Academic literature on the topic 'Localized answer'
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Journal articles on the topic "Localized answer"
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Verghese, Priya, and Youngki Kim. "Unilateral localized cystic kidney: Answer." Pediatric Nephrology 26, no. 5 (August 21, 2010): 715–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00467-010-1622-y.
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LI, XIANG-YUAN, FU-CHENG HE, KE-XIANG FU, and WENJIAN LIU. "SOLVATION ENERGY OF NONEQUILIBRIUM POLARIZATION: OLD QUESTION, NEW ANSWER." Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 09, supp01 (January 2010): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219633610005591.
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Although an old question, the electrostatic free energy of nonequilibrium solvation in a continuous dielectric has recently been disputed. Here we show that the nonequilibrium solvation energy can be obtained without any ambiguity by imposing a suitable external electric field with its source localized in the ambient so as to bring the nonequilibrium into an equilibrium state but constrain its charge distribution, polarization, and entropy unchanged. As an application, a two-sphere cavity model is proposed for estimating the solvent reorganization energy, which solves the longstanding issue that it tends to be overestimated by a factor of two by the popular continuum models.
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Hayden, Patrick, and Alex May. "Localizing and excluding quantum information; or, how to share a quantum secret in spacetime." Quantum 3 (October 24, 2019): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.22331/q-2019-10-24-196.
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When can quantum information be localized to each of a collection of spacetime regions, while also excluded from another collection of regions? We answer this question by defining and analyzing the localize-exclude task, in which a quantum system must be localized to a collection of authorized regions while also being excluded from a set of unauthorized regions. This task is a spacetime analogue of quantum secret sharing, with authorized and unauthorized regions replacing authorized and unauthorized sets of parties. Our analysis yields the first quantum secret sharing scheme for arbitrary access structures for which the number of qubits required scales polynomially with the number of authorized sets. We also study a second related task called state-assembly, in which shares of a quantum system are requested at sets of spacetime points. We fully characterize the conditions under which both the localize-exclude and state-assembly tasks can be achieved, and give explicit protocols. Finally, we propose a cryptographic application of these tasks which we call party-independent transfer.
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Khauli, Raja, Robson Ferrigno, Gustavo Guimarães, Muhammad Bulbulan, Pedro Luiz Serrano Uson Junior, Bernardo Salvajoli, Daniel Moore Freitas Palhares, et al. "Treatment of Localized and Locally Advanced, High-Risk Prostate Cancer: A Report From the First Prostate Cancer Consensus Conference for Developing Countries." JCO Global Oncology, no. 7 (April 2021): 530–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/go.20.00421.
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PURPOSE To generate and present survey results on important issues relevant to treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) focusing on developing countries. METHODS A panel of 99 PCa experts developed more than 300 survey questions of which 67 questions concern the main areas of interest of this article: treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries. A larger panel of 99 international multidisciplinary cancer experts voted on these questions to create the recommendations for treatment and follow-up of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources discussed in this article. RESULTS The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. Each question was deemed consensus if 75% or more of the full panel had selected a particular answer. These answers are based on panelist opinion and not on a literature review or meta-analysis. For questions that refer to an area of limited resources, the recommendations considered cost-effectiveness as well as the possible therapies with easier and greater access. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two nonanswers. Results were tabulated in real time. CONCLUSION The voting results and recommendations presented in this article can guide physicians managing localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in areas of limited resources. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data; however, as guidelines for treatment of localized and locally advanced, high-risk PCa in developing countries have not been defined, this article will serve as a point of reference when confronted with this disease.
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Thorne, James, Majid Yazdani, Marzieh Saeidi, Fabrizio Silvestri, Sebastian Riedel, and Alon Halevy. "From natural language processing to neural databases." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 14, no. 6 (February 2021): 1033–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/3447689.3447706.
