights were determined empirically and fixed a prior; 2) evidence fusion based on adaptive weights (AMEFS) where the fusion weights were adaptively determined using linear regression; 3) evidence fusion using a linear combination (Comb SUM) without weighting the evidences. Overall, all three versions of the multi-evidence fusion scheme have proved the ability to enhance the accuracy of image retrieval by increasing the number of relevant images in the ranked list. However, the improvement varied across different feature-clustering combinations (i.e. image representation) and the image databases used for the evaluation. This thesis presents an automatic method of image retrieval that can deal with natural world scenes by applying different clustering algorithms to different local features. The method achieves good accuracies of 85% at Top 5 and 80% at Top 10 over the WANG database, which are better when compared to a number of other well-known solutions in the literature. At the same time, the knowledge gained from this research, such as the effects of different types of local features and clustering methods on the retrieval results, enriches the understanding of the field and can be beneficial for the CBIR community.
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Mackenzie, Hayden Thomas. "Determining the origin of localised subsidence features in the Kawerau Geothermal Field, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/6470.
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Kawerau is located in the Bay of Plenty on the north-east coast of the North Island, New Zealand. Kawerau is an active geothermal field where fluids have been extracted for energy use since the 1950’s when a pulp and paper mill was constructed due to the close proximity to forestry areas and the geothermal energy source. Kawerau has seen significant development in the last 10 years with the commissioning of a 100 MW geothermal power station by Mighty River Power in 2005. Kawerau is located on the south-western edge of the Rangitaiki Plains; these plains have been modified considerably over the last 125 years since the 1886 Tarawera eruption by both natural and anthropogenic mechanisms. Processes at work in the Kawerau area include active volcanism, rifting, fluvial processes, shallow and deep water extraction, anthropogenic river modification and diversion, and construction of buildings and factories.
Subsidence is an issue in geothermal and oil fields worldwide and Kawerau is no different. This research aims to determine the origin of localised subsidence features identified by levelling surveys within the Kawerau Geothermal Field. Ground subsidence surrounding the pulp and paper mill, geothermal power station and residential properties in Kawerau has been monitored with levelling surveys since the 1970’s. The potential effects of continued subsidence and tilt within this area could negatively affect the operation of the industry in the area, particularly the pulp and paper mill due to the sensitivity of the paper rollers to tilt. Subsidence in Kawerau occurs on two scales: the first is a large, field-wide subsidence feature, the second is a series of smaller, localised subsidence features which this thesis focuses on.
First, identifying the location and characterising the properties of historic river channels, as well as their response to human demand, such as land and water use has been the primary approach in determining the origin of subsidence features. This helped build a picture of how the area appeared 125 years ago and add to our understanding of the history and landscape of the Rangitaiki Plains.
Second, to determine the cause(s) and mechanism(s) of the subsidence in Kawerau, field and laboratory investigations were undertaken. Site investigations included geomorphological mapping, ground penetrating radar (GPR), electrical imaging, hand augering and face logging. Laboratory investigations included permeability testing, determination of Atterberg Limits, dispersion testing, grain size distributions, microscopy and allophane detection testing.
Aerial photograph and LiDAR interpretation as well as a literature review has shown the approximate location of where the Tarawera River used to flow before it was diverted to aid in the draining of the Rangitaiki Plains. In the approximate location of the old Tarawera River, the geophysical survey identified an extension of the Onepu fault. This fault may have influenced the original location of the Tarawera River by creating low points in the topography as the result of seismic events. The Tarawera River path was diverted to its current path in the early 1900s following the large outbreak flood from Lake Tarawera.
Basin wide subsidence at Kawerau has been attributed to geothermal fluid extraction and the resulting contraction and/or cooling of the reservoir. This has caused low rates of subsidence across the whole field. This subsidence is unlikely to cause any damage to surface features due to its low rate and low angles of tilt. Basin wide subsidence is not the focus of this thesis so is not covered in detail.
This thesis focuses on two main sites of subsidence. Site 1 lies between the mill site and the Mighty River Power geothermal power station. Site 2 lies in farm land to the north of the mill and the old air strip. The mechanisms controlling subsidence at these sites is believed to be acting independently of each other. Primary mechanisms of subsidence at Site 1 include indirect seismic activity, direct disturbance by construction, vibration, apparent subsidence, the influence of drainage through the site, and wetting and drying sequences associated with rainfall and the soak ponds immediately adjacent to Site 1. Subsidence at Site 2 is likely to be caused by direct seismic activity, indirect seismic activity, consolidation of sediment due to changes in the groundwater table, and the influence of perched water tables.
Books on the topic "Localized features"
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Gross, Wolfgang L., and Julia U. Holle. Clinical features of ANCA-associated vasculitis. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0131.
