Journal articles: 'Localized Drug Delivery System'

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Malik, Mohit Saini Jitender K. "Novel Drug Delivery System Microsphere: A Review." SAR Journal of Anatomy and Physiology 3, no. 2 (April 29, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36346/sarjap.2022.v03i02.001.

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The concept of targeted drug delivery is designed to attempt to concentrate the drug in the tissues of interest while reducing the relative concentration of the drug in the remaining tissues. As a result, the drug is localized to the targeted site. Therefore, the surrounding tissues are not affected by the drug. Therefore, carrier technology provides an intelligent approach to drug delivery by coupling drugs to carrier particles such as microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, niosomes, etc., modulating the release and absorption characteristics drug revenue. Microspheres are typically free-flowing powders made of proteins or synthetic polymers that are biodegradable in nature and ideally have a particle size of less than 200 μm. It is a reliable way to deliver drugs to the target site with specificity, if altered, and to maintain the desired concentration at the site of interest without side effects. Microspheres have received a great deal of attention not only for sustained release but also for targeting anti-cancer drugs to tumors. In the future, by combining various strategies, microspheres will occupy a central place in the delivery of new drugs, especially in the classification of diseased cells, diagnostics, genes and genetic material, safe, targeted and effective in vivo delivery and supplements in miniature versions of diseased organs and tissues in the body.

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Vigata, Margaux, Cathal D. O’Connell, Silvia Cometta, Dietmar W. Hutmacher, Christoph Meinert, and Nathalie Bock. "Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for the Localized Delivery of Cefazolin." Polymers 13, no. 22 (November 16, 2021): 3960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13223960.

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The tuneability of hydrogels renders them promising candidates for local drug delivery to prevent and treat local surgical site infection (SSI) while avoiding the systemic side-effects of intravenous antibiotic injections. Here, we present a newly developed gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based hydrogel drug delivery system (GelMA-DDS) to locally deliver the broad-spectrum antibiotic cefazolin for SSI prophylaxis and treatment. Antibiotic doses from 3 µg to 90 µg were loaded in photocrosslinked GelMA hydrogel discs with 5 to 15% w/v polymer concentration and drug encapsulation efficiencies, mechanical properties, crosslinking and release kinetics, as well as bacterial growth inhibition were assessed. Our results demonstrate that all GelMA groups supported excellent drug encapsulation efficiencies of up to 99%. Mechanical properties of the GelMA-DDS were highly tuneable and unaffected by the loading of small to medium doses of cefazolin. The diffusive and the proteolytic in vitro drug delivery of all investigated cefazolin doses was characterized by a burst release, and the delivered cefazolin amount was directly proportional to the encapsulated dose. Accelerated enzymatic degradation of the GelMA-DDS followed zero-order kinetics and was dependent on both the cefazolin dose and GelMA concentration (3–13 h). Finally, we demonstrate that cefazolin delivered from GelMA induced a dose-dependent antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus, in both a broth and a diffusive assay. The cefazolin-loaded GelMA-DDS presented here provides a highly tuneable and easy-to-use local delivery system for the prophylaxis and treatment of SSI.

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Singh, Ranjit, and S. P. Vyas. "Topical liposomal system for localized and controlled drug delivery." Journal of Dermatological Science 13, no. 2 (November 1996): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0923-1811(96)00508-7.

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Colon, Marlyn, Eva Christabel Williams, Ryan Toomey, and Norma Alcantar. "Localized Drug Delivery System For The Treatment Of Cancer." Biophysical Journal 96, no. 3 (February 2009): 687a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2008.12.3629.

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Mhambi, Sinaye, David Fisher, Moise B. Tchoula Tchokonte, and Admire Dube. "Permeation Challenges of Drugs for Treatment of Neurological Tuberculosis and HIV and the Application of Magneto-Electric Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 9 (September 15, 2021): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13091479.

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The anatomical structure of the brain at the blood–brain barrier (BBB) creates a limitation for the movement of drugs into the central nervous system (CNS). Drug delivery facilitated by magneto-electric nanoparticles (MENs) is a relatively new non-invasive approach for the delivery of drugs into the CNS. These nanoparticles (NPs) can create localized transient changes in the permeability of the cells of the BBB by inducing electroporation. MENs can be applied to deliver antiretrovirals and antibiotics towards the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis (TB) infections in the CNS. This review focuses on the drug permeation challenges and reviews the application of MENs for drug delivery for these diseases. We conclude that MENs are promising systems for effective CNS drug delivery and treatment for these diseases, however, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are required to achieve translation of this approach to the clinic.

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Christabel Williams, Eva, Ryan Toomey, and Norma Alcantar. "Double Packaged System for Localized Drug Delivery for Ovarian Cancer." Biophysical Journal 98, no. 3 (January 2010): 503a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2009.12.2738.

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Quan, N., and C. M. Blatteis. "Microdialysis: A system for localized drug delivery into the brain." Brain Research Bulletin 22, no. 4 (April 1989): 621–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-9230(89)90080-4.

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Gao, Weiwei, Yue Zhang, Qiangzhe Zhang, and Liangfang Zhang. "Nanoparticle-Hydrogel: A Hybrid Biomaterial System for Localized Drug Delivery." Annals of Biomedical Engineering 44, no. 6 (March 7, 2016): 2049–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10439-016-1583-9.

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Vigata, Margaux, Christoph Meinert, Stephen Pahoff, Nathalie Bock, and Dietmar W. Hutmacher. "Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels Control the Localized Delivery of Albumin-Bound Paclitaxel." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 24, 2020): 501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020501.

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Hydrogels are excellent candidates for the sustained local delivery of anticancer drugs, as they possess tunable physicochemical characteristics that enable to control drug release kinetics and potentially tackle the problem of systemic side effects in traditional chemotherapeutic delivery. Yet, current systems often involve complicated manufacturing or covalent bonding processes that are not compatible with regulatory or market reality. Here, we developed a novel gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-based drug delivery system (GelMA-DDS) for the sustained local delivery of paclitaxel-based Abraxane®, for the prevention of local breast cancer recurrence following mastectomy. GelMA-DDS readily encapsulated Abraxane® with a maximum of 96% encapsulation efficiency. The mechanical properties of the hydrogel system were not affected by drug loading. Tuning of the physical properties, by varying GelMA concentration, allowed tailoring of GelMA-DDS mesh size, where decreasing the GelMA concentration provided overall more sustained cumulative release (significant differences between 5%, 10%, and 15%) with a maximum of 75% over three months of release, identified to be released by diffusion. Additionally, enzymatic degradation, which more readily mimics the in vivo situation, followed a near zero-order rate, with a total release of the cargo at various rates (2–14 h) depending on GelMA concentration. Finally, the results demonstrated that Abraxane® delivery from the hydrogel system led to a dose-dependent reduction of viability, metabolic activity, and live-cell density of triple-negative breast cancer cells in vitro. The GelMA-DDS provides a novel and simple approach for the sustained local administration of anti-cancer drugs for breast cancer recurrence.