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In recent years, neural networks have shown impressive performance gains on long-standing AI problems, such as answering queries from text and machine translation. These advances raise the question of whether neural nets can be used at the core of query processing to derive answers from facts, even when the facts are expressed in natural language. If so, it is conceivable that we could relax the fundamental assumption of database management, namely, that our data is represented as fields of a pre-defined schema. Furthermore, such technology would enable combining information from text, images, and structured data seamlessly. This paper introduces neural databases , a class of systems that use NLP transformers as localized answer derivation engines. We ground the vision in NeuralDB, a system for querying facts represented as short natural language sentences. We demonstrate that recent natural language processing models, specifically transformers, can answer select-project-join queries if they are given a set of relevant facts. However, they cannot scale to non-trivial databases nor answer set-based and aggregation queries. Based on these insights, we identify specific research challenges that are needed to build neural databases. Some of the challenges require drawing upon the rich literature in data management, and others pose new research opportunities to the NLP community. Finally, we show that with preliminary solutions, NeuralDB can already answer queries over thousands of sentences with very high accuracy.
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Wang, Luke L., Christopher J. D. Wallis, Niranjan Sathianathen, Nathan Lawrentschuk, Declan G. Murphy, Robert Nam, and Daniel Moon. "‘ProtecTion’ from overtreatment: does a randomized trial finally answer the key question in localized prostate cancer?" BJU International 119, no. 4 (January 4, 2017): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bju.13734.
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Wallack, M. K. "Answer to comment on article “Massive localized edema of the thigh in a morbidly obese patient”." European Journal of Surgical Oncology (EJSO) 36, no. 5 (May 2010): 508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejso.2010.03.001.
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Tilman, Andrew R., Avinash K. Dixit, and Simon A. Levin. "Localized prosocial preferences, public goods, and common-pool resources." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 12 (October 8, 2018): 5305–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1802872115.
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The presence of prosocial preferences is thought to reduce significantly the difficulty of solving societal collective action problems such as providing public goods (or reducing public bads). However, prosociality is often limited to members of an in-group. We present a general theoretical model where society is split into subgroups and people care more about the welfare of others in their own subgroup than they do about those in out-groups. Individual contributions to the public good spill over and benefit members in each group to different degrees. We then consider special cases of our general model under which we can examine the consequences of localized prosociality for the economic outcomes of society as a whole. We ask to what extent prosociality closes the welfare gap between the Nash equilibrium without prosociality and the social optimum. The answer depends on whether private and public inputs are good or poor substitutes in producing final output. Critically, the degree to which this welfare gap closes is a concave function of the level of prosociality in the case of poor substitutes, so even low levels of prosociality can lead to social welfare near the social optimum.
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Dunnam, Curt. "EM Site A.C. Magnetic Field Sources, Surveys and Solutions Part IV: Survey Data Analysis." Microscopy Today 4, no. 4 (May 1996): 20–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1551929500068450.
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Up to the present waypoint in this series on EM site magnetic fields, we have identified typical sources of time-varying magnetic field intensities, examined salient field characteristics and illustrated correct survey methods. Our goal this month is to analyze data collected at a proposed site and answer the key question of whether or not the candidate site is, as far as magnetic fields go, acceptable for EM use. In the process of analyzing the magnetic field survey data we will define some of the interpretive techniques involved and observe the distinction between localized (a.c. power) and non-localized (geomagnetic) time-varying fields. Finally, we will discuss the implications of EM susceptibility threshold vs. measured field ratios when considering remedial site shielding.
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Kumar, V., and Y. Xu. "Unusual presentation of metastatic sebaceous carcinoma and its response to chemotherapy: is genotyping a right answer." Current Oncology 22, no. 4 (June 8, 2015): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.3747/co.22.2467.