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The primary ANCA-associated vasculitides are granulomatosis with polyangiitis (Wegener's, GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA, Churg-Strauss syndrome, CSS). They predominantly affect small (and medium-sized) vessels and share a variable association with ANCA (anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody) directed against neutrophil proteinase 3 (PR3, mainly in GPA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO, mainly in MPA and CSS). Crescentic necrotizing glomerulonephritis and alveolar haemorrhage due to pulmonary capillaritis represent classical (vasculitic) organ manifestations of the ANCA-associated vasculitides (AAV). MPA occurs as a 'pure' small (to medium-size) vessel vasculitis, whereas GPA and CSS are characterized by additional distinct clinical and pathological features. In GPA, granulomatous lesions of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract are a hallmark of the disease. Granulomatous lesions may be large in appearance and occur as space-consuming, infiltrating, and destructive inflammatory masses. GPA is believed to follow a stagewise course with an initial localized form, restricted granulomatous lesions of the upper and/or lower respiratory tract without clinical signs of vasculitis, and a consecutive generalization to systemic vasculitis which may be either non-organ-threatening (early systemic) or organ- and life- threatening (generalized GPA). Rarely, patients arrest in the localized stage and do not progress to systemic disease. In EGPA asthma, hypereosinophilia and eosinophilic organ infiltration (e.g. eosinophilic myocarditis) are typical features of the disease apart from vasculitis. Similarly to GPA, EGPA follows a stagewise course: asthma and eosinophilia may precede full-blown disease for several months or years. Recent cohort studies suggest different phenotypes in EGPA (predominantly vasculitic and MPO-ANCA-positive and predominantly with eosinophilic organ infiltration, usually ANCA-negative). This chapter focuses on the clinical features of the primary AAV and their outcome.
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Bjartell, Anders, and David Ulmert. Clinical features, assessment, and imaging of prostate cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0063.
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In contemporary practice, most patients with prostate cancer are diagnosed following a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test and are asymptomatic at the time of diagnosis. Although serum PSA has a low specificity for prostate cancer, it can be used to single out patients with advanced disease. While most men do not have a palpable tumour at digital rectal examination (DRE), those with palpable or an elevated PSA test require transrectal ultrasonography-guided prostate biopsy in order to make a diagnosis of cancer. Tumours are staged clinically as localized, locally advanced, or metastatic. The urologist and the patient need the correct staging information for decision-making. A combination of several parameters (PSA value, Gleason grade and tumour extent on biopsy, and DRE findings) can be used in a variety of tools to predict the extent of the disease and treatment outcomes.
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Patel, Nilay, David Cranston, and Mark Sullivan. The aetiology, epidemiology, clinical features, and investigation of kidney cancer. Edited by James W. F. Catto. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199659579.003.0083.
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Over 270,000 patients worldwide are diagnosed with renal cancer every year. It is the most lethal of all urological malignancies, with 33–44% of patients dying as a result of the disease. The past three decades has seen the incidence of renal cancer increasing by approximately 2% per year. This increased incidence has predominantly been within localized tumours, detected incidentally due to the increased use of cross-sectional imaging in medical practice. Despite an increase in the number of patients undergoing surgery for renal cancer, mortality rates have continued to rise. There is some evidence to suggest this may be a consequence of the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of small renal masses. At present, there is no justification for national screening programmes for renal cancer.
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Misbah, Siraj. Suspected anaphylaxis. Edited by Patrick Davey and David Sprigings. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199568741.003.0075.
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A type I IgE-mediated systemic allergic reaction is characterized by a constellation of symptoms which are due to widespread histamine release and which comprise acute-onset urticaria, angioedema, bronchospasm, and hypotension. While a mild reaction may be limited to localized urticaria and/or angioedema, a full-blown allergic reaction associated with systemic features is best described as anaphylaxis. The term ‘anaphylactoid’, previously used to denote non-IgE-mediated systemic allergic reactions, is no longer recommended for use.
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Glazov, M. M. Spin Systems in Semiconductor Nanostructures. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807308.003.0002.
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This chapter is an introduction to a rich variety of effects taking place in the interacting system of electrons and nuclei in semiconductors. It includes also the basics of electronic properties of nanostructures and of spin physics, an overview of fundamental interactions in the electron and nuclear spin systems, the selection rules at optical transitions in semiconductors, spin resonance effect, as well as optical orientation, and dynamical nuclear polarization. In this chapter an analysis of particular features of spin dynamics arising in the structures with localized electrons such as quantum dots, which are studied further in the book, are addressed. The aim of this chapter is to provide basic minimum of information needed to read the remaining chapters.
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Tuschl, Karin, Peter T. Clayton, and Philippa B. Mills. Disorders of Manganese Metabolism. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0045.