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Ingale, Dipit Jagannath, N. H. Aloorkar, A. S. KulkarnI, and R. A. Patil Patil. "Microsponges as Innovative Drug Delivery Systems." International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nanotechnology 5, no. 1 (May 31, 2012): 1597–606. http://dx.doi.org/10.37285/ijpsn.2012.5.1.2.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is not practicable for delivery of materials whose final target is skin itself. Controlled release of drugs onto the epidermis with assurance that the drug remains primarily localized and does not enter the systemic circulation in significant amounts is a challenging area of research. Microsponges are highly porous micro-sized particles with a unique ability for entrapping active pharmaceutical ingredients. To control the delivery rate of active agents to a predetermined site in human body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by scientists. Microsponges are safe biologically and offer unique advantage of programmable release. This technology offers entrapment of ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance and enhanced formulation flexibility. This technology is being used for topical formulations and also for oral administration. The present review describes microsponge technology including its preparation, characterization, programmable parameters and release mechanism of microsponge drug delivery system.

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Ameen, Muath Sheet Mohammed, Rishabha Malviya, Omji Porwal, Esra Tariq Anwar, Sumedha Pant, and Akanksha Sharma. "Novel Strategies and Model Studies for Colon Targeted Drug Delivery." Drug Delivery Letters 11, no. 2 (June 28, 2021): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303111666210118141406.

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Targeting drugs with controlled release characteristics to the colon is gaining importance for localized action as well as to improve the systemic availability of peptides and proteins. The present manuscript aims to describe the various approaches and model study for colon targeted drug delivery. Drugs that have low absorption window are targeted into in the colonic regions using different novel technologies such as microparticulate system, prodrugs, pH and time dependent polymeric, effervescent and noneffervescent systems etc. Along with this it manuscript also describes the model study for colon targeting. Colon targeted drug delivery system offers the potential therapeutic benefits to patients in terms of both local and systemic treatment. These drugs can be directly targeted in the colon which helps in the reducing systemic side effects.

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Jain, Shikha, Vikas Jain, and S. C. Mahajan. "Lipid Based Vesicular Drug Delivery Systems." Advances in Pharmaceutics 2014 (September 2, 2014): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/574673.

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Vesicular drug delivery system can be defined as highly ordered assemblies consisting of one or more concentric bilayers formed as a result of self-assembling of amphiphilic building blocks in presence of water. Vesicular drug delivery systems are particularly important for targeted delivery of drugs because of their ability to localize the activity of drug at the site or organ of action thereby lowering its concentration at the other sites in body. Vesicular drug delivery system sustains drug action at a predetermined rate, relatively constant (zero order kinetics), efficient drug level in the body, and simultaneously minimizes the undesirable side effects. It can also localize drug action in the diseased tissue or organ by targeted drug delivery using carriers or chemical derivatization. Different types of pharmaceutical carriers such as polymeric micelles, particulate systems, and macro- and micromolecules are presented in the form of novel drug delivery system for targeted delivery of drugs. Particulate type carrier also known as colloidal carrier system, includes lipid particles, micro- and nanoparticles, micro- and nanospheres, polymeric micelles and vesicular systems like liposomes, sphingosomes, niosomes, transfersomes, aquasomes, ufasomes, and so forth.

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De Souza, Raquel, Payam Zahedi, Christine J. Allen, and Micheline Piquette-Miller. "Polymeric drug delivery systems for localized cancer chemotherapy." Drug Delivery 17, no. 6 (April 30, 2010): 365–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10717541003762854.

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Zhang, Yue, Jianhua Zhang, Maggie Chen, Hua Gong, Soracha Thamphiwatana, Lars Eckmann, Weiwei Gao, and Liangfang Zhang. "A Bioadhesive Nanoparticle–Hydrogel Hybrid System for Localized Antimicrobial Drug Delivery." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 8, no. 28 (July 11, 2016): 18367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b04858.

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Hendricks, Jeffrey L., Jennifer A. Chikar, Mark A. Crumling, Yehoash Raphael, and David C. Martin. "Localized cell and drug delivery for auditory prostheses." Hearing Research 242, no. 1-2 (August 2008): 117–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heares.2008.06.003.

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Hariyadi, Dewi Melani, and Nazrul Islam. "Current Status of Alginate in Drug Delivery." Advances in Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 2020 (August 6, 2020): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8886095.

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Alginate is one of the natural polymers that are often used in drug- and protein-delivery systems. The use of alginate can provide several advantages including ease of preparation, biocompatibility, biodegradability, and nontoxicity. It can be applied to various routes of drug administration including targeted or localized drug-delivery systems. The development of alginates as a selected polymer in various delivery systems can be adjusted depending on the challenges that must be overcome by drug or proteins or the system itself. The increased effectiveness and safety of sodium alginate in the drug- or protein-delivery system are evidenced by changing the physicochemical characteristics of the drug or proteins. In this review, various routes of alginate-based drug or protein delivery, the effectivity of alginate in the stem cells, and cell encapsulation have been discussed. The recent advances in the in vivo alginate-based drug-delivery systems as well as their toxicities have also been reviewed.

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Hauck, Margarethe, Jan Dittmann, Berit Zeller-Plumhoff, Roshani Madurawala, Dana Hellmold, Carolin Kubelt, Michael Synowitz, et al. "Fabrication and Modelling of a Reservoir-Based Drug Delivery System for Customizable Release." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 4 (April 2, 2022): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14040777.