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Sebaceous carcinoma is a rare malignant tumour of skin. It commonly occurs in the head and neck region. The standard of care for localized disease is wide local excision followed by radiotherapy. Occasionally, sebaceous carcinoma can be associated with Muir–Torre syndrome, which is characterized by sebaceous lesions and carcinomas in the visceral organs. Metastatic sebaceous carcinoma is even rarer, with very little evidence about the role of chemotherapy in the treatment of metastatic disease.Here, we report a case of recurrent sebaceous carcinoma metastatic to the rectum (initially mimicking rectal cancer and Muir–Torre syndrome) in which the disease responded to multiple lines of chemotherapy. We also review the available literature on chemotherapy in this disease and discuss the role of tumour profiling and genotypeguided selection of chemotherapeutics in such rare tumours.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Localized answer"
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Gargoš, Ondřej. "Mechanismy reakce exodermis na dostupnost živin v prostředí." Master's thesis, 2021. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-445731.
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in English The apoplastic barriers of the root (endodermis and exodermis) represent an important regulatory mechanism for the uptake of water and nutrients from the environment, ensuring its selectivity. In addition, both layers respond to stress factors by altering its rate and degree of cell wall modification, which affects the transport properties of the root and represents adaptive plants to high heterogeneity of the soil environment. Apoplastic barriers also respond to the availability of mineral nutrients. This issue has recently been intensively studied and a number of ambiguities persist. Interestingly, the deficiency of some mineral nutrients stimulates the differentiation of barriers, while the deficiency of other mineral nutrients delays the differentiation. In addition, different plant species react differently to the deficiency of the same element. Another interesting aspect is the fact that the reaction of the endodermis and exodermis is localized and takes place mainly in that part of the root system which is directly exposed to the stress factor. This phenomenon has been observed with cadmium toxicity, but more recently with local nutrient deficiencies (nitrogen and potassium) in Zea mays. This diploma thesis deals with the functional significance of localized enhancing or delaying...
Books on the topic "Localized answer"
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Harrison L, Denman. Part I United States, 5 Lehman Brothers and Equitable Subordination in Cross-Border Proceedings. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198755371.003.0005.
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The collapse of Lehman Brothers in 2008 had consequences that spread across the world. In the aftermath, Lehman affiliates from outside the United States were forced to commence their own localized insolvency proceedings. The issues multiplied even further, as even within a single country, multiple wholly-owned affiliates were forced to fill their own cases. This chapter addresses a single narrow aspect of these intercompany issues raised in the context of the Lehman cases, when viewed from the perspective of an entity subject to reorganization under chapter 11 in the United States. Specifically, this chapter asks and seeks to answer: to what extent can a US debtor seek to equitably subordinate a claim asserted by an entity that is itself subject to a separate reorganization proceeding? That may depend on whether the entity potentially subject to equitable subordination is a debtor in a foreign jurisdiction pursuant to a foreign insolvency statute.
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Bronner, Simon J. The Practice of Folklore. University Press of Mississippi, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.14325/mississippi/9781496822628.001.0001.
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This book proposes to answer the pressing philosophical as well as psychological question of why people repeat themselves. It redefines folklore as traditional knowledge that serves this need in human lives and develops a "practice theory" around this idea. Practice, more than other suggested keywords of performance or enactment in social theory, connects localized culture with the vernacular idea that "this is the way we do things around here." The term invites study of what people do repeatedly to understand what they have in "mind." Demonstrating the application of this theory in folkloristic studies, Bronner offers four provocative case studies of psychocultural meanings that arise from traditional "frames of action" and address issues of the day: labeling of boogiemen to express fear of sexual molestation, connecting "wild child" beliefs to school shootings, identifying the crisis of masculinity in adolescent expression. Turning his analysis to the analysts of tradition, Bronner uses practice theory to evaluate the agenda of folklorists in shaping perceptions of tradition-centered "folk societies" such as the Amish, unpacking the culturally based rationale of public folklore programming, interpreting the evolving idea of folk museums in a digital world, and assessing how the terms folklorists use and the things they do affect how people think about tradition. This is a book intended to think about what people do in the name of tradition, and why.
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Davies, Jonathan. Between Realism and Revolt. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781529210910.001.0001.
