Journal articles on the topic 'Localized complexities'
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Wei, Yuting, Fanny Yang, and Martin J. Wainwright. "Early Stopping for Kernel Boosting Algorithms: A General Analysis With Localized Complexities." IEEE Transactions on Information Theory 65, no. 10 (October 2019): 6685–703. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tit.2019.2927563.
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Gottlieb, Alice B., and Michelle E. Weisfelner. "A Case of Familial Psoriasis with Predominant Hand Involvement." Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery 7, no. 6 (November 2003): 464–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/120347540300700607.
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Psoriasis has been recognized as a familial disease with a polygenic inheritance. A case is reported of a father and four of his seven children with plaque psoriasis localized to the hands. The other three children are not afflicted by psoriasis. All patients developed psoriasis at 5 years of age. Only one member of this family has involvement in an area other than the hands. This case illustrates some of the complexities of the genetics of psoriasis.
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Vidal, Cristiane Denise. "When a robot understands Brazilian Portuguese." Journal of Internationalization and Localization 5, no. 1 (August 10, 2018): 49–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jial.00010.vid.
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Abstract This paper sets out to highlight some of the complexities involved in the game localization process by presenting a case study centered on the educational game Ludwig. It was released in Austria in 2011 just in German and later, due to its success, it was later localized into English, Brazilian Portuguese, Chinese and Japanese. The case study focusses on the localization of the language pair English-Brazilian Portuguese and the theoretical framework relies on the notion of Paratranslation (Yuste Frías 2012).
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Wagner, Matthew B., Amir Younan, Paul Allaire, and Randy Cogill. "Model Reduction Methods for Rotor Dynamic Analysis: A Survey and Review." International Journal of Rotating Machinery 2010 (2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/273716.
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The focus of this literature survey and review is model reduction methods and their application to rotor dynamic systems. Rotor dynamic systems require careful consideration in their dynamic models as they include unsymmetric stiffness, localized nonproportional damping, and frequency-dependent gyroscopic effects. The literature reviewed originates from both controls and mechanical systems analysis and has been previously applied to rotor systems. This survey discusses the previous literature reviews on model reduction, reduction methods applied to rotor systems, the current state of these reduction methods in rotor dynamics, and the ability of the literature to reduce the complexities of large order rotor dynamic systems but allow accurate solutions.
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Doering, Adam, and Clifton Evers. "Maintaining Masculinities in Japan’s Transnational Surfscapes: Space, Place, and Gender." Journal of Sport and Social Issues 43, no. 5 (August 12, 2019): 386–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0193723519867584.
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This article examines the local practices, histories, and transnational circulation and exchange of gender ideologies within Japanese surfscapes. A focus on gender in relation to Japanese surf culture is critical as the ways surf spaces in Japan are governed and/or have changed in recent years has as much to do with transnational gender surf ideologies as with its domestic gender norms. More specifically, we examine how gendered ideologies in Japan are mobilized in particular ways depending on the conditions of possibility—the cultural, social, geographical, historical, and networked elements—that comprise any given surfscape. To draw attention to the complexities involved in the relationship between space, place, and gender in Japan, the enquiry is undertaken in a highly localized, territorial, and big-wave surf site in Wakayama Prefecture and surrounding Kansai region. This site has been chosen because of how it localizes a unique mode of trans-Pacific surf culture, thereby offering insight into the nuances, issues, and strategies of social change as surfing continues to evolve in the region. The aim of the analysis is twofold. The first is contextual, highlighting the importance of the culturally and site-specific character of how surf culture and gender relations are assembled in the Japanese context. The second is to offer insight into the specific histories and transnational relationships informing the gendered practices of surfing in Japan today. The intention is to highlight the diversity of surf cultures throughout East Asia and the different ways surfing lifestyles are localized in relation to socio-political-ecological place-making and gender.
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Xiao, Xiangkai, and Baofang Song. "Kinematics and Dynamics of Turbulent Bands at Low Reynolds Numbers in Channel Flow." Entropy 22, no. 10 (October 16, 2020): 1167. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e22101167.
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Channel flow turbulence exhibits interesting spatiotemporal complexities at transitional Reynolds numbers. In this paper, we investigated some aspects of the kinematics and dynamics of fully localized turbulent bands in large flow domains. We discussed the recent advancement in the understanding of the wave-generation at the downstream end of fully localized bands. Based on the discussion, we proposed a possible mechanism for the tilt direction selection. We measured the propagation speed of the downstream end and the advection speed of the low-speed streaks in the bulk of turbulent bands at various Reynolds numbers. Instead of measuring the tilt angle by treating an entire band as a tilted object as in prior studies, we proposed that, from the point of view of the formation and growth of turbulent bands, the tilt angle should be determined by the relative speed between the downstream end and the streaks in the bulk. We obtained a good agreement between our calculation of the tilt angle and the reported results in the literature at relatively low Reynolds numbers.
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Wimalasinghe, Rochelle, and Tharusha N. Gooneratne. "Control practices in a traditional industry in Sri Lanka: an institutional logics perspective." Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management 16, no. 1 (April 15, 2019): 93–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/qram-07-2017-0071.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the co-existence of multiple logics, resulting complexities and their implications on control practices within a traditional industry (southern cinnamon) in Sri Lanka. Design/methodology/approach The paper is premised upon the qualitative methodology and case study approach, while the theoretical backing is provided by the institutional logics perspective. Findings The findings reveal that controls are exercised in the southern cinnamon industry to manage competing facets stemming from the co-existence of multiple logics, such as family logic, commercial logic and state logic. Amid the recurring complexity caused by competing logics, the industry remains in a state of control through mediators, such as the exporter trade union (the Spice Council), which although predominantly guided by commercial logic, acts in easing-off tensions between competing logics, while serving the interest of multiple actors. Controls in southern cinnamon nevertheless take a peculiar form, giving way to the continuation of traditional rudimentary practices, which essentially represent the interests of ground level actors. Originality/value Moving beyond corporate settings, which are the typical focus of mainstream studies, this paper adds to the existing body of knowledge on control practices in traditional industries, where informal and localized controls prevail. Theoretically, it expands the use of the institutional logics perspective, recognizing multiple logics, tensions and complexities in management control research. In doing so, the authors probe into informal control mechanisms in traditional industries to understand the controls and complexities in practice. Practically, the paper portrays beliefs, issues and incidents in the field (of the southern cinnamon industry in Sri Lanka), which explains why the field operates as it does, thereby offering insights to actors in the field, ranging from practitioners to policymakers.
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Johnston, Ian, Vincent M. Hayes, Douglas B. Cines, and Mortimer Poncz. "A Targeted Photochemical Microfluidic Vascular Injury Model for in Vitro Thrombosis Studies: Usage in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT)." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.212.212.
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Abstract Replicating the complexities of the human blood vessel include the establishment of a 3-D confluency of viable endothelial cells (ECs) on an appropriate matrix, use of human whole blood or specific components of blood, varied shear stresses, and the induction of a localized and controlled injury within the observable field to understand and intervene in hemostatic events. This array of complexities have made vascular modeling an important unmet challenge. Such a model would enhance our understanding of the pathogenesis of diverse coagulation disorders, such as the prothrombotic disorder HIT. In HIT, the platelet-rich clots lead to its other designation as the "white clot syndrome". To provide an improved injury model, we adapted a hematoporphyrin-photochemical injury using a Fluxion Bioflux microfluidic system. When illuminated with 405 nm light, hematoporphyrin releases reactive oxygen species, inducing localized EC injury within the exposed field, but without denuding ECs. Unlike rose bengal, hematoporphyrin does not cause fluorescent interference with quantitative analysis of the developing thrombus. We propose that the model permits refined analysis of ECs transitioning from areas of quiescence to injury to quiescence, allowing us to localize and quantify the contribution of various components to the growing thrombus. In HIT, patients form antibodies to complexes of the platelet-specific chemokine, platelet factor 4 (PF4), and negatively-charged molecules such as infused heparin and heparans found on the surface of platelets and monocytes. ECs also bind PF4 immune complexes due to their highly negatively charged glycocalyx-rich surface. Prior murine cremaster laser injury studies showed that HIT antibodies bind predominantly to the EC surface rather than platelet within the thrombus itself. Was this observation related to the nature of the cremaster injury? Would antibody binding to the EC lining also be important in a wholly human HIT detection system? Using the described photochemical microfluidic system, we created a localized injury in human umbilical vein EC-lined channels through which we flowed whole human blood. Activated platelets established growing aggregates at the site of EC injury, releasing more PF4 that then bound to non-activated ECs downstream of the injury. Whole blood containing a HIT-like antibody to simulate the prothrombotic state of HIT was then flowed over this injured vasculature. HIT antibodies and then platelets bound sequentially to this new site of HIT antigen, allowing the thrombus to propagate downstream. We have named this phenomenon "rolling barrage" and suggest that a key part of the prothrombotic nature of HIT lies in antibody-mediated activation of downstream EC with subsequent thrombus propagation. HIT often occurs in the setting in surgery, which might prime EC dysfunction. We therefore treated the ECs (TNF-α) prior to injury and introducing the HIT-like antibody. TNF-α activated the EC lining, leading to loss of the anticoagulant EC surface, which enhanced clot formation downstream of the site of photochemical injury. Therefore, in a prothrombotic state such as HIT, we propose that a local injury acts as a nidus for thrombus initiation. The procoagulant process spreads distally in part because of released PF4 adhering to the downstream EC glycocalyx, which is exacerbated by mediators of inflammation. We anticipate that the described model can be used to study novel interventions to block this cycle in a wholly human system with control over the contribution of individual cellular elements, and will further understanding of the importance of this mechanism in other prothrombotic disorders. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Ahearne-Kroll, Stephen P. "Jesus’s Death as Communal Resurrection in Mark Dornford-May’s 2006 Film Son of Man." Religions 13, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel13070635.