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Localized therapy approaches have emerged as an alternative drug administration route to overcome the limitations of systemic therapies, such as the crossing of the blood–brain barrier in the case of brain tumor treatment. For this, implantable drug delivery systems (DDS) have been developed and extensively researched. However, to achieve an effective localized treatment, the release kinetics of DDS needs to be controlled in a defined manner, so that the concentration at the tumor site is within the therapeutic window. Thus, a DDS, with patient-specific release kinetics, is crucial for the improvement of therapy. Here, we present a computationally supported reservoir-based DDS (rDDS) development towards patient-specific release kinetics. The rDDS consists of a reservoir surrounded by a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel membrane. By tailoring the rDDS, in terms of membrane porosity, geometry, and drug concentration, the release profiles can be precisely adapted, with respect to the maximum concentration, release rate, and release time. The release is investigated using a model dye for varying parameters, leading to different distinct release profiles, with a maximum release of up to 60 days. Finally, a computational simulation, considering exemplary in vivo conditions (e.g., exchange of cerebrospinal fluid), is used to study the resulting drug release profiles, demonstrating the customizability of the system. The establishment of a computationally supported workflow, for development towards a patient-specific rDDS, in combination with the transfer to suitable drugs, could significantly improve the efficacy of localized therapy approaches.

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Li, Dalong, Yilin Chen, Zhongyang Zhang, and Menglin Chen. "Mesoporous Nanofibers Mediated Targeted Anti-cancer Drug Delivery." MRS Advances 3, no. 50 (2018): 2991–3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2018.425.

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ABSTRACTTumor tissue has different acidity compared to normal tissue. Localized drug delivery that release chemotherapeutic medications upon stimulation via pH changes is a promising strategy in cancer therapy for adjuvant therapies after surgical resection to reduce the risk of local recurrence. In this study, a mesoporous nanofibrous system with acidic pH-triggered “caps” has been for the first time developed for localized on-demand drug release to target tumor cells, without biological damage to normal cells while maintaining their structural integrity to support future tissue regeneration. Specifically, polyacrylic acid (PAA) was grafted on electrospun mesoporous silica nanofibers (MSFs) and the obtained PAA-MSFs allowed efficient drug loading at neural pH and on-demand releasing at acidic cancer subcellular compartments, based on pH-dependent electrostatic interactions associated with protonation/deprotonation of PAA. The The hybrid mesoporous nanofibers a low cytotoxicity to normal cells and a high killing efficiency to cancer cells. The system demonstrated a great potential as tumor targeting drug delivery system.

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Goodman, Amanda M., Oara Neumann, Kamilla Nørregaard, Luke Henderson, Mi-Ran Choi, Susan E. Clare, and Naomi J. Halas. "Near-infrared remotely triggered drug-release strategies for cancer treatment." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (November 6, 2017): 12419–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713137114.

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Remotely controlled, localized drug delivery is highly desirable for potentially minimizing the systemic toxicity induced by the administration of typically hydrophobic chemotherapy drugs by conventional means. Nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems provide a highly promising approach for localized drug delivery, and are an emerging field of interest in cancer treatment. Here, we demonstrate near-IR light-triggered release of two drug molecules from both DNA-based and protein-based hosts that have been conjugated to near-infrared-absorbing Au nanoshells (SiO2 core, Au shell), each forming a light-responsive drug delivery complex. We show that, depending upon the drug molecule, the type of host molecule, and the laser illumination method (continuous wave or pulsed laser), in vitro light-triggered release can be achieved with both types of nanoparticle-based complexes. Two breast cancer drugs, docetaxel and HER2-targeted lapatinib, were delivered to MDA-MB-231 and SKBR3 (overexpressing HER2) breast cancer cells and compared with release in noncancerous RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Continuous wave laser-induced release of docetaxel from a nanoshell-based DNA host complex showed increased cell death, which also coincided with nonspecific cell death from photothermal heating. Using a femtosecond pulsed laser, lapatinib release from a nanoshell-based human serum albumin protein host complex resulted in increased cancerous cell death while noncancerous control cells were unaffected. Both methods provide spatially and temporally localized drug-release strategies that can facilitate high local concentrations of chemotherapy drugs deliverable at a specific treatment site over a specific time window, with the potential for greatly minimized side effects.

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Jain, Divya D., and Namita D. Desai. "Development and Evaluation of Particulate Microcarriers of Adapalene as a Topical Delivery System." Drug Delivery Letters 9, no. 3 (August 20, 2019): 222–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2210303109666190227163606.

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Background: Adapalene is a promising third generation retinoid used in the topical treatment of acne vulgaris. However, the major drawback associated with conventional topical therapy of Adapalene is the ‘retinoid reaction’ which is dose-dependent and characterized by erythema, scaling and burning sensation at the application sites. Microparticulate drug delivery can play a major role in reducing side effects and providing better patient compliance due to targeted delivery. Methods: Adapalene microparticles were prepared using quasi emulsion solvent diffusion method. The effects of formulation variables including polymer ratios, amounts of emulsifier, drug loading and process variables such as stirring time and speed on the physical characteristics of microparticles were investigated. The developed microparticles were characterized by DSC and SEM. Adapalene microparticles were incorporated into Carbopol 971 NF gel for ease of topical delivery. Results: Adapalene microparticulate topical gel showed sustained drug release over 8 hours in in vitro studies. The amount of drug retained in the rat skin during ex vivo studies was higher in the microparticulate topical gel (227.43 ± 0.83 µg/cm2) as compared to the marketed formulation (81.4 ± 1.11 µg/cm2) after 8 hours indicating localized and sustained drug action that can be useful in treating acne vulgaris. The safety of optimized Adapalene gel determined by skin irritation studies performed on Sprague Dawley rats showed no irritation potential. Conclusion: Microparticles can provide promising carrier systems to deliver Adapalene, improving patient compliance due to enhanced skin deposition, localized and sustained action with reduced associated irritant effects.

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Singh, Amrinder, Shubham Thakur, Tushit Sharma, Manjot Kaur, Nikhil Shri Sahajpal, Rohan Aurora, and Subheet Kumar Jain. "Harmonious Biomaterials for Development of In situ Approaches for Locoregional Delivery of Anti-cancer Drugs: Current Trends." Current Medicinal Chemistry 27, no. 21 (June 15, 2020): 3463–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573406415666190621095726.