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Between Realism and Revolt explores urban governance in the “age of austerity”, focusing on the period between the global financial crisis of 2008-9 and the beginning of the global Coronavirus pandemic at the end of 2019. It considers urban governance after the 2008 crisis, from the perspective of governability. How did cities navigate the crisis and the aftermath of austerity, with what political ordering and disordering dynamics at the forefront? To answer these questions it engages with two influential theoretical currents, Urban Regime Theory and Gramscian state theory, with a view to understanding how governance enabled austerity, deflected or intensified localised expressions of crisis, and generated more-or-less successful political alternatives. It develops a comparative analysis of case studies undertaken in the cities of Athens, Baltimore, Barcelona, Greater Dandenong (Melbourne), Leicester, Montreal and Nantes, and concludes by highlighting five characteristics that cut across the cities, unevenly and in different configurations: economic rationalism, weak hegemony, retreat to dominance, weak counter-hegemony and radically contagious politicisations.
Book chapters on the topic "Localized answer"
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Zimbler, Jarad. "Working Conditions." In The Work of World Literature, 173–207. Berlin: ICI Berlin Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37050/ci-19_08.
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To what extent does cultural distance interfere with or limit literary experience? What kind of intimacy is needed to make a text into a work? This essay seeks to answer these questions by focusing on the writings of Arvind Krishna Mehrotra. In doing so, it suggests that the challenges of cultural distance may be most acute when dealing with texts from homo-linguistic literary environments, and that we might overcome these challenges by undertaking a world literary criticism that attends to localized fields and materials without forgetting the charge of particular works.
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Mele, Alfred R. "Wrapping Things Up." In Manipulated Agents, 122–44. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927967.003.0006.
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This chapter addresses a range of issues, including the bearing of manipulation on the project of constructing an incompatibilist analysis of moral responsibility for actions, the difference between direct and indirect moral responsibility, the significance of reversal stories in which the change in an agent’s values is localized, and the author’s methodology in this book. A section that has a question-and-answer format answers questions about such things as the negative nature of the historical constraint on moral responsibility defended in this book, why extreme changes in agents’ values are featured in the book’s main thought experiments, and the author’s response to readers who do not share his intuitions about various thought experiments.
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White, Ismail K., and Chryl N. Laird. "Conclusion." In Steadfast Democrats, 197–208. Princeton University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691199511.003.0008.
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This concluding chapter examines the broader implications of this research, both empirical and normative. It discusses the potential for this theoretical framework to further understanding of the political behavior of other social groupings in America. The chapter also considers the framework's applicability to understanding the political homogeneity of localized racial groupings. If the foundational mechanism of political power through unity is that identified by the framework—coracial social ties—then desegregation and the loss of black institutions are a fundamental challenge to the doing of black liberation politics. The chapter discusses what this might mean for the future of black politics. In so doing, it also engages arguments about the harms of coracial policing and weighs how to think about balancing those concerns against the reality that the political unity that has consistently enabled black political power relies on a process of social sanctioning. Finally, the chapter considers the questions future research might answer by engaging and applying this theoretical framework and charts a course for future progress.
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Stenroos, Merja. "The Development of Old English eo/ēo and the Systematicity of Middle English Spelling." In Historical Dialectology in the Digital Age, 133–55. Edinburgh University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474430531.003.0007.
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This chapter uses a new resource, the Middle English Grammar Corpus (MEG-C), a corpus of 14th and 15th Century English texts, to answer an old question: it is possible to find traces of a systematic distinction between the reflexes of Old English e/ē and eo/ēo in Middle English? An investigation into the spelling variation found in 27 lexical items that contain a vowel representing Old English eo/ēo as well as the equivalent Old Norse element jó throws up a wide range of spellings, the vast majority of which show <e>/<ee>. Spellings that might suggest a rounded pronunciation are also fairly robustly present, however, particularly <eo>, with the Southwest Midlands as its core area. The second part of the investigation retrieves all words that were spelled with the digraph <eo>. The vast majority of these turn out to be reflexes of Old English eo/ēo, and almost all of them are localized to the Southwest Midlands. They occur either as reflexes of OE y/ȳ, or in unstressed syllables, or in words where <eo> follows <w> – three groups for which a rounded pronunciation would be plausible.