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Instead of trying to recreate the ancient life of Jesus, Mark Dornford-May’s film Son of Man depicts many famous scenes from the gospels, reworked to tell the story of Jesus in the fictitious “Kingdom of Judea, Afrika” with the concerns of local and global poverty, violence, and imperialism. Jesus’s life turns when he directly challenges the Judean leadership, and his arrest, torture, and death reinterpret the dynamics of power from first century imperial Rome in brilliantly analogous fashion both for a localized South African setting and for global settings that struggle under violently repressive governments. Jesus’s death stands as the focal point of communal resurrection, inspiring Mary to challenge the oppression perpetrated by those in power. Jesus’s death serves to express the complexities of international injustice in South Africa and other countries in Africa and around the world, to embolden and unite an oppressed community, and to shine a light on a mother as the leader of this resurrected community.
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Fonda, Marc. "On the Origins and Spread of Pan-Indian Spirituality in Canada." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses 45, no. 3 (August 17, 2016): 309–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0008429816657741.
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Since the 1960s, often in an urban setting and alongside the Friendship Centre movement, emerged a form of pan-Indian spirituality often used to connect urban Aboriginal people living far from their home communities and provide a safe cultural meeting place, a harbour for political protest, and an opportunity to embark on healing journeys. This paper will provide an introduction into some of the characteristics of pan-Indian spirituality mainly as expressed through the Healing Movement in particular, the social contexts in which it is emerging, and its national and international reach. The example of the Healing Movement, I argue, demonstrates the complexities of pan-Indian Spirituality, since it is developing through an interplay with localized Indigenous traditions and increasing levels of cross-tribal cultural and spiritual sharing, the encounter of Anglo-European and Indigenous cultures in the development of an ideology of pan-Indian spirituality, and the opportunities and challenges of the significant urbanized nature of Canadian First Nations’ lives.
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Li, Runguang, Qingge Xie, Yan-Dong Wang, Wenjun Liu, Mingguang Wang, Guilin Wu, Xiaowu Li, et al. "Unraveling submicron-scale mechanical heterogeneity by three-dimensional X-ray microdiffraction." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 3 (December 28, 2017): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711994115.
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Shear banding is a ubiquitous phenomenon of severe plastic deformation, and damage accumulation in shear bands often results in the catastrophic failure of a material. Despite extensive studies, the microscopic mechanisms of strain localization and deformation damage in shear bands remain elusive due to their spatial−temporal complexities embedded in bulk materials. Here we conducted synchrotron-based X-ray microdiffraction (μXRD) experiments to map out the 3D lattice strain field with a submicron resolution around fatigue shear bands in a stainless steel. Both in situ and postmortem μXRD results revealed large lattice strain gradients at intersections of the primary and secondary shear bands. Such strain gradients resulted in severe mechanical heterogeneities across the fatigue shear bands, leading to reduced fatigue limits in the high-cycle regime. The ability to spatially quantify the localized strain gradients with submicron resolution through μXRD opens opportunities for understanding the microscopic mechanisms of damage and failure in bulk materials.
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Frey, William R. "Humanizing Digital Mental Health through Social Media: Centering Experiences of Gang-Involved Youth Exposed to High Rates of Violence." Biomedical Informatics Insights 10 (January 2018): 117822261879707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1178222618797076.
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As the lives of young people expand further into digital spaces, our understandings of their expressions and language on social media become more consequential for providing individualized and applicable mental health resources. This holds true for young people exposed to high rates of community violence who may also lack access to health resources offline. Social media may provide insights into the impacts of community violence exposure on mental health. However, much of what is shared on social media contains localized language and context, which poses challenges regarding interpretation. In this perspective, I offer insights gained from the Beyond the Bullets: The Complexities and Ethical Challenges of Interpreting Social Media Posts workshop during the Digital Interventions in Mental Health conference in London, England: (1) social media as an underutilized environmental context in mental health services; (2) interpreting the meaning of social media posts is challenging, and there are additional challenges when users are exposed to offline violence and (3) the importance of having various perspectives when interpreting social media posts to build contextually nuanced and theoretically based understandings of digital social behavior.
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Soderholm, Joshua, Hamish McGowan, Harald Richter, Kevin Walsh, Tammy Weckwerth, and Matthew Coleman. "The Coastal Convective Interactions Experiment (CCIE): Understanding the Role of Sea Breezes for Hailstorm Hotspots in Eastern Australia." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 97, no. 9 (September 1, 2016): 1687–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-14-00212.1.
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Abstract Thunderstorm-affected communities develop an awareness of “hotspot” regions that historically experience more frequent or intense storm activity across many years. A scientifically based understanding of this localized variability has significant implications for both the public and industry; however, a lack of sufficiently long and robust observational datasets has limited prior research at the mesogamma spatial scale (2–20 km). This is particularly true for coastal environments, where hotspot activity has been documented in very few locales (e.g., Florida, southern Appalachian coastal plains, and the Iberian Peninsula), despite 45% of the global population living within 150 km of the coast. The Coastal Convective Interactions Experiment (CCIE) focuses on quantifying hailstorm hotspot activity for the coastal South East Queensland (SEQ) region of Australia and understanding the meteorological conditions that result in the spatial clustering of hailstorm activity. An automated thunderstorm identification and tracking technique applied to 18 years of radar data identifies not only the hailstorm hotpots well known to experienced local forecasters but an apparent link between localized maxima and the presence of sea-breeze activity. These climatological findings provided the motivation and guidance for a two-season field campaign to investigate the role of the sea breeze in thunderstorm development. Details of the experiment strategy and equipment specifications are presented alongside preliminary results. Significant complexities were observed within sea-breeze and thunderstorms circulations, limiting the application of standard concepts for idealized gravity current interactions. Furthermore, a multi-instrument case study of a sea-breeze–thunderstorm cold pool interaction identifies the comparatively low sea-breeze buoyancy as the primary contributor toward inhibiting new convective initiation, despite the vorticity balance argument favoring deeper updrafts.
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Navarro, Andrés, Raúl Moreno, and Francisco J. Tapiador. "Improving the representation of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in climate models: impact of a new parameterization for the Community Earth System Model (CESM)." Earth System Dynamics 9, no. 3 (August 21, 2018): 1045–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/esd-9-1045-2018.
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Abstract. ESMs (Earth system models) are important tools that help scientists understand the complexities of the Earth's climate. Advances in computing power have permitted the development of increasingly complex ESMs and the introduction of better, more accurate parameterizations of processes that are too complex to be described in detail. One of the least well-controlled parameterizations involves human activities and their direct impact at local and regional scales. In order to improve the direct representation of human activities and climate, we have developed a simple, scalable approach that we have named the POPEM module (POpulation Parameterization for Earth Models). This module computes monthly fossil fuel emissions at grid-point scale using the modeled population projections. This paper shows how integrating POPEM parameterization into the CESM (Community Earth System Model) enhances the realism of global climate modeling, improving this beyond simpler approaches. The results show that it is indeed advantageous to model CO2 emissions and pollutants directly at model grid points rather than using the same mean value globally. A major bonus of this approach is the increased capacity to understand the potential effects of localized pollutant emissions on long-term global climate statistics, thus assisting adaptation and mitigation policies.
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Cuss, R. J., J. F. Harrington, C. C. Graham, S. Sathar, and A. E. Milodowski. "Observations of heterogeneous pore pressure distributions in clay-rich materials." Mineralogical Magazine 76, no. 8 (December 2012): 3115–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2012.076.8.26.
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AbstractThe concept of effective stress is one of the basic tenets of rock mechanics where the stress acting on a rock can be viewed as the total stress minus the pore water pressure. In many materials, including clay-rich rocks, this relationship has been seen to be imperfect and a coefficient (χ) is added to account for the mechanical properties of the clay matrix. Recent experimental results during the flow testing (both gas and water) of several rocks (Callovo-Oxfordian claystone, Opalinus Clay, Boom Clay) and geomaterials (bentonite, kaolinite) has given evidence for stable high pressure differentials. The design of the experiments allows multiple measurements of pore pressure, which commonly shows a complex distribution for several different experimental geometries. The observed stable high pressure differentials and heterogeneous pore pressure distribution makes the describing of stress states in terms of effective stress complex. Highly localized pore pressures can be sustained by argillaceous materials and concepts of evenly distributed pore pressures throughout the sample (i.e. conventional effective stress) do not fit many clay-rich rocks if the complexities observed on the micro-scale are not incorporated, especially when considering the case of gas flow.