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Manganese is an essential trace metal for numerous metalloenzymes. Manganese homeostasis requires tight regulation in vivo and disruption of this balance can lead to manganese overload and subsequent accumulation of manganese in brain, liver, and blood. Mutations in SLC30A10, a cell surface-localized manganese efflux transporter, cause an autosomal recessive hypermanganesemia syndrome with two distinct phenotypes: childhood onset dystonia and adult onset Parkinsonism, associated with chronic liver disease, polycythemia and features of iron depletion. MRI brain appearances are characteristic of Mn deposition with hyperintense basal ganglia on T1-weighted images. Chelation therapy with disodium calcium edetate and iron supplementation effectively lower blood manganese levels, halt liver disease progression and improve neurological symptoms.The inherited form of hypermanganesemia can be distinguished from acquired causes of manganese overload including environmental overexposure and acquired hepatocerebral degeneration in cases of end stage liver disease.
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Sybert, Virginia P. Disorders of Epidermal Appendages. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276478.003.0003.
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Chapter 3 starts by covering conditions of the hair, including Alopecias (Loose Anagen Hair, Male Pattern Baldness, and Marie Unna Syndrome), Hirsutism (Gingival Fibromatosis and Hypertrichosis, Hypertrichosis Lanuginosa Congenita, Leprechaunism, and Localized Hypertrichosis), and Hair Shaft Abnormalities (including Monilethrix, Pili Annulati, Pili Torti, Pili Trianguli Et Canaliculi, Trichorrhexis Invaginata, Trichorrhexis Nodosa, Woolly Hair, Menkes Disease, Trichodentoosseous Syndrome, Trichorhinophalangeal Syndrome, and Trichothiodystrophy). It then covers conditions of the nails, including Congenital Malalignment of the Great Toenails, Familial Dystrophic Shedding of the Nails, Leukonychia, Twenty-Nail Dystrophy, Nail-Patella Syndrome, Onychotrichodysplasia and Neutropenia, and Pachyonychia Congenita). Conditions of the Sweat Glands (Hidradenitis Suppurativa, Hyperhidrosis, and Multiple Syringomas), Sebaceous Glands (Eruptive Vellus Hair Cysts, Familial Dyskeratotic Comedones, Oral-Facial-Digital Syndrome Type I, and Steatocystoma Multiplex), and Ectodermal Dysplasia Syndromes (AEC Syndrome, Clouston Syndrome, EEC Syndrome, Focal Facial Ectodermal Dysplasia, GAPO Syndrome, Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia, and Tooth and Nail Syndrome) are also covered. Each condition is discussed in detail, including dermatologic features, associated anomalies, histopathology, basic defect, treatment, mode of inheritance, prenatal diagnosis, and differential diagnosis.
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O’Neill, Brian P., Jeffrey Allen, Mitchell S. Berger, and Rolf-Dieter Kortmann. Astrocytic tumours: pilocytic astrocytoma, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, and subependymal giant cell astrocytoma. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651870.003.0002.
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Pilocytic astrocytoma (PA) (World Health Organization (WHO) grade I). A relatively circumscribed, slow-growing, often cystic astrocytoma occurring in children and young adults, histologically characterized by a biphasic pattern with varying proportions of compacted bipolar cells associated with Rosenthal fibres and loose-textured multipolar cells associated with microcysts and eosinophilic granular bodies. Most PAs are localized, macrocystic, and only marginally infiltrative. However some PAs, such as those arising in the optic pathways, are rarely cystic and may have an extensive infiltrative pattern but within a neuroanatomic pathway. Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA) (WHO grade II). An astrocytic neoplasm with a relatively favourable prognosis, typically encountered in children and young adults, with superficial location in the cerebral hemispheres and involvement of the meninges; characteristic histological features include pleomorphic and lipidized cells expressing glial fibrillary acidic protein and often surrounded by a reticulin network as well as eosinophilic granular bodies. Subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA) (WHO grade I). A benign, slow-growing tumour typically arising in the wall of the lateral ventricles and composed of large ganglioid astrocytes. It is the most common CNS neoplasm in patients with tuberous sclerosis.
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Sybert, Virginia P. Disorders of the Epidermis. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190276478.003.0002.
