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Journal articles on the topic 'Localised failure'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 10 December 2022

Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Mann, A. C. "Localised autonomic failure due to botulinum toxin injection." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 57, no. 11 (November 1, 1994): 1320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.57.11.1320.

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2

Bushara, K. O. "Localised autonomic failure due to botulinum toxin injection." Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry 59, no. 1 (July 1, 1995): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.59.1.105.

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3

Yahya, N. A., M. Dhanasekar, and H. Abd Hamid. "Localised failure mechanism of concrete pedestals under bridge bearing." Australian Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (April 22, 2020): 164–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14488353.2020.1752094.

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4

Gutiérrez, M. A., and R. De Borst. "Stochastic aspects of localised failure: material and boundary imperfections." International Journal of Solids and Structures 37, no. 48-50 (November 2000): 7145–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-7683(00)00193-1.

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5

Kwame, J. S., E. Yakushina, and P. Blackwell. "Examining Failure Behaviour of Commercially Pure Titanium During Tensile Deformation and Hole Expansion Test." Journal of Materials and Applications 9, no. 1 (May 15, 2020): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2020.9.1.32.

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Hole expansion ratio is a material parameter which defines the extent to which sheet metals are formed. Research has shown that, the stress state observed at the hole edge after hole expansion test is similar to those observed during conventional uniaxial tensile test. However, conventional tensile test methods are not efficient in evaluating material edge formability. This work utilised optical non-contact measuring techniques to examine failure behaviour during tensile test and hole expansion test of commercially pure titanium sheet, fabricated with either abrasive water jet cutting or electric discharge machining. The work found that, the deformation mode in conventional tensile testing are governed by localised necking and subsequently diffused necking prior to failure. Deformation mode observed in hole expansion test is characterised by localised necking with no visible occurrence of diffused necking prior to failure. The highest strains are concentrated at the hole edge during hole expansion test due to their sensitivity to the hole preparation method with accompanying multiple localised necking sites resulting in non-uniform deformation. Strains become concentrated in the bulk material microstructure rather than the machined edge during tensile testing resulting in single localised deformation site and a more homogenous deformation.

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6

Blythe, Ashley, Bronwyn Fox, Mostafa Nikzad, Boris Eisenbart, Boon Xian Chai, Patrick Blanchard, and Jeffrey Dahl. "Evaluation of the Failure Mechanism in Polyamide Nanofibre Veil Toughened Hybrid Carbon/Glass Fibre Composites." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 8877. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248877.

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The interface of hybrid carbon/E-glass fibres composite is interlayered with Xantu.layr® polyamide 6,6 nanofibre veil to localise cracking to promote a gradual failure. The pseudo-ductile response of these novel stacking sequences examined under quasi-static three-point bending show a change to the failure mechanism. The change in failure mechanism due to the interfacial toughening is examined via SEM micrographs. The incorporation of veil toughening led to a change in the dominant failure mechanism, resulting in fibre yielding by localised kinking and reduced instances of buckling failure. In alternated carbon and glass fibre samples with glass fibre undertaking compression, a pseudo-ductile response with veil interlayering was observed. The localisation of the fibre failure, due to the inclusion of the veil, resulted in kink band formations which were found to be predictable in previous micro buckling models. The localisation of failure by the veil interlayer resulted in a pseudo-ductile response increasing the strain before failure by 24% compared with control samples.

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7

Nguyen, Giang D. "An enriched constitutive modelling framework for localised failure of geomaterials." Obras y proyectos, no. 15 (2014): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/s0718-28132014000100003.

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8

Nguyen, Giang D., Chi T. Nguyen, Vinh P. Nguyen, Ha H. Bui, and Luming Shen. "A size-dependent constitutive modelling framework for localised failure analysis." Computational Mechanics 58, no. 2 (April 21, 2016): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00466-016-1293-z.

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9

Bhattacharya, Chittatosh. "Investigation of repeated economiser tube failures of a 135 tph cold cyclone CFB boiler – a case study." Indian Journal of Power and River Valley Development 71, no. 5&6 (July 2, 2021): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/ijprvd/2021/28066.

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There were quick and successive failures of economiser tubes in a four years old cold cyclone circulating fluidised bed 135 tph boiler in a short span of three months. Advance inspection and failure analysis, change in operational practices were used to get the boiler running at full load at the earliest possible time. This paper presents details of the process of inspection, maintenance, operation and failure investigation carried out for the economiser tubes of the boiler. The failure of the economiser tubes was due to external corrosion of the tubes furnace fire side due to presence of sulphur in coal, accompanied by localised erosion by high levels of alpha-quartz in coal ash.

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10

Shen, Zhengxiang, Hu Chen, Du Wang, Shuqiang Yuan, Dingyue Cheng, and Guorong Zhu. "Failure Behaviours of Steel Projectiles with Localised Melting Against Armour Plates." Defence Science Journal 69, no. 5 (September 17, 2019): 489–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.69.13338.

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The surface remelting technology of high energy beam can locally weaken the case for controlled fragmentation, which may affect the survivability of the impacting projectiles. Failure behaviours of steel projectiles with melted layers grid normally perforating armour plates was investigated. The results reveal that shear fracture mainly occurs in the nose region of projectiles due to high loading, and the melting zone of projectiles can keep integrity with no damage, which means the survivability of projectile can be assured. Furthermore, an analytical model was proposed to the structural analysis of projectile, which is in accordance with the test results.