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YOO, GENIE. "Wars and wonders: the inter-island information networks of Georg Everhard Rumphius." British Journal for the History of Science 51, no. 4 (December 2018): 559–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007087418000742.
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AbstractHow did one man living on an island come to acquire information about the rest of the vast archipelago? This article traces the inter-island information networks of Georg Everhard Rumphius (1627–1702), an employee of the Dutch East India Company, who was able to explore the natural world of the wider archipelago without ever leaving the Moluccan island of Ambon. This article demonstrates the complexities of Rumphius's inter-island networks, as he collected information about plants and objects from islands near and far. Using his administrative, commercial and household networks, Rumphius was able to interact with local actors from across the social spectrum, whose own active collection, mediation and circulation of objects and information overlapped with imperial activities in the archipelago. This article examines Rumphius as both a collector and a mediator, who negotiated between multiple economies of exchange and translated information from different islands for his distant European readership. Such practices of localized translation demonstrate how knowledge produced on one island was the product of criss-crossing inter-island networks, as the information concerned underwent its own complicated processes of transmission and transformation within the archipelago before reaching its intended audience in Europe.
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Utrilla, Victor, Miguel Brizuela, and Andres Cibils. "Riparian Habitats (Mallines) of Patagonia." Outlook on Agriculture 34, no. 1 (March 2005): 55–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5367/0000000053295088.
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Riparian-like habitats of arid Patagonia (Argentina), known locally as mallines, play a key role in providing forage for domestic herbivores and adequate habitat for native wildlife. Because these systems are driven by localized abundant water availability, their forage production can be of an order of magnitude higher than that of the surrounding dryland and, when properly managed, can considerably improve livestock and sheep production. Unfortunately, improper grazing management has caused extensive degradation of soils and vegetation of these habitats in the past. Until recently, very few local studies had addressed questions related to the complexities of ungulate–plant interactions in relation to sustainable management of this critical grazing resource. Fortunately, this trend is changing rapidly and since the early 90s there have been a number of grazing studies with sheep and cattle, investigating animal responses to controlled-grazing management systems. Many of the results of this research have been published locally and are not readily accessible. In this article, the authors review much of this research and provide a synthesis of the current state of knowledge regarding the functioning and grazing management of riparian-like habitats of Patagonia.
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Luo, Zichao, Masahiko Yoshino, Motoki Terano, and Akinori Yamanaka. "Prediction of Static Recrystallization Nucleation Sites in Tensile Deformed Single Crystal Pure Iron through a Combination of In-Situ EBSD and CP-FEM." Metals 8, no. 10 (October 20, 2018): 858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met8100858.
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Microstructure control is of vital importance in tailoring physical properties of metallic materials. Despite the enormous efforts devoted to the study of microstructure evolution during recrystallization, most previous research has been conducted under non-simple conditions, either applying complex deforming boundary conditions or employing specimens with sophisticated crystalline structure. These complexities hinder comprehensive understanding of the fundamental aspects in texture evolution and make it even harder to penetrate the already intricate recrystallization behaviors. The present study aims at a detailed evaluation of widely used phenomenological model in reproducing experimentally observed deformation characteristics under simple crystalline structure and deformation condition, as well as the prediction of nucleation sites during static recrystallization. In situ electron back-scattering diffusion (EBSD) observations were performed to record texture change during static recrystallization of single crystal pure iron specimens after tensile deformation. CP-FEM (crystal plasticity finite element method) method was employed to simulate deformed texture. Deformation heterogeneity characterized by kernel average misorientation maps derived from EBSD data and numerical calculations were compared. The former data shows deformation heterogeneity sensitive to localized microstrain while the later delivers an effective meso-scale deformation distribution. Observed approximate nucleation sites have shown a qualitative coincidence with highly distorted regions in numerical calculations.
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Lee, Joshua Chun Kwang, Huqiang Zhang, Dale Melvyn Barker, Song Chen, Rajesh Kumar, Byoung Woong An, Kuldeep Sharma, and Krishnamoorthy Chandramouli. "Weather Prediction for Singapore—Progress, Challenges, and Opportunities." Meteorology 1, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 394–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/meteorology1040025.
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Singapore is a tiny city-state located in maritime Southeast Asia. Weather systems such as localized thunderstorms, squalls, and monsoon surges bring extreme rainfall to Singapore, influencing the day-to-day conduct of stakeholders in many sectors. Numerical weather prediction models can provide forecast guidance, but existing global models struggle to capture the development and evolution of the small-scale and transient weather systems impacting the region. To address this, Singapore has collaborated with international partners and developed regional numerical weather prediction systems. Steady progress has been made, bringing added value to stakeholders. In recent years, complex earth system and ultra high-resolution urban models have also been developed to meet increasingly diverse stakeholder needs. However, further advancement of weather prediction for Singapore is often hindered by existing challenges, such as the lack of data, limited understanding of underlying processes, and geographical complexities. These may be viewed as opportunities, but are not trivial to address. There are also other opportunities that have remained relatively unexplored over Singapore and the region, such as the integration of earth system models, uncertainty estimation and machine learning methods. These are perhaps key research directions that Singapore should embark on to continue ensuring value for stakeholders.
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Allen, Phillip P., Richard Hewitt, Maciej K. Obryk, and Peter T. Doran. "Sediment transport dynamics on an ice-covered lake: the ‘floating’ boulders of Lake Hoare, Antarctica." Antarctic Science 27, no. 2 (September 23, 2014): 173–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102014000558.
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AbstractBetween 1995 and 2011 a global positioning system survey of 13 boulders and three ablation stakes (long stakes frozen in the ice) on the frozen surface of Lake Hoare was undertaken. Data interpretation illustrates complexities of post-depositional transport dynamics of boulders. Earlier studies on comparable datasets have suggested linear ‘conveyor’ type transport mechanisms for lake surface boulders. Yet explanations for non-linear boulder displacements or ‘walks’ and the mechanisms responsible for movements are inadequate. Two modes of boulder specific movement were observed. First, localized changes in the ice surface promote individual boulder movement (rolling). Second, ice rafting, which indicates the displacement of ‘plates’ of lake ice on which the boulder is located. Ablation stakes used as fixed survey control points support the hypothesis that ice cover moves as discrete plates rather than as a single homogenous mass. Factors that create the conditions to generate either of the two modes of movement may be related to location specific energy budgets. A relationship between average orientations and prevailing wind direction was also observed. The investigation describes the local-scale behaviour of surveyed boulders, and offers methodologies and interpretive frameworks for additional studies of modern and ancient sediment transportation dynamics in Antarctic lacustrine environments.
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Snyder, Mark E., Michael O. Finlayson, Thomas J. Connors, Pranay Dogra, Takashi Senda, Erin Bush, Dustin Carpenter, et al. "Generation and persistence of human tissue-resident memory T cells in lung transplantation." Science Immunology 4, no. 33 (March 8, 2019): eaav5581. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciimmunol.aav5581.
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Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) maintain immunity in diverse sites as determined in mouse models, whereas their establishment and role in human tissues have been difficult to assess. Here, we investigated human lung TRMgeneration, maintenance, and function in airway samples obtained longitudinally from human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–disparate lung transplant recipients, where donor and recipient T cells could be localized and tracked over time. Donor T cells persist specifically in the lungs (and not blood) of transplant recipients and express high levels of TRMsignature markers including CD69, CD103, and CD49a, whereas lung-infiltrating recipient T cells gradually acquire TRMphenotypes over months in vivo. Single-cell transcriptome profiling of airway T cells reveals that donor T cells comprise two TRM-like subsets with varying levels of expression of TRM-associated genes, whereas recipient T cells comprised non-TRMand similar TRM-like subpopulations, suggesting de novo TRMgeneration. Transplant recipients exhibiting higher frequencies of persisting donor TRMexperienced fewer adverse clinical events such as primary graft dysfunction and acute cellular rejection compared with recipients with low donor TRMpersistence, suggesting that monitoring TRMdynamics could be clinically informative. Together, our results provide spatial and temporal insights into how human TRMdevelop, function, persist, and affect tissue integrity within the complexities of lung transplantation.
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Massman, William J. "The challenges of an in situ validation of a nonequilibrium model of soil heat and moisture dynamics during fires." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, no. 2 (February 17, 2021): 685–709. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-685-2021.