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Locoregional drug delivery is a novel approach for the effective delivery of anti-cancer agents as it exposes the tumors to high concentration of drugs. In situ gelling systems have fetched paramount attention in the field of localized cancer chemotherapy due to their targeted delivery, ease of preparation, prolonged or sustained drug release and improved patient compliance. Numerous polymers have been investigated for their properties like swelling along with biodegradation, drug release and physicochemical properties for successful targeting of the drugs at the site of implantation. The polymers such as chitosan, Hyaluronic Acid (HA), poloxamer, Poly Glycolic Lactic Acid (PGLA) and Poly Lactic Acid (PLA) tend to form in situ hydrogels and have been exploited to develop localized delivery vehicles. These formulations are administered in the solution form and on exposure to physiological environment such as temperature, pH or ionic composition they undergo phase conversion into a hydrogel drug depot. The use of in situ gelling approach has provided prospects to increase overall survival and life quality of cancer patient by enhancing the bioavailability of drug to the site of tumor by minimizing the exposure to normal cells and alleviating systemic side effects. Because of its favorable safety profile and clinical benefits, United States Food and Drug Administration (U.S. FDA) has approved polymer based in situ systems for prolonged locoregional activity. This article discusses the rationale for developing in situ systems for targeted delivery of anti-cancer agents with special emphasis on types of polymers used to formulate the in situ system. In situ formulations for locoregional anti-cancer drug delivery that are marketed and are under clinical trials have also been discussed in detail in this article.

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Dzhonova, Dzhuliya V., Adriano Taddeo, Radu Olariu, Jonathan Leckenby, Jean-Christophe Prost, Cedric Bovet, Ashish Dhayani, Praveen K. Vemula, Esther Vögelin, and Robert Rieben. "2565: Localized immunosuppression in vascular composite allotransplantation using hydrogel drug delivery system." Vascularized Composite Allotransplantation 3, no. 1-2 (October 10, 2016): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23723505.2016.1233016.

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Chen, Ko-Jie, Hsiang-Fa Liang, Hsin-Lung Chen, Yucai Wang, Po-Yuan Cheng, Hao-Li Liu, Younan Xia, and Hsing-Wen Sung. "A Thermoresponsive Bubble-Generating Liposomal System for Triggering Localized Extracellular Drug Delivery." ACS Nano 7, no. 1 (December 20, 2012): 438–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nn304474j.

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Jha, Shubhendra, and Sheo Datta Maurya. "ORGANOGELS AS A POTENTIAL TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." International Journal of Drug Regulatory Affairs 1, no. 2 (February 11, 2018): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ijdra.v1i2.110.

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Semisolid preparations for external application to skin have gained much demand, since it is easily absorbed through the skin layers. Many novel topical dosage forms have been discovered, among which organogels appears to play an important role. Interest in organogels has increased in a wide variety of fields including chemistry, biotechnology and pharmaceutics. Organogels are thermodynamically stable, biocompatible, isotropic gel, which not only give localized effect, but also systemic effect through percutaneous absorption. Organogels are semi-solid systems, in which an organic liquid phase is immobilized by a three-dimensional network composed of self assembled, intertwined gelator fibers. The apolar phase gets immobilized within spaces of the three-dimensional networked structure formed due to the physical interactions amongst the self assembled structures of compounds regarded as gelators. Organogels have been explored as matrices for the delivery of bioactive agents. Compared to conventional topical dosage forms, these novel formulations are found to be more advantageous and efficient. In future, organogels can give way to many promising discoveries in the field of topical dosage forms. The current review aims at giving an idea about organogels, its applications and importance in topical delivery.

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Abuwatfa, Waad H., Nahid S. Awad, William G. Pitt, and Ghaleb A. Husseini. "Thermosensitive Polymers and Thermo-Responsive Liposomal Drug Delivery Systems." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 25, 2022): 925. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050925.

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Temperature excursions within a biological milieu can be effectively used to induce drug release from thermosensitive drug-encapsulating nanoparticles. Oncological hyperthermia is of particular interest, as it is proven to synergistically act to arrest tumor growth when combined with optimally-designed smart drug delivery systems (DDSs). Thermoresponsive DDSs aid in making the drugs more bioavailable, enhance the therapeutic index and pharmacokinetic trends, and provide the spatial placement and temporal delivery of the drug into localized anatomical sites. This paper reviews the fundamentals of thermosensitive polymers, with a particular focus on thermoresponsive liposomal-based drug delivery systems.

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Rathi, Ritu, Sanshita, Alpesh Kumar, Vivekanand Vishvakarma, Kampanart Huanbutta, Inderbir Singh, and Tanikan Sangnim. "Advancements in Rectal Drug Delivery Systems: Clinical Trials, and Patents Perspective." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): 2210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102210.

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The rectal route is an effective route for the local and systemic delivery of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The environment of the rectum is relatively constant with low enzymatic activity and is favorable for drugs having poor oral absorption, extensive first-pass metabolism, gastric irritation, stability issues in the gastric environment, localized activity, and for drugs that cannot be administered by other routes. The present review addresses the rectal physiology, rectal diseases, and pharmaceutical factors influencing rectal delivery of drugs and discusses different rectal drug delivery systems including suppositories, suspensions, microspheres, nanoparticles, liposomes, tablets, and hydrogels. Clinical trials on various rectal drug delivery systems are presented in tabular form. Applications of different novel drug delivery carriers viz. nanoparticles, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, microspheres, transferosomes, nano-niosomes, and nanomicelles have been discussed and demonstrated for their potential use in rectal administration. Various opportunities and challenges for rectal delivery including recent advancements and patented formulations for rectal drug delivery have also been included.

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Son, Jun Sik, Mark Appleford, Joo L. Ong, Joseph C. Wenke, Jong Min Kim, Seok Hwa Choi, and Daniel S. Oh. "Porous hydroxyapatite scaffold with three-dimensional localized drug delivery system using biodegradable microspheres." Journal of Controlled Release 153, no. 2 (July 2011): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.03.010.

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Avila, Raudel, Chenhang Li, Yeguang Xue, John A. Rogers, and Yonggang Huang. "Modeling programmable drug delivery in bioelectronics with electrochemical actuation." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 11 (March 8, 2021): e2026405118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2026405118.

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Drug delivery systems featuring electrochemical actuation represent an emerging class of biomedical technology with programmable volume/flowrate capabilities for localized delivery. Recent work establishes applications in neuroscience experiments involving small animals in the context of pharmacological response. However, for programmable delivery, the available flowrate control and delivery time models fail to consider key variables of the drug delivery system––microfluidic resistance and membrane stiffness. Here we establish an analytical model that accounts for the missing variables and provides a scalable understanding of each variable influence in the physics of delivery process (i.e., maximum flowrate, delivery time). This analytical model accounts for the key parameters––initial environmental pressure, initial volume, microfluidic resistance, flexible membrane, current, and temperature––to control the delivery and bypasses numerical simulations allowing faster system optimization for different in vivo experiments. We show that the delivery process is controlled by three nondimensional parameters, and the volume/flowrate results from the proposed analytical model agree with the numerical results and experiments. These results have relevance to the many emerging applications of programmable delivery in clinical studies within the neuroscience and broader biomedical communities.