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11

Suwondo, Riza, Lee Cunningham, and Martin Gillie. "Modelling progressive failure of steel moment frames exposed to localised fire." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 426 (March 13, 2020): 012046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/426/1/012046.

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12

Le, Linh A., Giang D. Nguyen, Ha H. Bui, Abdul Hamid Sheikh, and Andrei Kotousov. "Localised failure mechanism as the basis for constitutive modelling of geomaterials." International Journal of Engineering Science 133 (December 2018): 284–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijengsci.2018.09.004.

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13

Wang, Fan, Gaogao Dong, and Lixin Tian. "Dynamical Recovery of Complex Networks under a Localised Attack." Algorithms 14, no. 9 (September 21, 2021): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/a14090274.

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In real systems, some damaged nodes can spontaneously become active again when recovered from themselves or their active neighbours. However, the spontaneous dynamical recovery of complex networks that suffer a local failure has not yet been taken into consideration. To model this recovery process, we develop a framework to study the resilience behaviours of the network under a localised attack (LA). Since the nodes’ state within the network affects the subsequent dynamic evolution, we study the dynamic behaviours of local failure propagation and node recoveries based on this memory characteristic. It can be found that the fraction of active nodes switches back and forth between high network activity and low network activity, which leads to the spontaneous emergence of phase-flipping phenomena. These behaviours can be found in a random regular network, Erdős-Rényi network and Scale-free network, which shows that these three types of networks have the same or different resilience behaviours under an LA and random attack. These results will be helpful for studying the spontaneous recovery real systems under an LA. Our work provides insight into understanding the recovery process and a protection strategy of various complex systems from the perspective of damaged memory.

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14

Farrow, I. R., K. Potter, A. Fisher, and M. Kelly. "Impact of Adhesively Bonded Composite Joints with Edge Effect." Advanced Composites Letters 9, no. 6 (November 2000): 096369350000900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369350000900603.

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A pilot project has been carried out to investigate the effect of impact on single-lap bonded composite joints based on AS4-8552 laminates and Cybond BR4535A adhesive. Low velocity impacts at an energy level sufficient to cause barely visible impact damage, were conducted on single lap joint specimens at different joint positions. Impact caused delaminations in the upper and lower laminates and localised through-thickness cracking in the adhesive. Residual tensile joint strengths of the impacted joint specimens with near-edge damage were reduced to approximately 50% of the un-impacted value. Failure surface inspections revealed localised through-thickness adhesive shear cracking as a governor of the original impact delamination pattern in the laminates and laminate delamination as the cause of ultimate tensile failure.

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15

Tremey, B., J. Guglielminotti, A. Belkacem, E. Maury, and G. Offenstadt. "Acute respiratory failure after re-expansion pulmonary oedema localised to a lobe." Intensive Care Medicine 27, no. 1 (December 12, 2000): 325–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001340000745.

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16

Kelly, Gordon, and Stefan Hallström. "Strength and failure mechanisms of composite laminates subject to localised transverse loading." Composite Structures 69, no. 3 (July 2005): 301–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2004.07.008.

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17

Chen, Yuan, Kunkun Fu, and Bingnong Jiang. "Modelling localised progressive failure of composite sandwich panels under in-plane compression." Thin-Walled Structures 184 (March 2023): 110552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2023.110552.

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18

Nwankwo, Ebuka, Arash Soleiman Fallah, Mojtaba Moatamedi, and Luke A. Louca. "Numerical simulation of the dynamic response in pulse-loaded fibre–metal-laminated plates." International Journal of Protective Structures 7, no. 4 (July 31, 2016): 469–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2041419616658383.

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This article presents a three-dimensional constitutive model to replicate the dynamic response of blast-loaded fibre–metal laminates made of 2024-0 aluminium alloy and woven composite (glass fibre–reinforced polypropylene). Simulation of the dynamic response is challenging when extreme localised loads are of concern and requires reliable material constitutive models as well as accurate modelling techniques. It is well known that back layers in a fibre–metal laminate provide structural support for front layers; thus, proper modelling of constituent failure and degradation is essential to understanding structural damage and failure. The improved developed model to analyse damage initiation, progression and failure of the composite is implemented in finite element code ABAQUS, and a good correlation is observed with experimental results for displacements of the back and front faces as presented by other researchers. The model was also able to predict accurately the tearing impulses. Finally, the concepts of the ‘efficiency of the charge’ and ‘effectiveness of the target’ are proposed in the context of localised blast loading on a structure. Dimensionless parameters are introduced to quantify these parameters.

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19

Javidi, Mehdi, and Shima Bekhrad. "Failure analysis of a wet gas pipeline due to localised CO 2 corrosion." Engineering Failure Analysis 89 (July 2018): 46–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.03.006.

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20

Lee, Y. S., C. Y. Cheuk, and M. D. Bolton. "Instability caused by a seepage impediment in layered fill slopes." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 45, no. 10 (October 2008): 1410–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t08-067.