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Abstract. With the increasing frequency and severity of fire, there is an increasing desire to better manage fuels and minimize, as much as possible, the impacts of fire on soils and other natural resources. Piling and/or burning slash is one method of managing fuels and reducing the risk and consequences of wildfire, but the repercussions to the soil, although very localized, can be significant and often irreversible. In an effort to provide a tool to better understand the impact of fire on soils, this study outlines the improvements to and the in situ validation of a nonequilibrium model for simulating the coupled interactions and transport of heat, moisture and water vapor during fires. Improvements to the model eliminate the following two important (but heretofore universally overlooked) inconsistencies: one that describes the relationship between evaporation and condensation in the parameterization of the nonequilibrium vapor source term, and the other that is the incorrect use of the apparent thermal conductivity in the soil heat flow equation. The first of these made a small enhancement in the stability and performance of the model. The second is an important improvement in the physics underpinning the model but had less of an impact on the model's performance and stability than the first. This study also (a) develops a general heating function that describes the energy input to the soil surface by the fire and (b) discusses the complexities and difficulties of formulating the upper boundary condition from a surface energy balance approach. The model validation uses (in situ temperature, soil moisture and heat flux) data obtained in a 2004 experimental slash pile burn. Important temperature-dependent corrections to the instruments used for measuring soil heat flux and moisture are also discussed and assessed. Despite any possible ambiguities in the calibration of the sensors or the simplicity of the parameterization of the surface heating function, the difficulties and complexities of formulating the upper boundary condition and the obvious complexities of the dynamic response of the soil's temperature and heat flux, the model produced at least a very credible, if not surprisingly good, simulation of the observed data. This study then continues with a discussion and sensitivity analysis of some important feedbacks (some of which are well known and others that are more hypothetical) that are not included in the present (or any extant) model, but that undoubtedly are dynamically influencing the physical properties of the soil in situ during the fire and, thereby, modulating the behavior of the soil temperature and moisture. This paper concludes with a list of possible future observational and modeling studies and how they would advance the research and findings discussed here.
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DasGupta, Ramanuj, Horace Rhee, and Elaine Fuchs. "A developmental conundrum." Journal of Cell Biology 158, no. 2 (July 22, 2002): 331–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.200204134.
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Wnt signaling orchestrates morphogenetic processes in which changes in gene expression are associated with dramatic changes in cell organization within developing tissue/organss. Upon signaling, excess β-catenin not utilized at cell–cell junctions becomes stabilized, where it can provide the transcriptional activating domain for Lef/Tcf DNA binding proteins. In skin epithelium, forced stabilization of β-catenin in epidermis promotes hair follicle morphogenesis, whereas conditional removal of β-catenin in hair progenitor cells specifies an epidermal fate. We now report that a single protein, a stabilized version of β-catenin lacking the COOH-terminal transactivation domain, acts in epidermis to promote hair fates and in hair cells to promote epidermal fate. This reveals fundamental differences in ways that epidermal and hair cells naturally respond to β-catenin signaling. In exploring the phenotype, we uncovered mechanistic insights into the complexities of Lef1/Tcf/β-catenin signaling. Importantly, how a cell will respond to the transgene product, where it will be localized, and whether it can lead to activation of endogenous β-catenin/Tcf/Lef complexes is specifically tailored to skin stem cells, their particular lineage and their relative stage of differentiation. Finally, by varying the level of β-catenin signaling during a cell fate program, the skin cell appears to be pliable, switching fates multiple times.
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Emerson, D. Berton. "George Lippard’s The Quaker City." Nineteenth-Century Literature 70, no. 1 (June 1, 2015): 102–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2015.70.1.102.
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D. Berton Emerson, “George Lippard’s The Quaker City: Disjointed Text, Dismembered Bodies, Regenerated Democracy” (pp. 102–131) This essay argues that George Lippard’s The Quaker City (1844–1845), originally published in ten separate numbers, is best understood when read more consistently with Lippard’s own mid-production assessment: that he was producing two different books, a novel and its sequel. Doing so reveals that the target of Lippard’s unruly social protest transitions away from a nation-framed story featuring the seduction of an innocent woman and the moral degradation of a community in which such a crime would be possible, to a broader complaint in the sequel against the lack of democratic power and agency at the local level. I start by reconstructing the disjointed composition and publication-in-parts schedule of The Quaker City, along with some historical developments that might have led to its changed course, in order to highlight Lippard’s shifting design and the narrative’s vernacular aesthetics. Turning to the narrative, I explore how the shifting trajectory between novel and sequel becomes most compelling in Lippard’s treatment of printed texts/print culture and bodies/body politic, two entities frequently evoked in the cultivation and understanding of national (imagined) community. In Lippard’s imaginative revision, the sequel thus grapples with alternative political possibilities that discard faith in nation-scaled remedies and instead works through the complexities of a regenerated, localized democracy.
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Kunkler, Phillip E., Raymond E. Hulse, and Richard P. Kraig. "Multiplexed Cytokine Protein Expression Profiles from Spreading Depression in Hippocampal Organotypic Cultures." Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism 24, no. 8 (August 2004): 829–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.wcb.0000126566.34753.30.
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Cytokines are involved in ischemic tolerance, including that triggered by spreading depression (SD), yet their roles in neuroprotection remain incompletely defined. The latter may stem from the pleiotropic nature of these signaling molecules whose complexities for interaction might be better deciphered through simultaneous measurement of multiple targeted proteins. Accordingly, the authors used microsphere-based flow cytometric immunoassays and hippocampal organotypic cultures (HOTCs) to characterize the magnitude, time course, and diversity of cytokine (interleukin [IL] 1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interferon-γ [IFN-γ], and tumor necrosis factor-α [TNF-α]) response to SD. GM-CSF was not detected in HOTCs or media. However, SD triggered a significant, generalized increase in seven cytokines evident in HOTCs 6 hours later, with the remaining cytokine, IL-1β, becoming significantly different at 1 and 3 days. Additionally, these changes extended to include surrounding media for IL-6 and TNF-α by 1 and 3 days. This increase was localized to microglia via immunostaining for IL-1α, IL-1β, and interferon-γ. IL-10, although significantly more abundant in HOTCs 6 hours after SD, was significantly less abundant in surrounding media at that time and at 1 day. Finally, the generalized early increase in tissue cytokines later settled to a pattern at 3 days of recovery centering on changes in IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α, cytokines capable of modulating ischemic injury.
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Ahuja, Vineet, Ashvin Hosangadi, Jeremy Shipman, Russell Daines, and Jody Woods. "Multi-Element Unstructured Analyses of Complex Valve Systems." Journal of Fluids Engineering 128, no. 4 (August 24, 2005): 707–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2170119.
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The safe and reliable operation of high-pressure test stands for rocket engine and component testing places an increased emphasis on the performance of control valves and flow metering devices. In this paper, we will present a series of high-fidelity computational analyses of systems ranging from cryogenic control valves and pressure regulator systems to cavitating venturis that are used to support rocket engine and component testing at NASA Stennis Space Center. A generalized multi-element framework with submodels for grid adaption, grid movement, and multi-phase flow dynamics has been used to carry out the simulations. Such a framework provides the flexibility of resolving the structural and functional complexities that are typically associated with valve-based high-pressure feed systems and have been difficult to deal with using traditional computational fluid dynamics methods. Our simulations revealed a rich variety of flow phenomena such as secondary flow patterns, hydrodynamic instabilities, fluctuating vapor pockets, etc. In the paper, we will discuss performance losses related to cryogenic control valves and provide insight into the physics of the dominant multi-phase fluid transport phenomena that are responsible for the “choking-like” behavior in cryogenic control elements. Additionally, we will provide detailed analyses of the modal instability that is observed in the operation of a pressure regulator valve. Such instabilities are usually not localized and manifest themselves as a system-wide phenomena leading to an undesirable chatter at high flow conditions.
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Bagchi, Susmit. "Analysis of Finite Solution Spaces of Second-Order ODE with Dirac Delta Periodic Forcing." Axioms 12, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/axioms12010085.
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Second-order Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) with discontinuous forcing have numerous applications in engineering and computational sciences. The analysis of the solution spaces of non-homogeneous ODEs is difficult due to the complexities in multidimensional systems, with multiple discontinuous variables present in forcing functions. Numerical solutions are often prone to failures in the presence of discontinuities. Algebraic decompositions are employed for analysis in such cases, assuming that regularities exist, operators are present in Banach (solution) spaces, and there is finite measurability. This paper proposes a generalized, finite-dimensional algebraic analysis of the solution spaces of second-order ODEs equipped with periodic Dirac delta forcing. The proposed algebraic analysis establishes the conditions for the convergence of responses within the solution spaces without requiring relative smoothness of the forcing functions. The Lipschitz regularizations and Lebesgue measurability are not considered as preconditions maintaining generality. The analysis shows that smooth and locally finite responses can be admitted in an exponentially stable solution space. The numerical analysis of the solution spaces is computed based on combinatorial changes in coefficients. It exhibits a set of locally uniform responses in the solution spaces. In contrast, the global response profiles show localized as well as oriented instabilities at specific neighborhoods in the solution spaces. Furthermore, the bands of the expansions–contractions of the stable response profiles are observable within the solution spaces depending upon the values of the coefficients and time intervals. The application aspects and distinguishing properties of the proposed approaches are outlined in brief.
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Luzin, Vladimir. "Use of the Eigenstrain Concept for Residual Stress Analysis." Materials Science Forum 768-769 (September 2013): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.768-769.193.