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Chapter 2 covers Ichthyoses (Bullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Harlequin Ichthyosis, Ichthyosis Bullosa of Siemens, Ichthyosis Hystrix, Ichthyosis Vulgaris, Lamellar Exfoliation of the Newborn, Lamellar Ichthyosis/Nonbullous Congenital Ichthyosiform Erythroderma, Netherton Syndrome, Peeling Skin Syndrome, Restrictive Dermopathy, and X-linked Recessive Ichthyosis), Erythrokeratodermas (Erythrokeratodermia Variabilis ET PROGESSIVA, and Pityriasis Rubra Pilaris), Acrokeratoderma (Acrokeratoelastoidosis, Acrokeratosis Verruciformis (HOPF)), Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratodermas (Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma with Deafness, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Epidermolytic Hyperkeratosis, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Howel-Evans, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Olmsted, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Punctate, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Striata, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Unna-Thost, Hereditary Palmoplantar Keratoderma Vohwinkel, Keratolytic Winter Erythema, Mal de Meleda, Papillon-Lefèvre, Scleroatrophic and Keratotic Dermatosis of the Limbs), Porokeratoses (Porokeratosis of Mibelli), Other Disorders of the Epidermis (Absence of Dermatoglyphics, Acanthosis Nigricans, Darier-White Disease, Hereditary Painful Callosities, Keratosis Follicularis Spinulosa Decalvans, Knuckle Pads, Kyrle/Flegel Disease, Ulerythema Ophryogenes), Syndromic Disorders (CHILD Syndrome, Chondrodysplasia Punctata, Ichthyosis with Hypogonadism, KID Syndrome, Neu-Laxova Syndrome, Neutral Lipid Storage Disease with Ichthyosis, Refsum Disease, Richner-Hanhart Syndrome, Sjögren-Larsson Syndrome), Cohesion (Epidermolysis Bullosa, Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Dowling-Meara, Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Generalized, Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex Localized, Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctional Generalized, Epidermolysis Bullosa Junctional Generalized Atrophic Benign, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Cockayne-Touraine, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica, Hallopeau-Siemens, Epidermolysis Bullosa Dystrophica Pretibial, Transient Bullous Dermolysis of the Newborn, Hailey-Hailey Disease). Each condition is discussed in detail, including dermatologic features, associated anomalies, histopathology, basic defect, treatment, mode of inheritance, prenatal diagnosis, and differential diagnosis.
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Hickey, Sam, and Naomi Hossain, eds. The Politics of Education in Developing Countries. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198835684.001.0001.
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This book examines the politics of the learning crisis in the global South, where learning outcomes have stagnated or worsened, despite progress towards Universal Primary Education since the 1990s. Comparative analysis of education reform in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ghana, Rwanda, South Africa, and Uganda highlights systemic failure on the frontline of education service delivery, driven by deeper crises of policymaking and implementation: few governments try to raise educational standards with any conviction, and education bureaucracies are unable to deliver even those learning reforms that get through the policy process. Introductory chapters develop a theoretical framework within which to examine the critical features of the politics of education. Case study chapters demonstrate that political settlements, or the balance of power between contending social groups, shape the extent to which elites commit to adopting and implementing reforms aimed at improving learning outcomes, and the nature this influence takes. Informal politics and power relations can generate incentives that undermine rather than support elite commitment to development, politicizing the provision of education. Tracing reform processes from their policy origins down to the frontline, it seems that successful schools emerged as localized solutions to specific solutions, often against the grain of dysfunctional sectoral arrangements and the national-level political settlement, but with local political backing. The book concludes with discussion of the need for more politically attuned approaches that focus on building coalitions for change and supporting ‘best-fit’ types of problem-solving fixes, rather than calling for systemic change.
Book chapters on the topic "Localized features"
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Mohd Zainal, Mohd Ridzuwary, Hafizah Husain, Salina Abdul Samad, and Aini Hussain. "Face Verification Using Multiple Localized Face Features." In Advances in Visual Informatics, 97–103. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-02958-0_9.
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Moser, Thomas, and Tereza S. Nogueira. "Localized Fibrous Tumor of the Liver: Imaging Features." In Liver Cancer, 17–19. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9804-8_2.
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Bejar, Hans H. C., Fábio A. M. Cappabianco, and Paulo A. V. Miranda. "Efficient Image Segmentation in Graphs with Localized Curvilinear Features." In Image Analysis and Processing - ICIAP 2017, 718–28. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-68560-1_64.
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Zhou, Yang, Bingbing Ni, Shuicheng Yan, Pierre Moulin, and Qi Tian. "Pipelining Localized Semantic Features for Fine-Grained Action Recognition." In Computer Vision – ECCV 2014, 481–96. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-10593-2_32.
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Naji, Sinan A., Robert Tornai, Jasim H. Lafta, and Hussein L. Hussein. "Iris Recognition Using Localized Zernike Features with Partial Iris Pattern." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 219–32. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55340-1_16.
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Gray, Douglas, and Hai Tao. "Viewpoint Invariant Pedestrian Recognition with an Ensemble of Localized Features." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 262–75. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88682-2_21.
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Willett, D., D. Aldrich, W. Chesarek, and K. Mitchell. "The Effect of Localized Defect Features on CuInSe2 Device Performance." In Tenth E.C. Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, 939–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3622-8_240.
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Khatami, Mohammad, Tobias Schmidt-Wilcke, Pia C. Sundgren, Amin Abbasloo, Bernhard Schölkopf, and Thomas Schultz. "BundleMAP: Anatomically Localized Features from dMRI for Detection of Disease." In Machine Learning in Medical Imaging, 52–60. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24888-2_7.
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Pederzoli, Filippo, Roberta Lucianò, Ewan A. Gibb, Jeffrey S. Ross, and Andrea Necchi. "Pathologic Features of Response to Neoadjuvant Therapies in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer: More than Meets the Eye." In Neoadjuvant Immunotherapy Treatment of Localized Genitourinary Cancers, 27–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80546-3_3.