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The underlying cause of loose fill slope failures in Hong Kong has been attributed to static liquefaction during heavy rainfall. A series of centrifuge model tests and numerical analyses were conducted to illustrate that instability of a fill slope inclined at approximately the internal friction angle of the soil can be triggered by confined groundwater flow due to soil layering in the fill slope. The results also showed that slope failure could occur irrespective of the density of the fill material when seepage was sufficiently impeded leading to a localised buildup of pore-water pressure in the slope. A numerical parametric study was carried out to examine the effect of variations in hydraulic conductivity in the layered fill slopes. The results showed that the excess pore pressure distribution and hence the failure mode were strongly dependent on the location of the inhomogeneous soil layers and their hydraulic properties. It was also demonstrated that layered fill slopes with spatial variation in hydraulic conductivity of as small as one order of magnitude were vulnerable to global failure under confined groundwater flow.

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21

Sim-Smith, Carina J., Andrew G. Jeffs, and Craig A. Radford. "Localised spawning omission in snapper, Chrysophrys auratus (Sparidae)." Marine and Freshwater Research 63, no. 2 (2012): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf11203.

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Failure to spawn in a significant proportion of adult fish may greatly decrease the reproductive output of a population and lead to overestimates of recruitment to the fish stock. Reproductive output of the commercially important sparid, Chrysophrys auratus, around the Kaipara Harbour, New Zealand, is particularly important as this harbour is the primary source for the C. auratus population along the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand. We tested the hypothesis that C. auratus do not spawn inside the Kaipara Harbour by comparing monthly gonad and otolith samples from fish caught within the harbour with those of fish from surrounding coastal waters. Fish from coastal waters showed normal gonad development with peak spawning in spring. By comparison, almost all adult fish from the harbour had underdeveloped gonads, with mean gonadosomatic indices ≤1. Histological gonad analyses of C. auratus caught in the harbour showed vitellogenic oocytes were reabsorbed before spawning. Therefore, recruitment to the harbour must originate from spawning that occurs outside the harbour. This first record of spawning omission in C. auratus has important implications for fisheries management, as it may lead to overestimation of the spawning stock and increase the risk of broad-scale population depletion, through the targeted fishing of spawning aggregations.

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22

Micallef, K., J. Sagaseta, M. Fernández Ruiz, and A. Muttoni. "Assessing punching shear failure in reinforced concrete flat slabs subjected to localised impact loading." International Journal of Impact Engineering 71 (September 2014): 17–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2014.04.003.

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23

Papadopoulos, F., D. Aiyappa, R. Shapriya, E. Sotirchos, H. Ghasemnejad, and R. Benhadj-Djilali. "Advanced Natural Stitched Composite Materials in Skin-Stiffener of Wind Turbine Blade Structures." Key Engineering Materials 525-526 (November 2012): 45–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.525-526.45.

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In this paper the failure behaviour of natural stitched composite materials in the skin-stiffener of wind turbine blade structures are investigated. For this study, the laminated composite beams were stitched using Flax yarns before curing process. Two stiffener structures of T-beam and Box-beam are studied in this paper. These specimens were tested under quasi-static loading condition to compare the failure resistance of adhesive and stitched bonding methods. Furthermore, the cohesive zone modelling (CZM) which is known as a variation in the cohesive stresses with the interfacial opening displacement along the localised fracture process zone is used to predict bonding failure in the skin-stiffener of wind turbine blade structures.

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24

Dekker, Richard, and Carey Leroy Walters. "A global FE–local analytical approach to modelling failure in localised buckles caused by crash." Ships and Offshore Structures 12, sup1 (November 29, 2016): S1—S10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445302.2016.1256184.

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25

Nguyen, Chi T., Giang D. Nguyen, Arghya Das, and Ha H. Bui. "Constitutive modelling of progressive localised failure in porous sandstones under shearing at high confining pressures." International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences 93 (March 2017): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrmms.2017.01.014.

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26

Mir, Arash, Giang D. Nguyen, and Abdul Hamid Sheikh. "A thermodynamics-based model for brittle to ductile behaviour and localised failure of porous rocks." International Journal of Solids and Structures 152-153 (November 2018): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2018.06.025.

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27

Strömberg, Bo, Lena Sonnerfelt, and Henrik Öberg. "Exploratory what-if analysis of some debated canister failure modes in the review of a licence application for the construction and operation of a spent nuclear fuel repository in Sweden." Advances in Geosciences 49 (August 30, 2019): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/adgeo-49-67-2019.

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Abstract. Regulatory review of the licence application for construction and operation of a spent fuel repository at the Forsmark site in Sweden involves detailed assessment of both expected and hypothetical failure modes of the copper canister. The copper canister, which is supported by the bentonite buffer and the surrounding crystalline rock in the KBS-3 concept, is expected to provide complete containment of radioactive elements for very long timescales. Detailed assessment shows that there is a small probability on such timescales of canister failure due to corrosion following loss of buffer as well as mechanical failure due to large earthquakes. During the regulatory review process, it was proposed that canisters might also fail due to: (i) corrosion in anoxic oxygen gas free water, (ii) pitting corrosion, (iii) stress corrosion cracking, (iv) creep brittle failure, (v) hydrogen embrittlement. We here provisionally accept a number of alternative assumptions related to these processes as a basis for what-if analysis of their implications. The focus is not to determine the merit or to estimate probability of these cases, but rather to explore their potential significance in the context of the available knowledge about the repository environment. Simplified estimates are made of the consequences in terms of number and timing of canister failures as well as radiological impact. It is judged that poor creep ductility of copper would have larger potential consequences compared to localised corrosion phenomena. Potential corrosion failures are expected to be associated with the small fraction of deposition holes that are most extensively exposed to corrodants.