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Problems of residual stress analysis can be formulated in terms of so-called eigenstrain or inelastic strain. Although the concept is almost 100 year old, the use of it by the residual stress community is quite limited, due to complexities of the associated mathematics. When mathematical difficulties are resolved and eigenstrain is reconstructed, the use of it can be beneficial in several ways. Firstly, the eigenstrain is essentially a generator function for residual elastic stress and elastic strain and it can be used, for generation of any stress field in FE models. Furthermore, eigenstrain distributions are frequently localized, even though the elastic stress or strain distributions are not. Both these properties can be used for effective data reduction. Another advantage of the use of the eigenstrain concept is that experimental data may be interpreted in a more meaningful way by using a narrower context, in terms of plastic deformation, thermal expansion/misfit and deformation caused by phase transformation, rather than just residual stress/strain field. The sample geometry and symmetry play an important role in resolving eigenstrain distributions from residual stress and elastic strain fields. Generally the equations are difficult to solve, however for a sample geometry of high symmetry, eigenstrain can be resolved and expressed as a solution of a relatively simple integral equation; which is the Fredholm of the second type with the kernel of the integral operator defined by the sample geometry/symmetry. Several such symmetries are investigated, yielding analytical solutions that are applied and contrasted to experimental data. An important issue for residual stress analysis is the uniqueness of the solution is also discussed.
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Atherton, Rachel R., Jayne Ellis, Fiona V. Cresswell, Joshua Rhein, and David R. Boulware. "Ophthalmic signs in Ugandan adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: A nested analysis of the ASTRO-CM cohort." Wellcome Open Research 3 (June 27, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14666.1.
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Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons, accounting for 15% of AIDS-related deaths. Visual disturbance is commonly reported, and a wide range of ophthalmic signs may be present on examination. There is limited published literature to date describing the range and incidence of ophthalmic signs in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Nested within the Adjunctive Sertraline for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis (ASTRO-CM) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01802385), we conducted an observational study of 696 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Patients were screened for visual disturbance and ophthalmic signs at initial presentation and at follow-up appointments over 18 weeks. Assessment comprised simple clinical history and basic examination and required no specialist equipment. More than a quarter of our cohort demonstrated ocular signs or symptoms, which were observed throughout the study period. A broad range of ocular signs were demonstrated: these included neurological signs (10.9%), localized ocular pathology (4.5%), and evidence of concurrent systemic disease (12.9%). The range of signs observed demonstrates the complexities of case management in patients with advanced HIV and cryptococcosis and also the importance of basic ocular examination in low resource settings. There remains an urgent need for studies conducting comprehensive ocular examination in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis; these studies should include formal assessment of visual acuity, slit lamp examination and dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy. Prospective studies should investigate whether there is a correlation between reported visual disturbance and objective signs, in order to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and to guide effective diagnosis, follow-up and management.
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Atherton, Rachel R., Jayne Ellis, Fiona V. Cresswell, Joshua Rhein, and David R. Boulware. "Ophthalmic signs in Ugandan adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: A nested analysis of the ASTRO-CM cohort." Wellcome Open Research 3 (October 12, 2018): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.14666.2.
Full textAbstract:
Cryptococcal meningitis is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among HIV-infected persons, accounting for 15% of AIDS-related deaths. Visual disturbance is commonly reported, and a wide range of ophthalmic signs may be present on examination. There is limited published literature to date describing the range and incidence of ophthalmic signs in HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Nested within the Adjunctive Sertraline for the Treatment of HIV-Associated Cryptococcal Meningitis (ASTRO-CM) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov number: NCT01802385), we conducted an observational study of 696 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis. Patients were screened for visual disturbance and external ophthalmic signs at initial presentation and at follow-up appointments over 18 weeks. Assessment comprised simple clinical history and basic examination and required no specialist equipment. More than a quarter of our cohort demonstrated ocular signs or symptoms, which were observed throughout the study period. A broad range of ocular signs were demonstrated: these included neurological signs (10.9%), localized ocular pathology (4.5%), and evidence of concurrent systemic disease (12.9%). The range of signs observed demonstrates the complexities of case management in patients with advanced HIV and cryptococcosis and also the importance of basic ocular examination in low resource settings. There remains an urgent need for studies conducting comprehensive ocular examination in patients with HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis; these studies should include formal assessment of visual acuity, slit lamp examination and dilated indirect ophthalmoscopy. Prospective studies should investigate whether there is a correlation between reported visual disturbance and objective signs, in order to further clarify the underlying mechanisms and to guide effective diagnosis, follow-up and management.
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Sharpley, Andrew N., Peter J. A. Kleinman, Don N. Flaten, and Anthony R. Buda. "Critical source area management of agricultural phosphorus: experiences, challenges and opportunities." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 4 (August 1, 2011): 945–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.712.
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The concept of critical source areas of phosphorus (P) loss produced by coinciding source and transport factors has been studied since the mid 1990s. It is widely recognized that identification of such areas has led to targeting of management strategies and conservation practices that more effectively mitigate P transfers from agricultural landscapes to surface waters. Such was the purpose of P Indices and more complex nonpoint source models. Despite their widespread adoption across the U.S., a lack of water quality improvement in certain areas (e.g. Chesapeake Bay Watershed and some of its tributaries) has challenged critical source area management to be more restrictive. While the role of soil and applied P has been easy to define and quantify, representation of transport processes still remains more elusive. Even so, the release of P from land management and in-stream buffering contribute to a legacy effect that can overwhelm the benefits of critical source area management, particularly as scale increases (e.g. the Chesapeake Bay). Also, conservation tillage that reduces erosion can lead to vertical stratification of soil P and ultimately increased dissolved P loss. Clearly, complexities imparted by spatially variable landscapes, climate, and system response will require iterative monitoring and adaptation, to develop locally relevant solutions. To overcome the challenges we have outlined, critical source area management must involve development of a ‘toolbox’ that contains several approaches to address the underlying problem of localized excesses of P and provide both spatial and temporal management options. To a large extent, this may be facilitated with the use of GIS and digital elevation models. Irrespective of the tool used, however, there must be a two-way dialogue between science and policy to limit the softening of technically rigorous and politically difficult approaches to truly reducing P losses.
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Christensen, Libby O., Ryan E. Galt, and Alissa Kendall. "Life-cycle greenhouse gas assessment of Community Supported Agriculture in California's Central Valley." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 33, no. 5 (June 1, 2017): 393–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170517000254.
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AbstractMany consumers are trying to reduce their food's environmental impact by purchasing more locally sourced food. One choice for local food is Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), in which farmers provide a share of produce on a regular basis to pre-paying farm members. The number of CSAs in the USA has grown from two in the mid-1980s to perhaps as many as 12,617 according to the latest US census of agriculture (2014). We use a case study approach to investigate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with five CSA operations in the Sacramento Valley of California. By understanding the GHG emissions of CSAs and the practices that might be improved, we hope to support innovative strategies to reduce GHG emissions in these agricultural production systems. Input, production and distribution data were collected from each farm and reported in CO2e emissions for 1 kg CSA produce at the pickup location. Results show large variation in total emissions, ranging from 1.72 to 6.69 kg CO2e kg−1 of produce with an average of 3.94 kg CO2e kg−1 produce. The largest source of emissions was electricity, contributing over 70% of total CO2e emissions on average. Based on our findings, despite the seemingly similarities between these operations in terms of production site, acreage, customers and production practices, there is still a large amount of variability with regard to total GHG. Thus we argue coming up with a standardized production function for diversified production and deriving GHGs or calculating average total emissions overlooks the heterogeneity of the system. Food systems can never be reduced to a simple binary of local is better and conventional is worse, or its inverse local is worse and conventional is better, because of the complexities of the production and distribution systems and their relationship to GHG emissions. Yet, we can say that localized production systems that are low in electricity use (or use renewable energy sources) and use efficiently-produced compost use have lower GHG emissions than those that do not.
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Matiz-Chicacausa, Andrea, and Omar D. Lopez Mejia. "Towards Accurate Boundary Conditions for CFD Models of Synthetic Jets in Quiescent Flow." Energies 13, no. 24 (December 10, 2020): 6514. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13246514.
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In this paper, an accurate model to simulate the dynamics of the flow of synthetic jets (SJ) in quiescent flow is proposed. Computational modeling is an effective approach to understand the physics involved in these devices, commonly used in active flow control for several reasons. For example, SJ actuators are small; hence, it is difficult to experimentally measure pressure changes within the cavity. Although computational modeling is an advantageous approach, experiments are still the main technique employed in the study of SJs due to the lack of accurate computational models. The same aspect that represents an advantage over other techniques also represents a challenge for the computational simulations, such as capturing the unsteady phenomena, localized compressible effects, and boundary layer formation characteristic of this complex flow. One of the main challenges in the simulation of SJs is related to the fact that the spatial and temporal scales of the actuator and the corresponding flow control application differed in several orders of magnitude. Hence, in this study we focus on the use of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and Reduced Order Models (ROM) to develop an accurate yet low-cost model to capture the complexities of the flow of a SJ in quiescent flow. Numerical results show two possible paths for SJ modeling; (1) to obtain a boundary condition to predict velocity profile and jet formation from experimental data of diaphragm’s deformation; and, (2) to predict peak velocity at the jet’s outlet with a ROM approach and to use the physical details of the actuator to develop an accurate boundary condition for CFD. Both approaches are validated through experimental data available in the literature; good agreement between results from CFD, Lumped Element Model (LEM), and experimental data are achieved. Finally, it was concluded that the coupling between LEM and CFD is a novel and accurate approach, which improves CFD due to the advantages of LEM closing the gap between LEM’s lack of flow detail and CFD’s lack of geometrical/physical information of the actuator.