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Le Merlus, L., and R. A. Chudasama. "Is 3D printing the answer to a sustainable supply chain: A look at localised consumer 3D printing." In Challenges for Technology Innovation: An Agenda for the Future, 411–15. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315198101-72.
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Dennison, Lynda. "The Dating and Origin of Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 180 : Adam Easton’s copy of Richard FitzRalph’s De pauperie Salvatoris." In Cardinal Adam Easton (c.1330–1397). Nieuwe Prinsengracht 89 1018 VR Amsterdam Nederland: Amsterdam University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9789463726528_ch02.
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Adam Easton’s De pauperie Salvatoris (Cambridge, Corpus Christi College, MS 180) has not yet received an art-historical appraisal, nor has the book been firmly dated or localized. Answers to these questions might be provided by assessing the artistic development of the illuminator of Corpus 180 and his hand in other works – as well as examination of closely related ones by other hands – in a period of production estimated to have spanned some forty years, and by charting the career and travels of Adam Easton. Where was Easton – Oxford, Norwich, London or Avignon – when the Pauperie was copied? The presence of elaborate penwork decoration in works attributable to the artist of Corpus 180 makes it possible to draw closer to a location of production for the Pauperie. The chapter also addresses the role of monastic establishments in the production of manuscripts at this time and in this context.
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Hofer, Nathan. "Wonder-working Sufis." In The Popularisation of Sufism in Ayyubid and Mamluk Egypt, 1173-1325, 225–49. Edinburgh University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9780748694211.003.0010.
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One of the more puzzling historical questions of this study is why no organised order linked to an Upper-Egyptian tarīqa developed during this period. Given the facts– that Sufism was well established there by the Mamluk period, that there were numerous Sufi masters who maintained ribā†s across the landscape, and that these masters enjoyed widespread fame and recognition– it is surprising that not a single initiatic lineage was institutionalised and organised around one of these masters. Some of the early circles in Qinā would seem to have been ripe for such a development, but in each case the collectivity of Sufis around a particular master ceased to exist in the first or second generation after his death. We find instead that the master’s charismatic authority was itself institutionalised rather than any socially reproducible doctrine or praxis (i.e. a †arīqa). In terms of Blumer’s symbolic interactionism, we might say that these Sufi masters became the objects of veneration and not emulation. Thus, instead of organised (informally or otherwise) collectivities linked to an eponymous †arīqa, localised shrine cults emerged at the physical site of interment. The fact that a Sufi’s tomb would become the object of regular veneration and visitation was certainly not unusual or unique to Upper Egypt; this happened with most Sufi masters across Egypt during this period. But the specific form of Upper-Egyptian Sufism in this period seems to have completely displaced or foreclosed the possibility of other potential social formations. The answer to why this should be the case is inextricably linked to the way in which the Sufis of Upper Egypt produced.
Conference papers on the topic "Localized answer"
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Iakovidou, Chryssanthi, Nektarios Anagnostopoulos, Athanasios Ch Kapoutsis, Yiannis Boutalis, and Savvas A. Chatzichristofis. "Searching images with MPEG-7 (& MPEG-7-like) Powered Localized dEscriptors: The SIMPLE answer to effective Content Based Image Retrieval." In 2014 12th International Workshop on Content-Based Multimedia Indexing (CBMI). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cbmi.2014.6849821.
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Le, L., and R. Chudasama. "Is 3D printing the answer to a sustainable supply chain: A look at localised consumer 3D printing." In The International Conference on Sustainable Smart Manufacturing (S2M). Taylor & Francis Group, 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742: CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781315198101-82.
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Cairo, Ronald R., and Kathleen A. Sargent. "A Scientific Approach to the Process Development of Bonded Attachments for High Speed Rotor Application." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0355.