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28

Pucilowski, Sebastian, Antoinette Tordesillas, and Gary Froyland. "Self-organization in the localised failure regime: metastable attractors and their implications on force chain functionality." EPJ Web of Conferences 140 (2017): 10007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201714010007.

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29

De Vuyst, Tom, Rade Vignjevic, Adrian Azorin Albero, James C. Campbell, Nenad Djordjevic, and Kevin Hughes. "A study of the effect of projectile orientation on the results of ballistic impact tests as described in the EASA CS-25 regulations for fuel tank access covers." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part G: Journal of Aerospace Engineering 231, no. 11 (July 29, 2016): 1970–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954410016662076.

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This paper presents the results of an investigation of the ballistic limits and failure modes of AA2024-T351 sheets impacted with cubical projectiles. The experiment/test setup was based on EASA CS-25 regulations for fuel tank access covers. The effect of cube orientation on the ballistic limit and failure modes was considered in detail. A 25% variation in ballistic limit was observed with the lowest ballistic limit (202 m/s) observed for the cubical projectile edge impacted on the target. In the cube face impacts, the ballistic limit was higher (223 m/s), and the highest ballistic limit (254 m/s) was observed for the corner impact. The observed differences in the ballistic limit were due to differences in failure mechanism, which resulted in different localised deformations near the projectile impact point, but also led to differences in global dishing deformation.

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30

Tongkul, F., H. Benedick, and F. K. Chang. "Geology of slopes in the Crocker Range, Sabah, Malaysia." Journal of Nepal Geological Society 34 (October 9, 2006): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jngs.v34i0.31881.

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Slope failures are frequent occurrences along roads in Malaysia. Not until recently, geological inputs were rarely sought when designing and constructing roads on mountainous areas. This paper highlights the result of a geological study on selected slopes along a major road across Sabah's main mountain range, the Crocker Range, which is comprised mostly of folded Eocene sedimentary rocks. A total of 48 slopes facing potential failure problems were studied. The following four main potential sources of failures were recognised: 1) related to intensely sheared mudstones within a localised fault zone; 2) related to unfavourable orientation of discontinuity planes whereby bedding and joint planes of sandstone beds occur parallel or sub-parallel to the slope face; 3) related to the presence of intensely fractured and sheared sandstone and mudstone beds within a regional fold hinge; and 4) related to the presence of old landslide deposits. The recommendations to stabilise problematic slopes include covering the unstable slope face with concrete or vegetation and cutting back the slopes further.

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31

Lamb, Rob, Willy Aspinall, Henry Odbert, and Thorsten Wagener. "Vulnerability of bridges to scour: insights from an international expert elicitation workshop." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 17, no. 8 (August 11, 2017): 1393–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-1393-2017.

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Abstract. Scour (localised erosion) during flood events is one of the most significant threats to bridges over rivers and estuaries, and has been the cause of numerous bridge failures, with damaging consequences. Mitigation of the risk of bridges being damaged by scour is therefore important to many infrastructure owners, and is supported by industry guidance. Even after mitigation, some residual risk remains, though its extent is difficult to quantify because of the uncertainties inherent in the prediction of scour and the assessment of the scour risk. This paper summarises findings from an international expert workshop on bridge scour risk assessment that explores uncertainties about the vulnerability of bridges to scour. Two specialised structured elicitation methods were applied to explore the factors that experts in the field consider important when assessing scour risk and to derive pooled expert judgements of bridge failure probabilities that are conditional on a range of assumed scenarios describing flood event severity, bridge and watercourse types and risk mitigation protocols. The experts' judgements broadly align with industry good practice, but indicate significant uncertainty about quantitative estimates of bridge failure probabilities, reflecting the difficulty in assessing the residual risk of failure. The data and findings presented here could provide a useful context for the development of generic scour fragility models and their associated uncertainties.

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32

Gerlis, L. M., and J. Somerville. "A strange complex of diffuse congenital cardiovascular disease and cardiomyopathy, with localised myocardial calcification." Cardiology in the Young 9, no. 4 (July 1999): 348–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1047951100005138.

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AbstractThis unique case is of a man, followed clinically since infancy, who had a ventricular septal defect which closed spontaneously, a small arterial duct, and a minor degree of aortic coarctation, all without obvious symptoms. He later developed progressive cardiac failure which was attributed to some obscure form of congenital cardiomyopathy. He died at the age of 45 years. Necropsy showed a grossly abnormal arrangement of ventricular myocardial fascicles and bands, with absence of the papillary muscles causing tricuspid and mitral regurgitation. The various malformations are considered to be a gross example of a diffuse congenital cardiovascular disease complex, to the best of our knowledge previously undescribed.