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Varghese, J. J., I. L. Schmale, D. Mickelsen, M. E. Hansen, S. D. Newlands, D. S. W. Benoit, V. A. Korshunov, and C. E. Ovitt. "Localized Delivery of Amifostine Enhances Salivary Gland Radioprotection." Journal of Dental Research 97, no. 11 (April 10, 2018): 1252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034518767408.

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Radiotherapy for head and neck cancers commonly causes damage to salivary gland tissue, resulting in xerostomia (dry mouth) and numerous adverse medical and quality-of-life issues. Amifostine is the only Food and Drug Administration–approved radioprotective drug used clinically to prevent xerostomia. However, systemic administration of amifostine is limited by severe side effects, including rapid decrease in blood pressure (hypotension), nausea, and a narrow therapeutic window. In this study, we demonstrate that retroductal delivery of amifostine and its active metabolite, WR-1065, to murine submandibular glands prior to a single radiation dose of 15 Gy maintained gland function and significantly increased acinar cell survival. Furthermore, in vivo stimulated saliva secretion was maintained in retrograde-treated groups at levels significantly higher than irradiated-only and systemically treated groups. In contrast to intravenous injections, retroductal delivery of WR-1065 or amifostine significantly attenuated hypotension. We conclude that localized delivery to salivary glands markedly improves radioprotection at the cellular level, as well as mitigates the adverse side effects associated with systemic administration. These results support the further development of a localized delivery system that would be compatible with the fractionated dose regimen used clinically.

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Ibrahim, Hassan M., Omar A. Farid, Amany Samir, and Rehab M. Mosaad. "Preparation of Chitosan Antioxidant Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery System for Enhancing of Anti-Cancer Drug." Key Engineering Materials 759 (January 2018): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.759.92.

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Chemotherapy is a major therapeutic approach for the treatment of localized and metastasized cancers. Although Doxorubicin (DOX) possesses abroad spectrum of anticancer activity, its clinical use is limited because of it cause heart failure. Chitosan nanoparticles was prepared by using ionic gelation method. These nanoaparticles were used as polyload of anticancer DOX to form safer and non-toxic anticancer drug. infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were used to characterize the prepared nanoparticles. The cancer animals’ experiments using Ehrlich static cancer, (EAC) cells using six groups of experimental animals were performed to evaluate the efficiency of Doxorubicin and Doxorubicin loaded chitosan nanoparticles as anticancer drug especially from its toxicity towards heart. Tumor volume was calculated as to monitor the response to treatment. Cytotoxicity of Doxorubicin and Doxorubicin loaded chitosan nanoparticles were evaluated. Biochemical parameters were be estimated to illustrate the cytotoxicity of these drugs on heart.

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Manandhar, Sajana, Erica Sjöholm, Johan Bobacka, Jessica M. Rosenholm, and Kuldeep K. Bansal. "Polymer-Drug Conjugates as Nanotheranostic Agents." Journal of Nanotheranostics 2, no. 1 (March 13, 2021): 63–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jnt2010005.

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Since the last decade, the polymer-drug conjugate (PDC) approach has emerged as one of the most promising drug-delivery technologies owing to several benefits like circumventing premature drug release, offering controlled and targeted drug delivery, improving the stability, safety, and kinetics of conjugated drugs, and so forth. In recent years, PDC technology has advanced with the objective to further enhance the treatment outcomes by integrating nanotechnology and multifunctional characteristics into these systems. One such development is the ability of PDCs to act as theranostic agents, permitting simultaneous diagnosis and treatment options. Theranostic nanocarriers offer the opportunity to track the distribution of PDCs within the body and help to localize the diseased site. This characteristic is of particular interest, especially among those therapeutic approaches where external stimuli are supposed to be applied for abrupt drug release at the target site for localized delivery to avoid systemic side effects (e.g., Visudyne®). Thus, with the help of this review article, we are presenting the most recent updates in the domain of PDCs as nanotheranostic agents. Different methodologies utilized to design PDCs along with imaging characteristics and their applicability in a wide range of diseases, have been summarized in this article.

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Shah, Harshil P., Shailesh T. Prajapati, and C. N. Patel. "GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS: FROM CONCEPTION TO COMMERCIAL SUCCESS." Journal of Critical Reviews 4, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/jcr.2017v4i2.16717.

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Despite the extensive advancements in the field of drug delivery, the oral route remains the favorable route for administration of therapeutic actives. A success of oral controlled drug delivery systems is associated with reduced dosing frequency, decreased fluctuation in plasma drug concentration profile along with improved patient compliance. However, they are also associated with challenges like shorter gastric residence time, unpredictable gastric emptying and poor bioavailability for some molecules. This has initiated tremendous advancements in the field of gastro-retention to achieve controlled release of drugs along with improved bioavailability of drugs with narrow absorption window as well as localized action in the stomach and upper part of GIT. In present review, efforts have been envisaged to summarize our current understanding in the field of gastro-retention and their in vitro as well as in vivo characterization. Present review also highlights commercially utilized gastro-retentive technologies and some recently granted US patents in the field of GRDDS.

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Yadav, Rajkumar Prasad, F. R. Sheeba, Mukesh Sharma, Bhargav A, Yaswanth Kumar, and Akshay Kumar Patel. "The Role of Matrix Tablet in Oral Drug Delivery System." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development 9, no. 2 (April 15, 2021): 80–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/ajprd.v9i2.930.

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Matrix tablet is an important tool for controlled and sustained release dosage forms. The important route of drug administered by oral route. The oral dosage forms developed and improvedthe patient compliance. The oral controlled release system has been developed by change to formulation scientist, due to the inability to restrain and localized of a system at target area of the gastrointestinal tract. The hydrophilic polymers are becomes product of choice for important ingredients formulation of sustained release dosage forms.The benefit of sustained release dosage forms are compared to the conventional dosage forms and uniform therapeutic effects and drug plasma concentration. The matrices used of various class of hydrophilic, hydrophobic, mineral or biodegradabletypes of polymers and their degradation product have been focused. The drug have less half-life and eliminated from the body with in short period of time. The formulation of drug matrix types have been avoided by difficult sustained release drug delivery system. The mechanism of matrix tablets include the both dissolution and diffusion controlled. It produce the therapeutic efficacy. The goal of this review article is to discuss the release mechanism of the drug dosage form of various polymers and a matrix system used in preparation of matrix tablets.