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Hobson, J. A., R. Lydic, and H. A. Baghdoyan. "Evolving concepts of sleep cycle generation: From brain centers to neuronal populations." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9, no. 3 (September 1986): 371–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00046215.
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AbstractAs neurophysiological investigations of sleep cycle control have provided an increasingly detailed picture of events at the cellular level, the concept that the sleep cycle is generated by the interaction of multiple, anatomically distributed sets of neurons has gradually replaced the hypothesis that sleep is generated by a single, highly localized neuronal oscillator.Cell groups that discharge during rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep (REM-on) and neurons that slow or cease firing during REM sleep (REM-off) have long been thought to comprise at least two neurochemically distinct populations. The fact that putatively cholinoceptive and/or cholinergic (REM-on) and putatively aminergic (REM-off) cell populations discharge reciprocally over the sleep cycle suggests a causal interdependence.In some brain stem areas these cell groups are not anatomically segregated and may instead be neurochemically mixed (interpenetrated). This finding raises important theoretical and practical issues not anticipated in the original reciprocal-interaction model. The electrophysiological evidence concerning the REM-on and REM-off cell groups suggests a gradient of sleep-dependent membrane excitability changes that may be a function of the connectivity strength within an anatomically distributed neuronal network. The connectivity strength may be influenced by the degree of neurochemical interpenetration between the REM-on and REM-offcells. Recognition of these complexities forces us to revise the reciprocal-interaction model and to seek new methods to test its tenets.Cholinergic microinjection experiments indicate that some populations of REM-on cells can execute specific portions of the REM sleep syndrome or block the generation of REM sleep. This observation suggests that the order of activation within the anatomically distributed generator populations may be critical in determining behavioral outcome. Support for the cholinergic tenets of the reciprocal-interaction model has been reinforced by observations from sleep-disorders medicine.Specific predictions of the reciprocal-interaction model and suggestions for testing these predictions are enumerated for future experimental programs that aim to understand the cellular and molecular basis of the mammalian sleep cycle.
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Erofeeva, Elena A. "Plant hormesis and Shelford’s tolerance law curve." Journal of Forestry Research 32, no. 5 (March 18, 2021): 1789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11676-021-01312-0.
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AbstractShelford's law of tolerance is illustrated by a bell-shaped curve depicting the relationship between environmental factor/factors’ intensity and its favorability for species or populations. It is a fundamental basis of ecology when considering the regularities of environment impacts on living systems, and applies in plant biology, agriculture and forestry to manage resistance to environmental limiting factors and to enhance productivity. In recent years, the concept of hormesis has been increasingly used to study the dose–response relationships in living organisms of different complexities, including plants. This requires the need for an analysis of the relationships between the hormetic dose–response model and the classical understanding of plant reactions to environments in terms of Shelford's law of tolerance. This paper analyses various dimensions of the relationships between the hormetic model and Shelford’s tolerance law curve under the influence of natural environmental factors on plants, which are limiting for plants both in deficiency and excess. The analysis has shown that Shelford’s curve and hormetic model do not contradict but instead complement each other. The hormetic response of plants is localized in the stress zone of the Shelford’s curve when adaptive mechanisms are disabled within the ecological optimum. At the same time, in a species range, the ecological optimum is the most favorable combination of all or at least the most important environmental factors, each of which usually deviates slightly from its optimal value. Adaptive mechanisms cannot be completely disabled in the optimum, and hormesis covers optimum and stress zones. Hormesis can modify the plant tolerance range to environmental factors by preconditioning and makes limits of plant tolerance to environmental factors flexible to a certain extent. In turn, as a result of tolerance range evolution, quantitative characteristics of hormesis (width and magnitude of hormetic zone) as well as the range of stimulating doses, may significantly differ in various plant species and even populations and intra-population groups, including plants at different development stages. Using hormetic preconditioning for managing plant resistance to environmental limiting factors provides an important perspective for increasing the productivity of woody plants in forestry.
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Nitzbon, Jan, Moritz Langer, Léo C. P. Martin, Sebastian Westermann, Thomas Schneider von Deimling, and Julia Boike. "Effects of multi-scale heterogeneity on the simulated evolution of ice-rich permafrost lowlands under a warming climate." Cryosphere 15, no. 3 (March 19, 2021): 1399–422. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-15-1399-2021.
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Abstract. In continuous permafrost lowlands, thawing of ice-rich deposits and melting of massive ground ice lead to abrupt landscape changes called thermokarst, which have widespread consequences on the thermal, hydrological, and biogeochemical state of the subsurface. However, macro-scale land surface models (LSMs) do not resolve such localized subgrid-scale processes and could hence miss key feedback mechanisms and complexities which affect permafrost degradation and the potential liberation of soil organic carbon in high latitudes. Here, we extend the CryoGrid 3 permafrost model with a multi-scale tiling scheme which represents the spatial heterogeneities of surface and subsurface conditions in ice-rich permafrost lowlands. We conducted numerical simulations using stylized model setups to assess how different representations of micro- and meso-scale heterogeneities affect landscape evolution pathways and the amount of permafrost degradation in response to climate warming. At the micro-scale, the terrain was assumed to be either homogeneous or composed of ice-wedge polygons, and at the meso-scale it was assumed to be either homogeneous or resembling a low-gradient slope. We found that by using different model setups and parameter sets, a multitude of landscape evolution pathways could be simulated which correspond well to observed thermokarst landscape dynamics across the Arctic. These pathways include the formation, growth, and gradual drainage of thaw lakes; the transition from low-centred to high-centred ice-wedge polygons; and the formation of landscape-wide drainage systems due to melting of ice wedges. Moreover, we identified several feedback mechanisms due to lateral transport processes which either stabilize or destabilize the thermokarst terrain. The amount of permafrost degradation in response to climate warming was found to depend primarily on the prevailing hydrological conditions, which in turn are crucially affected by whether or not micro- and/or meso-scale heterogeneities were considered in the model setup. Our results suggest that the multi-scale tiling scheme allows for simulating ice-rich permafrost landscape dynamics in a more realistic way than simplistic one-dimensional models and thus facilitates more robust assessments of permafrost degradation pathways in response to climate warming. Our modelling work improves the understanding of how micro- and meso-scale processes affect the evolution of ice-rich permafrost landscapes, and it informs macro-scale modellers focusing on high-latitude land surface processes about the necessities and possibilities for the inclusion of subgrid-scale processes such as thermokarst within their models.
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Gerard, Angela Y., Katie Lutton, Ashley Lucente, Gerald S. Frankel, and John R. Scully. "Progress in Understanding the Origins of Excellent Corrosion Resistance in Metallic Alloys: From Binary Polycrystalline Alloys to Metallic Glasses and High Entropy Alloys." Corrosion 76, no. 5 (March 18, 2020): 485–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5006/3513.
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Some of the factors responsible for good corrosion resistance of select polycrystalline and emerging alloys in chloride solutions are discussed with a goal of providing some perspectives on the current status and future directions. Traditional metallic glass alloys, single phase high entropy alloys (HEAs), early metallic glasses, and high entropy metallic glasses are all emerging corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs) that utilize traditional strategies for improved corrosion resistance as well as take advantage of some other novel beneficial attributes. These materials enjoy many degrees of freedom as far as choice of both composition and structure, providing great flexibility in the pursuit of superior corrosion resistance. The new materials depart from classical solvent-solute type polycrystalline binary or ternary alloys. Thus, such emerging materials provide significant opportunities to achieve even greater improvements in corrosion resistance in harsh environments. Several examples of the unique corrosion properties of selected materials in the context of modern theories of corrosion are discussed herein. Discussion is restricted to solid-solution binary or ternary polycrystalline alloys, several metallic glass alloys, and single phase HEAs. A common feature of many CRAs is that composition and microstructure often affect both passivity and resistance to localized corrosion that can be divided into initiation, stabilization, and propagation stages. Enormous complexities in protective oxide structures and chemistries and the large number of combinatorial possibilities in newer materials such as HEAs preclude trial-and-error approaches and perhaps even combinatorial experimental design. Computational materials methodologies will be required in the search for new corrosion-resistant alloys in these material classes. The search must consider the best scientific insights available regarding how major and minor alloy additions, as well as various microstructural attributes, contribute to corrosion mitigation. Additional scientific insights, as they emerge, will enable choices beyond the reliance on high concentrations of alloying elements that are known to affect passivity breakdown and pit stabilization. A challenge is to connect the “basic attributes” of an alloy with its properties. The strength of this connection will likely require new scientific principles enabling deep multiphysics insights in order to link feature(s) such as composition and metallurgical phases to the desired corrosion properties. Application of data informatics will likely also play a role given the plethora of variables that are important in corrosion and the difficulty in assessing all relationships. The opportunity exists to accelerate the design of emerging materials for high corrosion resistance.