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33

Puzrin, Alexander M., and Mark F. Randolph. "Effects of pore water pressure dissipation on rate dependency of shear strength in localised failure of soils." International Journal for Numerical and Analytical Methods in Geomechanics 39, no. 10 (January 16, 2015): 1045–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/nag.2348.

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34

Ljungdahl, Jonas, Lars A. Berglund, and Magnus Burman. "Transverse anisotropy of compressive failure in European oak – a digital speckle photography study." Holzforschung 60, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 190–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/hf.2006.031.

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Abstract The mechanical behaviour of European oak (Quercus robur L.) was studied in radial and tangential compression. Young's modulus and the yield strength were approximately 1.7- and 1.6-fold higher, respectively, in the radial direction. Strain fields were determined by digital speckle photography (DSP). Strains and the effective Poisson ratio could be determined separately in earlywood and latewood during deformation and failure events. In radial compression, strain data showed that rays contributed significantly to the high modulus. In addition, multiseriate ray microbuckling was observed to control yield strength. The microbuckling was localised in the low-density earlywood. In tangential compression, yield strength was controlled by vessel collapse in the low-density regions of the latewood. The strain field data provide direct evidence that the rays are the main micro-structural factor controlling transverse anisotropy in European oak.

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35

Vinayak, Bhandari, Lydia Liu, Shadrielle Espirritu, Emilie Lalonde, Takafumi Yamaguchi, Lawrence Heisler, Julie Livingstone, et al. "The molecular hallmarks and clinical consequences of tumor hypoxia in prostate cancer." Journal of Clinical Oncology 37, no. 7_suppl (March 1, 2019): 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2019.37.7_suppl.81.

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81 Background: Localised prostate cancers are classified into risk-groups using clinical measurements like grade and stage to inform treatment decisions. However, these groupings are imprecise: ~30% of intermediate-risk patients suffer relapse of their disease despite precision image-guided radiotherapy or radical prostatectomy. One reason for this variability in response to treatment is the underlying cellular and molecular heterogeneity of tumours. Prostate tumour cells exist within a microenvironment characterized by gradients of oxygen levels and prostate tumours with low levels of oxygen (hypoxia) have poor clinical outcomes. Methods: Hypoxia was measured using multiple mRNA-based signatures. We examined 548 patients with localised prostate cancer and statistically assessed the association of hypoxia with copy-number alterations (CNAs), single-nucleotide variants (SNVs), genomic rearrangements, focal genomic events ( i.e. kataegis, chromothripsis), telomere length, clinical indices ( i.e. grade, stage) and subclonal architecture. Results: Elevated hypoxia was associated with allelic loss of PTEN, higher rates of chromothripsis and intraductal and cribriform carcinoma (IDC-CA). To translate these findings into a biomarker for prostate cancer precision medicine, we integrated tumour microenvironmental data with genomic and pathological information to stratify patients into distinct prognostic groups. Patients with localized prostate cancer that have polyclonal tumours with elevated hypoxia, allelic loss of PTEN and IDC-CA were at the highest risk of rapid biochemical failure (P = 3.48 x10-3, Logrank test) and metastasis (P = 4.61 x 10-3, Logrank test), even after controlling for T-category, Gleason score and pre-treatment PSA. Conclusions: These data suggest that the aggressiveness of prostate cancers is driven by the interplay of the tumour microenvironment, tumour evolutionary trajectories and its genomic mutational profile.

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36

Dearnaley, David P., Clare Griffin, Isabel Syndikus, Vincent Khoo, Alison Jane Birtle, Ananya Choudhury, Catherine Ferguson, et al. "Eight-year outcomes of a phase III randomized trial of conventional versus hypofractionated high-dose intensity modulated radiotherapy for prostate cancer (CRUK/06/016): Update from the CHHiP Trial." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 6_suppl (February 20, 2020): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.6_suppl.325.

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325 Background: CHHiP is a non-inferiority trial to determine efficacy and safety of hypofractionated radiotherapy for localised prostate cancer (PCa). Five year results indicated that moderate hypofractionation of 60 Gray (Gy)/20 fractions (f) was non-inferior to 74Gy/37f (Lancet Oncology, 2016). Moderate hypofractionation is now an international standard of care but with patients remaining at risk of recurrence for many years, information on long-term outcomes is important. Here we report pre-planned analysis of 8 year outcomes. Methods: Between October 2002 and June 2011, 3216 men with node negative T1b-T3a localised PCa with risk of seminal vesical involvement ≤30% were randomised (1:1:1 ratio) to 74Gy/37f (control), 60Gy/20f or 57Gy/19f. Androgen deprivation began at least 3 months prior to radiotherapy (RT) and continued until end of RT. The primary endpoint was time to biochemical failure (Phoenix consensus guidelines) or clinical failure (BCF). The non-inferiority design specified a critical hazard ratio (HR) of 1.208 for each hypofractionated schedule compared to 74Gy/37f. Late toxicity was assessed at 5 years by RTOG and LENT-SOM scales. Analysis was by intention-to-treat. Results: With a median follow up of 9.2 years, 8 year BCF-free rates (95% CI) were 74Gy: 80.6% (77.9%, 83.0%); 60Gy: 83.7% (81.2%, 85.9%) and 57Gy: 78.5% (75.8%, 81.0%). For 60Gy/20f, non-inferiority was confirmed: HR60=0.84 (90% CI 0.71, 0.99). For 57Gy/19f, non-inferiority could not be declared: HR57=1.17 (90% CI 1.00, 1.37). Clinician assessments of late toxicity were similar across groups. At 5 years, RTOG grade≥2 (G2+) bowel toxicity was observed in 14/879 (1.6%), 18/908 (2.0%) and 17/904 (1.9%) of the 74Gy, 60Gy and 57Gy groups respectively. RTOG G2+ bladder toxicity was observed in 17/879 (1.9%), 14/908 (1.5%) and 17/904 (1.9%) of the 74Gy, 60Gy and 57Gy groups respectively. Conclusions: With BCF rates over 80%, long-term follow-up confirms that 60Gy/20f is non-inferior to 74Gy/37f. Late side effects were very low across all groups. These results support the continued use of 60Gy/20f as standard of care for men with localised PCa. Clinical trial information: 97182923.