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The quest for increased work per stage of compression to reduce overall gas turbine engine system cost has placed extreme demands on the high-pressure turbine (HPT) system. As an example, the HPT is required to operate at unprecedented levels of AN2 (the product of turbine annulus area and mechanical speed squared) to enable compressor performance goals to be met. The typical approach of mechanically attaching blades via firtree or dovetail configured mechanical attachments, limits rotor speed because of the life limiting broach slots (stress concentrators) in the disk rim. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that the disk lugs, which react the blade loading, impose a dead load. Higher disk speed results in higher blade loading requiring a deeper or wider lug to support the blade. This in turn results in a wider disk bore to support the deeper, dead load lug region. The dilemma is that higher speed results in larger stress concentrations at the rim and a wider disk bore to support the added parasitic rim load. The answer to this dilemma lies in creating an Integrally Bladed Rotor (IBR) in which the blades are integral with the disk. Since typically, for an HPT, the blades are single crystal and the disk equiaxed nickel alloys, the IBR design suggested precludes absolute machining as the fabrication approach. A solution lies in metallurgically bonding the blades to the disk rim. Bonded airfoil attachments have the potential to increase AN2 and component life by 9–10% by eliminating broach induced stress concentrations as noted. Moreover, bonded attachments can reduce external rim loading by upward of 15% with a corresponding reduction in disk weight. The key to the solution is a controlled, economical process to concurrently join a full complement of HPT blades in a repeatable manner. This paper discusses how a scientific approach and creative design practice can lead to such a process. Three alternative tooling concepts, and one universal tool that allows independent use of two of these concepts, were developed. Tool stresses and deflections, tool load paths, and bond pressure profiles were all quantified through ANSYS Finite Element Analyses and closed form analytical solutions. Prior experience has shown that joint strength is sensitive to the bond pressure level. Therefore, the tool materials and geometry were iterated upon until the pressure applied to the blade bond plane was as uniform as possible. Since absolute uniformity is elusive when deformable bodies are part of the bond load train, accurately determining the maximum and minimum bond plane pressure is absolutely essential for subsequent joint characterization and design allowable determination. This allows localized working stresses in the designed attachment to be compared to specific, bond pressure driven, allowable strengths rather than an average strength. This paper will show how applying a scientific approach to the development of a critical technology process can reduce both the cost and risk of process development.
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Novak, Jiri. "Ductile Fracture of Ferritic Steels: Correlation of KIIc/KIc Ratio and Strain Hardening Curve." In ASME 2002 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2002-1342.
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Recently, interest on fracture toughness under mixed mode loading increases and many questions remain to be answered, especially for ductile fracture. Crack growth resistance curves for mixed mode loading may be interpreted as a result of competition between usual ductile fracture and shear fracture. Analysis is based on previous work in the field of ductile fracture, especially on studies of ductile fracture criteria of the type “loss of stability of homogeneous deformation field”. Phenomena of shear fracture can be successfully predicted by bifurcation analysis of shear band initiation or localized necking. Usual ductile fracture under different stress triaxialities can be analogously predicted by cavitation instability criterion. Usual (cavitation-type) ductile fracture strain depends on strain hardening exponent less than shear fracture strain does and this explains dependence of the KIIc/KIc ratio on strain hardening exponent. These ideas are demonstrated quantitatively using data in the open literature.
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Girone`s, Ph, C. Ducros, C. Legoaller, F. Lamadie, J. M. Fulconis, V. Thiebaut, and C. Mahe´. "Methodology for Determining the Radiological Status of a Process: Application to Decommissioning of a Fuel Reprocessing Facility." In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89362.