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Zhang, Zhihong, and Edwin R. Hancock. "Localized Graph-Based Feature Selection for Clustering." In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 1–10. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31295-3_1.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Localized features"
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Chikkerur, S., S. Pankanti, A. Jea, N. Ratha, and R. Bolle. "Fingerprint Representation Using Localized Texture Features." In 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icpr.2006.576.
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Depeursinge, Adrien, Tatjana Zrimec, Sata Busayarat, and Henning Müller. "3D lung image retrieval using localized features." In SPIE Medical Imaging, edited by Ronald M. Summers and Bram van Ginneken. SPIE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.877943.
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Zambon, Francesca, Maria Cristina De Sanctis, Federico Tosi, Andrea Raponi, Andrea Longobardo, C. M. Pieters, Ernesto Palomba, et al. "MINERALOGICAL VARIATIONS OF LOCALIZED FEATURES ON CERES." In GSA Annual Meeting in Denver, Colorado, USA - 2016. Geological Society of America, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1130/abs/2016am-284664.
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Tang, Shaopeng, and Satoshi Goto. "Pedestrian detection with an ensemble of localized features." In 2009 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems - ISCAS 2009. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscas.2009.5118393.
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Cordes, K., O. Muller, B. Rosenhahn, and J. Ostermann. "HALF-SIFT: High-Accurate Localized Features for SIFT." In 2009 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR Workshops). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvpr.2009.5204283.
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Sasaki, M., and S. Yamamoto. "Localized and Delocalized Features of Microscopic Work Functions." In 2006 International Symposium on Discharges and Electrical Insulation in Vacuum. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/deiv.2006.357418.
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Cordes, Kai, Oliver Muller, Bodo Rosenhahn, and Jorn Ostermann. "HALF-SIFT: High-Accurate Localized Features for SIFT." In 2009 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cvprw.2009.5204283.
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Soyel, Hamit, and Hasan Demirel. "Optimal feature selection for 3D facial expression recognition with geometrically localized facial features." In 2009 Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing, Computing with Words and Perceptions in System Analysis, Decision and Control. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icsccw.2009.5379476.
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Kovacs, Gy, and L. Toth. "Localized spectro-temporal features for noise-robust speech recognition." In IEEE International Joint Conference on Computational Cybernetics and Technical Informatics (ICCC-CONTI 2010). IEEE 8th International Conference on Computational Cybernetics and 9th International Conference on Technical Informatics. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccyb.2010.5491225.
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Soyel, Hamit, and Hasan Demirel. "3D facial expression recognition with geometrically localized facial features." In 2008 23rd International Symposium on Computer and Information Sciences. IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iscis.2008.4717898.
Full textReports on the topic "Localized features"
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Mueller, C., S. J. Piercey, M. G. Babechuk, and D. Copeland. Stratigraphy and lithogeochemistry of rocks from the Nugget Pond Deposit area, Baie Verte Peninsula, Newfoundland. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328989.
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Stratigraphic and lithogeochemical data were collected from selected drill core from the Nugget Pond gold deposit in the Betts Cove area, Newfoundland. The stratigraphy consists of a lower unit of basaltic rocks that are massive to pillowed (Mount Misery Formation). This is overlain by sedimentary rocks of the Scrape Point Formation that consist of lower unit of turbiditic siltstone and hematitic cherts/iron formations (the Nugget Pond member); the unit locally has a volcaniclastic rich-unit at its base and grades upwards into finer grained volcaniclastic/turbiditic rocks. This is capped by basaltic rocks of the Scrape Point Formation that contain pillowed and massive mafic flows that are distinctively plagioclase porphyritic to glomeroporphyritic. The mafic rocks of the Mount Misery Formation have island arc tholeiitic affinities, whereas Scrape Point Formation mafic rocks have normal mid-ocean ridge (N-MORB) to backarc basin basalt (BABB) affinities. One sample of the latter formation has a calc-alkalic affinity. All of these geochemical features are consistent with results and conclusions from previous workers in the area. Clastic sedimentary rocks and Fe-rich sedimentary rocks of the Scrape Point Formation have features consistent with derivation from local, juvenile sources (i.e., intra-basinal mafic rocks). The Scrape Point Formation sedimentary rocks with the highest Fe/Al ratios, inferred to have greatest amount of hydrothermally derived Fe, have positive Ce anomalies on Post-Archean Australian Shale (PAAS)-normalized trace element plots. These features are consistent with having formed via hydrothermal venting into an anoxic/ sub-oxic water column. Further work is needed to test whether these redox features are a localized feature (i.e., restricted basin) or a widespread feature of the late Cambrian-early Ordovician Iapetus Ocean, as well as to delineate the role that these Fe-rich sedimentary rocks have played in the localization of gold mineralization within the Nugget Pond deposit.