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Leen, Sean B., Thomas H. Hyde, R. Sabesan, and W. Pan. "Simplified Methods for Prediction of Elastic-Plastic Behaviour of Complex Structures with Repeated Structural Units." Key Engineering Materials 293-294 (September 2005): 261–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.293-294.261.

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This paper reviews a range of simplified and approximate techniques developed and implemented by the authors in the context of elastic-plastic, elastic-creep and elastic-plastic-creep, monotonic loading of both simple components and complex structures. The primary motivation for the work is to provide more rapid methods for estimating failure variables for damage assessment of structures. The context of the work has included both aerospace structures and tubular frameworks, such as offshore jacket-type structures, both of which belong to a class of structures, which contain repeated units where localised plastic damage may be concentrated.

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Di Daniele, Nicola, Stefano Condò, Michele Ferrannini, Marta Bertoli, Valentina Rovella, Laura Di Renzo, and Antonino De Lorenzo. "Brown Tumour in a Patient with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism Resistant to Medical Therapy: Case Report on Successful Treatment after Subtotal Parathyroidectomy." International Journal of Endocrinology 2009 (2009): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2009/827652.

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Brown tumour represents a serious complication of hyperparathyroidism. Differential diagnosis, based on histological examination, is only presumptive and clinical, radiological and laboratory data are necessary for definitive diagnosis. Here we describe a case of a brown tumour localised in the maxilla due to secondary hyperparathyroidism in a young women with chronic renal failure. Hemodialysis and pharmacological treatment were unsuccessful in controlling secondary hyperparathyroidism making it necessary to proceed with a subtotal parathyroidectomy. The proper timing of the parathyroidectomy and its favourable effect on regression of the brown tumor made it possible to avoid a potentially disfiguring surgical removal of the brown tumor.

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Baladakis, John, Marlon Perera, Damien Bolton, Nathan Lawrentschuk, and Ahmed Adam. "Is There an Optimal Curative Option in HIV-Positive Men with Localized Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Review." Current Urology 12, no. 4 (2018): 169–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000499309.

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Aims: We aimed to compare the outcome of curative treatment options in localised Prostate Cancer (PCa) amongst HIV positive (HIV+) men. Methods: A systematic search of the Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews, the Scopus and PubMed databases was performed (January 1995 to November 2015) using pre-determined search terms. Outcome measures for comparison included the rate of biochemical failure (BCF), survival benefit and complications. Results: A total of 14 eligible articles were identified for inclusion, representing a total of 202 HIV+ men with PCa. Radical Prostatectomy was performed in 40/153 compared to 109/153 patients undergoing alternative (non-surgical) treatments options. Only 3 studies compared outcomes within their respective study cohort. One study (n = 10) reported BCF results with 1/2 BCF patient in the surgical arm vs. 1/8 BCF positive patients in the non-surgical arm (mean 46 months follow-up), while two other studies reported no occurrences of BCF within both arms of their studies. Conclusion: Due to paucity in the literature, there is insufficient evidence to support a certain treatment modality arm specifically for HIV+ men with localized PCa. An individualized management algorithm seems feasible within this cohort, until more definitive studies are performed.

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Hu, Xiao-hua, Ming Li, Lei Yang, Hui Chen, Zhong Chen, Wei-li Du, and Yu-ming Shen. "Treatment of Pasteurella multocida infection with dressings containing honey and antibacterials: a case report." Journal of Wound Care 31, no. 3 (March 2, 2022): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/jowc.2022.31.3.230.

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Infections secondary to Pasteurella multocida frequently occur in patients who have been exposed to domestic pets. Human infections caused by Pasteurella multocida vary in severity, and clinical features include localised cellulitis, osteomyelitis, systemic bacteraemia, meningitis and pneumonia. No vaccine has been developed against Pasteurella multocida; it is treated with antibacterial agents and, in most cases, surgical intervention. This article discusses the authors' experience in treating a woman with severe cellulitis and osteomyelitis on her hand caused by Pasteurella multocida. She refused surgical intervention and was successfully treated with honey-containing dressings and antibiotics after failure to heal following conservative treatment using conventional wound dressings combined with antibiotics.