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Decommissioning a nuclear facility is subject to various constraints including regulatory safety requirements, but also the obligation to limit the waste volume [1] and toxicity. To meet these requirements the activity level in each component must be known at each stage of decommissioning, from the preliminary studies to the final release of the premises. This document describes a set of methods used to determine the radiological state of a spent fuel reprocessing plant. This approach begins with a bibliographical survey covering the nature of the chemical processes, the operational phases, and the radiological assessments during the plant operating period. In this phase it is also very important to analyze incidents and waste management practices. All available media should be examined, including photos and videos which can provide valuable data and must not be disregarded. At the end of this phase, any items requiring verification or additional data are reviewed to define further investigations. Although it is not unusual at this point to carry out an additional bibliographical survey, the essential task is to carry out in situ measurements. The second phase thus consists in performing in situ measurement campaigns involving essentially components containing significant activity levels. The most routinely used methods combine the results of elementary measurements such as the dose rate [2] [3] or more sophisticated measurements such as gamma spectrometry using CdZnTe detectors [4] and gamma imaging [2] to estimate and localize the radioactivity. Each instrument provides part of the answer (location of a contamination hot spot, standard spectrum, activity). The results are combined and verified through the use of calculation codes: Mercure [5], Visiplan [6] and Microshield [7].
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Golob, Matthew, Clayton Nguyen, Sheldon Jeter, Said Abdel-Khalik, and Cliff Ho. "Flowing Particle Fluidized Bath Design and Heat Transfer." In ASME 2019 13th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2019 Heat Transfer Summer Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2019-3911.
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Abstract Any proposed particle to working fluid heat exchanger as part of a CSP Particle Heating Receiver system is challenging. A principal challenge is achieving adequate heat exchange (HX) from the high temperature particles to the working fluid such as sCO2 or air flowing in tubes or other passages. To reduce the required HX area, a high particle side heat transfer coefficient is needed, and counterflow is always the best overall arrangement. Consequently, a promising approach is implementing an open channel flow of fluidized particles actually flowing in a general counterflow with respect to the working fluid, which is contained in tubes or passages immersed in the channel. This arrangement provides (1) excellent particle side heat transfer, (2) convenient particle re-circulation, and (3) almost ideal counterflow with the working fluid. To advance the understanding and support the design and applications of such exchangers, this investigation has been conducted to study the possibility of local effects of the particle flow path on the fluidized heat transfer. To this end, a series of smaller fluidized bed heat exchangers were built utilizing an axially flowing open channel for the moving bed of fluidized particles. These designs featured a serpentine flow path representative the full scale HX design proposed by others. The proposed serpentine flow design is based on an existing particle cooling system; however, questions were raised about this design that had not yet been conclusively answered and promoted this investigation. The test bath supporting this investigation contains one bend around which the particulate flows prior to exiting the heat exchanger. The intent of this larger scale apparatus is to observe the variables affecting the stability or uniformity of the particle flow and provide insight into potential problems with the operational unit. The test rig consists of two stacked sections. The lower container is the fluidizing air plenum, which provides a uniformly distributed airflow through the bottom plane of the upper container. The interface comprises a structural perforated plate, stacked layers of filter paper to balance the pressure drop, and a fine stainless steel wire mesh to ensure that the particulate remains in the upper container. This upper container represents the particulate flow area. Clear conductive PETG polymer walls were used for the fluidized bath to reduce electrostatic buildup while still providing a transparent material through which the flow can be observed. The current design uses an air conveyor to recirculate the particulate from one end of the test bath back to the other closing the particle loop. The tests described investigate the effectiveness of fluidization in specific regions of the serpentine path. Measurements have been taken in these regions to determine the local heat transfer coefficient. This is accomplished by inserting a cartridge heater with a known power input and heated area, instrumented with a fine bead surface thermocouple to measure the heater surface temperature. In addition, two probes are immersed in the fluidized bed surrounding the cartridge heater to measure the free stream temperature in the bed. The air input for fluidization and air conveyor lift are also measured and recorded as test parameters along with approximate bed height in each region. In addition to the quantitative measurements of the flow, the test unit is used to observe the effect of fluidization, bed height, and outlet locations on the axial mass flow rate of the particulate. These results will be presented in the proposed paper. Going forward, this setup will allow for testing of various mass flow control schemes for the system. Currently this design, with the instrumented heater and free stream temperature probes, allows measurement of the local heat transfer properties anywhere in the particle flow path. The present tests provide a localized map of heat transfer coefficients in the fluidized bath design and a description of the flow behavior which will be reported and presented to support future open channel particle to sCO2 heat exchanger designs.