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Güvercin, Sezim Ezgi, Hayrullah Karabulut, A. Özgün Konca, Uğur Doğan, and Semih Ergintav. "Active seismotectonics of the East Anatolian Fault." Geophysical Journal International 230, no. 1 (February 4, 2022): 50–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/gji/ggac045.
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SUMMARY The East Anatolian Fault (EAF) is a 700-km-long left-lateral transform fault located between the Anatolian and Arabian plates. The proximity of the Euler Pole to the Arabia–Anatolia Plate boundary leads to rapid changes in plate velocity along the boundary, which is manifested by the decreasing slip rates from east (10 mm yr–1) to west (∼1–4 mm yr–1). The EAF displays heterogeneous seismicity patterns with seismic gaps, localized clusters and broad diffuse zones. In this study, in order to understand the origin of these complexities and quantify the seismic hazard along the EAF, we present an improved seismicity catalogue with more than 26 000 earthquakes and 160 focal mechanisms from regional moment tensor inversion between 2007 and 2020. The focal mechanisms and seismicity show that the EAF dips towards north and forms a well-defined plate boundary in the east between Palu and Çelikhan with almost pure left-lateral motion. Further west, the boundary becomes broader with activity along subparallel faults. Focal mechanisms show heterogeneous stress orientations in consistence with geodetically determined strain rate field. The stress orientations show a transition from strike-slip to extension towards the west of Çelikhan. Amongst all segments of EAF, the Pütürge segment, which holds the near-repeating earthquakes in the vicinity of the nucleation of the 2020 Mw 6.8 earthquake, is distinguished with its steady and high rate of seismicity. Further east, the neighbouring Palu segment is characterized by several distinct moderate earthquakes. We do not observe any change in the seismicity rate on these segments of the EAF following large earthquakes. In order to quantify the seismic hazard along the EAF, we calculate the recurrence time and maximum magnitude for each segment by using an extended seismicity catalogue of 150 yr including the large historical earthquakes and the geodetic strain rate. The results show ∼150 yr recurrence time with Mmax∼6.7–7.0 along the seismically active Palu and Pütürge segments on the east, while relatively silent western segments yield longer recurrence times; 237–772 for Pazarcık and 414–917 for Amanos segments with slightly larger magnitudes (Mmax ∼7–7.4). We infer that the seismicity patterns and strain-rate field along the EAF are shaped by several factors such as strong geometrical irregularities, heterogeneous coupling and complex plate motion leading to rapid change of fault slip rate.
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Mahdawi, Qasim, Jay Sagin, Malis Absametov, and Abdulhalim Zaryab. "Water Recharges Suitability in Kabul Aquifer System within the Upper Indus Basin." Water 14, no. 15 (August 2, 2022): 2390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14152390.
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Groundwater is the main source of water for drinking, household use, and irrigation in Kabul; however, the water table is dropping due to the excessive extraction over the past two decades. The groundwater restoration criteria selection mainly depends on the techniques used to recharge the aquifer. The design of infiltration basins, for example, requires different technical criteria than the installation of infiltration wells. The different set of parameters is relevant to water being infiltrated at the surface in comparison with water being injected into the aquifers. Restoration of the groundwater resources are complicated and expensive tasks. An inexpensive preliminary investigation of the potential recharge areas, especially in developing countries such as Afghanistan with its complex Upper Indus River Basin, can be reasonably explored. The present research aims to identify the potential recharge sites through employing GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and combining remote sensing information with in situ and geospatial data obtained from related organizations in Afghanistan. These data sets were employed to document nine thematic layers which include slope, drainage density, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to river channel, lithology, and ground water table, land cover, and soil texture. All of the thematic layers were allocated and ranked, based on previous studies, and field surveys and extensive questionnaire surveys carried out with Afghan experts. Based on the collected and processed data output, the groundwater recharge values were determined. These recharge values were grouped into four classes assessing the suitability for recharge as very high (100%), high (63%), moderate (26%), and low (10%). The relative importance of the various geospatial layers was identified and shows that slope (19.2%) is the most important, and faults (3.8%) the least important. The selection of climatic characteristics and geological characteristics as the most important criteria in the artificial recharge of the aquifer are investigated in many regions with good access to data and opportunities for validation and verifications. However, in regions with limited data due to the complexities in collecting data in Afghanistan, proper researching with sufficient data is a challenge. The novelty of this research is the cross-disciplinary approach with incorporation of a compiled set of input data with the set of various criteria (nine criteria based on which layers are formed, including slope, drainage density, rainfall, distance to fault, distance to river channel, lithology, ground water table, land cover, and soil texture) and experts’ questionnaires. The AHP methodology expanded with the cross-disciplinary approach by adding the local experts´ questionnaires survey can be very handy in areas with limited access to data, to provide the preliminary investigations, and reduce expenses on the localized expensive and often dangerous field works.
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Bull, D. K. "Understanding the complexities of designing diaphragms in buildings for earthquakes." Bulletin of the New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering 37, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 70–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.5459/bnzsee.37.2.70-88.
Full textAbstract:
The variety of layouts of lateral force resisting elements in structures, subjected to inelastic behaviour, make the design of diaphragms significantly more complex than the traditional "simple beam" approach typically employed.
Traditionally held views that diaphragms are inherently robustness and hence do not require significant engineering input have been shown to be inappropriate by recent major earthquakes and recent laboratory studies.
The simple beam method, at times, fails to recognise that the traditional load paths assumed are compromised by localised damage in the floors (diaphragms) due to incompatibility of deformation between the floors and the supporting structures (walls, beam and columns). "Strut and tie" methods are suggested as a means of tying these diaphragms into the lateral force resisting structures and as a way of dealing irregular floor plates and penetrations (stairs, lifts, atriums) through the floors.
The focus of recent research in determining the seismic lateral forces into and through floor diaphragms has been on the magnitude of the floor inertias. However, it has been shown that primary structural elements interacting through the diaphragm, can cause stresses in the floors many more times than those of the inertia effects. These two sources of forces and stresses are interrelated. This relationship requires further study.
Survivability of a building rests, in part, on the diaphragms tying the structure together. Suggestions for maintaining the integrity of the diaphragms, particularly in precast concrete types, are discussed.
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Ramnund-Mansingh, Aradhana, and Nikita Reddy. "South African specific complexities in aligning graduate attributes to employability." Journal of Teaching and Learning for Graduate Employability 12, no. 2 (July 30, 2021): 206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21153/jtlge2021vol12no2art1025.
Full textAbstract:
South African higher education (HE) cannot be compared to any other country’s HE systems due to the unique political landscape and structural narrative that it has undergone. Subsequent to the reorganisation of HEIs in 2004, a number of complexities arose. These included accessibility to education across race and the alignment of the South African HEIs to global pedagogic benchmarks. With the changing political landscape, transformations within higher education, socio economic inequities and changes in the workplace, researchers failed to cognize the impact of these factors on graduate employability. Changing graduate attributes to align with a decolonised curriculum and Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) workspaces were transiently underway when COVID-19 set a new narrative for the future of employability. This paper seeks to identify the impact of workplace changes and its direct influence on successful graduate employment and integration into the HE curriculum. The work environment has cursorily moved from 4IR to an advanced stage of the 4IR, where there is a full emphasis on digitisation, non-localised workspaces and is an ostensible playground for digital natives (Generation Z). This paper provides a systematic review of literature in the South African HE contexts that pertains to graduate attributes for employability within the workplace. The adoption of malleable secondary data will allow for an understanding of the relationship between changing workplace environments and expectations from graduates. This correlation is directly linked to graduate attributes which students need to comply with from year one. The paper will provide context to changes which are required for the future success of graduates, and whether graduate attributes are adequate preparation for employability. A clinical model is recommended with an intervention to manage the risk factors of decolonisation of curriculum, the 4IR and multi-generational workplace and responses to COVID-19.
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Wilson, Helen F. "Arrival cities and the mobility of concepts." Urban Studies 59, no. 16 (November 29, 2022): 3459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00420980221135820.
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The status of any arrival city is far from stable, being continuously reworked by state policy, geopolitics, economic fluctuations or localised events that rupture or destabilise what came before. The diversifications and differential inclusions that are examined in this special issue attest to the complexities of arrival cities, where the very nature of ‘arrival’ is open to interpretation and subject to diverse temporal experiences and migration regimes. By approaching the concept of ‘arrival city’ as a heuristic and moving between the literal and figurative realms of mobility, I draw out some of the core contributions of Migrant-led Diversification and Differential Inclusion in Arrival Cities Across Asia-Pacific. This includes: the notion of arrival; temporal geographies and the experience of transience and non-linearity; and the geographies of intimacy and encounter.
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Hurlimann, A., D. Hes, M. Othman, and T. Grant. "Charting a new course for water—is black water reuse sustainable?" Water Supply 7, no. 5-6 (December 1, 2007): 109–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2007.107.