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Thomsen, O. T., E. Bozhevolnaya, A. Lyckegaard, and F. Mortensen. "Characterisation and Assessment of Load Response, Failure and Fatigue Phenomena in Sandwich Structures Induced by Localised Effects: A Review." Strain 44, no. 1 (January 10, 2008): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-1305.2008.00418.x.

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Langdon, Genevieve S., CJ von Klemperer, GF Volschenk, T. van Tonder, and RA Govender. "The influence of interfacial bonding on the response of lightweight aluminium and glass fibre metal laminate panels subjected to air-blast loading." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part C: Journal of Mechanical Engineering Science 232, no. 8 (October 16, 2017): 1402–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954406217718859.

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This paper examines the effects of glass fibre configuration and epoxy resin type on the response of glass fibre epoxy-based fibre metal laminate panels. These lightweight materials are excellent candidates for use in transportation applications, where mass is a major factor in design and materials selection. Interfacial bond strength was characterised through single leg bend testing and revealed varying failure characteristics for different epoxy configurations and surface treatments. A combination of bead blasting and silane treatment provided the best surface treatment for the aluminium, while SE84 epoxy resin gave superior adhesion properties compared to Prime 20ULV. Blast tests were performed to investigate the effect of bond strength on panel response under localised and more uniformly distributed air-blast loading conditions. Dimensionless analysis and failure mode identification were used to show that both fibre configuration and bond strength played a role in blast response but the bond strength (and particularly resin type) was more prominent.

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Pham, Toan, Bob Anh Tran, Kevin Ooi, Marcus Mykytowycz, Stephen McLaughlin, Matthew Croxford, Iain Skinner, and Ian Faragher. "Super-Selective Mesenteric Embolization Provides Effective Control of Lower GI Bleeding." Radiology Research and Practice 2017 (2017): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1074804.

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Introduction. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) and super-selective mesenteric artery embolization (SMAE) in managing lower GI bleeding (LGIB). Method. A retrospective case series of patients with LGIB treated with SMAE in our health service. Patients with confirmed active LGIB, on either radionuclide scintigraphy (RS) or contrast-enhanced multidetector CT angiography (CE-MDCT), were referred for DSA +/− SMAE. Data collected included patient characteristics, screening modality, bleeding territory, embolization technique, technical and clinical success, short-term to medium-term complications, 30-day mortality, and progression to surgery related to procedural failure or complications. Results. There were fifty-five hospital admissions with acute unstable lower gastrointestinal bleeding which were demonstrable on CE-MDCT or RS over a 31-month period. Eighteen patients proceed to embolization, with immediate success in all. Eight patients (44%) had clinical rebleeding after intervention, warranting repeated imaging. Only one case (5.6%) demonstrated radiological rebleeding and was reembolized. Complication rate was excellent: no bowel ischaemia, ischaemic stricture, progression to surgery, or 30-day mortality. Conclusion. SMAE is a viable, safe, and effective first-line management for localised LGIB. Our results overall compare favourably with the published experiences of other institutions. It is now accepted practice at our institution to manage localised LGIB with embolization.

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Winhausen, Lisa, Jop Klaver, Joyce Schmatz, Guillaume Desbois, Janos L. Urai, Florian Amann, and Christophe Nussbaum. "Micromechanisms leading to shear failure of Opalinus Clay in a triaxial test: a high-resolution BIB–SEM study." Solid Earth 12, no. 9 (September 23, 2021): 2109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2109-2021.

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Abstract. A microphysics-based understanding of mechanical and hydraulic processes in clay shales is required for developing advanced constitutive models, which can be extrapolated to long-term deformation. Although many geomechanical tests have been performed to characterise the bulk mechanical, hydro-mechanical, and failure behaviour of Opalinus Clay, important questions remain about micromechanisms: how do microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms control the complex rheology? What is the in situ microstructural shear evolution, and can it be mimicked in the laboratory? In this contribution, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to image microstructures in an Opalinus Clay sample deformed in an unconsolidated–undrained triaxial compression test at 4 MPa confining stress followed by argon broad ion beam (BIB) polishing. Axial load was applied (sub-)perpendicular to bedding until the sample failed. The test was terminated at an axial strain of 1.35 %. Volumetric strain measurements showed bulk compaction throughout the compression test. Observations on the centimetre to micrometre scale showed that the samples exhibited shear failure and that deformation localised by forming a network of micrometre-wide fractures, which are oriented with angles of 50∘ with respect to horizontal. In BIB–SEM at the grain scale, macroscale fractures are shown to be incipient shear bands, which show dilatant intergranular and intragranular microfracturing, granular flow, bending of phyllosilicate grains, and pore collapse in fossils. Outside these zones, no deformation microstructures were observed, indicating only localised permanent deformation. Thus, micromechanisms of deformation appear to be controlled by both brittle and ductile processes along preferred deformation bands. Anastomosing networks of fractures develop into the main deformation bands with widths up to tens of micrometres along which the sample fails. Microstructural observations and the stress–strain behaviour were integrated into a deformation model with three different stages of damage accumulation representative for the deformation of the compressed Opalinus Clay sample. Results on the microscale explain how the sample locally dilates, while bulk measurement shows compaction, with an inferred major effect on permeability by an increase in hydraulic conductivity within the deformation band. Comparison with the microstructure of highly strained Opalinus Clay in fault zones shows partial similarity and suggests that during long-term deformation additional solution–precipitation processes operate.