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Butyrina, Maria, and Valentina Ryvlina. MEDIATIZATION OF ART: VIRTUAL MUSEUM AS MASS MEDIA. Ivan Franko National University of Lviv, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.30970/vjo.2021.49.11075.
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The research is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mediatization of art on the example of virtual museums. Main objective of the study is to give communication characteristics of the mediatized socio-cultural institutions. The subject of the research is forms, directions and communication features of virtual museums. Methodology. In the process of study, the method of communication analysis, which allowed to identify and characterize the main factors of the museum’s functioning as a communication system, was used. Among them, special emphasis is put on receptive and metalinguistic functions. Results / findings and conclusions. The need to be competitive in the information space determines the gradual transformation of socio-cultural institutions into mass media, which is reflected in the content and forms of dialogue with recipients. When cultural institutions begin to function as media, they take on the features of media structures that create a communication environment localized by the functions of communicators and audience expectations. Museums function in such a way that along with the real art space they form a virtual space, which puts the recipients into the reality of the exhibitions based on the principle of immersion. Mediaization of art on the example of virtual museum institutions allows us to talk about: expanding of the perceptual capabilities of the audience; improvement of the exposition function of mediatized museums with the help of Internet technologies; interactivity of museum expositions; providing broad contextual background knowledge necessary for a deep understanding of the content of works of art; the possibility to have a delayed viewing of works of art; absence of thematic, time and space restrictions; possibility of communication between visitors; a huge target audience. Significance. The study of the mediatized forms of communication between museums and visitors as well as the directions of their transformation into media are certainly of interest to the scientific field of “Social Communications”.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.
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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Alice Barkan. Nuclear Encoded RNA Splicing Factors in Plant Mitochondria. United States Department of Agriculture, February 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7592111.bard.
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Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for a small number of genes required in organellar genome expression and respiration. Yet, the vast majority of the organellar proteins are encoded by nuclear genes, thus necessitating complex mechanisms to coordinate the expression and accumulation of proteins encoded by the two remote genomes. Many organellar genes are interrupted by intervening sequences (introns), which are removed from the primary presequences via splicing. According to conserved features of their sequences these introns are all classified as “group-II”. Their splicing is necessary for organellar activity and is dependent upon nuclear-encoded RNA-binding cofactors. However, to-date, only a tiny fraction of the proteins expected to be involved in these activities have been identified. Accordingly, this project aimed to identify nuclear-encoded proteins required for mitochondrial RNA splicing in plants, and to analyze their specific roles in the splicing of group-II intron RNAs. In non-plant systems, group-II intron splicing is mediated by proteins encoded within the introns themselves, known as maturases, which act specifically in the splicing of the introns in which they are encoded. Only one mitochondrial intron in plants has retained its maturaseORF (matR), but its roles in organellar intron splicing are unknown. Clues to other proteins required for organellar intron splicing are scarce, but these are likely encoded in the nucleus as there are no other obvious candidates among the remaining ORFs within the mtDNA. Through genetic screens in maize, the Barkan lab identified numerous nuclear genes that are required for the splicing of many of the introns within the plastid genome. Several of these genes are related to one another (i.e. crs1, caf1, caf2, and cfm2) in that they share a previously uncharacterized domain of archaeal origin, the CRM domain. The Arabidopsis genome contains 16 CRM-related genes, which contain between one and four repeats of the domain. Several of these are predicted to the mitochondria and are thus postulated to act in the splicing of group-II introns in the organelle(s) to which they are localized. In addition, plant genomes also harbor several genes that are closely related to group-II intron-encoded maturases (nMats), which exist in the nucleus as 'self-standing' ORFs, out of the context of their cognate "host" group-II introns and are predicted to reside within the mitochondria. The similarity with known group-II intron splicing factors identified in other systems and their predicted localization to mitochondria in plants suggest that nuclear-encoded CRM and nMat related proteins may function in the splicing of mitochondrial-encoded introns. In this proposal we proposed to (i) establish the intracellular locations of several CRM and nMat proteins; (ii) to test whether mutations in their genes impairs the splicing of mitochondrial introns; and to (iii) determine whether these proteins are bound to the mitochondrial introns in vivo.
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Shomer, Ilan, Ruth E. Stark, Victor Gaba, and James D. Batteas. Understanding the hardening syndrome of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber tissue to eliminate textural defects in fresh and fresh-peeled/cut products. United States Department of Agriculture, November 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2002.7587238.bard.