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Lehner, Rolf, Heribert Brugger, Marcus M. Maassen, and Hans-Peter Zenner. "A Totally Implantable Drug Delivery System for Local Therapy of the Middle and Inner Ear." Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 76, no. 8 (August 1997): 567–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014556139707600813.

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Local therapy of middle and inner ear diseases is being used, but is restricted to cases of ear drum perforation or to repeated invasive intratympanic drug application by the physician. In accordance with the Medical Device Directive (class III), a bone-anchored, totally implantable drug delivery system (TI-DDS) has been developed. It includes a micropump for subcutaneous, patient-controlled activation, a drug reservoir and a septum port. A thin guide-wired catheter leads from the pump outlet to the point of application in the mastoid or middle ear cavities. Local inner ear therapy with suitable drugs is possible by positioning the catheter's end near the round window membrane. The system requires no battery and will offer a wide range of patient-controlled bolus applications (25 μl per activation). We first analyzed the three-dimensional implantation geometry of the mastoid cavity. Basic micromechanical problems have been solved in order to create several prototypes. The TI-DDS has already undergone extensive in vitro testing. Recent results of pump rate precision and digital pressure force testing are promising. Local drug treatment for conditions such as lidocaine-sensitive tinnitus, secretory otitis media, Meniere's disease, localized pain and intralesional cancer is under discussion. Furthermore, local application of future biotechnological trophic factors for inner ear treatment is anticipated. The basic engineering is completed and initial animal tests are in preparation.

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Sholapurkar, Amar, Dileep Sharma, Beverley Glass, Catherine Miller, Alan Nimmo, and Ernest Jennings. "Professionally Delivered Local Antimicrobials in the Treatment of Patients with Periodontitis—A Narrative Review." Dentistry Journal 9, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj9010002.

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This review sheds light on the recent published scientific evidence relating to the use of professionally delivered local antimicrobial agents (LA’s). The review also analyses drug delivery systems available to date and provides an update on the latest scientific evidence about the benefits, limitations, and clinical results obtained by use of local drugs in the treatment of periodontal disease. The search strategy revealed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of adjunctive LA’s to mechanical therapy alone. Based on the available evidence gathered from this review, we can infer that the use of local antimicrobial agents in conjunction to scaling and root debridement (SRD) delivers significant benefits in periodontal therapy and it is a useful aid, avoiding many of the side effects that systemic antibiotic therapy may involve. Local drug delivery (LDD) is an efficient and effective means of delivering drugs based on the evidence presented in the review. The authors of this review would suggest the use of local antimicrobials in cases of localized periodontitis or individual areas that do not respond to the usual mechanical therapy alone. This review summarizes the current use of local drug delivery in periodontal management ensuring that the general practitioners are able to choose an appropriate local antimicrobial.

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Aggarwal, Urvashi, Amit Kumar Goyal, and Goutam Rath. "Development of Drug Targeting and Delivery in Cervical Cancer." Current Cancer Drug Targets 18, no. 8 (September 14, 2018): 792–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568009617666171009165105.

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Cervical cancer is the second most common cancer in women. Standard treatment options available for cervical cancer include chemotherapy, surgery and radiation therapy associated with their own side effects and toxicities. Tumor-targeted delivery of anticancer drugs is perhaps one of the most appropriate strategies to achieve optimal outcomes from the treatment and improve the quality of life. Recently nanocarriers based drug delivery systems owing to their unique properties have been extensively investigated for anticancer drug delivery. In addition to that addressing the anatomical significance of cervical cancer, various local drug delivery strategies for the cancer treatment are introduced like: gels, nanoparticles, polymeric films, rods and wafers, lipid based nanocarrier. Localized drug delivery systems allow passive drug targeting results in high drug concentration at the target site. Further they can be tailor made to achieve both sustained and controlled release behavior, substantially improving therapeutic outcomes and minimizing side effects. This review summarizes the meaningful advances in drug delivery strategies to treat cervical cancer.

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Mondal, Nita. "THE ROLE OF MATRIX TABLET IN DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM." International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics 10, no. 1 (January 6, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159//ijap.2018v10i1.21935.

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Matrix tablet is an important tool for controlled and sustained release dosage forms. The oral route remains the most common route for the administration of drugs. Tablets offer the lowest cost approach to sustained and controlled release dosage forms. The hydrophilic polymer matrix is widely used in this dosage form. The use of different polymers in controlling the release of drugs has become the most important tool in the formulation of matrix tablets. The drug releases by both dissolution-controlled as well as diffusion-controlled mechanisms from the matrix. The development of oral controlled release systems has been a challenge to formulation scientists due to their inability to restrain and localize the system at targeted areas of the gastrointestinal tract. There are several advantages of matrix devices including improved patient compliance due to less frequent drug administration, reduction of fluctuation in steady-state drug levels, maximum utilization of the drug, increased safety margin of a potent drug. This review aims on the discussion of different materials used to prepare matrix tablets, different types of matrix tablets and the drug release mechanism from the matrices.

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Kamguyan, Khorshid, Rolf Bech Kjeldsen, Saeed Zajforoushan Moghaddam, Melanie Randahl Nielsen, Esben Thormann, Kinga Zór, Line Hagner Nielsen, and Anja Boisen. "Bioadhesive Tannic-Acid-Functionalized Zein Coating Achieves Engineered Colonic Delivery of IBD Therapeutics via Reservoir Microdevices." Pharmaceutics 14, no. 11 (November 21, 2022): 2536. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112536.

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The biggest challenge in oral delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs such as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) is to (i) prevent rapid absorption in the small intestine and (ii) achieve localized release at the site of inflammation in the lower gut, i.e., the colon. Here, we present an advanced biopolymeric coating comprising of tannic-acid-functionalized zein protein to provide a sustained, colon-targeted release profile for 5-ASA and enhance the mucoadhesion of the dosage form via a mussel-inspired mechanism. To enable localized delivery and provide high local concentration, 5-ASA is loaded into the microfabricated drug carriers (microcontainers) and sealed with the developed coating. The functionality and drug release profile of the coating are characterized and optimized in vitro, showing great tunability, scalability, and stability toward proteases. Further, ex vivo experiments demonstrate that the tannic acid functionalization can significantly enhance the mucoadhesion of the coating, which is followed up by in vivo investigations on the intestinal retention, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of the 5-ASA delivery system. Results indicate that the developed coating can provide prolonged colonic delivery of 5-ASA. Therefore, the here-developed biodegradable coating can be an eco-friendly substitute to the state-of-the-art commercial counterparts for targeted delivery of 5-ASA and other small molecule drugs.