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The world is facing a water crisis, and Australia is no exception. New regimes for the supply, use, and delivery of water are needed to ensure a sustainable water future. Black water reuse through ‘sewer mining’ or onsite treatment, proposes to be one initiative that may possibly offer a viable and sustainable alternative approach to water provision in many contexts. However, despite the potential benefits of black water reuse, its feasibility is not yet fully understood. In particular, there is much uncertainty surrounding the following issues: (1) community acceptance, (2) policy complexities, (3) performance impacts of these localised systems, and (4) environmental balance over the full life cycle. This paper outlines research needs surrounding black water reuse with a focus on these four major issues. The paper presents a research agenda to address these important issues. This research agenda involves two Australian commercial case studies: the Council House 2 building in Melbourne, and the Bendigo Bank building in Bendigo.
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Haab, Brian B., and Zachary Klamer. "Advances in Tools to Determine the Glycan-Binding Specificities of Lectins and Antibodies." Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 19, no. 2 (December 17, 2019): 224–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1074/mcp.r119.001836.
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Proteins that bind carbohydrate structures can serve as tools to quantify or localize specific glycans in biological specimens. Such proteins, including lectins and glycan-binding antibodies, are particularly valuable if accurate information is available about the glycans that a protein binds. Glycan arrays have been transformational for uncovering rich information about the nuances and complexities of glycan-binding specificity. A challenge, however, has been the analysis of the data. Because protein-glycan interactions are so complex, simplistic modes of analyzing the data and describing glycan-binding specificities have proven inadequate in many cases. This review surveys the methods for handling high-content data on protein-glycan interactions. We contrast the approaches that have been demonstrated and provide an overview of the resources that are available. We also give an outlook on the promising experimental technologies for generating new insights into protein-glycan interactions, as well as a perspective on the limitations that currently face the field.
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Agostinho, Marta, José Rino, José Braga, Fernando Ferreira, Soren Steffensen, and João Ferreira. "Human Topoisomerase IIα: Targeting to Subchromosomal Sites of Activity during Interphase and Mitosis." Molecular Biology of the Cell 15, no. 5 (May 2004): 2388–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e03-08-0558.
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Mammalian topoisomerase IIα (topo IIα) plays a vital role in the removal of topological complexities left on DNA during S phase. Here, we developed a new assay to selectively identify sites of catalytic activity of topo IIα with subcellular resolution. We show that topo IIα activity concentrates at replicating heterochromatin in late S in a replication-dependent manner and at centric heterochromatin during G2 and M phases. Inhibitor studies indicate that this cell cycle-dependent concentration over heterochromatin is sensitive to chromatin structure. We further show that catalytically active topo IIα concentrates along the longitudinal axis of mitotic chromosomes. Finally, we found that catalytically inert forms of the enzyme localize predominantly to splicing speckles in a dynamic manner and that this pool is differentially sensitive to changes in the activities of topo IIα itself and RNA polymerase II. Together, our data implicate several previously unsuspected activities in the partitioning of the enzyme between sites of activity and putative depots.
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Bell, Linda, and Jane Ribbens. "Isolated Housewives and Complex Maternal Worlds — The Significance of Social Contacts between Women with Young Children in Industrial Societies." Sociological Review 42, no. 2 (May 1994): 227–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1994.tb00089.x.
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This article reconsiders the picture of the mother of young children in industrialised societies as the ‘isolated housewife’, suggesting this notion is by no means straightforward. We suggest there is considerable evidence for the existence of mothers' social contacts and their significance both as ‘work’ and ‘friendship’ in industrial societies. A pre-occupation with the notion of the ‘isolation’ of ‘housewives’ has led social researchers to neglect sustained examination of the social relationships within which many/most mothers are involved on a day-to-day basis. Complexities of interpretation, for example what ‘isolation’ can actually mean, need to be drawn out from the existing literature. Evidence presented from two recent ethnographic studies shows patterned opportunities/constraints occurring in relation to mothers' social contacts within localised settings, whether through organised groups or other personal ties. The complex nature of individual women's social contacts is thus brought out. Some key questions are raised for the importance to sociology, anthropology and social policy of these apparently insignificant or invisible women's networks.
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Odabasi, Ezgi, Umut Batman, and Elif Nur Firat-Karalar. "Unraveling the mysteries of centriolar satellites: time to rewrite the textbooks about the centrosome/cilium complex." Molecular Biology of the Cell 31, no. 9 (April 15, 2020): 866–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1091/mbc.e19-07-0402.
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Centriolar satellites are membraneless granules that localize and move around centrosomes and cilia. Once referred to as structures with no obvious function, research in the past decade has identified satellites as key regulators of a wide range of cellular and organismal processes. Importantly, these studies have revealed a substantial overlap between functions, proteomes, and disease links of satellites with centrosomes and cilia. Therefore, satellites are now accepted as the “third component” of the vertebrate centrosome/cilium complex, which profoundly changes the way we think about the assembly, maintenance, and remodeling of the complex at the cellular and organismal levels. In this perspective, we first provide an overview of the cellular and structural complexities of centriolar satellites. We then describe the progress in the identification of the satellite interactome, which have paved the way to a molecular understanding of their mechanism of action and assembly mechanisms. After exploring current insights into their functions as recently described by loss-of-function studies and comparative evolutionary approaches, we discuss major unanswered questions regarding their functional and compositional diversity and their functions outside centrosomes and cilia.
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Lucas, Ryan, and Ruth Jeanes. "Ethnographic reflections of the role of Global North volunteers in sport-for-development." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 55, no. 7 (June 11, 2019): 953–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690219854650.
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This article critically examines the work undertaken by Global North volunteers in Global South sport-for-development programmes. Whilst existing studies acknowledge the centrality of Northern volunteers to the delivery of sport-for-development programmes in the Global South, there are few detailed explorations of how volunteers approach working in diverse cultural contexts and their impact on local communities. Drawing on an ethnographic methodology and post-colonial theory, the article reflects on the first author’s experiences as an AusAID funded volunteer working as a cricket development officer in the Solomon Islands. In addition to the first author’s fieldnotes and critical reflections, the article draws on interviews conducted with indigenous and expatriate stakeholders involved in the sport-for-development programme. The findings demonstrate the complexities of Global North volunteers’ engagement with sport-for-development. The use of post-colonial theory illustrates the ways in which Global North volunteers can perpetuate neo-colonial initiatives and systems of working that are imposed on Global South communities. The study suggests that volunteers can be very aware of their position but can feel helpless in challenging external agencies to promote more culturally sensitive and localised approaches to development work. Furthermore, the paper indicates the complications of developing localised initiatives, indicating how external agencies, through the Global North volunteer, used indigenous people to create the impression that programmes are locally driven. The paper concludes by examining the ways in which indigenous communities resisted the imposition of a sport-for-development initiative that did not meet their needs.
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ROMMEN, TIMOTHY. "Protestant vibrations? Reggae, Rastafari, and conscious Evangelicals." Popular Music 25, no. 2 (May 2006): 235–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026114300600081x.
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The globalisation of reggae continues to engender a wide range of highly poignant re-inscriptions and re-interpretations of reggae's sound and of Rastafarian thought. One of the most compelling of these has been the negotiation of Rastafarian and Christian ideologies within the context of Protestant reggae bands and artists. The application of Rastafarian thought, dress and language to the evangelical concerns of Protestants – at times paradoxical, at others ingenious – signals an important moment of inter-religious contact that opens a window onto the complexities and multiple meanings that attach to music and to religious systems as they travel between the local and the global. This essay considers music by Christafari (United States), Sherwin Gardner (Trinidad and Tobago), and Stitchie (Jamaica), and considers questions related to the parallel globalisation of reggae and Rastafari. It does this by interrogating the extent to which authenticity, positionality, and religious context inform the use of and interpretation of Rastafari symbols within gospel reggae. In so doing, I introduce a concept that I call the negotiation of proximity, and offer some reflections on the ways that the Rastafari elements within gospel reggae might be understood in new, global (and newly localised) contexts.
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DELL, REBECCA, RACHEL CARR, EMRYS PHILLIPS, and ANDREW J. RUSSELL. "Response of glacier flow and structure to proglacial lake development and climate at Fjallsjökull, south-east Iceland." Journal of Glaciology 65, no. 250 (March 13, 2019): 321–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jog.2019.18.
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ABSTRACTOver recent decades, the number of outlet glaciers terminating in lakes in Iceland has increased in line with climate warming. The mass-balance changes of these lake-terminating outlet glaciers are sensitive to rising air temperatures, due to altered glacier dynamics and increased surface melt. This study aims to better understand the relationship between proglacial lake development, climate, glacier dynamics and glacier structure at Fjallsjökull, a large, lake-terminating outlet glacier in south-east Iceland. We used satellite imagery to map glacier terminus position and lake extent between 1973 and 2016, and a combination of aerial and satellite imagery to map the structural architecture of the glacier's terminus in 1982, 1994 and 2011. The temporal evolution of ice surface velocities between 1990 and 2018 was calculated using feature tracking. Statistically significant increases in the rate of terminus retreat and lake expansion were identified in 2001, 2009 and 2011. Our surface velocity and structural datasets revealed the development of localised flow ‘corridors’ over time, which conveyed relatively faster flow towards the glacier's terminus. We attribute the overall changes in dynamics and structural architecture at Fjallsjökull to rising air temperatures, but argue that the spatial complexities are driven by glacier specific factors, such as basal topography.