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The project sought to understand factors and mechanisms involved in the hardening of potato tubers. This syndrome inhibits heat softening due to intercellular adhesion (ICA) strengthening, compromising the marketing of industrially processed potatoes, particularly fresh peeled-cut or frozen tubers. However, ICA strengthening occurs under conditions which are inconsistent with the current ideas that relate it to Ca-pectate following pectin methyl esterase (PME) activity or to formation of rhamnogalacturonan (RG)-II-borate. First, it was necessary to induce strengthening of the middle lamellar complex (MLX) and the ICA as a stress response in some plant parenchyma. As normally this syndrome does not occur uniformly enough to study it, we devised an efficient model in which ICA-strengthening is induced consistently under simulated stress by short-chain, linear, mono-carboxylic acid molecules (OAM), at 65 oC [appendix 1 (Shomer&Kaaber, 2006)]. This rapid strengthening was insufficient for allowing the involved agents assembly to be identifiable; but it enabled us to develop an efficient in vitro system on potato tuber parenchyma slices at 25 ºC for 7 days, whereas unified stress was reliably simulated by OAMs in all the tissue cells. Such consistent ICA-strengthening in vitro was found to be induced according to the unique physicochemical features of each OAM as related to its lipophilicity (Ko/w), pKa, protonated proportion, and carbon chain length by the following parameters: OAM dissociation constant (Kdiss), adsorption affinity constant (KA), number of adsorbed OAMs required for ICA response (cooperativity factor) and the water-induced ICA (ICAwater). Notably, ICA-strengthening is accompanied by cell sap leakage, reflecting cell membrane rupture. In vitro, stress simulation by OAMs at pH<pKa facilitated the consistent assembly of ICAstrengthening agents, which we were able to characterize for the first time at the molecular level within purified insoluble cell wall of ICA-strengthened tissue. (a) With solid-state NMR, we established the chemical structure and covalent binding to cell walls of suberin-like agents associated exclusively with ICA strengthening [appendix 3 (Yu et al., 2006)]; (b) Using proteomics, 8 isoforms of cell wall-bound patatin (a soluble vacuolar 42-kDa protein) were identified exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue; (c) With light/electron microscopy, ultrastructural characterization, histochemistry and immunolabeling, we co-localized patatin and pectin in the primary cell wall and prominently in the MLX; (d) determination of cell wall composition (pectin, neutral sugars, Ca-pectate) yielded similar results in both controls and ICA-strengthened tissue, implicating factors other than PME activity, Ca2+ or borate ions; (e) X-ray powder diffraction experiments revealed that the cellulose crystallinity in the cell wall is masked by pectin and neutral sugars (mainly galactan), whereas heat or enzymatic pectin degradation exposed the crystalline cellulose structure. Thus, we found that exclusively in ICA-strengthened tissue, heat-resistant pectin is evident in the presence of patatin and suberinlike agents, where the cellulose crystallinity was more hidden than in fresh control tissue. Conclusions: Stress response ICA-strengthening is simulated consistently by OAMs at pH< pKa, although PME and formation of Ca-pectate and RG-II-borate are inhibited. By contrast, at pH>pKa and particularly at pH 7, ICA-strengthening is mostly inhibited, although PME activity and formation of Ca-pectate or RG-II-borate are known to be facilitated. We found that upon stress, vacuolar patatin is released with cell sap leakage, allowing the patatin to associate with the pectin in both the primary cell wall and the MLX. The stress response also includes formation of covalently bound suberin-like polyesters within the insoluble cell wall. The experiments validated the hypotheses, thus led to a novel picture of the structural and molecular alterations responsible for the textural behavior of potato tuber. These findings represent a breakthrough towards understanding of the hardening syndrome, laying the groundwork for potato-handling strategies that assure textural quality of industrially processed particularly in fresh peeled cut tubers, ready-to-prepare and frozen preserved products.
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Ostersetzer-Biran, Oren, and Jeffrey Mower. Novel strategies to induce male sterility and restore fertility in Brassicaceae crops. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604267.bard.