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Fu, Yike, Xiaoyi Chen, Xiaozhou Mou, Zhaohui Ren, Xiang Li, and Gaorong Han. "A Dual-Color Luminescent Localized Drug Delivery System with Ratiometric-Monitored Doxorubicin Release Functionalities." ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 2, no. 4 (March 30, 2016): 652–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00046.

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Tajdaran, Kasra, Molly S. Shoichet, Tessa Gordon, and Gregory H. Borschel. "A novel polymeric drug delivery system for localized and sustained release of tacrolimus (FK506)." Biotechnology and Bioengineering 112, no. 9 (May 12, 2015): 1948–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bit.25598.

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Chittasupho, Chuda, Jakrapong Angklomklew, Thanu Thongnopkoon, Wongwit Senavongse, Pensak Jantrawut, and Warintorn Ruksiriwanich. "Biopolymer Hydrogel Scaffolds Containing Doxorubicin as A Localized Drug Delivery System for Inhibiting Lung Cancer Cell Proliferation." Polymers 13, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 3580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13203580.

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A hydrogel scaffold is a localized drug delivery system that can maintain the therapeutic level of drug concentration at the tumor site. In this study, the biopolymer hydrogel scaffold encapsulating doxorubicin was fabricated from gelatin, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, and gelatin/sodium carboxymethyl cellulose mixture using a lyophilization technique. The effects of a crosslinker on scaffold morphology and pore size were determined using scanning electron microscopy. The encapsulation efficiency and the release profile of doxorubicin from the hydrogel scaffolds were determined using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The anti-proliferative effect of the scaffolds against the lung cancer cell line was investigated using an MTT assay. The results showed that scaffolds made from different types of natural polymer had different pore configurations and pore sizes. All scaffolds had high encapsulation efficiency and drug-controlled release profiles. The viability and proliferation of A549 cells, treated with gelatin, gelatin/SCMC, and SCMC scaffolds containing doxorubicin significantly decreased compared with control. These hydrogel scaffolds might provide a promising approach for developing a superior localized drug delivery system to kill lung cancer cells.

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Guan, Wenjian, and Yi Zhang. "Application of Microfluidic Technique in Drug Delivery." Nano LIFE 06, no. 03n04 (October 18, 2016): 1642009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984416420095.

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Drug delivery as a strategy to improve the effect of therapeutic treatment is gaining tremendous interest in biomedical research. The recent advancement in microfluidic technique designed to precisely control the liquid at micro or nano liter level has shed some new lights on reshaping the ongoing drug delivery research. In this aspect, this present mini-review gives an overview on the potential applications of microfluidic technique in the area of drug delivery, which basically covers the fabrication of drug delivery carriers and the design of microfluidic-based smart systems for localized in vivo drug delivery.

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Li, Yu-Lun, and Ching-Yi Chen. "Near-Infrared Light-Remote Localized Drug Delivery Systems Based on Zwitterionic Polymer Nanofibers for Combination Therapy." Polymers 14, no. 9 (May 1, 2022): 1860. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091860.

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Localized drug delivery systems (LDDS) have gained great interests because they can directly treat the tumors and minimize systematic toxicity, and maximize drug action by controlling release precisely at the tumor site. However, the resistance of the non-specific adsorption of biomolecules is also important to alleviate the inflammatory reactions and avoid the decrease in performance of LDDS. In this study, we develop a near infrared (NIR) light-triggered nanofibrous delivery system consisting of zwitterionic poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PMPC-b-PCL) encapsulated with indocyanine green (ICG) and doxorubicin (DOX) for dual photothermal therapy and chemotherapy. The nanofibrous mat shows hydrophilic characteristics and good antifouling performance. Under mild NIR irradiation, ICG could convert NIR light into thermal energy that elevates the surrounding temperature above 45 °C. This thermal energy also markedly accelerates the DOX release from the nanofibrous mat due to softening of the nanofibers, indicating the drug release could be controlled and switched on/off by light-triggering. Moreover, this light-triggered thermal energy and releasing behavior contribute to enhancing the cell lethality. Intracellular DOX distribution confirms the more drugs release upon light irradiation. All results demonstrate the developed light-triggered drug release nanofibers as LDDS are biocompatible and antifouling as well as has the superior combinational chemotherapy/phototoxicity.

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Sudareva, Natalia N., Pavel V. Popryadukhin, Natalia N. Saprykina, Olga M. Suvorova, Galina Yu Yukina, Oleg V. Galibin, and Aleksandr D. Vilesov. "CaCO3 vaterites as components of target drug delivery systems." Cellular Therapy and Transplantation 9, no. 2 (July 30, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18620/ctt-1866-8836-2020-9-2-13-19.

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Successful treatment of the majority of oncological diseases that affect solid organs is related to appropriate use of potent and (to varying degrees) toxic antitumor drugs. In a number of cases, chemotherapy requires the maximum localized action of a drug in the tumor area. The most efficient methods of drug administration are introducing medicinal compounds (MC) directly into the tumor or use of target drug delivery systems. The second method makes it possible to decrease general toxicity of MC, and to reach prolonged therapeutic action due to uniform and time-controlled release of a MC into tumor tissue. In the present work, we studied behavior of porous spherical СаСО3 vaterites (components of delivery systems for antitumor drugs) in various environments (human blood plasma, rat muscle tissue). It was demonstrated that the studied drug carriers undergo morphological transformations and are destructed with time. In blood plasma, due to ion exchange reactions, vaterites are transformed into gradually disintegrating needle-like structures (as shown by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy). Similar processes were observed in muscle tissue: in three days, spheres were transformed into needle-like structures and then underwent complete bioresorption.

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VISHWAKARMA, PRAMILA, and Ramraj Choudhary. "Microsponges: A Novel Strategy to Control the Delivery Rate of Active Agents with Reduced Skin Irritancy." Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 9, no. 6-s (December 15, 2019): 238–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v9i6-s.3757.