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Yamashita, Seigo, Ashok J. Shah, Saagar Mahida, Jean-Marc Sellal, Benjamin Berte, Darren Hooks, Antonio Frontera, et al. "Body Surface Mapping to Guide Atrial Fibrillation Ablation." Arrhythmia & Electrophysiology Review 4, no. 3 (2015): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.15420/aer.2015.4.3.172.

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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common rhythm disorder, and is strongly associated with thromboembolic events and heart failure. Over the past decade, catheter ablation of AF has advanced considerably with progressive improvement in success rates. However, interventional treatment is still challenging, especially for persistent and long-standing persistent AF. Recently, AF analysis using a non-invasive body surface mapping technique has been shown to identify localised reentrant and focal sources, which play an important role in driving and perpetuating AF. Non-invasive mapping-guided ablation has also been reported to be effective for persistent AF. In this review, we describe new clinical insights obtained from non-invasive mapping of persistent AF to guide catheter ablation.

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McWilliam, Matthew, Michael Samuel, and Fadi Hasan Alkufri. "Neuropathic pain post-COVID-19: a case report." BMJ Case Reports 14, no. 7 (July 2021): e243459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bcr-2021-243459.

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A 61-year-old man with no significant medical history developed fever, headache and mild shortness of breath. He tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 and self-isolated at home, not requiring hospital admission. One week after testing positive, he developed acute severe burning pain affecting his whole body, subsequently localised distally in the limbs. There was no ataxia or autonomic failure. Neurological examination was unremarkable. Electrophysiological tests were unremarkable. Skin biopsy, lumbar puncture, enhanced MRI of the brachial plexus and MRI of the neuroaxis were normal. His pain was inadequately controlled with pregabalin but improved while on a weaning regimen of steroids. This case highlights the variety of possible symptoms associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection.

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Ganzer, Roman, Sebastian Rogenhofer, Bernhard Walter, Jens-Claudio Lunz, Martin Schostak, Wolf F. Wieland, and Andreas Blana. "PSA Nadir Is a Significant Predictor of Treatment Failure after High-Intensity Focussed Ultrasound (HIFU) Treatment of Localised Prostate Cancer." European Urology 53, no. 3 (March 2008): 547–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2007.07.010.

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Sebastian, W. M., T. Keller, and J. Ross. "Influences of polymer concrete surfacing and localised load distribution on behaviour up to failure of an orthotropic FRP bridge deck." Composites Part B: Engineering 45, no. 1 (February 2013): 1234–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2012.07.050.

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Liu, Jun, Ai Ling Wang, Hao Xiang Gao, Omer El Fakir, Xi Luan, Li Liang Wang, and Jian Guo Lin. "Studies on the Hot Forming and Cold-Die Quenching of AA6082 Tailor Welded Blanks." Key Engineering Materials 716 (October 2016): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.716.941.

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An advanced forming process involving hot forming and cold-die quenching, also known as HFQ®, has been employed to form AA6082 tailor welded blanks (TWBs). The HFQ® process combines both forming and heat treatment in a single operation, whereby upon heating the TWB, it is stamped and held between cold tools to quench the component to room temperature. The material therefore undergoes temperature, strain rate or strain path changes during the operation. In this paper, a finite element model (FEM) was developed to investigate the formability and deformation characteristics of the TWBs under HFQ® conditions. Experimental results, i.e. strain distribution, were used to compare and validate the simulation results. A good agreement between the experiment and simulation has been achieved. The developed temperature, strain rate and strain path dependent forming limit prediction model has been implemented into FE simulation to capture the complicated failure features of the HFQ® formed TWBs. It is found from both experiment and simulation that the forming speed has important effects on the occurrence of failure position, where the failure mode for the 1.5-2 mm TWBs may change from localised circumferential necking to parallel weld necking.HFQ® is a registered trademark of Impression Technologies Ltd.

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Liu, Jun, Qiao-Chu Wang, Xing Duan, Xiang-Shun Cui, Nam-Hyung Kim, Yu Zhang, and Shao-Chen Sun. "Profilin 1 plays feedback role in actin-mediated polar body extrusion in mouse oocytes." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 30, no. 5 (2018): 752. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd17354.

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Mammalian oocytes undergo several crucial processes during meiosis maturation, including spindle formation and migration and polar body extrusion, which rely on the regulation of actin. As a small actin-binding protein, profilin 1 plays a central role in the regulation of actin assembly. However, the functions of profilin 1 in mammalian oocytes are uncertain. To investigate the function of profilin 1 in oocytes, immunofluorescent staining was first used to examine profilin 1 localisation. The results showed that profilin 1 was localised around the meiotic spindles and was colocalised with cytoplasmic actin. Knockdown (KD) of profilin 1 with specific morpholino microinjection resulted in failure of polar body extrusion. This failure resulted from an increase of actin polymerisation both at membranes and in the cytoplasm. Furthermore, western blot analysis revealed that the expression of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) and phosphorylation levels of myosin light chain (MLC) were significantly altered after KD of profilin 1. Thus, the results indicate that a feedback mechanism between profilin, actin and ROCK–MLC2 regulates actin assembly during mouse oocyte maturation.

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