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Abstract Mitochondria are the site of respiration and numerous other metabolic processes required for plant growth and development. Increased demands for metabolic energy are observed during different stages in the plants life cycle, but are particularly ample during germination and reproductive organ development. These activities are dependent upon the tight regulation of the expression and accumulation of various organellar proteins. Plant mitochondria contain their own genomes (mtDNA), which encode for rRNAs, tRNAs and some mitochondrial proteins. Although all mitochondria have probably evolved from a common alpha-proteobacterial ancestor, notable genomic reorganizations have occurred in the mtDNAs of different eukaryotic lineages. Plant mtDNAs are notably larger and more variable in size (ranging from 70~11,000 kbp in size) than the mrDNAs in higher animals (16~19 kbp). Another unique feature of plant mitochondria includes the presence of both circular and linear DNA fragments, which undergo intra- and intermolecular recombination. DNA-seq data indicate that such recombination events result with diverged mitochondrial genome configurations, even within a single plant species. One common plant phenotype that emerges as a consequence of altered mtDNA configuration is cytoplasmic male sterility CMS (i.e. reduced production of functional pollen). The maternally-inherited male sterility phenotype is highly valuable agriculturally. CMS forces the production of F1 hybrids, particularly in predominantly self-pollinating crops, resulting in enhanced crop growth and productivity through heterosis (i.e. hybrid vigor or outbreeding enhancement). CMS lines have been implemented in some cereal and vegetables, but most crops still lack a CMS system. This work focuses on the analysis of the molecular basis of CMS. We also aim to induce nuclear or organellar induced male-sterility in plants, and to develop a novel approach for fertility restoration. Our work focuses on Brassicaceae, a large family of flowering plants that includes Arabidopsis thaliana, a key model organism in plant sciences, as well as many crops of major economic importance (e.g., broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and various seeds for oil production). In spite of the genomic rearrangements in the mtDNAs of plants, the number of genes and the coding sequences are conserved among different mtDNAs in angiosperms (i.e. ~60 genes encoding different tRNAs, rRNAs, ribosomal proteins and subunits of the respiratory system). Yet, in addition to the known genes, plant mtDNAs also harbor numerous ORFs, most of which are not conserved among species and are currently of unknown function. Remarkably, and relevant to our study, CMS in plants is primarily associated with the expression of novel chimericORFs, which likely derive from recombination events within the mtDNAs. Whereas the CMS loci are localized to the mtDNAs, the factors that restore fertility (Rfs) are identified as nuclear-encoded RNA-binding proteins. Interestingly, nearly all of the Rf’s are identified as pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins, a large family of modular RNA-binding proteins that mediate several aspects of gene expression primarily in plant organelles. In this project we proposed to develop a system to test the ability of mtORFs in plants, which are closely related to known CMS factors. We will induce male fertility in various species of Brassicaceae, and test whether a down-relation in the expression of the recombinantCMS-genes restores fertility, using synthetically designed PPR proteins.
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Elizur, Abigail, Amir Sagi, Gideon Hulata, Clive Jones, and Wayne Knibb. Improving Crustacean Aquaculture Production Efficiencies through Development of Monosex Populations Using Endocrine and Molecular Manipulations. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2010.7613890.bard.
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Background Most of Australian prawn aquaculture production is based on P. monodon. However, the Australian industry is under intense competition from lower priced overseas imports. The availability of all-female monosex populations, by virtue of their large size and associated premium prize, will offer competitive advantage to the industry which desperately needs to counteract competitors within this market. As for the redclaw production in Israel, although it is at its infancy, the growers realized that the production of males is extremely advantageous and that such management strategy will change the economic assumptions and performances of this aquaculture to attract many more growers. Original objectives (as in original proposal) Investigating the sex inheritance mechanism in the tiger prawn. Identification of genes expressed uniquely in the androgenic gland (AG) of prawns and crayfish. The above genes and/or their products will be used to localize the AG in the prawn and manipulate the AG activity in both species. Production of monosex populations through AG manipulation. In the prawn, production of all-female populations and in the crayfish, all-male populations. Achievements In the crayfish, the AG cDNA library was further screened and a third AG specific transcript, designated Cq-AG3, had been identified. Simultaneously the two AG specific genes, which were previously identified, were further characterized. Tissue specificity of one of those genes, termed Cq-AG2, was demonstrated by northern blot hybridization and RNA in-situ hybridization. Bioinformatics prediction, which suggested a 42 amino acid long signal anchor at the N-terminus of the deduced Cq-AG2, was confirmed by immunolocalization of a recombinant protein. Cq-IAG's functionality was demonstrated by dsRNA in-vivo injections to intersex crayfish. Cq-IAGsilencing induced dramatic sex-related alterations, including male feature feminization, reduced sperm production, extensive testicular apoptosis, induction of the vitellogeningene expression and accumulation of yolk proteins in the ovaries. In the prawn, the AG was identified and a cDNA library was created. The putative P. monodonAG hormone encoding gene (Pm-IAG) was identified, isolated and characterized for time of expression and histological localization. Implantation of the AG into prawn post larvae (PL) and juveniles resulted in phenotypic transformation which included the appearance of appendix masculina and enlarged petasma. The transformation however did not result in sex change or the creation of neo males thus the population genetics stage to be executed with Prof. Hulata did not materialized. Repeated AG implantation is currently being trialed. Major conclusions and Implications, both scientific and agricultural Cq-IAG's involvement in male sexual differentiation had been demonstrated and it is strongly suggested that this gene encodes an AG hormone in this crayfish. A thorough screening of the AG cDNA library shows Cq-IAG is the prominent transcript within the library. However, the identification of two additional transcripts hints that Cq-IAG is not the only gene mediating the AG effects. The successful gene silencing of Cq-IAG, if performed at earlier developmental stages, might accomplish full and functional sex reversal which will enable the production of all-male crayfish populations. Pm-IAG is likely to play a similar role in prawns. It is possible that repeated administration of the AG into prawn will lead to the desired full sex reversal, so that WZ neo males, crossed with WZ females can result in WW females, which will form the basis for monosex all-female population.