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Microsponges are particulate system which is composed by porous polymeric material. As compare to Conventional topical formulations, microsponge provide controlled release of the drug in the epidermis, it is to ensure that the drug is mainly localized and does not unduly entering the systemic circulation, it is a new area of research. The active ingredient needs to maximize the time to stay on the skin, while reducing transdermal penetration. Apart from this, there is a problem of unethical vehicles that can be viscous sticky deformation and skin irritation. One of the biggest challenges of now a days is to control irritability for a predetermined site of active agents in the human body. Microsponges delivery system is a unique technique for controlled release with low irritant involving many triggers of Mechanism for the release of drugs. The Microsponge Delivery system is a polymeric porous microspheres, which can trap a wide range of effective elements such as anti-fungus, anti-infected, anti- inflammatory agent, fragrance and essential agent. This review includes different techniques used to prepare microsponges, formulation consideration, safety consideration, drug release mechanism, and challenges with microsponge drug delivery system along with their advantages, disadvantages and applications. In the current review, we summarize the updated application and capacity of Microsponge as an effective drug-delivery system to reduce skin irritation. Keywords: Microsponges; quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion; Porous microspheres; Controlled release.

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Go, Ryan, Shadi Houshyar, Kate Fox, and Yen Bach Truong. "Electrospun Fibre Composite for Controlled Drug Release." MRS Advances 5, no. 46-47 (2020): 2409–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.268.

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AbstractA drug delivery system with sustainable controlled drug release can improve the quality of life of a patient by reducing the side-effects and better absorption of the drug locally. However, the main disadvantageous of this delivery model is the burst release of the drug, which can result in severe health problem, such as toxicity. Here in this study, a new coaxial microfiber has been developed with encapsulated anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen, inside the core structure of the coaxial fibre. The core consisting of polyethylene oxide (PEO) carrying the drug was covered with the polylactic acid (PLA)/PEO and shell to prevent the burst release of the drug and provide sustainable release over a prolonged time. The release profiles showed that the burst release was reduced from 20% in control scaffold, core only, to 5% in core-shell structure after 6 hrs. The higher percentage of PLA in the shell composition provides a slower release of ibuprofen, due to the slower degradation of PLA in comparison with PEO. The result indicates the developed structure can be a potential system for the localized release of the various drug system, which leads to a more sustainable and controlled release of the drug over the more extended period and deliver a better outcome along with side-effect prevention.

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Liu, Rui, and Alessandro Poma. "Advances in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems." Molecules 26, no. 12 (June 11, 2021): 3589. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26123589.

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Despite the tremendous efforts made in the past decades, severe side/toxic effects and poor bioavailability still represent the main challenges that hinder the clinical translation of drug molecules. This has turned the attention of investigators towards drug delivery vehicles that provide a localized and controlled drug delivery. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) as novel and versatile drug delivery vehicles have been widely studied in recent years due to the advantages of selective recognition, enhanced drug loading, sustained release, and robustness in harsh conditions. This review highlights the design and development of strategies undertaken for MIPs used as drug delivery vehicles involving different drug delivery mechanisms, such as rate-programmed, stimuli-responsive and active targeting, published during the course of the past five years.

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Patel, Brijesh Mahesh, Ashwin Bhanudas Kuchekar, and Saish Rajendra Pawar. "Emulgel Approach to Formulation Development: A Review." Biosciences Biotechnology Research Asia 18, no. 3 (October 27, 2021): 459–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2931.

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Topical drug delivery is the delivery of drugs anywhere in the body through skin, vaginal, ophthalmic and rectal routes. Drugs may be given for localized or systemic effects. Topical formulations with varying physicochemical properties, such as solid, semisolid, or liquid, can be developed. The topical system is created by preparing a drug emulsion and incorporating it into an emulgel. Emulgel is a thermodynamically stable formulation with low interfacial tension that is made by combining a surfactant and a co-surfactant and has several properties such as increased permeability and good thermodynamic stability. Emulgel has a dual control and a sustained release pattern. Emulgel improves bioavailability as well as patient compliance. The pH, viscosity, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, stability study, skin irritation test, and other properties of the prepared formulation are evaluated.

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Al Sawaftah, Nour M., and Ghaleb A. Husseini. "Ultrasound-Mediated Drug Delivery in Cancer Therapy: A Review." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 12 (December 1, 2020): 7211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.18877.

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The use of ultrasound as a medical diagnostic tool began in the 1940s. Ever since, the medical applications of ultrasound have included imaging, tumor ablation, and lithotripsy; however, an ever-increasing body of literature demonstrates that ultrasound has potential in other medical applications, including targeted drug delivery. Site-specific drug delivery involves delivering drugs to diseased areas with a high degree of precision, which is particularly advantageous in cancer treatment as it would minimize the adverse side effects experienced by patients. This review addresses the ability of ultrasound to induce localized and controlled drug release from nanocarriers, namely micelles and liposomes, utilizing thermal and/or mechanical effects. The interactions of ultrasound with micelles and liposomes, the effects of the lipid composition, and ultrasound parameters on the release of encapsulated drugs are discussed. In addition, a survey of the literature detailing some in vitro and in vivo ultrasound triggered drug delivery systems is presented.

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Samal, Himansu B., Ch Niranjan Patra, Lavanya Boyeena, and Itishree J. Das. "NOVEL PERIODONTAL POCKET DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS FOR THE TREATMENT OF PERIODONTITIS." INDIAN DRUGS 58, no. 03 (June 1, 2021): 7–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.53879/id.58.03.11958.

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Periodontitis describes a group of related inflammatory diseases resulting in the destruction of the tissues that support the tooth. This disease results from the growth of diverse microflora (especially anaerobes) in the periodontal pockets and releases various bacterial enzymes, toxins, and stimulation of the body’s immune response. Scaling and Root planning is the basic treatment modality for periodontitis. Mechanical treatment is limited by physical impediments and biochemical considerations. Antimicrobial agents may be used as an adjunct to overcome the limitations of mechanical therapy. Nonsurgical controlled intrapocket delivery of antimicrobials in the treatment of periodontitis has been investigated for the possibility of overcoming the limitations of conventional therapy. Nonsurgical controlled release formulations to deliver antibacterial to the site of periodontal pocket are designed to be of low cost, nontoxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, greater stability, non-immunogenicity, and effective long-term treatment at the site of infection with reduced systemic dosing. A number of polymer based delivery systems like fibers, strips, films, chips, microparticles, nanoparticles, and nanofiber made from a variety of natural and synthetic materials have been successfully tested to deliver a variety of drugs. Periodontal pockets as a drug delivery platform for designing a suitable dental localized dosage form along with its potential advantage and limitations is reviewed here.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Localized Drug Delivery System'

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